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headline">Optical nonlinearity engineering of a bismuth telluride saturable absorber and application of a pulsed solid state laser therein.</h1></div><div class="region region-content"><div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"><div class="panel-display moscone-flipped clearfix " ><div class="moscone-container moscone-header clearfix panel-panel"><div class="moscone-container-inner moscone-header-inner panel-panel-inner"></div></div><div class="moscone-flipped-container moscone-flipped-column-content clearfix"><div class="moscone-flipped-column-content-region moscone-flipped-content panel-panel"><div class="moscone-flipped-column-content-region-inner moscone-flipped-content-inner panel-panel-inner"><div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-research-views-new" ><div class="pane-content"><div class="view view-research-views-new view-id-research_views_new view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-469b55cabc6318e3059408dd121af44c"><div class="view-content"><table class="views-table cols-6"><tbody><tr class="views-field views-field-title"><th class="views-field views-field-title"> Title</th><td class="views-field views-field-title"> Optical nonlinearity engineering of a bismuth telluride saturable absorber and application of a pulsed solid state laser therein.</td></tr><tr class=""><th class=""> Authors</th><td class=""> Y.R. Wang; P. Lee; B.T. Zhang; Y.H. Sang; J.L. He; H. Liu; C.K. Lee</td></tr><tr class=""><th class=""> Journal</th><td class=""> Nanoscale</td></tr><tr class=""><th class=""> DOI</th><td class=""> 10.1039/c7nr06004a</td></tr><tr class=""><th class=""> Abstract</th><td class=""><p>Saturable absorbers (SAs) have interesting applications for the realization of pulsed lasers in various wavelengths of fiber and solid-state lasers. Topological insulators (TIs) have been recently discovered to feature saturable absorption due to their unique band structure. In this study, high-purity layers of Bi2Te3 thin film SA have been successfully prepared using the spin coating-coreduction approach (SCCA). Compared with the typical method of preparing SAs, the SCCA can be used to prepare topological insulator saturable absorbers (TISAs) with high optical quality, large area consistency, and controllable thickness, which is critical for pulsed lasers. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first observation and discussion of clear thickness-dependent optical nonlinearity. In this study, a Q-switched bulk Nd:YAG laser is demonstrated and investigated using the prepared TISA as the absorber. The timing jitter and amplitude fluctuation of the stable pulse laser indicated that the SCCA is suitable for fabricating a Bi2Te3 SA. Furthermore, the SCCA enables the establishment of a pulsing laser through saturation intensity engineering.</p></td></tr><tr class=""><th class=""> Citation</th><td class=""> Y.R. Wang; P. Lee; B.T. Zhang; Y.H. Sang; J.L. He; H. Liu; C.K. Lee.Optical nonlinearity engineering of a bismuth telluride saturable absorber and application of a pulsed solid state laser therein.. Nanoscale. 2017;9(48):1910019107. doi:10.1039/c7nr06004a</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-separator"></div><div id="section-element-content" class="ctools-collapsible-container paneled-padded boxton paneled-green"><h2 class="pane-title ctools-collapsible-handle">Related Elements</h2><div class="ctools-collapsible-content"><div class="field-element-research"><div id="taxonomy-term-62" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-elements"><h2><a href="/tellurium">Tellurium</a></h2><div class="content"><div class="taxonomy-term-description"><div class="panel-display symbol clearfix element-symbol darkblue"><a class="symbol-container panel-panel pageurl" href="https://www.americanelements.com/tellurium.html"> <span class="atomicnumber"> 52 </span> <span class="elementsymbol"> Te </span> <span class="nameweight"> 127.600000000 </span> <span class="nameweight elementname"> Tellurium </span></a></div><p class="field-paragraph-content"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/tellurium.html"><strong>See more Tellurium products.</strong></a> Tellurium (atomic symbol: Te, atomic number: 52) is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element with an atomic radius of 127.60. <img src="https://www.americanelements.com/tellurium-bohr.jpg" alt="Tellurium Bohr Model" class="image-right" height="93" width="95" sizes="100px" layout="responsive">The number of electrons in each of tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electron configuration is [Kr] 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> 5p<sup>4</sup>. Tellurium was discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782 and first isolated by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798. In its elemental form, tellurium has a silvery lustrous gray appearance. The tellurium atom has a radius of 140 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 206 pm. <img src="https://www.americanelements.com/elemental-tellurium.png" alt="Elemental Tellurium" class="image-left" height="81" width="88" sizes="100px" layout="responsive">Tellurium is most commonly sourced from the anode sludges produced as a byproduct of copper refining. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word <em>Tellus</em>, meaning Earth.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="field-element-research"><div id="taxonomy-term-6" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-elements"><h2><a href="/bismuth">Bismuth</a></h2><div class="content"><div class="taxonomy-term-description"><div class="panel-display symbol clearfix element-symbol seagreen"><a class="symbol-container panel-panel pageurl" href="https://www.americanelements.com/bi.html"> <span class="atomicnumber"> 83 </span> <span class="elementsymbol"> Bi </span> <span class="nameweight"> 208.980400000 </span> <span class="nameweight elementname"> Bismuth </span></a></div><p class="field-paragraph-content"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bi.html"><strong>See more Bismuth products.</strong></a> Bismuth (atomic symbol: Bi, atomic number: 83) is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element with an atomic radius of 208.98040. The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> 6p<sup>3</sup>. <img src="https://www.americanelements.com/bismuth-bohr.jpg" alt="Bismuth Bohr Model" class="image-right" height="95" width="95" sizes="100px" layout="responsive">The bismuth atom has a radius of 156 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 207 pm. In its elemental form, bismuth is a silvery white brittle metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals and, with the exception of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/hg.html">mercury</a>, its thermal conductivity is lower than any other metal. <img src="https://www.americanelements.com/elemental-bismuth.png" alt="Elemental Bismuth" class="image-left" height="89" width="81" sizes="100px" layout="responsive">Bismuth has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall Effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). Bismuth is found in bismuthinite and bismite. It is also produced as a byproduct of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pb.html">lead</a>, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/cu.html">copper</a>, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sn.html">tin</a>, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/mo.html">molybdenum</a> and <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ww.html">tungsten</a> extraction. Bismuth was first discovered by Early Man. The name Bismuth originates from the German word 'wissmuth,' meaning white mass.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="ctools-collapsible-container paneled-green"><h2 class="pane-title ctools-collapsible-handle">Related Forms & Applications</h2><div class="ctools-collapsible-content"><div class="view view-taxonomy-link view-id-taxonomy_link view-display-id-panel_pane_2 view-dom-id-d4b5dcb0d7914ebf57e3320ed15c7f15"><div class="view-content"><table class="views-view-grid cols-3"><tbody><tr ><td > <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Tellurides.html">Tellurides</a></td><td ></td><td ></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="moscone-flipped-column-content-region moscone-flipped-sidebar panel-panel"><div class="moscone-flipped-column-content-region-inner moscone-flipped-sidebar-inner panel-panel-inner"><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-menu-share-this-page share-menu paneled-round" ><h3 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