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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Letter of Abgar to Jesus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letter_of_Abgar_to_Jesus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letter of Abgar to Jesus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letter_of_Abgar_to_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Critical scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_of_Abgar_to_Tiberius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_of_Abgar_to_Tiberius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Letters of Abgar to Tiberius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_of_Abgar_to_Tiberius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abgar V</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AD" title="5ኛው አብጋር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="5ኛው አብጋር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="أبجر الخامس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجر الخامس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_V_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Абгар V Укама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абгар V Укама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Абгар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абгар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V_d%27Edessa" title="Abgar V d'Edessa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abgar V d'Edessa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V." title="Abgar V. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abgar V." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άβγαρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβγαρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaro_V_de_Edesa" title="Abgaro V de Edesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abgaro V de Edesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_la_5-a" title="Abgar la 5-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abgar la 5-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V.a_Edesakoa" title="Abgar V.a Edesakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abgar V.a Edesakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abgar V" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B5" title="Աբգար Ե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբգար Ե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abgar V" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abgar V" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%92%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אבגר החמישי, מלך אוסרואנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבגר החמישי, מלך אוסרואנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Abgar V" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgarus_V" title="Abgarus V – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abgarus V" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Abgarus" title="V. Abgarus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="V. Abgarus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="ابجر الخامس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابجر الخامس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V_van_Osrhoene" title="Abgar V van Osrhoene – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abgar V van Osrhoene" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar" title="Abgar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abgar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V_Ukkama" title="Abgar V Ukkama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abgar V Ukkama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V_de_Edessa" title="Abgar V de Edessa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abgar V de Edessa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_V_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Абгар V Уккама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абгар V Уккама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_V" title="Авгар V – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Авгар V" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V_od_Edese" title="Abgar V od Edese – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abgar V od Edese" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abgar V" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar" title="Abgar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abgar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Abgar" title="V. Abgar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="V. Abgar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_V" title="Абгар V – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абгар V" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="阿布加尔五世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿布加尔五世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1st century AD King of Osroene and 1st Christian King</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abgar" redirects here. For other people with the given name or surname, see <a href="/wiki/Abgar_(name)" title="Abgar (name)">Abgar (name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Abgar V of Edessa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Ruler of the kingdom of Osroene</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg/250px-Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of Abgar holding the <i><a href="/wiki/Mandylion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandylion">mandylion</a></i>, the image of Christ (<a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a>, 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1st century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. AD 50</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Saint Abgar</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abgar V</b> (c. 1st century BC – c. AD 50), called <b>Ukkāmā</b> (meaning "the Black" in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and other dialects of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the King of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> with his capital at <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vailhe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vailhe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100,000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/100%2C000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_%28obverse%29.jpg/250px-100%2C000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/100%2C000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_%28obverse%29.jpg/375px-100%2C000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/100%2C000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_%28obverse%29.jpg/500px-100%2C000_Armenian_dram_-_2009_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Abgar V on an Armenian banknote</figcaption></figure> <p>Abgar was described as "king of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, a near-contemporary source.