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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finishing_of_cotton-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Finishing of cotton subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Finishing_of_cotton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purification_and_preliminary_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purification_and_preliminary_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Purification and preliminary processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purification_and_preliminary_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Singeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Desizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scouring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scouring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Scouring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scouring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bleaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercerising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercerising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mercerising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercerising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coloration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coloration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Coloration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coloration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Mechanical finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1.1</span> <span>Raising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Shearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2.1</span> <span>Peaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2.2</span> <span>Calendering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Chemical finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.4</span> <span>Shrinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_finishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_finishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standard finishes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standard_finishes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standard finishes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standard_finishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quality-oriented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality-oriented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Quality-oriented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality-oriented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design-oriented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design-oriented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Design-oriented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-oriented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handle-oriented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handle-oriented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Handle-oriented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handle-oriented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_finishes_for_natural_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_finishes_for_natural_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Special finishes for natural fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_finishes_for_natural_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_finishes_for_synthetic_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_finishes_for_synthetic_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Special finishes for synthetic fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_finishes_for_synthetic_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Finishing (textiles)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Апрэтура тканін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апрэтура тканін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilveredelung" title="Textilveredelung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Textilveredelung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acabado_textil" title="Acabado textil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acabado textil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="تکمیل کالای نساجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکمیل کالای نساجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appr%C3%AAt_(textile)" title="Apprêt (textile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apprêt (textile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailchr%C3%ADoch_cheimiceach" title="Bailchríoch cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bailchríoch cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ապրետավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապրետավորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finissaggio" title="Finissaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Finissaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אשפרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשפרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiamento_de_tecidos" title="Beneficiamento de tecidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beneficiamento de tecidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Аппретирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аппретирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Апретування тканин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апретування тканин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1584291#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Textile_finishing_machinery%2C_Red_Bridge_Mills%2C_Ainsworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1584753.jpg/200px-Textile_finishing_machinery%2C_Red_Bridge_Mills%2C_Ainsworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1584753.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Textile_finishing_machinery%2C_Red_Bridge_Mills%2C_Ainsworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1584753.jpg/300px-Textile_finishing_machinery%2C_Red_Bridge_Mills%2C_Ainsworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1584753.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Textile_finishing_machinery%2C_Red_Bridge_Mills%2C_Ainsworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1584753.jpg/400px-Textile_finishing_machinery%2C_Red_Bridge_Mills%2C_Ainsworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1584753.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Textile finishing machinery, Red Bridge Mills, <a href="/wiki/Ainsworth,_Greater_Manchester" title="Ainsworth, Greater Manchester">Ainsworth</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>, <b>finishing</b> refers to the processes that convert the <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">woven</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitted</a> cloth into a usable material and more specifically to any process performed after <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> to improve the look, performance, or "hand" (feel) of the finish textile or <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1970154_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1970154-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007330–341_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007330–341-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise meaning depends on context. