CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134f46e9885f916',cH: 'pip.13kc3YSMaluK1M5PA98yqZR8PCnYv4RqhyEett0-1739786682-1.2.1.1-L2KQAc0zSpCGQLX.y.m_N2hahWsY_Hs4PsZg2KZnGHAMGAI6J8TUZPktwKT5t7dN',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stakeholder%20theory&__cf_chl_tk=UO9HvIXX8W6ZSpQTmsDXj0ri4O9jjrSEHyEfxZTE7is-1739786682-1.0.1.1-0vBkJYu6n5DAuH5PhpOuhFGhU8K3ObqEYkzl4jc3mTk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786682',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stakeholder%20theory&__cf_chl_f_tk=UO9HvIXX8W6ZSpQTmsDXj0ri4O9jjrSEHyEfxZTE7is-1739786682-1.0.1.1-0vBkJYu6n5DAuH5PhpOuhFGhU8K3ObqEYkzl4jc3mTk",md: "PmGyp4o1pUS59RpkVxEqGIMU5_VvvUNJ.CJoSqcNAxI-1739786682-1.2.1.1-eT4BNE_471UgoT2vU9DlDMent_ywBBcLPa57HhgiMSwVeRIae0U74gyRHS3nRmCvFv5qQptZMhZuE1ue7U4jSThHcMGwsPqtXb6AOeqygaSD_KzlfkdvlEwYa9xLP6zuKEiY9ci2ECyoNTDwPN_.hGbWXGLaRJAVBUuNt2gpNaFWhGPlrL8IT2Qf7.06uHGZhZ1mdcuiNDabJzlFIll67jxQdQKvafE.2xzKoU_PU9ohQPZclFMTurfPpmUSc_Y2ILmyyMN.uTEI3Qk24hJH2HoIako7Hr25qGOMFw.WozR57ZWM04aq60LLI0IbjigGfljR_2YOV7GxKD47U56wCcJxQXEN7FotTbgsCMlfy4cudD8ExRpa7ACV9QVxFPM_tqGa6ZNeNdpJCDcCDef5d4icPb8DWf1frsjG_S496hbzhzUVB_6Vel4fe1LuBkmyKTHQd9bjgujKjRnBi2T.miMcUuS9rOKefP4.KTrSJg6RKhM27023DL4ErfmgQPmxdHLtUSCRPPnEIpzTajQTtErQAL_u9uyDSv7Y1oAAHf4.rkEhYBSdS7YRJzOEe4LjfJuZBIaRGZu9rZSqCg2MSrSYsTuWVZo9Vuee2VYXul0g89.iqe8bFuMLVh.BiTYGAUWe_aePXMMC0PBOZZe.SFCStoWVbc8m.tUBhE32io6maN3FC2WWXgV_Uol9PeYE6GKDy8tiMIMgLQfab0199Yt8r2n55xF7cG1Y9G8tfUmK1iGh8lwojGQdjWEgl.pN7RkMHf444eg21rT7wzHTBmoNccHPX2mC1DRSo5ft_ZmqV.DVpD5Mx87R0E7vRDZLTPLFbFoizwhM.QimsSGWSpTzuWliO5G4hUl4qyU9sz7miOC8qApQ8ZtI4XUZBuSgLvBCW7RAoff2KWRM6mKS3Zb7rfuK.IXQ1XsjYmKk7azQiSstSnJF2TXJn8OQ1hatA5h3RYzO.H5o_AcN2f4sVIAwq9._FIPa23mIqpwEje.qc0WXSq00Fxbte_DOOaXscUDfTSzTWbALZaD1TyFs9pb22w2G2SMvmCp_GH72rmBuWoYBpq6dqqeSvGh8SjHkB_xw_mrMt0MkXIGMkvaCv57LLqGpAFaitW.IelZvBS1HWe6txxAvsMTg.VCLIZ6qqRqWbk5GJ88LTDBsBMk_a7oJjSC5F4rpkR4rYp41IlbRNzR2At1kKDdWRzUW33WT0dxIWn_AOL2ifn5A1bQAGObEBc4tN5actZw2DsxIi0M6e_000O6lp6jj6gbK6BDj.zXlHybdzwf3EXUqEqGwKX.QiU8oqjIGYwwHdZ6xEuW.J2HTK8lcFqSLXqoGy7DOwl9xADsy_7kqydy1VYkb.j2DBiEizLNBl8zbiD3slMj82dbtH.sAc1eg18e.CdtYINVIzQ45WBEriF9MzSoaKTaHdtrSCjfUJ4OC.2rp3IlsvwIBDoQ2F.s38KEV1AZglgidNKgSr3OcsNs2VeeZ.D.Rm_0pCOky7ZmuIaQuuiEEXmBrjqQ3hhOV4WG0DWQZAN0erF6TD.J4MPKoTXhcJZ7AzKQ5MkwihSs1UdIH6NwflQmASE12IduST7s0cU5GfHPBnjgCm18Z95nDn3j4Y6TJoFA8.FFl8_XgKbDxglRKvDNux.Yv2Xlh.lTzRpOya8xS9a1rllIZzpohHcckY8kfA1wN3uTS1tdQZffW6ZL7Js9jQjfcH0RvV_GPU1v7jFqz1DiMB0Tla5qscc2rCVoehvhzhx69tYl7MLqigD_BkQ3RqBNS.dvcVNvDvp84h2mAvtsgeEYHvgyIaln0Zu5y5NcFcYPlO4HiTWpGXnCAS9ipJmi9Uoh_uiyFmCjsvGNUL1UY9Pyj82rhSLZkY0d6W1y.w3rqIRFzbwbcEuGcW4kn3JgUY4Zt3ZRWjjYYS21aIuc6Se6B8VHo5Y.bxEiS3P8l7GbRE1FLBwijWtc",mdrd: "gWIu4MYf7KOvOlDQ5YPUhAsQMoxNcyyIf.YFiu9jrXA-1739786682-1.2.1.1-YShsuBq7Jos77pEMV5Vo1svKB5Fir8b6aS0xwoPzjQ6NioZeOiMCDF8jGPsX99lEk0Uwp_eUElQX.4ne38lD63DT1zl4.Xapcgh0GKUYKCq_9fS8mv8JLOynsXI1uyy4HBr6Hk1g5h7Hhe9kA1NSu5q65eL22cPxg_xmRPIRogTbShZTo2kjDEgJgLKt1QhVzAEBBma1TQieVRlpw1N3bHEoYd2vXZQo_2lC3IIGsP1QvldZoSyGx1F9kf6LudQl11lXwQCJLYyHbJ4VWRmcLnMUpSzkcy6QI6GNQBT9PXIEKqdxS2YuBc5mJLfEW1aObiWBPEj2ZCREgmd_byTJpn9s6QZIxitQWgJTJOT8V6fjq506pLKVXpa1DqBIXcVZxOOWyCzDVBKEQkpGYqXvoGdz_7kzY_qeKZqmrLKoT.a3ZUZeWWsq7FH9udbAmHjGpLp1QEceCyK01i0lIJk6t1EUwppOeNrUhLIX5Z0jf0Crdc78QFWqhx1qgXlU0_HQNg095HTumqXhdiLvQbdRrNCSs14Jf2F3WMrUEfkjwUTcnW3WpLwPTiMzVUCokmqFSK8Pxw47ZKVbE46BwMuilmZ5ekF0IhOURTejp5ujdSvIoPNCqPltXEbTTabDSaA3350wJTpZsIOWIsKIsB4PCpVwQnJm74YWRypbCfh4zxMn27IDVlpDo89uZ0Ero5Jffe9ZFvUi0An3lpNh4W8D7YB.5JgKXJl4c5PliEUX61ux4BY8xvicLPt568IGFwbP3CFEahlTi2zyGw1_JwUdjLb6I.7wxuNlql81bRnIHuablUuGafVek0JBCDBxwJ4TOl6ZjxvKDMawsb3F4ZA16RwJ4fopUO0gVK8Cv9Mx6bngHf4PRQ2CtYidbxR5tc.D_cavR2ph3TOreXohZo6b6W_mPVTn64a514K179MxlBTM51uRjdBquZOujeyAWkkTznOM8FOMbI6zaIa_yfVHXZPvdOxSzjqe91sYB17Ux7wCTGjI0Oxo2j2LpzTIEe8xt1jr3qsuszzToJomo7mKuHssPzP1.Db042Ajz0OLsl5J1i0dBqBoyvarzlQjRJ_79DojcDPYo7dfuCslA1UX0Vd5Y0aE1wrMgC.txx.I8Wb_m.T06JoXqPOIXmUtzIww_GSpRxAkXm8AzlpBWNG2zjgrZhIPUbQu1y28jwiYq3ejS.Gm3Cs6i7A1C.9uYhyjkeJ8h4Rhkyq_Zq6CAR04saL1283DZLbX_aRfMJegPWRQ3yB_OrFyEVMneIFUTeMTxnRb8C3JwL5cCVVkpfB9kVbP2TDbQ5DFmR8AazI_Eyndn6PL2DvLYceCc6DQwAwdJDocGStSEUwIb5i23p4SdXm9LXm2ZlZIXgKyg12NyIVF5rCZbD1hgS6K9M1OKbI59LJGRhpeAYQDoHJaOZPi32Jyto0H6zPGpAWGg0xMWysRu6w4eKRUInqCp_nmevtPXknrvM6p76nqpB3GYIifeNEIupJA0ZjVJB8DJ5FtAT279KZ5K5yHbGIbXuVj2RgUt_fLMqqb1bPtMBN0qopPpEPWbW._b1WvfXjUK3oIqTb3KP1y1vkjHP2eyWq.ZpRtBQB6GbFh4qwPnQjL3bGFBBGuRyR2KseY8ePeLfyO1sdu7NyHtXEksdXzqFpDxZk_qz5EHrg5eNM0XUEjmEDqTFdhO8e8CNcjFFKcyDw3bto_Gpj_8h6ro0_r2YIDlPuGVcHZFvQuKgXaORKXBbi4gHN.7LrBoih5Pq0tkBJlj8n_ywqybUP6AJL097LFt4CLqwFnZsgGY.TnCWzZ7MDwVYQUIGd5nDSKMAIHdBqnHFM6ICnamOIeflvhPAXzfVEO3EacFG7Pgem9AkngX3A21j8XrkKCOD0JDrSEQf28BYl7cOsCWJ29vhdbcGFXavsLU_SLH3B67xOGyuVenVhGER.R1bFtvJM4qxZuE86FOK.lA9W5tIAanDggHkA0XHHk"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134f46e9885f916';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=stakeholder%20theory&__cf_chl_rt_tk=UO9HvIXX8W6ZSpQTmsDXj0ri4O9jjrSEHyEfxZTE7is-1739786682-1.0.1.1-0vBkJYu6n5DAuH5PhpOuhFGhU8K3ObqEYkzl4jc3mTk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>