CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Benjamin Franklin Fairless - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"987d6774-d851-42a9-9b06-2b5041013de1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless","wgTitle":"Benjamin Franklin Fairless","wgCurRevisionId":1244275329,"wgRevisionId":1244275329,"wgArticleId":31550787,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","1890 births","1962 deaths","People from Stark County, Ohio","American people of Welsh descent","Ohio Northern University alumni","American civil engineers","People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania","Medal for Merit recipients","U.S. Steel people","Engineers from Pennsylvania","Engineers from Ohio","20th-century American engineers"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless","wgRelevantArticleId":31550787,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Benjamin_F._Fairless","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4888630","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1277"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="851"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="681"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Benjamin Franklin Fairless - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless rootpage-Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Benjamin+Franklin+Fairless" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Benjamin+Franklin+Fairless" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Benjamin+Franklin+Fairless" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Benjamin+Franklin+Fairless" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life and career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_steel_industry_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_steel_industry_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early steel industry career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_steel_industry_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Steel_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Steel_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 U.S. Steel career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Steel_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Steel career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Steel_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carnegie-Illinois_Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnegie-Illinois_Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Carnegie-Illinois Steel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnegie-Illinois_Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Steel_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Steel_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 U.S. Steel presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Steel_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 War years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Post-war years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_legacy_namings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_legacy_namings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Honors and legacy namings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_legacy_namings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Benjamin Franklin Fairless</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" > 2 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless" title="Benjamin Franklin Fairless – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benjamin Franklin Fairless" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="بنجامين فرانكلين فيرليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنجامين فرانكلين فيرليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4888630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&oldid=1244275329" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&id=1244275329&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBenjamin_Franklin_Fairless">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBenjamin_Franklin_Fairless">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Fairless" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4888630" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_F._Fairless&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American steel executive</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Benjamin Franklin Fairless</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="348" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Benjamin Fairless in 1939</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/President_of_U.S._Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="President of U.S. Steel">President of U.S. Steel</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1938 – May 3, 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Irvin" title="William A. Irvin">William A. Irvin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel#Presidents" title="U.S. Steel">Walter Munford</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1890-05-03)May 3, 1890 <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_Run,_Ohio" title="Pigeon Run, Ohio">Pigeon Run, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1962(1962-01-01) (aged 71) <a href="/wiki/Ligonier,_Pennsylvania" title="Ligonier, Pennsylvania">Ligonier, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Jane Blanche Truby Fairless (1912-1942; her death); Hazel Hatfield Sproul (1944-1955; div.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">President, Central Steel (1928-1930); First Vice President, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Steel" title="Republic Steel">Republic Steel</a> (1930-1935); President, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company</a> (1935-1938); President, Chairman, & Chief Executive Officer, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> (1938-1955)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Benjamin Franklin Fairless (May 3, 1890 — January 1, 1962) was an American <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> company executive. He was president of a wide range of steel companies during a turbulent and formative period in the American steel industry. His roles included President of Central Alloy Steel from 1928 to 1930; First Vice President of <a href="/wiki/Republic_Steel" title="Republic Steel">Republic Steel</a> (which had absorbed Central Steel) from 1930 to 1935; President of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company</a> from 1935 to 1938; and then President (1938–1955), and later <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">Chief Executive Officer</a> and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> (1952–1955) of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, the largest steel corporation in the United States. Fairless was a well-known humanitarian, and one of the few steel executives willing to allow <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unionization</a> in the steel industry. He received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Merit" title="Medal for Merit">Medal for Merit</a> in 1946 for helping to break steel production bottlenecks in the United States during World War II. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career">edit</a>]</div> Fairless was born Benjamin Franklin Williams in May 1890 in <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_Run,_Ohio" title="Pigeon Run, Ohio">Pigeon Run, Ohio</a> (a hamlet near the town of <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-1">[1]</a> His father was David Dean Williams, a poor coal miner born in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in 1865, and Ruth Wooley Williams, a miner's daughter from <a href="/wiki/Pontypool" title="Pontypool">Pontypool</a>, Wales, born in 1867. His parents emigrated to the United States in the 1880s, and settled in Ohio. They married in October 1888. Benjamin was their second child; he had an older brother, John, and two younger siblings, Mary Ann and Ralph.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His father was a coal miner and worked summers as a farmer, and the family remained poor.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless161-3">[3]</a> Fairless later recalled that his father repeatedly said the only way to survive in the world was to work and work very hard.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> His mother was seriously injured in a <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and buggy">horse and buggy</a> accident when he was two years old,<a href="#cite_note-Hillyer-5">[5]</a> and he was sent to live with his aunt and uncle, Sarah and Jacob Fairless, in nearby <a href="/wiki/Justus,_Ohio" title="Justus, Ohio">Justus, Ohio</a>. His uncle ran a small <a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">grocery store</a> from the front of his home.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless161-3">[3]</a> His relatives <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adopted</a> him, and he took their last name.<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-1">[1]</a> (He continued to maintain a home in Justus until the end of his life.)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He began selling copies of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Press" title="Cleveland Press">Cleveland Press</a> at the age of five to raise money for his family.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Fairless remained close to his mother and father, however. He described his father as a happy-go-lucky person who liked almost everyone, and who thought little of walking 10 miles (16 km) on his day off to see his teenage son play <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless161-3">[3]</a> He called his mother "a truly great woman" who had little education but who taught her children the values of honesty, thrift, hard work, and saving.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless161-3">[3]</a> Fairless was educated in local public schools, and graduated as class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> from Justus High School in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Garraty-8">[8]</a> While in elementary and high school, he worked summers for Clark McClintock, a man with a lumber business. Fairless mowed his lawn, took care of his horses, plowed the fields of farms he owned, and did other general jobs for $9 a month (including meals).