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a> after leaving the <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">knitting machine</a> is not readily useable. Called <a href="/wiki/Greige_goods" title="Greige goods">greige cloth</a> at this stage, it contains natural and added impurities. Sometimes it is also <a href="/wiki/Wet_processing_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet processing engineering">processed</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> stages of <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>. Grey fiber or yarn or fabric goes through a series of processes such as wet processing and finishing. Finishing is a broad range of physical and chemical treatments that complete one stage of textile manufacturing and may prepare for the next step, making the product more receptive to the next stage of manufacturing. Finishing adds value to the product and makes it more attractive, useful, and functional for the end-user. Improving surface feel, aesthetics, and addition of advanced <a href="/wiki/Chemical_finishing_of_textiles#Finish" title="Chemical finishing of textiles">chemical finishes</a> are some examples of textile finishing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some finishing techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Bleaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleaching">bleaching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> are applied to yarn before it is woven while others are applied to the grey cloth directly after it is woven or knitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1970246_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1970246-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some finishing techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling</a>, became outdated with the industrial revolution while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercerisation" title="Mercerisation">mercerisation</a>, are developments following the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to impart the required functional properties to the fiber or fabric, it is customary to subject the material to different types of physical and chemical treatments. For example, wash and wear finish for a <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> fabric is necessary to make it <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crease" class="extiw" title="wikt:crease">crease</a>-free or <a href="/wiki/Wrinkle" title="Wrinkle">wrinkle</a>-free. In a similar way, <a href="/wiki/Mercerising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerising">mercerising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Singeing">singeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardant</a>, water repellent, <a href="/wiki/Waterproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterproof">waterproof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-static" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-static">anti-static</a> and peach finishing achieve various fabric properties desired by consumers. </p><p>The use of 100% synthetic textiles has increased considerably since the development of textured yarns made of filaments and the growing production of knit goods. The use of open weave has enabled the production of lighter, <a href="/wiki/Breathable" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathable">breathable</a>, fabrics to ensure better wearing comfort. </p><p>The properties of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a>, most important among them being <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile" title="Polyacrylonitrile">polyacrylonitrile</a>, are essentially different from those of natural <a href="/wiki/Fibre_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre crop">cellulosic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-based (<a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>) fibers. Hence the sequence of finishing operations is likely to be different. While cellulosic fabrics require a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> finishing treatment to impart easy-care properties, synthetic fibers already exhibit these easy-care criteria and require only a heat setting operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finishing_of_cotton">Finishing of cotton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finishing of cotton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purification_and_preliminary_processes">Purification and preliminary processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purification and preliminary processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>greige cloth</b>—woven cotton fabric in its loom-state—not only contains impurities, including warp size, but requires further treatment in order to develop its full textile potential. Furthermore, it may receive considerable added value by applying one or more finishing processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Finishing_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finishing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DG_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singeing">Singeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Singeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singeing_(textiles)" title="Singeing (textiles)">Singeing (textiles)</a></div> <p>Singeing is a preparation method of textiles; it is applied more commonly to <a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">woven</a> textiles and cotton yarns. Singeing in <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> is a mechanical treatment or finish to obtain a neat surface of the fabric or less hairy yarn. In a singeing machine, the <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns</a> or fabrics are exposed to direct <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flames</a> to burn the protruding <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a> of the textile materials. Hence, also called "gassing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007334_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007334-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collier_1970_p=155_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier_1970_p=155-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desizing">Desizing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Desizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desizing" title="Desizing">Desizing</a></div> <p>Depending on the size that has been used, the cloth may be steeped in a dilute acid and then rinsed, or enzymes may be used to break down the size.