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RISKS-LIST: RISKS-FORUM Digest

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Neumann"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="The RISKS Digest"/> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text"/> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"/> <meta property="og:title" content="The RISKS Digest"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Risks Digest"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Peter G. Neumann"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="The RISKS Digest"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The RISKS Digest"/> </head> <body lang="en-GB"> <h1 class="cntr" itemprop="name"><span class="rdigest">The RISKS Digest</span></h1> <h3 class="cntr">Forum on Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems</h3> <h3 class="cntr"> <i><a href="https://www.acm.org">ACM</a> Committee on Computers and Public Policy, <a href="https://www.sri.com/people/peter-neumann/">Peter G. Neumann</a>, moderator</i> </h3> <div class="swishe"> <form method="get" action="/Risks/search"> <label for="qs">Search RISKS </label>&nbsp;<input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search query" id="qs"/><button type="submit"><i class="fad fa-fw fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <p> The RISKS Forum is a moderated digest. Its USENET equivalent is <a href="news:comp.risks">comp.risks</a>. (<a href="//groups.google.com/group/comp.risks/" itemprop="relatedLink">Google archive</a>) </p> <ul class="recents"> <li> <a href="/Risks/34/60" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 34 Issue 60 (Tuesday, 1st April 2025)</a> <span class="green">&lt;= Latest Issue</span> </li> <li> <a href="/Risks/34/59" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 34 Issue 59 (Saturday, 22nd March 2025)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/Risks/34/58" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 34 Issue 58 (Saturday, 15th March 2025)</a> </li> </ul> <div class="rinfo"> <a href="/Risks/news/" itemprop="relatedLink">News about the RISKS web pages</a> <a href="http://www.csl.sri.com/users/risko/risksinfo.html" itemprop="relatedLink">Subscriptions, contributions and archives</a> </div> <h3>Feeds</h3> <div class="feeds"> <p><a href="/risksrss1.xml" itemprop="relatedLink"><i class="fad fa-fw fa-rss"></i> RSS 1.0 (full text)</a></p> <p><a href="/risksrss2.xml" itemprop="relatedLink"><i class="fad fa-fw fa-rss"></i> RSS 2.0 (full text)</a></p> <p><a href="/risksatom.xml" itemprop="relatedLink"><i class="fad fa-fw fa-rss"></i> ATOM (full text)</a></p> <p><a href="/rdigest.rdf" itemprop="relatedLink"><i class="fad fa-fw fa-rss"></i> RDF feed</a></p> <p><a href="/risks/go/latest" itemprop="relatedLink">Simplified (latest issue)</a></p> <p><a href="/risks.json" itemprop="relatedLink"><i class="fab fa-fw fa-js"></i> JSON Feed</a></p> </div> <p>Please <a href="mailto:Lindsay.Marshall@newcastle.ac.uk?subject=Problem with the RISKS pages">report</a> any website or feed problems you find. Report issues with the digest <em>content</em> to the moderator.</p> <form method="get" action="/Risks/issue"> <h3>Got to a specific issue of RISKS</h3> <div class="voliss"> <span><label for="vn">Volume N<sup>o</sup></label>&nbsp;<input type="text" name="volume" placeholder="Volume" size="8" id="vn"/></span> <span><label for="in">Issue N<sup>o</sup></label>&nbsp;<input type="text" name="issue" placeholder="Issue" size="8" id="in"/></span> </div> <div class="send"><input type="submit" value="Get Specific Issue" /></div> </form> <section class="vindex"> <h3>Volume Index</h3> <p><strong>N.B.</strong> The dates and counts do not include the index issues for each volume.</p> <table> <caption>Index to the RISKS Digest</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Volume Index</th> <th colspan="2">Date Range</th> <th>N<sup>o</sup> of Issues</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/1/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 1</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/1/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st August 1985</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/1/45" itemprop="relatedLink">31st January 1986</a></i></td> <td>45 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/2/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 2</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/2/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st February 1986</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/2/56" itemprop="relatedLink">30th May 1986</a></i></td> <td>56 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/3/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 3</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/3/01" itemprop="relatedLink">4th June 1986</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/3/91" itemprop="relatedLink">30th October 1986</a></i></td> <td>91 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/4/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 4</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/4/01" itemprop="relatedLink">2nd November 1986</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/4/96" itemprop="relatedLink">6th June 1987</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/5/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 5</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/5/01" itemprop="relatedLink">7th June 1987</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/5/84" itemprop="relatedLink">31st December 1987</a></i></td> <td>84 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/6/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 6</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/6/01" itemprop="relatedLink">3rd January 1987</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/6/94" itemprop="relatedLink">31st May 1988</a></i></td> <td>94 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/7/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 7</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/7/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st June 1988</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/7/98" itemprop="relatedLink">22nd December 1988</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/8/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 8</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/8/01" itemprop="relatedLink">4th January 1989</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/8/87" itemprop="relatedLink">29th June 1989</a></i></td> <td>87 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/9/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 9</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/9/01" itemprop="relatedLink">6th July 1989</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/9/97" itemprop="relatedLink">30th May 1990</a></i></td> <td>97 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/10/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 10</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/10/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st June 1990</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/10/85" itemprop="relatedLink">31st January 1991</a></i></td> <td>86 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/11/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 11</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/11/01" itemprop="relatedLink">4th February 1991</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/11/95" itemprop="relatedLink">28th June 1991</a></i></td> <td>95 