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In high school, he acted as his school's janitor. He arrived early each morning, fired the coal-burning furnace, dusted desks and chairs, swept floors, and shoveled the sidewalks for $65 a year.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless162-10">[10]</a> When his grades began to suffer due to work and lack of attention, McClintock's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._McClintock" title="Charles B. McClintock">Charles Blaine McClintock</a> (whom everyone called "Blaine") began tutoring him.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless164-11">[11]</a> Blaine McClintock encouraged him to go to college, even though Justus High School only provided a three-year program.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless164-11">[11]</a> McClintock helped Fairless obtain a teaching position rather than go into manual labor, which would have ended his aspirations for college.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He taught school for three years (1905 to 1908) at Riverdale, Ohio; <a href="/wiki/Navarre,_Ohio" title="Navarre, Ohio">Navarre, Ohio</a>; and Rockville, Ohio, in order to earn money to pay for summer classes at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wooster,_Ohio" title="Wooster, Ohio">Wooster, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garraty-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Having received enough credits to make up for the lacking fourth year of high school, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University" title="Ohio Northern University">Ohio Northern University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ada,_Ohio" title="Ada, Ohio">Ada, Ohio</a>. He worked as an assistant in a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> to pay for tuition.<a href="#cite_note-Funeral-14">[14]</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> from Ohio Northern in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Funeral-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Current-15">[15]</a> In 1912, while still in college, Fairless married Jane Blanche Trubey (sometimes spelled "Truby").<a href="#cite_note-Garraty-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The couple's son, Blaine, was born on June 27, 1913. (Blaine graduated from <a href="/wiki/Babson_College" title="Babson College">Babson College</a>, was a lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during World War II, and later was an electric company executive.)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The couple appeared to have marital problems in 1940, and Jane Fairless went to <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (at the time, the only <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> to offer a quick and easy <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>), but they reconciled in May 1940.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> She died on September 29, 1942, at the family home in Massillon after a long, unspecified illness.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> She was buried in Massillon's Rose Hill Cemetery (now Rose Hill Memorial Park).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After graduation from college, he took a job as a surveyor for the <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_and_Lake_Erie_Railway_(1916%E2%80%931988)" title="Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1916–1988)">Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-21">[21]</a> In 1914, Ohio businessman "General" <a href="/wiki/Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr." title="Jacob S. Coxey Sr.">Jacob S. Coxey Sr.</a> decided to replicate his 1894 poor people's protest march and lead a group of unemployed workers to Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> When "<a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a>" reached Massillon, Fairless resolved to go see the march. Passing by the Central Steel Company plant (then under construction) on a train, Fairless decided not to see the march.<a href="#cite_note-Hillyer-5">[5]</a> Instead, he got off the train, went to the steel plant construction site, and asked the <a href="/wiki/Construction_surveying" title="Construction surveying">surveying team</a> foreman for a job.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He was given a job on the spot.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He was promoted from "transit man" (someone who operated a <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolite</a> for the surveying team) to engineer when another person failed to show up for work for a week.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless172-25">[25]</a> After the plant was finished, he was asked to stay on at the steel mill rather than travel to another Central Steel construction site near <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless172-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_steel_industry_career">Early steel industry career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early steel industry career">edit</a>]</div> Knowing next to nothing about the manufacture of steel, Fairless spent extra time at the Central Steel plant learning about the manufacturing process and the creation of light <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">alloy steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairless174-26">[26]</a> He was mentored by <a href="/wiki/F.J._Griffiths" title="F.J. Griffiths">F.J. Griffiths</a>, one of two key managers at Central Steel. By 1921, he had been promoted to mill superintendent, general superintendent, and finally executive vice president in charge of operations.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless174-26">[26]</a> In July 1926, Central Steel merged with the United Alloy Steel Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Fairless was made vice president and general manager of the new company, Central Alloy Steel,<a href="#cite_note-Rose-21">[21]</a> and in 1928 promoted to president of the firm.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless174-26">[26]</a> On January 27, 1930, Central Alloy Steel merged with Republic Iron & Steel Company, <a href="/wiki/William_Donner" title="William Donner">Donner Steel Company</a>, Trumbell-Cliffs Furnace Company, and the <a href="/wiki/Bourne-Fuller_Company" title="Bourne-Fuller Company">Bourne-Fuller Company</a> to form a new firm, Republic Steel Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-Merger-28">[28]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_M._Girdler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom M. Girdler (page does not exist)">Tom M. Girdler</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/Jones_and_Laughlin_Steel_Company" title="Jones and Laughlin Steel Company">Jones and Laughlin Steel Company</a>, was named the chairman of the board of directors of the new firm.<a href="#cite_note-Merger-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Fairless was named first vice president of the new company.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Over the next five years, Girdler made Fairless his <a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">protégé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-21">[21]</a> Fairless became a critical manager at Republic Steel, overseeing executives and operations at <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>; Chicago; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio; Massillon; <a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline, Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aide-31">[31]</a> In 1935, the U.S. Steel company, which had lost $130 million from 1932 to 1934 and was just barely breaking even in 1935, approached Fairless with the offer to become president of its newly formed Carnegie-Illinois Steel subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless174176-32">[32]</a> According to Fairless, Girdler then offered Fairless the presidency of Republic Steel (one of his own positions; the other was chairman of the board of directors) at a higher salary than U.S. Steel was offering.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless174176-32">[32]</a> Fairless later said he knew next to nothing about U.S. Steel's operations, corporate or manufacturing structure, or merchandising.<a href="#cite_note-Fairless174176-32">[32]</a> But he resigned from Republic Steel effective September 15, 1935, to join U.S. Steel.<a href="#cite_note-Aide-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Steel_career">U.S. Steel career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. Steel career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnegie-Illinois_Steel">Carnegie-Illinois Steel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carnegie-Illinois Steel">edit</a>]</div> On August 28, U.S. Steel announced that it was merging its <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Steel_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Steel Co.">Illinois Steel</a> (headquartered in Chicago) and Carnegie Steel (headquartered in Pittsburgh) subsidiaries into a single Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company (with headquarters in Pittsburgh), and that Fairless would be president of the new company.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> On September 17, two more wholly owned subsidiaries, Clairton By-Products and the Lorain Steel Company, were merged into Carnegie-Illinois as well.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Fairless assumed the presidency of the new subsidiary on October 1, 1935.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Carnegie-Illinois rapidly expanded under Fairless. In December 1935, it opened a $35 million steel works in <a href="/wiki/Clairton,_Pennsylvania" title="Clairton, Pennsylvania">Clairton, Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and in May 1928 another U.S. Steel subsidiary, American Sheet and Tin Plate Company, merged with it.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> During Fairless' tenure as president of Carnegie-Illinois Steel, his company was unionized. The <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> on July 5, 1935. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Committee for Industrial Organization</a> (CIO) formed as a caucus within the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> on November 8, 1935. The CIO was intent on organizing all workers in a plant (a philosophy known as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>), while the AFL supported organizing only highly skilled workers along job lines (known as <a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unionism</a>). In order to avoid antagonizing the AFL but eager to begin an organizing drive in steel along industrial union lines, the CIO resolved to work through the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Iron_and_Steel_Workers" title="Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers">Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers</a> ("the AA"), a nearly defunct steel union organized along craft lines.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Steel_Workers_Organizing_Committee" title="Steel Workers Organizing Committee">Steel Workers Organizing Committee</a> (SWOC) was formed in Pittsburgh on June 7, 1936.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> AFL president <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a> was outraged. He denounced what he saw as the takeover of the AA on June 5, and declared that the CIO steelworker organizing drive would fail. More importantly, however, Green interpreted the move as proof that the CIO was engaging in <a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">dual unionism</a>. After charges were drawn up and a trial conducted, on September 10, 1936, the AFL suspended the 10 unions which belonged to the CIO—including the AA (which was now operating as part of SWOC) among them.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> SWOC initially began a heavy organizing drive among steel workers nationwide, employing more than 400 <a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">union organizers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zieger56-41">[41]</a> But the steel industry responded by almost universally creating "employee representation plans" (ERPs). These ERPs were thinly disguised <a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">company unions</a>, and by mid-1935 nearly 90 percent of all workers in the U.S. steel industry belonged to an ERP.<a href="#cite_note-Zieger56-41">[41]</a> U.S. Steel, in particular, saw the ERPs as a legitimate way of learning about employee concerns, and the ERPs in that company began to become more independent. SWOC found little traction in the steel industry, so SWOC focused on gaining control of the ERPs in 1935 and 1936.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Fairless was caught in this strategy. In July 1936, he publicly warned his employees against joining "outside unions".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> So long as the ERPs had not challenged management prerogatives or demanded pay increases, U.S. Steel was content to let them operate, even independently.<a href="#cite_note-Zieger56-41">[41]</a> But in August 1936, the ERP at Carnegie-Illinois demanded a 10 cent an hour pay increase,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> which Fairless personally denied on September 12.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Murray" title="Philip Murray">Philip Murray</a>, director of SWOC, said Fairless' actions were not discouraging and predicted that his union would soon have enough power in the ERPs to force management to accept a collective bargaining agreement.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Murray proved correct: By early November 1936, Fairless had been forced to schedule a meeting for ERP representatives in the Pittsburgh area to discuss a 10 cent an hour wage increase.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> By November 10, Fairless had agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> adjustment for 53,000 of Carnegie-Illinois' 100,000 workers.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> With SWOC continuing to gain strength in Carnegie-Illinois' ERPs, in early January 1937 Fairless established a grievance committee composed of four pro-union ERP representatives with power to hear and adjudicate employee grievances, including the power to chastise managers and recommend punishment.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> But this failed to blunt the union drive. On February 11, ERP representatives throughout Carnegie-Illinois Steel demanded a $5 per day <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, an 80 cent a day wage increase, and a 40-hour work week.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Events elsewhere forced Fairless' hand. On Saturday, January 9, 1937, CIO president <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> had a chance encounter with U.S. Steel chairman <a href="/wiki/Myron_Charles_Taylor" title="Myron Charles Taylor">Myron C. Taylor</a> in the dining room at the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Hotel" title="Mayflower Hotel">Mayflower Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The two men talked animatedly at a table for a half hour, then met secretly at the Mayflower over the next two days.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Beginning February 17, the two men met secretly for two weeks at Taylor's <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> <a href="/wiki/Townhouse#Canada_and_United_States" title="Townhouse">townhouse</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Tine274-52">[52]</a> On Sunday, March 1, Lewis met with Murray, CIO general counsel <a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America</a> president <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hillman" title="Sidney Hillman">Sidney Hillman</a> and told them that Taylor had just signed an agreement agreeing to recognize SWOC as a labor union representing workers at U.S. Steel; bargain collectively with SWOC; establish grievance and <a href="/wiki/Seniority" title="Seniority">seniority</a> procedures; grant an across-the-board wage increase; establish a five-day, eight-hour workwork; and grant <a href="/wiki/Time-and-a-half" title="Time-and-a-half">time-and-a-half</a> for <a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">overtime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tine274-52">[52]</a> Lewis told Murray to appear in Fairless' office on Monday morning, where an agreement would be signed. Murray and Fairless met on March 2, and a recognition agreement was signed that day.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Negotiations on additional terms of the agreement began between Fairless and Murray on March 13, and a one-year agreement reached four days later that provided for seniority rights; a week of paid vacation for any worker with more than five years of seniority; two weeks' notice of dismissal; <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> of grievances; a no-strike clause; and a clause guaranteeing employer neutrality during union elections.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Steel_presidency">U.S. Steel presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. Steel presidency">edit</a>]</div> Seven months later, Myron C. Taylor announced he was retiring as chairman of U.S. Steel effective April 4, 1938. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Riley_Stettinius_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Riley Stettinius Jr. (page does not exist)">Edward R. Stettinius Jr.</a> was named his replacement. Fairless to elevated to the presidency of U.S. Steel effective January 1, 1938.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On December 8, U.S. Steel's board of directors agreed to reincorporate as a <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware company</a> and to move the corporate headquarters from New York City to Pittsburgh.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The following day, Fairless was named chairman of the board's <a href="/wiki/Committee#Executive_committee" title="Committee">executive committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1938, Fairless' first year as president of U.S. Steel, an indefinite extension was negotiated to the SWOC collective bargaining agreement, effectively preventing a major wage cut at the company.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In April, Fairless was also named the chief administrative officer of the company.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The following year, Fairless embroiled U.S. Steel in an investigation into <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporary_National_Economic_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temporary National Economic Commission (page does not exist)">Temporary National Economic Commission</a>, with membership drawn from Congress as well as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>, was created in 1938 to investigate monopolies in key sectors of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Zey-60">[60]</a> In November 1939, Fairless admitted to the committee that steel companies often consulted one another when setting prices.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> His comments ignited a firestorm of controversy. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> and U.S. Steel's general counsel, testified that he had advised the company that such consultations were legal.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Fairless and other steel executives hurriedly testified again before the committee, attempting to downplay the nature of these talks.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Fairless was called to testify before the committee a third time in January 1940.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He successfully defended the steel industry's practice before the committee,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> although the arguments used would later lead to amendments to U.S. antitrust law.<a href="#cite_note-Zey-60">[60]</a> Fairless was also active in mobilizing the U.S. steel industry for defense purposes during World War II. Initially, Fairless argued against allowing the United States to enter the war in Europe, and believed that the U.S. embargo on steel sales to American allies in Europe should not be lifted.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> But by February 1941, Fairless had come to see the necessity of rapid expansion of domestic industry to meet the increasingly likely threat of war. He joined with a group of other top steel executives and met with <a href="/wiki/William_S._Knudsen" title="William S. Knudsen">William S. Knudsen</a>, an automotive industry executive who had been appointed Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Production_Management" title="Office of Production Management">Office of Production Management</a> (a federal agency tasked with promoting defense mobilization). Fairless agreed to increase steel production and devote more steel to defense rather than consumer needs.