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_1970_p=155_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier_1970_p=155-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scouring">Scouring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scouring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scouring_(textiles)" title="Scouring (textiles)">Scouring (textiles)</a></div> <p>Scouring is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities (e.g. the remains of seed fragments) from the fibres and any adventitious oil, soiling or dirt. Scouring was used to carry in iron vessels called <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">kiers</a>. The fabric was boiled in an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>, which forms a soap with free fatty acids (<a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponification</a>). A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> can be boiled under pressure, excluding <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> which would degrade the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in the fibre. If the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric although desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process known as fabric preparation. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing processes. At this stage even the most naturally white cotton fibres are yellowish, and bleaching, the next process, is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_1970_p=155_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier_1970_p=155-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleaching">Bleaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bleaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textile_bleaching" title="Textile bleaching">Textile bleaching</a></div> <p>Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fibre will be bleached using an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a>, such as dilute <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> or dilute <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable, for example. However, for white bed sheetings and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercerising">Mercerising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mercerising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercerized_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerized cotton">Mercerized cotton</a></div> <p>A further possibility is mercerizing, during which the fabric is treated with a caustic soda solution to cause swelling of the fibres. This results in improved luster, strength, and dye affinity. Cotton is mercerized under tension, and all alkali must be washed out before the tension is released or <a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">shrinkage</a> will take place. Mercerizing can take place directly on grey cloth, or after bleaching.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coloration">Coloration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coloration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> is a sensation caused when white light from a source such as the sun is reflected off a pigment on the surface. The pigment selectively reflects certain wavelengths of light while absorbing others. A dye can be considered as a substance that can be fixed to a material that has these properties. The colour it reflects is defined by the structure of the molecule, and particularly the parts of the <a href="/wiki/Chromogen" title="Chromogen">chromogen</a> molecule called the <a href="/wiki/Chromophore_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromophore group">chromophore group</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two processes used to apply colour: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyeing">Dyeing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></div> <p>Cotton is an absorbent fibre which responds readily to colouration processes. Dyeing is commonly carried out with an anionic direct dye by completely immersing the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dyebath according to a prescribed procedure. For improved fastness to washing, rubbing, and light, other dyes such as vats and <a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">reactives</a> are commonly used. These require more complex chemistry during processing and are thus more expensive to apply.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printing">Printing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></div> <p>Printing is the application of colour in the form of a paste or ink to the surface of a fabric, in a predetermined pattern. It may be considered as localised dyeing. Printing designs on to already dyed fabric is also possible. The common processes are <a href="/wiki/Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">block printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">roller printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finishing">Finishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical_finishing">Mechanical finishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mechanical finishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanical finish refers to <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> finishes such as embossing, <a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">heat setting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">sanforizing</a>, sheering, various, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mechanical Finishes<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Raised surface finishes </th> <th>Luster imparting </th> <th>Glaze and design </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gig-mill" title="Gig-mill">Gigging</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a> </td> <td>Embossing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nap_(fabric)" title="Nap (fabric)">Napping</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moire" class="mw-redirect" title="Moire">Moire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sueded_fabrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sueded fabrics"> Sueding</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flocking </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Raising">Raising</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Raising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gig-mill" title="Gig-mill">Gig-mill</a></div> <p>Another finishing process is raising. During raising, the fabric surface is treated with sharp teeth to lift the surface fibres, thereby imparting hairiness, softness, and warmth, as in flannelette. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shearing">Shearing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shearing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shearing_(textiles)" title="Shearing (textiles)">Shearing (textiles)</a></div> <p>Shearing is a kind of <a href="#Mechanical_finishing">mechanical finish</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_(textile)" title="Aesthetics (textile)">appearance</a> of the fabric is enhanced by cutting the loops or raised surface to a uniform and even height. The machine may have a spiral blade similar to a <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">grass cutting machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Shearing machine can cut the loop or the pile to a desired level.