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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_conquest_of_Manila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_conquest_of_Manila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British conquest of Manila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_conquest_of_Manila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occupation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_resistance" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Additional sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3_brit%C3%A0nica_de_Manila" title="Ocupació britànica de Manila – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocupació britànica de Manila" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_Invasion_der_Philippinen_1762" title="Britische Invasion der Philippinen 1762 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britische Invasion der Philippinen 1762" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_brit%C3%A1nica_de_Manila" title="Ocupación británica de Manila – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación británica de Manila" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_britannique_de_Manille_et_Cavite" title="Occupation britannique de Manille et Cavite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation britannique de Manille et Cavite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Manila_oleh_Britania_Raya" title="Pendudukan Manila oleh Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendudukan Manila oleh Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pananakop_ng_mga_Ingles_sa_Maynila" title="Pananakop ng mga Ingles sa Maynila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pananakop ng mga Ingles sa Maynila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Британська окупація Маніли – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська окупація Маніли" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Occupation of the Philippine city by the British between 1762 and 1764</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">British occupation of Manila</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1762–1764</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of British occupation of Manila"><img alt="Flag of British occupation of Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="Rufst_du,_mein_Vaterland_(1938).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Attack_of_Manilla,_October_1762.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Attack of Manilla, October 1762", depicting the British capture of Manila"><img alt=""The Attack of Manilla, October 1762", depicting the British capture of Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Attack_of_Manilla%2C_October_1762.png/250px-The_Attack_of_Manilla%2C_October_1762.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Attack_of_Manilla%2C_October_1762.png/375px-The_Attack_of_Manilla%2C_October_1762.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Attack_of_Manilla%2C_October_1762.png/500px-The_Attack_of_Manilla%2C_October_1762.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">"The Attack of Manilla, October 1762", depicting the British capture of Manila</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Occupation of Manila by the<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bacolor" title="Bacolor">Bacolor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> (Spanish Philippine colonial government retains control outside of Manila and Cavite)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1760–1820 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#List_of_Spanish_governors-general" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1762–1764 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dawsonne_Drake" title="Dawsonne Drake">Dawsonne Drake</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial rule</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 1762</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1764</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War_in_the_Philippines1933" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British occupation of Manila</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_October_1762" title="Action of 30 October 1762">Cavite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laguna_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laguna campaign (page does not exist)">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Bulacan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Bulacan (page does not exist)">1st Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Bulacan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Bulacan (page does not exist)">2nd Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batangas_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batangas campaign (page does not exist)">Batangas</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silang_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silang Revolt (page does not exist)">Ilocos</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigan_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vigan Uprising (page does not exist)">1st Vigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Vigan_(1763)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Vigan (1763) (page does not exist)">2nd Vigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Piddig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Piddig (page does not exist)">Piddig</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Palaris_revolt" title="Palaris revolt">Pangasinan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binalatongan_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binalatongan revolt (page does not exist)">1st Binalatongan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Agno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Agno (page does not exist)">Agno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaris_revolt#Battle_of_the_Bayambang_River" title="Palaris revolt">Bayambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaris_revolt#Battle_of_Barrio_Pias" title="Palaris revolt">Barrio Pias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaris_revolt#Battle_of_Dagupan" title="Palaris revolt">Dagupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaris_revolt#Battle_of_the_Calasiao_River" title="Palaris revolt"> Calasiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaris_revolt#Battle_of_Binalatongan" title="Palaris revolt">2nd Binalatongan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of <span class="fn org label">the Philippines</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Historically documented states/polities</b> <p><i>(north to south)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Events</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> <p><b>Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a 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</div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>British occupation of Manila</b> was an episode in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">colonial history of the Philippines</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> occupied the