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On February 19, Fairless and <a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>) met with President Roosevelt in the White House to discuss mobilization needs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In mid-March, Fairless formed and chaired an Iron and Steel Industry Defense Committee to help improve steel and iron production even further.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> More than 140 steel companies formally joined the committee at its first meeting in May 1941.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Fairless' commitment to defense mobilization led to clashes with labor unions, however. In April 1941, Fairless agreed to a 10 cents an hour wage increase to avert a SWOC strike in steel.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> But seven months later, Fairless refused to give in when John L. Lewis and the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">United Mine Workers</a> (UMW) demanded a <a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">union shop</a> clause in contracts with mines owned by steel companies. Lewis, who believed that labor standards would be frozen in the forthcoming war, wanted these so-called "captive mines" to grant the union shop as all other mining companies had.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Steel company executives resisted this demand for fear they would be forced to grant it in their steel mills as well.<a href="#cite_note-VanTine398-73">[73]</a> Myron C. Taylor, still on the U.S. Steel board of directors, wrote a confidential letter to President Roosevelt offering to agree to the union shop in captive mines but only if Roosevelt issued an executive order or Congress enacted legislation requiring it. His reasoning was that federal action would enable the steel companies to resist agreeing to union shops in steel mills.<a href="#cite_note-VanTine398-73">[73]</a> On September 15, the UMW went out on strike. Lewis agreed to resume work after a week in order to allow the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mediation_Board" title="National Defense Mediation Board">National Defense Mediation Board</a> (NDMB; a federal agency established to provide quick resolution of labor disputes in defense-critical industries) to study the matter.<a href="#cite_note-VanTine398-73">[73]</a> The UMW walked out again on October 28, and two days later Taylor and Lewis agreed to allow the entire NDMB to rule on the issue. But unexpectedly, the NDMB ruled 9-to-2 against the union shop provisions on November 10.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Lewis set a new strike date of November 15, and on November 13 Fairless predicted that any coal strike in the "captive mines" would be a short one.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Roosevelt summoned Fairless; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Grace" title="Eugene Grace">Eugene Grace</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a>; and Frank Purnell, president of <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_and_Tube" title="Youngstown Sheet and Tube">Youngstown Sheet and Tube</a>, to the White House on November 14 along with Lewis and two other top UMW leaders. He told them that neither he nor Congress would order a union shop, and asked that work continue in the mines while the two sides negotiated.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> But Fairless reported that no progress was made, and Lewis threatened to close all coal mines nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Violence between striking miners, law enforcement officials, and miners willing to cross picket lines broke out almost immediately, and some miners in non-captive coal mines walked off the job in solidarity with the steel company miners.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Roosevelt asked Lewis to agree to allow the NDMB arbitrate the decision, but Lewis said Roosevelt had shown such prejudicial behavior already that he would not do so.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On November 22, Roosevelt asked Fairless, Lewis, and Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_R._Steelman" title="John R. Steelman">John R. Steelman</a> (professor of economics and former director of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Conciliation_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Conciliation Service">U.S. Conciliation Service</a>) to form a committee to arbitrate the dispute themselves.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Although Lewis knew that Steelman favored the union shop,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> the steel companies accepted the arbitration agreement without that knowledge. Nonetheless, the government board provided the steel companies with the cover they needed to oppose the spread of the union shop into the steel mills, and steel companies and "captive mine" owners agreed to accept the arbitration panel's decision.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The panel voted 2-to-1 (with Fairless still defending the <a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">open shop</a>) to grant the union shop on December 7, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_years">War years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War years">edit</a>]</div> December 7, 1941, also proved to be the start of World War II for the United States. During the war, Fairless led U.S. Steel in rapidly increasing production. In 1943, however, the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company was found to be supplying inferior steel to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. The informer was fired by Carnegie-Illinois, and subsequently sued for $2 million under a law enacted during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sues-84">[84]</a> Fairless angrily defended U.S. Steel from accusations of <a href="/wiki/War_profiteering" title="War profiteering">war profiteering</a>, and announced an investigation into the shipments of inferior steel.<a href="#cite_note-Sues-84">[84]</a> Three weeks later, Fairless personally testified before the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> that several managers at Carnegie-Illinois had falsified tests so that inferior grade steel could be sold to the government, and had pocketed the money saved as profits. He said he had fired the individuals responsible.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In October 1943, President Roosevelt asked Fairless to sit on a new advisory panel on eliminating bottlenecks in steel production.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Fairless again confronted the UMW in late 1943. Throughout the year, UMW members had engaged in <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat strikes</a> against various sectors of the coal industry, demanding wage increases significantly higher than those granted in other industries by the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1942%E2%80%931945)" title="National War Labor Board (1942–1945)">National War Labor Board</a> (which, in exchange for a no-strike pledge by the nation's labor unions, had achieved complete legal authority to approve all union contracts).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These strikes, Fairless said, significantly impeded U.S. Steel's ability to meet production goals.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Although wage increases were inflationary, Fairless announced on December 8 that he was reopening negotiations with SWOC in order to award a pay increase and attempt to raise production.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> SWOC asked for back pay to make up for purchasing power lost due to severe wartime inflation. But Fairless refused to consider this request.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> More than 170,000 SWOC members went out on strike. Fairless gave in to union demands on December 28.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Fairless was infuriated by the negotiations and subsequent contract, and in January 1944 said that he favored a return to the open shop as a means of reining in SWOC's power at the bargaining table.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In August 1944, Blaine Fairless wed Caroline Sproul. Less than two months later, Benjamin Fairless married Hazel Hatfield Sproul on October 14, 1944. She was the daughter of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Hatfield" title="Henry D. Hatfield">Henry D. Hatfield</a>, a physician, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of West Virginia">Governor of West Virginia</a>, and former United States Senator from <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. She had only recently divorced John Roach Sproul, son of <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">William Cameron Sproul</a> (a former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Pennsylvania</a>). The couple were married by the pastor of the Shadyside Presbyterian Church at Mrs. Sproul's parents' home in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war years">edit</a>]</div> As World War II ended, Fairless led U.S. Steel through yet another major steel strike. The United Steelworkers demanded a significant pay increase in order to once more bring pay in line with the heavy inflation brought about by the war. With prices still strictly regulated by the federal government, in November 1945 Fairless refused to grant any pay increase unless the government approved a $2 per ton increase in the price of steel.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Lewis B. Schwellenbach</a> urged the parties to come to an agreement out of a concern for national security,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> but Fairless refused without a price increase.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Steel industry executives asked the National Labor Relations Board to prevent a strike, but the agency said it lacked the power.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Price_Administration" title="Office of Price Administration">Office of Price Administration</a> on November 24 declined to permit a price increase, arguing it would violate its price regulations.