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Peaching">Peaching</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Peaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peaching is also a mechanical finish comparable to raising but very gentle. The peach effect on fabrics is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sanding</a> the fabrics slightly; it imparts a protruded surface and soft feel. The peaching finish is also possible with certain chemicals or laundry abrasion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Calendering">Calendering</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Calendering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendering">Calendering</a></div> <p>Calendering is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on roller surface properties and relative speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_finishing">Chemical finishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chemical finishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many other chemical treatments may be applied to cotton fabrics to produce low flammability, crease resist and other special effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shrinking">Shrinking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shrinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)" title="Dimensional stability (fabric)">Dimensional stability (fabric)</a></div> <p>Mechanical shrinking (sometimes referred to as sanforizing), whereby the fabric is forced to shrink width and/or lengthwise, creates a fabric in which any residual tendency to shrink after subsequent laundering is minimal. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibers to fabric conversion lead to many mechanical tensions and forces during manufacturing, which includes following steps for fibre to yarn conversion with <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a> then fabric with <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitting</a>. When the products are immersed in water, the water acts as a relaxing medium and all stresses and strains get relaxed and try to come back to its original relaxed state. Even after finishing with sophisticated finishing machines, some residual shrinkage remains, which is carried forward to the garment stage. This residual shrinkage may cause deformity or de-shaping of the products after domestic laundry. There are certain acceptance limits of shrinkage levels for every product. Abnormal shrinkage levels are considered a non-conformity to quality standards. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_finishes">Standard finishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Standard finishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality-oriented">Quality-oriented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Quality-oriented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendering">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desizing" title="Desizing">Desizing</a> for woven fabrics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironing" title="Ironing">Pressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouring_(textiles)" title="Scouring (textiles)">Scouring</a> with detergents, alkaline solutions, or enzymes removes foreign matter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li>Shearing or <a href="/wiki/Singe#Textiles" title="Singe">singeing</a> smooths the fabric by removing the fine protruding fibers on the surface of the fabric. Flame singeing is the standard process: the wet fabric is passed through an array of gas burners at a suitable distance to burn the <a href="/wiki/Pill_(textile)" title="Pill (textile)">pills</a> off of its surface.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design-oriented">Design-oriented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Design-oriented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_bleaching" title="Textile bleaching">Bleaching</a> of woven fabrics removes any prior color in order to obtain a uniform color during the dying process.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a> adds color.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Printing</a> adds color and pattern.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Watered silk">Watering</a> adds <a href="/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern" title="Moiré pattern">moiré patterns</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handle-oriented">Handle-oriented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Handle-oriented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a> or <i>waulking</i> adds weight and density.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">Hydrophobic</a> finishing with a <a href="/wiki/Durable_water_repellent" title="Durable water repellent">durable water repellent</a> produces a fabric that repels stains or water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighted_silk" title="Weighted silk">Weighting</a> silk with metallic salts or polymer adds weight and improves handle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_finishes_for_natural_fibers">Special finishes for natural fibers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Special finishes for natural fibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Bio-polishing</b> removes the protruding fibers of fabric with the action of an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>. Enzymes, such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulase</a> for cotton, selectively remove protruding fibers. These enzymes may be <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">deactivated</a> by an increase in temperature and shifting <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mercerisation" title="Mercerisation">Mercerisation</a></b> makes the woven cotton fabric stronger, more lustrous, and less abrasive, and improves its dye affinity.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Raising</a></b> lifts the surface fibers to improve the softness and warmth, as in <a href="/wiki/Winceyette" class="mw-redirect" title="Winceyette">flannelette</a>.</li> <li><b>Peach Finish</b> subjects the fabric (either cotton or its synthetic blends) to emery wheels, making the surface <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>-like. This is a special finish used mostly in garments.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></b> or <i>waulking</i> was a method of thickening woolen material to make it more water-resistant.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></b> to bring dimension stability to <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">woollen</a> fabrics.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Calendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendering">Calendering</a></b> makes one or both surfaces of the fabric smooth and shiny. The fabric is passed to through hot, fast-moving <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> cylinders.</li> <li><b>Compacting</b> it is the advance version of the calendering machine and suitable for <a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">knitted fabric</a> to achieve desired gsm and to set width, for calendering and <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)" title="Dimensional stability (fabric)">shrinkages</a> control simultaneously. The compactors machines comes in both tube and open width settings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforizing</a> or pre-shrinking</b> prevents a fabric and the produced garment from shrinking after production. This is also a mechanical finish, acquired by feeding the fabric between a roller and rubber blanket, in such a way the rubber blanket compresses the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a> threads and imparts compressive shrinkage.