Spanish colonial capital of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">port of Cavite</a> for eighteen months, from 6 October 1762 to the first week of April 1764. The occupation was an extension of the larger <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> between Britain and France, which Spain had recently entered on the side of the French. </p><p>The British wanted to use Manila as an <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> for trade in the region, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Spanish governor agreed to deliver a ransom to the British in exchange for the city being spared from any further sacking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper2006101_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2006101-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the resistance from the provisional Spanish colonial government, established by members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Manila">Royal Audience of Manila</a> and led by Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Anda_y_Salazar" title="Simón de Anda y Salazar">Simón de Anda y Salazar</a>, whose mostly Filipino troops prevented British forces from expanding their control beyond the neighbouring towns of Manila and Cavite, led to the project's abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, Britain and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> were belligerents in what was later termed the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> but Spain remained neutral despite diplomatic approaches from both sides. The war began badly for the British but as it progressed the tide of the war turned strongly in their favour and the neutral Spanish government became alarmed that the string of major French losses was transforming the British into a major threat to Spanish overseas interests. France successfully negotiated a treaty with Spain known as the <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Family Compact</a> which was signed on 15 August 1761. By an ancillary secret convention, Spain committed to making preparations for war against Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Britain first declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762, and on 18 January 1762, Spain issued their own declaration of war against Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 January 1762, the British <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">John Stuart</a>, agreed to attack <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, and approved Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Draper_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Draper (British Army officer)">William Draper</a>'s scheme for taking Manila with his forces, which were already in the East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Draper was commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/79th_Regiment_of_Foot_(1757)" title="79th Regiment of Foot (1757)">79th Regiment of Foot</a>, which was then stationed at <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India</a>. Weeks later, King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III of Great Britain</a> signed the instructions which permitted Draper to implement his scheme, emphasising that by taking advantage of the 'existing war with Spain', Britain might be able to assure her post-war mercantile expansion. Manila was one of the most important trading cities in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> during this period, and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> wished to extend its influence in the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> As a result, there was an expectation that the commerce of Spain would suffer a 'crippling blow'.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>Upon arriving in India, Draper's <a href="/wiki/Brevet_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Brevet rank">brevet rank</a> became <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–15">: 12–15 </span></sup> A secret committee of the East India Company agreed to provide a civil governor for the administration of the Islands, and in July 1762, they appointed <a href="/wiki/Dawsonne_Drake" title="Dawsonne Drake">Dawsonne Drake</a> for the post.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_conquest_of_Manila">British conquest of Manila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British conquest of Manila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila (1762)</a></div> <p>On 24 September 1762,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a British fleet of eight <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, and four store ships with a force of 6,839 regulars, sailors and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">marines</a>, sailed into <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> from Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> The expedition, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Draper_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Draper (British Army officer)">William Draper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cornish,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Cornish, 1st Baronet">Samuel Cornish</a>, captured Manila, "the greatest Spanish fortress in the western Pacific".<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1, 7, endcover">: 1, 7, endcover </span></sup> </p><p>The Spanish defeat at Manila was in part due to the neglect of the city's military preparedness and poor military leadership during the battle. This had come about because the former <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a>, Pedro Manuel de Arandia, had died in 1759 and his replacement, Francisco de la Torre, had not arrived due to the British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">capture of Havana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Spanish Cuba</a>. In the interim, the Spanish Crown appointed the militarily inexperienced <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Mexican</a>-born Archbishop of Manila <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rojo_del_R%C3%ADo_y_Vieyra" title="Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra">Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra</a> as a temporary Lieutenant Governor. As a result, many military mistakes were made by the defenders of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 1762 (4 October local calendar), the night before the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">walled city of Manila</a>, the Spanish military persuaded Rojo to summon a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a>. Several times the Archbishop wished to capitulate, but was prevented. That same day with very heavy battery fire, the British had successfully breached the walls of the bastion of San Diego. The British had emptied the water in the ditch, dismounted the cannons of that bastion and the two adjoining bastions, San Andes and San Eugeno. In addition they set fire to parts of the town, and drove the Spanish forces from the walls. At dawn of 6 October, British forces attacked the breach and took the fortifications, meeting little resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–51">: 48–51 </span></sup> </p><p>During the siege, the Spanish lost three officers, two sergeants, 50 <a href="/wiki/Line_infantry" title="Line infantry">troops of the line</a>, and 30 <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militiamen</a>, besides many wounded. Among the Filipino troops, there were 300 killed and 400 wounded. The British suffered 147 killed and wounded,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blair_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom sixteen were officers. The British fleet expended more than 20,000 cannonballs and 5,000 bombs during their bombardment.