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> But the union agreed to a 30-day cooling off period, and on December 31 President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> won agreement from Fairless and Murray to establish a fact-finding board to study the issue.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> One week later, the president conferred with OPA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Chester_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Bowles">Chester Bowles</a>, and Bowles agreed to consider a $2.50 per ton increase in the price of steel.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> But OPA's fact-finding was nowhere near complete. With the steel strike scheduled to begin on January 13, Truman summoned Fairless and Murray to the White House on January 11.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Truman convinced Murray to delay the strike one week, but the two sides were still far apart on the pay rise (Murray demanding 19 cents an hour, and Fairless offering just 15 cents an hour).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On January 13, Fairless consulted with other steel industry executives about the talks.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The following day, Truman indicated publicly that he would approve a $4 per ton price increase, but only if the two sides came to agreement via collective bargaining on a wage increase.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Murray indicated he would accept Truman's offer.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> But Murray also reportedly said that the steel industry was engaged in a "conspiracy" to destroy the labor movement, a statement which outraged Fairless and led to a breakdown in talks.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> With no resolution, the strike occurred as scheduled on January 19. Fairless denounced the strike as an attack on the president's wartime reconversion program, industry, and the public good.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On January 24, Fairless asked the president to call a national wage and price conference covering all major industries to establish new national wage and price levels.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> But Truman rejected the plan, and reiterated that his basic proposal from January was the only one he would consider.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On January 28, Fairless opened talks with the United Steelworkers.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> As the strike continued into February 1946 without resolution, Congress began holding hearings on the issue. On February 9, Murray testified that Fairless had offered him a 19 cents per hour wage increase on January 12.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Congressional and public opinion turned against Fairless, and on February 15 he and Murray agreed to an 18 cent an hour wage increase.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Strikes during and shortly after World War II convinced many in Congress that federal labor law should be amended to prevent these threats to national security. In 1947, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft-Hartley Act">Taft-Hartley Act</a> <a href="/wiki/Veto_override#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto override">over</a> Truman's <a href="/wiki/Veto#United_States" title="Veto">veto</a>. The legislation established a National Labor-Management Panel to advise the president on how to avoid major disruptions in critical economic sectors in the future. In December 1947, Truman appointed Fairless to this panel as one of six representatives from industry.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> When the 1946 collective bargaining agreement expired in 1949, the United Steelworkers demanded that U.S. Steel provide each worker a <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a>. The Taft-Hartley Act's provisions permitting an injunction against a strike in an industry critical to national security were invoked an hour after the United Steelworkers walked off the job on July 7.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_S._Ching" title="Cyrus S. Ching">Cyrus S. Ching</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Mediation_and_Conciliation_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States)">Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service</a>, attempted to mediate a solution to the strike, but these talks broke down on July 11.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> President Truman proposed a 60-day cooling off period, but Fairless rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Fairless proposed a fact-finding board (which had worked in the 1946 strike) and 60-day cooling off period on July 14,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and President Truman accepted the plan the following day.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> As the fact-finding board conducted its hearings, in August Fairless publicly denounced what he called was "dictatorial" governmental regulation of wages and prices.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On September 14, the fact-finding board issued its report, and said that U.S. Steel should provide pensions for its workers. Fairless denounced the recommendation as a "revolution" against free enterprise, and rejected the fact-finding panel's report wholesale.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Nonetheless, Fairless agreed to attend a mediation session in Washington, D.C., two days later.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On September 17, Murray accused Fairless of imposing a double standard on workers when he revealed that U.S. Steel was paying the pensions of its executives.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Public opinion turned sharply against Fairless, and with the Taft-Hartley injunction due to expire Murray announced that the union would strike.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Fairless opened bargaining with the union, and President Truman won a postponement of the strike until October 1 in order to allow negotiations to bear fruit.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> But the negotiations did not result in a contract, and the union struck on schedule.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Murray announced on October 13 that the union would settle for a pension plan funded by a 29 cents per hour contribution from U.S. Steel.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Fairless continued to resist the pension plan idea. But as layoffs spread throughout the steel industry, other steel companies began meeting with Ching to seek a resolution. On October 18, Fairless quietly sent an aide to meet with Ching and to discuss the pension plan proposal.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> On October 31, Bethlehem Steel reached an agreement with the United Steelworkers that implemented a pension plan. Under pressure to agree to the same terms, Fairless agreed to meet with Ching and Murray.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> But no agreement was forthcoming. Jones & Laughlin Steel signed a pension plan deal with the union on November 7,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and Youngstown Sheet & Tube agreed to the union's terms two days later.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> With all the other major steel companies resuming production, Fairless set aside his previous opposition to the pension plan and signed with the union on November 11.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Fairless subsequently approved a large increase in the price of steel in December 1949. Fairless was strongly criticized by members of Congress for this price increase, but he defended it as absolutely necessary given the recent wage negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Congress opened hearings into steel industry pricing in January 1950, and Fairless was called to testify. On January 24, Fairless testified that the price increase was caused by the recent collective bargaining agreement.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> But the pressure on Fairless did not abate. Congress held additional hearings in April. Several members of Congress accused Fairless of being part of an illegal <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> to keep steel prices high, an accusation Fairless categorically denied on April 24.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Two days later, however, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> opened a legal inquiry into interlocking boards of directors in the steel industry.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Fairless denounced the inquiry, declaring it an attack on business.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Although no legal action was taken against Fairless by the Justice Department, Fairless later called for major revisions in U.S. antitrust law to clarify rules regarding interlocking directorships, price fixing, and other business consultations.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In 1945, when Fairless was still President of USS, he met with a mining engineer named Mack Lake. Lake told Fairless that he believed there was iron ore in Venezuela, south of the Orinoco River. He asked Fairless to subsidize the research for the ore and Fairless agreed. Lake proved there was massive quantities of high grade ore in that area. U.S. Steel bought and developed the Orinoco Ore Mine. Under pressure from the Truman Administration to increase steel capacity as a pre-emptive measure in response to the Cold War, U.S. Steel and Fairless began drawing up plans for a totally new and modern steel mill on the East Coast to take advantage of the Venezuela Orinoco ore. A site was chosen on the east border of Pennsylvania on the Delaware River 30 mile north of Philadelphia, near Morrisville, Pa. Ore ships could steam from Venezuela and up the Delaware to unload without travelling the Panama Canal, saving shipping costs. Ben Fairless oversaw every aspect of the new mill's design and construction. The new Fairless Works was named after him. His daughters and granddaughters helped to christen and start the new Fairless Works on December 11, 1952. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> In retirement, Fairless remained active in business affairs and public service. In May 1955, he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute" title="American Iron and Steel Institute">American Iron and Steel Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In January 1956, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> named Fairless to the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (a predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a>).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In September 1956, President Eisenhower appointed Fairless chairman of International Development Advisory Board, a new federal commission of leading citizens charged with studying American foreign aid policies and making recommendations regarding its distribution.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Over the next four months, Fairless and the other members of the commission traveled around the globe, observing foreign aid projects and interviewing officials in other governments. The advisory board issued an interim report on December 22 that advocated fewer funds but easing restrictions on their use.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> But when the board's final report came out in March 1957, it backed off the reduction in funds. Rather, Fairless and the advisory board members advocated keeping funding at current levels, easing restrictions on their use, and reducing barriers to international trade to encourage economic growth so that fewer funds would be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Fairless also urged Congress to expand American foreign aid programs to nations which had chosen a neutral role in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Fairless retired to his home in <a href="/wiki/Ligonier,_Pennsylvania" title="Ligonier, Pennsylvania">Ligonier, Pennsylvania</a>. On November 2, 1961, he sued for divorce from his wife on grounds that she had publicly humiliated him and committed "indignities".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The divorce was granted in early December 1961.<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-1">[1]</a> He was hospitalized with <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> in mid-November 1961,<a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-1">[1]</a> and died on January 1, 1962. His funeral was held at St. Michael's of the Valley Church.<a href="#cite_note-Funeral-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_legacy_namings">Honors and legacy namings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honors and legacy namings">edit</a>]</div> In September 1942, the Pittsburgh Steamship Company named a 639-foot (195 m) <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> ore carrier the SS Benjamin F. Fairless.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Fairless was awarded the Medal for Merit for advising the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> Chief of Ordnance during World War II on how to eliminate bottlenecks in the steel industry.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 1954, the Association for Iron and Steel Technology inaugurated the Benjamin F. Fairless Award in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute" title="American Iron and Steel Institute">American Iron and Steel Institute</a> also created the Benjamin F. Fairless Memorial Medal in his name, its highest award given to a person outside the steel industry.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> U.S. Steel's Fairless Works near <a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Morrisville, Pennsylvania</a> were named for him. U.S. Steel also developed a <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company town</a> near the steel plant, which it named <a href="/wiki/Fairless_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania">Fairless Hills</a> in his honor. In 1956, the Stark County Ohio Board of Education merged Navarre-Bethlehem, Beach City, Brewster, Wilmot, and Sugarcreek School Districts into one. It was named the Fairless Local School District, in honor of Benjamin Fairless.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In North Braddock PA near one of Carnegie's original steel mills and his original library stands Ben Fairless Elementary school, part of the Woodland Hills School district. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTObit-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_1-3">d</a> "Benjamin F. Fairless Dies at 71." New York Times. January 2, 1962. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Austin, Kenneth. "Fairless Is At Top After 24-Year Rise." New York Times. December 12, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairless161-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless161_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless161_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless161_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless161_3-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA161">Fairless, p. 161.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Forbes, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillyer-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillyer_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillyer_5-1">b</a> Hillyer, William Hurd. "Men of Achievement — Benjamin F. Fairless." <a href="/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes (magazine)">Forbes</a>. May 1, 1948, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Izant, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Paradis, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garraty-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_8-2">c</a> Garraty, p. 688. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA162">Fairless, p. 161-162.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairless162-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Fairless162_10-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA162">Fairless, p. 162.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairless164-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless164_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless164_11-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA164">Fairless, p. 164.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Fairless, p. 164, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA166">Fairless, p. 166.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Funeral-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Funeral_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funeral_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funeral_14-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU0EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Benjamin+Fairless%22+high+school&pg=PA46">"An Age That Bred Strength Yields Two Giants and a Romantic Renegade."</a> Life. January 12, 1962, p. 46. Accessed 2012-03-14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Current-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Current_15-0">^</a> Current Biography, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Current Biography, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The John Fritz Medal, p. 1951. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "Mrs. Fairless Quits Reno." New York Times. May 8, 1940. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "Mrs. B.F. Fairless." Associated Press. September 30, 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "Rites for Mrs. Fairless." New York Times. October 1, 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_21-3">d</a> "Fairless Rose Steadily." New York Times. August 29, 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Gen. Coxey to Lead Unemployed Army." New York Times. February 26, 1914. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Rienow and Rienow, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA170">Fairless, p. 170.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairless172-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless172_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless172_25-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA172">Fairless, p. 172.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairless174-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless174_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless174_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless174_26-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0EEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Fairless+justus+high+school&pg=PA174">Fairless, p. 174.</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "Alloy Steel Merger Approved By Boards." Associated Press. July 23, 1926. </li> <li id="cite_note-Merger-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merger_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merger_28-1">b</a> "Terms of Merger for Republic Steel." New York Times. January 28, 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "Ex-Farm Boy Heads New Republic Steel." New York Times. February 2, 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "Officials Announced by Republic Steel." New York Times. April 11, 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aide-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aide_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aide_31-1">b</a> "Girdler Aide to Join Staff of U.S. Steel." New York Times. August 22, 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairless174176-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless174176_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless174176_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairless174176_32-2">c</a> Fairless, p. 174, 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "U.S. Steel to Unify Plant Operations." New York Times. August 29, 1935; "U.S. Steel to Unify Plant Operations." New York Times. September 17, 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "U.S. Steel to Combine Four Subsidiaries in One." New York Times. September 18, 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Failress In New Post, Optimistic For Steel." New York Times. October 2, 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> "$35,000,000 Plant for U.S. Steel Unit." New York Times. December 27, 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "U.S. Steel Releases One Chief." New York Times. May 28, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Brody, p. 20; Zieger, p. 29-33; Phelan, p. 129-142. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Phelan, p. 136; Brody, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Phelan, p. 136-142. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zieger56-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zieger56_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zieger56_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zieger56_41-2">c</a> Zieger, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Zieger, p. 56-59. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "Warns Fmployes of Stampede." Associated Press. July 2, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "Agree on Steel Demands." New York Times. August 12, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "Carnegie-Illinois Bars Pay Rise Now." Associated Press. September 13, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> "Murray Projects Steel Pay Talks." New York Times. September 27, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "Steel Wage Rise Reported Assured." Associated Press. November 6, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "New Angle to One Increase." Associated Press. November 11, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "Tribunal Set Up By Carnegie Steel." New York Times. January 10, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "Board for Wage Rise at Carnegie-Illinois." New York Times. February 12, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 273-274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tine274-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tine274_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tine274_52-1">b</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Carnegie-Illinois Confers with C.I.O." New York Times. March 2, 1937; "Strike Is Averted." New York Times. March 3, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Demands on Steel Widened By C.I.O." New York Times. March 14, 1937; "C.I.O. Peace Pledge Given to U.S. Steel." New York Times. March 18, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "U.S. Steel Votes Common Dividend." New York Times. October 27, 1937; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kD8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=benjamin+franklin+fairless&pg=PA36">"Big Steel Gets New Blood and Faces."</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>. November 8, 1937, p. 36. Accessed 2012-03-14. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "U.S. Steel to Move to Pittsburgh Jan. 1." New York Times. December 9, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Fairless to Head New U.S. Steel Unit." New York Times. December 10, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "U.S. Steel Extends C.I.O. Pay Contract." New York Times. February 10, 1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "Three Are Named to Guide U.S. Steel." New York Times. April 6, 1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zey-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zey_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zey_60-1">b</a> Zey, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> "Fairless Admits 'Extra' Price Talks." New York Times. November 8, 1939. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> "Trust Law Advice to U.S. Steel Is Told." New York Times. November 9, 1939. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Austin, Kenneth L. "Steel Status Seen Clarified By Talks." New York Times. November 19, 1939. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "To Resume Steel Inquiry." New York Times. January 22, 1940. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> "Fairless Defends Steel Price System." New York Times. January 30, 1940. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> "Steel Men at Odds on Embargo Action." New York Times. September 27, 1939. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Hurd, Charles. "Steel Men Pledge Full Defense Aid." New York Times. February 1, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> "Roosevelt Conf with B. F. Fairless and R. E. Olds." New York Times. February 20, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Austin, Kennth L. "Steel Committee to Aid in Defense." New York Times. March 16, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> "Steel Men Set Up Group for Defense." New York Times. May 8, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> "Strike Is Averted in Steel Industry By Wage Increase." New York Times. April 15, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-VanTine398-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanTine398_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanTine398_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanTine398_73-2">c</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> "Predict Quick End of a Coal Strike." Associated Press. November 13, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Stark, Louis. "President Is Stern." New York Times. November 15, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Lawrence, W.H. "53,000 Told to Quit." New York Times. November 16, 1941; Lawrence, W.H. "Refuse Union Shop." New York Times. November 17, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 403-404. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Lawrence, W.H. "Dr. Steelman Chief." New York Times. November 23, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> "Steel Leaders See All Accepting Pact." New York Times. November 29, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> "Lewis Wins Captive Mine Fight." New York Times. December 8, 1941. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sues-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sues_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sues_84-1">b</a> "'Informer' On Steel Sues for $2,000,000." New York Times. March 25, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> "Ousts Falsifiers of Tests on Steel." New York Times. April 9, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> "President Meets With New Industry Body." New York Times. October 28, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 420-438. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "U.S. Steel to Miss New Output Mark." New York Times. November 19, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "U.S. Steel Agrees to Wage Parleys." Associated Press. December 9, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> "U.S. Steel balks at Back-Pay Rise." New York Times. December 18, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "Steel Strike Ends With Rush to Work." Associated Press. December 29, 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> "Fairless Attacks Job Rule By Union." New York Times. January 21, 1944. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> "Benjamin Fairless to Wed Mrs. Sproul." New York Times. October 14, 1944; "Mrs. Sproul, Bride of U.S. Steel Head." New York Times. October 15, 1944. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> "Fairless Opposes Rise in Steel Pay." New York Times. September 15, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "Calls on U.S. Steel to Settle Dispute." United Press International. November 4, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "U.S. Steel Refuses to Bargain on Pay." New York Times. November 8, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> "NLRB Admits Power Lack To Halt Any Strike Vote." New York Times. November 9, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "Steel Price Rise Rejected By OPA." New York Times. November 24, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Whitney, Robert F. "President Names Steel Fact Board, Asks Price Study." New York Times. January 1, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Truman Intervenes in Steel Price Case." New York Times. January 8, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Porter, Russell. "Steel Leaders Summoned to Confer in White House." New York Times. January 12, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Truman Plea Wins." New York Times. January 13, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> "Fairless Here for Talks." New York Times. January 14, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Stark, Louis. "$4 Steel Price Rise Hinges On Pay Pact Barring Strike." New York Times. January 15, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Replies Due Today." New York Times. January 18, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "Fairless Says Murray Told 'a Base Falsehood'." New York Times. January 19, 1946; "Says Steel Fights for Its Consumers." New York Times. January 23, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "States Steel Case." New York Times. January 24, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "Fearless First Offered Plan At White House, Aide Says." New York Times. January 25, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Stark, Louis. "President Is Sharp." New York Times. January 25, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Hear Steel Seeks Pledge on Prices." New York Times. January 29, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> "Murray Testifies He Got 19 C Offer." New York Times. February 10, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoftus1946" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus" title="Joseph A. Loftus">Loftus, Joseph A.</a> (16 February 1946). "Decision Is Sudden; A Handshake Seals Steel Strike Settlement". New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Decision+Is+Sudden%3B+A+Handshake+Seals+Steel+Strike+Settlement&rft.date=1946-02-16&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Franklin+Fairless" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> "Truman Names 12 to Taft Act Panel." New York Times. December 19, 1947. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> "Murray Hints at 'Rolling Strike'." United Press International. July 8, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Steel Parley Breaks Down." New York Times. July 12, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Stark, Louis. "U.S. Steel Rejects 60-day Peace Plan Truman Proposes." New York Times. July 13, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Truman and Steel Still Deadlocked as Walkout Nears." New York Times. July 15, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Steel Walkout Is Averted." New York Times. July 16, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> "Peacetime Dictation Assailed by Fairless." New York Times. August 6, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Rejects Findings of President's Fact Board as 'Revolutionary Doctrine'." New York Times. September 15, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> "Steel Disputants Accept Bid By U.S. to a Parley Monday." New York Times. September 17, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> "'Double-Standard' Charged to Steel." New York Times. September 18, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Steel Must Accept Pensions Or Face Strike, Murray Says." New York Times. September 20, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Stark, Louis. "Truman Asks Steel Truce to Oct. 1, New Bargaining." New York Times. September 22, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "Parleys Collapse." New York Times. October 1, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "29c Steel Pension Is Cited By Murray." New York Times. October 14, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "Ching to Bid Today for Peace in Steel as Layoffs Spread." New York Times. October 19, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Bid Spurs Hope For Quick Peace in Industry." New York Times. November 1, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "Jones & Laughlin Signs With Union." New York Times. November 8, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Parley Set Today; Youngstown Tube Signs Pact." New York Times. November 10, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Levey, Stanley. "U.S. Steel Signs 2-Year Union Pact." New York Times. November 12, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Mullaney, Thomas E. "Head of U.S. Steel Defends Price Rise, Welcomes Inquiry." New York Times. December 17, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Cloke, H. Walton. "Testifies on Steel Rates." New York Times. January 25, 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> "Fairless Denies Pact." New York Times. April 25, 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Egan, Charles E. "Steel Official Faces Justice Action Over Interlocking Directorships." New York Times. April 26, 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Egan, Charles E. "Fairless Strikes Back at Critics." New York Times. April 27, 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Fenton, John H. "Fairless Demands Trust Act Revision." New York Times. May 19, 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> "Fairless Heads Steel Institute." New York Times. May 27, 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Leviero, Anthony. "President Names Board to Review U.S. Intelligence." New York Times. January 14, 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Schmidt, Dana Adams. "Fairless to Lead Study of U.S. Aid." New York Times. September 6, 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> White, William S. "Foreign Aid Study Asks Freer Trade." New York Times. December 23, 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Dale, Jr., Edwin L. "Aid Study Backs Outlays Abroad At Present Pace." New York Times. March 6, 1957. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Dale, Jr., Edwin L. "U.S. Urged to Aid Backward Lands, Neutral Or Not." New York Times. March 8, 1957. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> "Fairless Sues for Divorce." Associated Press. November 4, 1961. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> "Ore Boat in Commission." New York Times. September 13, 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> "Merit Medal for Fairless." New York Times. June 21, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aist.org/awards/fairless_award.htm">"AIST Benjamin F. Fairless Award." Association for Iron and Steel Technology. No date.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014316/http://www.aist.org/awards/fairless_award.htm">Archived</a> May 12, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2012-03-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> "Iron And Steel Industry Gives Greenspan Highest Honor." Associated Press. May 29, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> "Navarre, Ohio: Covered Wagons, Canals, and Characters" by Marilyn R. Cook and Don Cooke. Published by the Navarre-Bethlehem Township Historical Society in September, 1981. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Apelt, Brian. " The Corporation- A Centennial Biography of United States Steel Corp. 1901-2001" Cathedral Publishing. 2000.</li> <li>Brody, David. "The Origins of Modern Steel Unionism: The SWOC Era." Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987.</li> <li>Dubofsky, Melvyn and Van Tine, Warren. John L. Lewis: A Biography. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1977.</li> <li>Garraty, John Arthur. American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Current Biography. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1958.</li> <li>Fairless, Benjamin F. "'It Could Only Happen in the U.S.'" Life. October 15, 1956.</li> <li>Forbes, B.C. America's Fifty Foremost Business Leaders. New York: B.C. Forbes & Sons Pub. Co., 1948.</li> <li>Izant, Grace Goulder. This Is Ohio: Ohio's 88 Counties in Words and Pictures. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1953.</li> <li>The John Fritz Medal. New York: Bartlett Orr Press, 1952.</li> <li>Paradis, Adrian A. Opportunities in Part-Time and Summer Jobs. Lincolnwood, Ill.: VGM Career Horizons, 1997.</li> <li>Rienow, Robert and Rienow, Leona Train. The Lonely Quest: The Evolution of Presidential Leadership. Chicago: Follett, 1966.</li> <li>Phelan, Craig. William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989.</li> <li>Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935-1955. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.</li> <li>Zey, Mary. Banking on Fraud: Drexel, Junk Bonds, and Buyouts. New York: de Gruyter, 1993.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ffcc66;">Business positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Irving_S._Olds" title="Irving S. Olds">Irving S. Olds</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson#Public_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman of the Board</a> & <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> January 1952 – May 1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Irvin" title="William A. Irvin">William A. Irvin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> of U.S. Steel January 1938 – May 1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel#Presidents" title="U.S. Steel">Walter Munford</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4888630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4888630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4888630#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000038795559">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/53719012">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1817923/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8dW9P8fH7Kwc7grKmVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1080774637">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92027144">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14406729">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10573478">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fb7brz">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&oldid=1244275329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&oldid=1244275329</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890_births" title="Category:1890 births">1890 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_deaths" title="Category:1962 deaths">1962 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Stark_County,_Ohio" title="Category:People from Stark County, Ohio">People from Stark County, Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Welsh_descent" title="Category:American people of Welsh descent">American people of Welsh descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohio_Northern_University_alumni" title="Category:Ohio Northern University alumni">Ohio Northern University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_civil_engineers" title="Category:American civil engineers">American civil engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Category:People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medal_for_Merit_recipients" title="Category:Medal for Merit recipients">Medal for Merit recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:U.S._Steel_people" title="Category:U.S. Steel people">U.S. Steel people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineers_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Engineers from Pennsylvania">Engineers from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineers_from_Ohio" title="Category:Engineers from Ohio">Engineers from Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_engineers" title="Category:20th-century American engineers">20th-century American engineers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 September 2024, at 02:41 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-m825k","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.621","walltime":"0.923","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10858,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":19454,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4568,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77359,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 733.156 1 -total"," 37.13% 272.256 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 18.03% 132.163 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.02% 102.768 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 13.93% 102.096 1 Template:Authority_control"," 10.92% 80.059 1 Template:Cite_news"," 9.72% 71.292 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.81% 64.560 1 Template:Country2nationality"," 5.44% 39.853 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.36% 39.321 10 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.269","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7372812,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-m9dr4","timestamp":"20241122161453","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Benjamin Franklin Fairless","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benjamin_Franklin_Fairless","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4888630","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4888630","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-04-20T19:43:57Z","dateModified":"2024-09-06T02:41:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/36\/Benjamin_Fairless-1939_crop.jpg","headline":"President, U.S. Steel Corporation"}</script> </body> </html>