</li> <li><b>Crease-resist finish</b> or "wash-and-wear" or "wrinkle-free" finishes are achieved by the addition of a chemical resin finish that makes the fiber take on a quality similar to that of synthetic fibers.</li> <li><b>Anti-microbial finish</b> causes the fabric to inhibit the growth of <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. The humid and warm environment found in textile fibers encourages the growth of the microbes. Infestation by microbes can cause cross-infection by <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and the development of odor where the fabric is worn next to the skin. In addition, stains and loss of fiber quality of textile substrates can also take place. With an aim to protect the skin of the wearer and the textile substrate itself, an anti-microbial finish is applied to textile materials.</li> <li><b>Antiviral finishes</b> on textiles are a further exploitation of using <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_surface" title="Antimicrobial surface">antimicrobial surfaces</a> that are applicable to both <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic</a> textiles. Exhibiting antiviral properties, these surfaces may inactivate the <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> coated viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Self cleaning</b> surface finish on cellulosic materials like cotton, treated materials clean themselves of stains and remove odors when exposed to sunlight. The fabric is <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coated</a> with N-TiO<sub>2</sub> film and lAgI particles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_finishes_for_synthetic_fibers">Special finishes for synthetic fibers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Special finishes for synthetic fibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Heat-setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-setting">Heat-setting</a></b> of synthetic fabrics eliminates the internal tensions within the fiber, generated during manufacturing, and the new state can be fixed by rapid cooling. This heat setting fixes the fabrics in the relaxed state, and thus avoids subsequent <a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">shrinkage</a> or creasing of the fabric. Presetting of goods makes it possible to use higher temperatures for setting without considering the sublimation properties of dyes and also has a favorable effect on dyeing behavior and the running properties of the fabric. On the other hand, post-setting can be combined with some other operations such as Thermasol dyeing or optical brightening of polyester. Post-setting as a final finish is useful to achieve high dimensional stability, along with the desired handle. Post heat setting may cause poor wash <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">fastness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">disperse</a> dyed fabrics because of sublimation. Heat-setting is an important part of finishing <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic</a> or blended fabrics.</li> <li><b>Stiffening and filling process:</b> A stiffening effect is desirable in certain polyamides and polyester materials (e.g. petticoats, collar inner linings), which can be done by reducing the mutual independence of structural elements of fabric by polymer deposition on <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coating</a> as a fine film.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">Hydrophilic finishes</a></b> compensate for lower moisture and water absorption capacity in synthetic fiber materials, which become uncomfortable in contact with skin. Certain products, based on modified (oxy-ethylated) polyamides, make the fabric more pleasant by reducing the cohesion of water so that it spreads over a larger area and thus evaporates more readily.</li> <li><b>Anti-pilling finish</b> alleviates <a href="/wiki/Pill_(textile)" title="Pill (textile)">pilling</a>, an unpleasant phenomenon associated with spun yarn fabrics, especially when they contain synthetics. Synthetic fibers are more readily brought to the surface of fabric due to their smooth surface and circular <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross-section</a>, and due to their higher <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abrasion</a> resistance. With <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knit</a> "picking" also occurs: by abrasion, individual fibers work themselves out of yarn loops onto the surface, and the garment catches on a pointed or rough object. Knitting is susceptible to these effects due to the open weave and bulky yarn.</li> <li><b>Anti-static finish</b> prevents dust from clinging to the fabric. Anti-static effective chemicals are largely chemically <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a> and require Thermasol or heat treatment for fixing on polyester fabrics. Polyether agents have been found to be useful but should not affect the dye-equilibrium on fiber, lest they impair the rubbing fastness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In general, Thermasol anti-static agents also have a good soil release action, which is as permanent as the anti-static effect. Anti-static finishes may also be of polyamide type, being curable at moderate temperatures.</li> <li><b>Non-slip finishes</b> give the filaments a rougher surface. Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> and weft threads in loosely woven fabrics are particularly prone to slip because of their surface smoothness when the structure of the fabric is disturbed and appearance is no longer attractive. <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a> dispersions or silicic acid colloidal solutions are used in combination with latex polymer or <a href="/wiki/Acrylate" title="Acrylate">acrylates</a> dispersions to get a more permanent effect, along with simultaneous improvement in resistance to pilling or <a href="/wiki/Snag_(textiles)" title="Snag (textiles)">snagging</a>. These polymer finishes are also capable of imparting a soft and smooth handle to synthetic fabric without making it water repellent.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Fire-resistant or flame-retardant finish</a></b> reduces <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a>.</li> <li><b>Anti-microbial finish:</b> with the increasing use of synthetic fibers for carpets and other materials in public places, anti-microbial finishes have gained importance. Products that are commonly applied are brominated <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation" title="Quaternary ammonium cation">quaternary ammonium compounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organosilver_chemistry" title="Organosilver chemistry">organo-silver</a>, and tin compounds, which can be applied as solutions or dispersions. They can also be incorporated in a <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polymeric</a> film deposited on the surface to achieve a controlled release.