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodríguez_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation">Occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once Manila was captured, "the soldiers turned to pillage." Rojo wrote that the sack actually lasted thirty hours or more, although he laid the blame on the Spanish, Chinese and Filipino denizens of Manila, as much as upon the marauding soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> Rojo described the events in his journal. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The city was given over the pillage, which was cruel and lasted for forty hours, without excepting the churches, the archbishopric, and a part of the palace. Although the captain-general (<a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Anda_y_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Anda y Salazar">Simon de Anda y Salazar</a>) objected at the end of the twenty-four hours, the pillage really continued, in spite of the orders of the British general (Draper) for it to cease. Rojo himself killed with his own hands a [Spanish] soldier he found transgressing his orders, and had three hanged."<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Drake then demanded a ransom from the Spanish authorities in exchange for agreeing to stop his troops from any further acts of pillage. Rojo agreed to the ransom, which amounted to four million <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollars</a>. By the time the British left, only a quarter of the ransom was paid, and the matter quietly dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg/440px-Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg/660px-Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg/880px-Map_of_British_Conquest_of_Manila_1762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British conquest of Manila in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-PrezMuseum_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrezMuseum-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 November 1762, <a href="/wiki/Dawsonne_Drake" title="Dawsonne Drake">Dawsonne Drake</a>, an official of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, assumed office as the Governor of Manila. He was assisted by a council of four, consisting of John L. Smith, Claud Russel, Henry Brooke and Samuel Johnson. When after several attempts, Drake realised that he was not obtaining as many financial assets as he expected, he formed a war council which he termed the "<a href="/wiki/Choultry" title="Choultry">Chottry</a> Court". Drake imprisoned several Manilans on charges known "only known to himself", according to Captain Thomas Backhouse, who denounced Drake's court <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">as a sham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Backhouse_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backhouse-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British expedition was further rewarded after the capture of the Spanish treasure ship <i>Filipina</i>, carrying <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> from <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, and in a <a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_October_1762" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 2 October 1762">battle off Cavite</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_(1751)" title="Spanish ship Santísima Trinidad (1751)"><i>Santísima Trinidad</i></a> which carried a cargo of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>. The cargo of the <i>Trinidad</i> alone was valued at $1.5 million and the ship at $3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75–76">: 75–76 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_resistance">Spanish resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndaPostern90503.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AndaPostern90503.jpg/220px-AndaPostern90503.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AndaPostern90503.jpg/330px-AndaPostern90503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AndaPostern90503.jpg/440px-AndaPostern90503.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Sign at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santiago" title="Fort Santiago">Fort Santiago</a>, Manila, marking the departure point of Simón de Anda y Salazar.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg/220px-Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg/330px-Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg/440px-Map_British_troop_movement_Philippines_1762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the chronological advance of British troops from Manila toward parts of Northern Luzon.<sup id="cite_ref-PrezMuseum_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrezMuseum-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the meantime, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Manila">Royal Audience of Manila</a> had organised a war council and dispatched <a href="/wiki/Oidor" title="Oidor">Oidor</a> Don <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Anda_y_Salazar" title="Simón de Anda y Salazar">Simón de Anda y Salazar</a> to the provincial town of <a href="/wiki/Bulacan,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulacan, Bulacan">Bulacan</a> to organise continued resistance to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> The Real Audiencia also appointed Anda as Lieutenant Governor and Visitor-General.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That night, Anda took a substantial portion of the treasury and official records with him, departing Fort Santiago through the <a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">postern</a> of Our Lady of Solitude, to a boat on the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, and then to Bulacan. He moved headquarters from Bulacan to <a href="/wiki/Bacolor" title="Bacolor">Bacolor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, which was more secure, and quickly obtained the powerful support of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>. On 8 October 1762, Anda wrote to Rojo informing him that he had assumed the position of Governor and Capitan-General under the statutes of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> which allowed for the devolution of authority from the Governor to the Audiencia in cases of riot or invasion by foreign forces, as was the case presently. Anda, being the highest member of the Audiencia not under British control, assumed all powers and demanded the royal seal. Rojo declined to surrender it and refused to recognise Anda as Governor-General.