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/12/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 12</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/12/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st July 1991</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/12/72" itemprop="relatedLink">31st December 1991</a></i></td> <td>72 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/13/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 13</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/13/01" itemprop="relatedLink">6th January 1992</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/13/89" itemprop="relatedLink">2nd November 1992</a></i></td> <td>89 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/14/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 14</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/14/01" itemprop="relatedLink">4th November 1992</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/14/89" itemprop="relatedLink">27th August 1993</a></i></td> <td>89 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/15/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 15</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/15/01" itemprop="relatedLink">2nd September 1993</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/15/81" itemprop="relatedLink">29th April 1994</a></i></td> <td>81 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/16/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 16</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/16/01" itemprop="relatedLink">2nd May 1994</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/16/96" itemprop="relatedLink">22nd March 1995</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/17/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 17</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/17/01" itemprop="relatedLink">27th March 1995</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/17/96" itemprop="relatedLink">1st April 1996</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/18/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 18</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/18/01" itemprop="relatedLink">5th April 1996</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/18/96" itemprop="relatedLink">31st March 1997</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/19/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 19</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/19/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st April 1997</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/19/97" itemprop="relatedLink">25th September 1998</a></i></td> <td>97 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/20/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 20</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/20/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st October 1998</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/20/98" itemprop="relatedLink">31st July 2000</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/21/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 21</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/21/01" itemprop="relatedLink">15th August 2000</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/21/98" itemprop="relatedLink">29th March 2002</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/22/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 22</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/22/01" itemprop="relatedLink">1st April 2002</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/22/98" itemprop="relatedLink">27th October 2003</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/23/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 23</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/23/01" itemprop="relatedLink">7th November 2003</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/23/96" itemprop="relatedLink">2nd August 2005</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/24/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 24</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/24/01" itemprop="relatedLink">10th August 2005</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/24/93" itemprop="relatedLink">30th December 2007</a></i></td> <td>93 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/25/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 25</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/25/01" itemprop="relatedLink">7th January 2008</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/25/98" itemprop="relatedLink">1st April 2010</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/26/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 26</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/26/01" itemprop="relatedLink">8th April 2010</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/26/98" itemprop="relatedLink">20th August 2012</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/27/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 27</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/27/01" itemprop="relatedLink">30th August 2012</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/27/96" itemprop="relatedLink">6th June 2014</a></i></td> <td>99 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/28/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 28</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/28/01" itemprop="relatedLink">12th June 2014</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/28/97" itemprop="relatedLink">29th September 2015</a></i></td> <td>97 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/29/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 29</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/29/01" itemprop="relatedLink">3rd October 2015</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/29/96" itemprop="relatedLink">10th December 2016</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/30/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 30</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/30/01" itemprop="relatedLink">14th December 2016</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/30/98" itemprop="relatedLink">28th December 2018</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/31/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 31</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/31/01" itemprop="relatedLink">4th January 2019</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/31/98" itemprop="relatedLink">12th June 2020</a></i></td> <td>98 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/32/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 32</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/32/01" itemprop="relatedLink">16th June 2020</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/32/96" itemprop="relatedLink">28th December 2021</a></i></td> <td>96 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/33/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 33</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/33/01" itemprop="relatedLink">8th January 2022</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/33/97" itemprop="relatedLink">17th December 2023</a></i></td> <td>97 issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Risks/34/index" itemprop="relatedLink">Volume 34</a></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/34/01" itemprop="relatedLink">30th December 2023</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/Risks/34/60" itemprop="relatedLink">1st April 2025</a></i></td> <td>61 issues</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div 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