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wet_processing_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet processing engineering">Wet processing engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_surfacing" title="Silk surfacing">Silk surfacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_treatment_(textiles)" title="Plasma treatment (textiles)">Plasma treatment (textiles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_shrunk" title="London shrunk">London shrunk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1970154-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1970154_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007330–341-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007330–341_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKadolph2007">Kadolph 2007</a>, pp. 330–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_9PCwAAQBAJ&q=finishing+textiles"><i>Principles of Textile Finishing</i></a>. Woodhead. 29 April 2017. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081006610" title="Special:BookSources/9780081006610"><bdi>9780081006610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Textile+Finishing&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Woodhead&rft.date=2017-04-29&rft.isbn=9780081006610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_9PCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfinishing%2Btextiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1970246-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1970246_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finishing-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finishing_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024091635/http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=68&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Finishing">"Finishing"</a>, <i>Spinning the Web</i>, Manchester City Council: Libraries, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=68&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Finishing">the original</a> on 2008-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spinning+the+Web&rft.atitle=Finishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinningtheweb.org.uk%2Fm_display.php%3Firn%3D68%26sub%3Dmachproc%26theme%3Dindustry%26crumb%3DFinishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DG_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGREENHALGH2005" class="citation cs2">GREENHALGH, DAVID (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212164547/http://website.lineone.net/~davghalgh/cotton_finishing.html"><i>Cotton finishing</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://website.lineone.net/~davghalgh/cotton_finishing.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cotton+finishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=GREENHALGH&rft.aufirst=DAVID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsite.lineone.net%2F~davghalgh%2Fcotton_finishing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007334-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007334_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKadolph2007">Kadolph 2007</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoraJohnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, Phyllis G.; Johnson, Ingrid (2013-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&q=Singeing+improves+the+surface+that+is+helpful+in+productivity+of+the+fabric+on+the+loom+and+quality+as+well.&pg=PA126"><i>The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60901-535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60901-535-0"><bdi>978-1-60901-535-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fairchild+Books+Dictionary+of+Textiles&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.isbn=978-1-60901-535-0&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTYfAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSingeing%2Bimproves%2Bthe%2Bsurface%2Bthat%2Bis%2Bhelpful%2Bin%2Bproductivity%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfabric%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bloom%2Band%2Bquality%2Bas%2Bwell.%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdanur1995" class="citation book cs1">Adanur, Sabit (1995-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8uCgQD7oNAC&q=singeing+textiles&pg=PA162"><i>Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56676-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56676-340-0"><bdi>978-1-56676-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+Sears+Handbook+of+Industrial+Textiles&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995-10-06&rft.isbn=978-1-56676-340-0&rft.aulast=Adanur&rft.aufirst=Sabit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8uCgQD7oNAC%26q%3Dsingeing%2Btextiles%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier_1970_p=155-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_1970_p=155_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_1970_p=155_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_1970_p=155_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerHauser2004" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (2004-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S42kAgAAQBAJ&q=Mechanical+finish+signifies+machine+finishes"><i>Chemical Finishing of Textiles</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 1, 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-037-3"><bdi>978-1-84569-037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Finishing+of+Textiles&rft.pages=1%2C+2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft.isbn=978-1-84569-037-3&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft.au=Hauser%2C+P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS42kAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMechanical%2Bfinish%2Bsignifies%2Bmachine%2Bfinishes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1992" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/josephsintroduct06edjose"><i>Joseph's introductory textile science</i></a>. Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. pp. 337, 338, 339, 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-050723-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-050723-6"><bdi>978-0-03-050723-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph%27s+introductory+textile+science&rft.pages=337%2C+338%2C+339%2C+340&rft.pub=Fort+Worth+%3A+Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich+College+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-03-050723-6&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Marjory+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephsintroduct06edjose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsasser2005" class="citation book cs1">Elsasser, Virginia Hencken (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/textiles00virg"><i>Textiles : concepts and principles</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Fairchild Publications. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56367-300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56367-300-9"><bdi>978-1-56367-300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+%3A+concepts+and+principles&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=New+York%2C+NY+%3A+Fairchild+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56367-300-9&rft.aulast=Elsasser&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Hencken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextiles00virg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1992" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/josephsintroduct06edjose"><i>Joseph's introductory textile science</i></a>. Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-050723-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-050723-6"><bdi>978-0-03-050723-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph%27s+introductory+textile+science&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Fort+Worth+%3A+Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich+College+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-03-050723-6&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Marjory+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephsintroduct06edjose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurushothama2019" class="citation book cs1">Purushothama, B. 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Limited. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-92-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-92-6"><bdi>978-93-85059-92-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Value+Addition+Processes+for+Fabrics&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+India+PVT.+Limited&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.isbn=978-93-85059-92-6&rft.aulast=Purushothama&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWmoDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshearing%2Bprocess%2Bin%2Btextile%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510140212/http://www.kohlscorporation.com/ecom/valueadded/Glossary.htm">"Product Guides - Glossary"</a>. 2012-05-10. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Product+Guides+-+Glossary&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kohlscorporation.com%2Fecom%2Fvalueadded%2FGlossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Choudhury2017" class="citation book cs1">Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017). <i>Principles of textile finishing</i>. Elsevier Science. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081006610" title="Special:BookSources/9780081006610"><bdi>9780081006610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+textile+finishing&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780081006610&rft.aulast=Roy+Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Asim+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyigundogduDemirAsutaySahin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iyigundogdu, Zeynep Ustaoglu; Demir, Okan; Asutay, Ayla Burcin; Sahin, Fikrettin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091037">"Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products"</a>. <i>Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology</i>. <b>181</b> (3): 1155–1166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12010-016-2275-5">10.1007/s12010-016-2275-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091037">7091037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27734286">27734286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Biochemistry+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Developing+Novel+Antimicrobial+and+Antiviral+Textile+Products&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1155-1166&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7091037%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27734286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12010-016-2275-5&rft.aulast=Iyigundogdu&rft.aufirst=Zeynep+Ustaoglu&rft.au=Demir%2C+Okan&rft.au=Asutay%2C+Ayla+Burcin&rft.au=Sahin%2C+Fikrettin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7091037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuLong2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Deyong; Long, Mingce (2011-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/am201251d">"Realizing Visible-Light-Induced Self-Cleaning Property of Cotton through Coating N-TiO<sub>2</sub> Film and Loading AgI Particles"</a>. <i>ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces</i>. <b>3</b> (12): 4770–4774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fam201251d">10.1021/am201251d</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8244">1944-8244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22066707">22066707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces&rft.atitle=Realizing+Visible-Light-Induced+Self-Cleaning+Property+of+Cotton+through+Coating+N-TiO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Film+and+Loading+AgI+Particles&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4770-4774&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft.issn=1944-8244&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22066707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fam201251d&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Deyong&rft.au=Long%2C+Mingce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%2Fam201251d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16225050">"Self-cleaning cotton nanoparticle coating invented"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2012-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Self-cleaning+cotton+nanoparticle+coating+invented&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-16225050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finishing_(textiles)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1970" class="citation cs2">Collier, Ann M (1970), <i>A Handbook of Textiles</i>, Pergamon Press, p. 258, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4"><bdi>0-08-018057-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Textiles&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-08-018057-4&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Ann+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadolph2007" class="citation book cs1">Kadolph, Sara J (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado"><i>Textiles</i></a></span> (10 ed.). Pearson/Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6"><bdi>978-0-13-118769-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Pearson%2FPrentice-Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-118769-6&rft.aulast=Kadolph&rft.aufirst=Sara+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextiles0010kado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinishing+%28textiles%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Textil-Praxis (1958), 401 - „Befeuchtung oder Dämpfen von Wollgarnen”</li> <li>Textilbetrieb (1981), 29 - „Gleichmäßige Effekte beim Garndämpfen“</li> <li>Dr. H.-J. Henning, Dr.-Ing. Cl. Sustmann - Melliand Textilberichte „Untersuchungen über das Vakuumdämpfen von Wollgarnen“ (1966), 530</li> <li>Jens Holm Dittrich, Paul Naefe, Johann Kreitz - Melliand Textilberichte „Verfahren zur Drallberuhigung von Wollgarnen durch Kurzzeitdämpfen“ (1986), 817</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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