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> </p><p>The surrender agreement between Archbishop Rojo and the British military guaranteed the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> and its episcopal government, secured private property, and granted the citizens of the former Spanish colony the rights of peaceful travel and of trade as British subjects. Under British control, the Philippines would continue to be governed by the Real Audiencia, the expenses of which were to be paid by Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Anda refused to recognise any of the agreements signed by Rojo as valid, claiming that the Archbishop had been made to sign them under duress, and therefore, according to the statutes of the Council of the Indies, they were invalid. He also refused to negotiate with the British until he was addressed as the legitimate Governor-General of the Philippines, returning to the British the letters that were not addressed to that effect. All of these initiatives were later approved by Charles III, who rewarded him and other members of the Audiencia, such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas" title="José Basco y Vargas">José Basco y Vargas</a>, who had fought against the British. Anda eventually raised an army which amounted to over 10,000 combatants, most of them volunteer Filipinos, and although they lacked enough <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> to go around, they were successful in keeping the British largely confined to Manila and Cavite. </p><p>On 26 November, Captain Backhouse dispersed Anda's troops from <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a> and soon after, established a post, manned by <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a> and sepoys so they could ensure their control of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>. Then on 19 January, the following year, the British sent an expedition commanded by Captain Sleigh against <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> which was reinforced by 400 Chinese civilians after Anda had ordered their executions for aiding the British. "In Bulacan alone 180 Chinese had been murdered in cold blood [by the Spanish] or had hanged themselves in fear." The British took <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> on 22 January, but failed to advance upon Anda in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> and withdrew from there on 7 February. In the spring of 1763, Backhouse undertook another expedition against Anda, advancing as far as <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64–65, 67–68, 85–87">: 64–65, 67–68, 85–87 </span></sup> </p><p>Cornish and the East Indies Squadron departed in early 1763, leaving two frigates behind, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Falmouth_(1752)" title="HMS Falmouth (1752)">HMS <i>Falmouth</i></a> and HMS <i>Seaford</i>. On 24 July, news arrived of the cessation of fighting and on 26 August a preliminary draft of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Peace of Paris</a>. The treaty stated that "All conquests not known about at the time of the signing of the treaty were to be returned to the original owners." The impasse continued in Manila however, as the British order to withdraw would not arrive for another six months, and Anda reinforced his blockade of the city. "During the final winter of the British occupation all pretence of cooperation amongst the British leaders was abandoned."<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72, 90–92">: 72, 90–92 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_months">Final months</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seven Years' War ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> on 10 February 1763. At the time of the signing, the signatories were not aware that Manila had been captured by the British, and consequently, it fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> After Archbishop Rojo died in January 1764, the British military finally recognised Simón de Anda y Salazar as the legitimate Governor of the Philippines, sending him a letter addressed to the "Real Audiencia Gobernadora y Capitanía General", after which Anda agreed to an armistice on the condition that the British forces withdraw from Manila by March. However, the British finally received their orders to withdraw in early March, and by mid-March the overdue Spanish governor for the Philippines, Brigadier Don Francisco de la Torre, finally arrived. This Spanish governor brought with him orders from London for Brereton and Backhouse to eventually hand over Manila to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98–100">: 98–100 </span></sup> Drake departed Manila on 29 March 1764, and the Manila Council elected <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a> Provisional Deputy Governor. The British ended the occupation by embarking from Manila and Cavite in the first week of April 1764. The 79th Regiment finally arrived in Madras on 25 May 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104–106, 108">: 104–106, 108 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude,_Manila_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude%2C_Manila_03.jpg/260px-Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude%2C_Manila_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude%2C_Manila_03.jpg/390px-Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude%2C_Manila_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude%2C_Manila_03.jpg/520px-Fort_Santiago_Postern_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude%2C_Manila_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a> of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Solitude" title="Our Lady of Solitude">Our Lady of Solitude</a> inside the <i>Fort Santiago</i> at Manila, through which on 5 October 1762, Lieutenant Governor Simón de Anda y Salazar escaped the British bombardment during the conquest of Manila.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Diego_Silang" title="Diego Silang">Diego Silang</a>, who was emboldened by Spanish vulnerability, was promised military assistance by the British if he began a revolt against the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a>, but such aid never materialised. Silang was later assassinated by his own friends, and the revolt was aborted after <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Silang" title="Gabriela Silang">his wife</a>, who had taken over the leadership, was captured and executed by the Spanish along with the remaining rebel forces.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Azim ud-Din I of Sulu</a>, who had signed a treaty of alliance with the British after they had freed him from Fort Santiago in Manila, where he had been imprisoned accused of treason, was also taken with the evacuating forces, in the hope that he could be of help to the aspirations of the East India Company in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish_2003_132–133_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish_2003_132–133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As British forces suffered increasing frustration and the unity of the commanders broke down, a number of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> and settled down in <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal" title="Taytay, Rizal">Taytay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainta, Rizal">Cainta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict over payment by Spain of the outstanding part of the ransom promised by Rojo in the terms of surrender, and compensation by Britain for the excesses committed by Drake in Manila, continued in Europe for years afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110–115">: 110–115 </span></sup> The capture of the Spanish treasure galleons <i>Santissima Trinidad</i> and the <i>Filipina</i> made the expedition and the occupation rewarding more to the British government than the East India Company as well as representing a severe loss to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper2006116_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2006116-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British failure to extend control beyond Manila and Cavite made their occupation's continuation unviable: Captain Backhouse reported to the Secretary of War in London, "<i>the enemy [Spanish] are in full possession of the country</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Backhouse_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backhouse-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: v. 20">: v. 20 </span></sup> </p><p>The British had accepted the written surrender of the Philippines from Archbishop Rojo on 30 October 1762,<sup id="cite_ref-tracy_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Manila">Royal Audience of Manila</a> had already appointed Simón de Anda y Salazar as the new Governor-General as provided for under the statutes of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>, as was pointed out by Anda and retrospectively confirmed by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>, in his re-appointment of both Anda and Basco. It was not the first time that the Audiencia had assumed responsibility for the defence of the Philippines in the absence of a higher authority; in 1646, during the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a>, it temporarily assumed the government and maintained the defence of the Philippines against a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> attack. As Francisco Leandro Viana, who was in Manila during the 18-month occupation, explained to King Charles III in 1765, "the English conquest of the Philippines was just an imagined one, as the English never owned any land beyond the range of the cannons in Manila."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old Spanish maps Alexander Dalrymple took from Manila gave the British information about the Pacific, encouraging the quest for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis_Incognita" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis Incognita">Terra Australis Incognita</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Siege of Havana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations_2">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danley & Speelman pp. 463-464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2006101-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper2006101_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper2006">Draper 2006</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTracy1995" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Nicholas (1995). <i>Manila Ransomed</i>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8598-9426-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8598-9426-6"><bdi>0-8598-9426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila+Ransomed&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8598-9426-6&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish2003">Fish 2003</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish2003">Fish 2003</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornish-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornish_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornish,_Samuel1761" class="citation book cs1">Cornish, Samuel (1761). <i>Cornish to Council at Fort St. George</i>. Public Record Office (PRO), Admiralty Papers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish+to+Council+at+Fort+St.+George&rft.pub=Public+Record+Office+%28PRO%29%2C+Admiralty+Papers&rft.date=1761&rft.au=Cornish%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British naval calendar date</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeebrick2007" class="citation book cs1">Leebrick, Karl Clayton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=22775"><i>The English expedition to Manila and the Philippine Islands in the year 1762</i></a>. University of California, Berkeley. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+expedition+to+Manila+and+the+Philippine+Islands+in+the+year+1762&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Leebrick&rft.aufirst=Karl+Clayton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2FFichaObra.html%3FRef%3D22775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blair_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2008" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Emma Helen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvRw3aOVfgAC"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803</i></a>. BiblioBazaar. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-25329-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-25329-4"><bdi>978-0-559-25329-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1803&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-559-25329-4&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Emma+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvRw3aOVfgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodríguez-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodríguez_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Rodríguez,_Eulogio2003" class="citation book cs1">B. Rodríguez, Eulogio (2003). <i>The contribution of the Basque men to the Philippines</i>. Donostia-San Sebastián: Jean-Claude Larronde ed. lit. pp. <span class="nowrap">535–</span>538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8419-931-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-8419-931-2"><bdi>84-8419-931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+contribution+of+the+Basque+men+to+the+Philippines&rft.place=Donostia-San+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E535-%3C%2Fspan%3E538&rft.pub=Jean-Claude+Larronde+ed.+lit&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-8419-931-2&rft.au=B.+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Eulogio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fish_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>When Britain Ruled the Philippines</i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4107-1069-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4107-1069-6"><bdi>1-4107-1069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Britain+Ruled+the+Philippines&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4107-1069-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrezMuseum-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrezMuseum_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrezMuseum_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresidential_Communications_Development_and_Strategic_Planning_Office" class="citation web cs1">Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020114527/http://malacanang.gov.ph/the-british-conquest-of-manila/">"The British Conquest of Manila"</a>. <i>Presidential Museum and Library</i>. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/the-british-conquest-of-manila/">the original</a> on 20 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Museum+and+Library&rft.atitle=The+British+Conquest+of+Manila&rft.au=Presidential+Communications+Development+and+Strategic+Planning+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2Fthe-british-conquest-of-manila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backhouse-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Backhouse_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Backhouse_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse,_Thomas1765" class="citation book cs1">Backhouse, Thomas (1765). <i>The Secretary at War to Mr. Secretary Conway</i>. London: British Library. pp. v. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secretary+at+War+to+Mr.+Secretary+Conway&rft.place=London&rft.pages=v.+40&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=1765&rft.au=Backhouse%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish2003">Fish 2003</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaide, Gregorio F, Philippine History and Government, National Bookstore, Manila, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish_2003_132–133-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fish_2003_132–133_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish2003">Fish 2003</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish2003">Fish 2003</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1979" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1seAAAAMAAJ"><i>Diego Silang and the Origins of Philippine Nationalism - Issue 5 of Monograph series</i></a>. Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diego+Silang+and+the+Origins+of+Philippine+Nationalism+-+Issue+5+of+Monograph+series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Philippine+Center+for+Advanced+Studies%2C+University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1seAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2006116-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper2006116_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper2006">Draper 2006</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViana,_Francisco_Leandro1765" class="citation book cs1">Viana, Francisco Leandro (1765). <i>Manifiesto del Fiscal Viana</i>. Sevilla: Archivo General de Indias. pp. V. 718.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifiesto+del+Fiscal+Viana&rft.place=Sevilla&rft.pages=V.+718&rft.pub=Archivo+General+de+Indias&rft.date=1765&rft.au=Viana%2C+Francisco+Leandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanleySpeelman2012" class="citation book cs1">Danley, Mark; Speelman, Patrick (2012). <i>The Seven Years' War: Global Views History of Warfare</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004236448" title="Special:BookSources/9789004236448"><bdi>9789004236448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Years%27+War%3A+Global+Views+History+of+Warfare&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004236448&rft.aulast=Danley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Speelman%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2003" class="citation cs2">Fish, Shirley (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROGYubVVtVIC"><i>When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: the story of the 18th century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years War</i></a>, 1stBooks Library, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7"><bdi>978-1-4107-1069-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Britain+ruled+the+Philippines%2C+1762-1764%3A+the+story+of+the+18th+century+British+invasion+of+the+Philippines+during+the+Seven+Years+War&rft.pub=1stBooks+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4107-1069-7&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROGYubVVtVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2006" class="citation book cs1">Draper, James (2006). <i>Pitt's 'Gallant Conqueror': The Turbulent Life of Lieutenant General William Draper</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111779" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111779"><bdi>9781845111779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitt%27s+%27Gallant+Conqueror%27%3A+The+Turbulent+Life+of+Lieutenant+General+William+Draper&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845111779&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borschberg, P. (2004), <i>Chinese Merchants, Catholic Clerics and Spanish Colonists in British-Occupied Manila, 1762-1764</i> in "Maritime China in Transition, 1750-1850", ed. by Wang Gungwu and Ng Chin Keong, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 355–372.</li> <li>Tracy, Nicholas (1995) <i>Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War</i>. (University of Exeter Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859894265" title="Special:BookSources/9780859894265">9780859894265</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Helen_Blair1907" class="citation book cs1">Emma Helen Blair, ed. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56778/56778-h/56778-h.htm"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Volume XLIX, 1762-1765</i></a>. Translated by James Alexander Robertson. The Arthur H. Clark Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1898+Volume+XLIX%2C+1762-1765&rft.pub=The+Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F56778%2F56778-h%2F56778-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56778">other formats available</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Helen_Blair1907" class="citation book cs1">Emma Helen Blair, ed. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57189/57189-h/57189-h.htm"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Volume L, 1762-1765</i></a>. Translated by James Alexander Robertson. The Arthur H. Clark Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1898+Volume+L%2C+1762-1765&rft.pub=The+Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F57189%2F57189-h%2F57189-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+occupation+of+Manila" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/571189">other formats available</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_occupation_of_Manila&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020114527/http://malacanang.gov.ph/the-british-conquest-of-manila/">British Occupation of Manila article</a> on the website of the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace#Presidential_Museum_and_Library" title="Malacañang Palace">Presidential Museum and Library</a>. Republic of the Philippines.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the 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