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Moses of Chorene</a> depicted Abgar as an Armenian,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but modern scholarly consensus agree that the <a href="/wiki/Abgarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abgarids">Abgarids</a> were in fact an Arab dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses of Chorene notes that Abgar V's chief wife was Queen <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Adiabene" title="Helena of Adiabene">Helena of Adiabene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but according to the contemporary Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> she was the wife of King <a href="/wiki/Monobaz_I" title="Monobaz I">Monobaz I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_of_Abgar_to_Jesus">Letter of Abgar to Jesus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Letter of Abgar to Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_suppressed_Gospels_and_Epistles_of_the_original_New_Testament_of_Jesus_the_Christ/Chapter_6" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The suppressed Gospels and Epistles of the original New Testament of Jesus the Christ/Chapter 6">Christ and Abgarus</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Abgar V is said to be one of the first <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> kings, having been converted to the faith by <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus of Edessa">Thaddeus of Edessa</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">seventy disciples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1913_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1913-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> recorded that the Edessan archives contained a copy of a correspondence exchanged between Abgar of Edessa and Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correspondence consisted of Abgar's letter and the answer dictated by Jesus. On 15 August 944, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)">Church of St. Mary of Blachernae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> received the letter and the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Mandylion</a>. Both relics were then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Pharos" title="Church of the Virgin of the Pharos">Church of the Virgin of the Pharos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ja172_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja172-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This account enjoyed great popularity in the East and in the West during the Middle Ages. Jesus' letter was copied on parchment, inscribed in marble and metal, and used as a talisman or an amulet. Of this correspondence, there survives not only a Syriac text, but an Armenian translation as well, two independent Greek versions, shorter than the Syriac, and several inscriptions on stone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scholars have disputed many aspects of this account such as whether Abgar suffered from gout or from leprosy, or whether the correspondence was on parchment or papyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text of the letter was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Abgar, ruler of Edessa, to Jesus the good physician who has appeared in the country of Jerusalem, greeting. I have heard the reports of you and of your cures as performed by you without medicines or herbs. For it is said that you make the blind to see and the lame to walk, that you cleanse lepers and cast out impure spirits and demons, and that you heal those afflicted with lingering disease, and raise the dead. And having heard all these things concerning you, I have concluded that one of two things must be true: either you are God, and, having come down from heaven, you do these things, or else you, who does these things, are the son of God. I have therefore written to you to ask you if you would take the trouble to come to me and heal all the ill which I suffer. For I have heard that the Jews are murmuring against you and are plotting to injure you. But I have a very small yet noble city which is great enough for us both.<sup id="cite_ref-Leclercq_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leclercq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jesus gave the messenger the reply to return to Abgar: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Blessed are you who hast believed in me without having seen me. For it is written concerning me, that they who have seen me will not believe in me, and that they who have not seen me will believe and be saved. But in regard to what you have written me, that I should come to you, it is necessary for me to fulfill all things here for which I have been sent, and after I have fulfilled them, thus to be taken up again to him that sent me. But after I have been taken up, I will send to you one of my disciples, that he may heal your disease and give life to you and yours.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> wrote of the letter in her account of her pilgrimage in Edessa. She read the letter during her stay around 384, and remarked that the copy in Edessa was "fuller" than the copies in her home (which was likely France).<sup id="cite_ref-Egeria_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egeria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the importance it attained in the apocryphal cycle, the correspondence of King Abgar also gained a place in liturgy for some time. The Syriac liturgies commemorate the correspondence of Abgar during Lent. The Celtic liturgy appears to have attached importance to it; the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hymnorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hymnorum">Liber Hymnorum</a></i>, a manuscript preserved at Trinity College, Dublin (E. 4, 2), gives two collects on the lines of the letter to Abgar. It is even possible that this letter, followed by various prayers, may have formed a minor liturgical office in some Catholic churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Leclercq_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leclercq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This event has played an important part in the self-definition of several Eastern churches. Abgar is counted as saint, with feasts on 11 May and 28 October in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Thursday of the Third Week of Lent (Mid-Lent) in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and daily in the Mass of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg/220px-Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg/330px-Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg/440px-Edessa_Abgar_king_with_Christ_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2355" /></a><figcaption>Fresco from Varaga St. Gevorg church chapel showing king Abgar with image of Christ</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_scholarship">Critical scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Critical scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of contemporary scholars have suggested origins of the tradition of Abgar's conversion apart from historical record. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bauer" title="Walter Bauer">Walter Bauer</a> argued the legend was written without sources to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">group cohesiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> against <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schismatics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1971Chapter_1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1971Chapter_1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several distinct sources, known to have not been in contact with one another, claimed to have seen the letters in the archives, so his claim is suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant advances in scholarship on the topic have been made<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamplani2009253_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamplani2009253-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Desreumaux's translation with commentary,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M. Illert's collection of textual witnesses to the legend,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and detailed studies of the ideology of the sources by Brock,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffith<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mirkovic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of scholars now claim the goal of the authors and editors of texts regarding the conversion of Abgar were not so much concerned with <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historical reconstruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of Edessa as the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Church_and_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Church and state">church and state</a> power, based on the political and ecclesiological ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ephraem_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraem the Syrian">Ephraem the Syrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamplani2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamplani2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith2003§3_and_§28_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith2003§3_and_§28-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the origins of the story are still far from certain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirkovic20042–4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirkovic20042–4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the stories as recorded seem to have been shaped by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_late_ancient_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of late ancient Christianity">controversies of the third century CE</a>, especially as a response to <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamplani2009_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamplani2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters_of_Abgar_to_Tiberius">Letters of Abgar to Tiberius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letters of Abgar to Tiberius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letters between Abgar V and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tiberius" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Tiberius">Emperor Tiberius</a> are also recorded in history, by for instance the Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a>, scholars as Ilaria Ramelli have argued for the core of these being essentially authentic based on:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> This work seems to preserve very ancient material, such as the information on the friendship between Abgar, correctly called toparkhês of Edessa, and the prefect of Egypt, in my view probably <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Avilius_Flaccus" title="Aulus Avilius Flaccus">A. Avillius Flaccus</a>, who ruled Egypt AD 32 to 38—just the years of Vitellius’ mandate in the Near East and of the Abgar-Tiberius correspondence—and is well known to us thanks to Philo, <i>In Flaccum</i>, 1-3; 25; 40; 116; 158. He was one of the most intimate friends of Tiberius; he was born and grew up in Rome with Augustus’ nieces, obtained the government of Egypt, a direct possession of the emperor, and probably helped the good relationship between Abgar and Tiberius that is evident in their correspondence.</p></blockquote> <p>Abgar's initial letter to Tiberius read:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Abgar, king of Armenia, to my Lord Tiberius, emperor of the Romans, greeting:— I know that nothing is unknown to your Majesty, but, as your friend, I would make you better acquainted with the facts by writing. The Jews who dwell in the cantons of Palestine have crucified Jesus: Jesus without sin, Jesus after so many acts of kindness, so many wonders and miracles wrought for their good, even to the raising of the dead. Be assured that these are not the effects of the power of a simple mortal, but of God. During the time that they were crucifying Him, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" title="Crucifixion darkness">the sun was darkened, the earth was moved, shaken</a>; Jesus Himself, three days afterwards, rose from the dead and appeared to many. Now, everywhere, His name alone, invoked by His disciples, produces the greatest miracles: what has happened to myself is the most evident proof of it. Your august Majesty knows henceforth what ought to be done in future with respect to the Jewish nation, which has committed this crime; your Majesty knows whether a command should not be published through the whole universe to worship Christ as the true God. Safety and health.</p></blockquote> <p>Tiberius' reply read: </p> <blockquote><p>Tiberius, emperor of the Romans, to Abgar, king of the Armenians, greeting:— Your kind letter has been read to me, and I wish that thanks should be given to you from me. Though we had already heard several persons relate these facts, Pilate has officially informed us of the miracles of Jesus. He has certified to us that after His resurrection from the dead He was acknowledged by many to be God. Therefore I myself also wished to do what you propose; but, as it is the custom of the Romans not to admit a god merely by the command of the sovereign, but only when the admission has been discussed and examined in full senate, I proposed the affair to the senate, and they rejected it with contempt, doubtless because it had not been considered by them first. But we have commanded all those whom Jesus suits, to receive him among the gods. We have threatened with death any one who shall speak evil of the Christians. As to the Jewish nation which has dared to crucify Jesus, who, as I hear, far from deserving the cross and death, was worthy of honour, worthy of the adoration of men — when I am free from the war with rebellious Spain, I will examine into the matter, and will treat the Jews as they deserve.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَبْجَر ٱلْخَامِس أُوكَامَا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAbǧar al-Ḫāmis ʾŪkāmā</i></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܒܓܪ ܚܡܝܫܝܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Syriac">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">ʾAḇgar Ḥmīšāyā ʾUkkāmā</i></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Աբգար Ե Եդեսացի</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Abgar Hingerord Yedesatsi</i></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἄβγαρος</span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Abgarus</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vailhe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vailhe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVailhé1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vailhé, Siméon (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edessa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Edessa">"Edessa" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Vailh%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Sim%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing" class="citation web cs1">Ring, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034200/http://www.syriac.talktalk.net/chron_tab1.html">"History of Syriac texts and Syrian Christianity - Table 1"</a>. <i>www.syriac.talktalk.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriac.talktalk.net/chron_tab1.html">the original</a> on 2018-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.syriac.talktalk.net&rft.atitle=History+of+Syriac+texts+and+Syrian+Christianity+-+Table+1&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriac.talktalk.net%2Fchron_tab1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_12#12">"<i>The Annals</i> 12.12"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Annals+12.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Annals_%28Tacitus%29%2FBook_12%2312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2001" class="citation book cs1">Nersessian, Vrej (2001). <i>Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892366392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892366392"><bdi>978-0892366392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+from+the+Ark%3A+1700+Years+of+Armenian+Christian+Art&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0892366392&rft.aulast=Nersessian&rft.aufirst=Vrej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armenian Van/Vaspurakan - p.68, Richard G. Hovannisian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanGarnseyCameron2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&q=%22arab+principality+of+edessa%22&pg=PA508"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521301992" title="Special:BookSources/9780521301992"><bdi>9780521301992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+12%2C+The+Crisis+of+Empire%2C+AD+193-337&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521301992&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Garnsey%2C+Peter&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC%26q%3D%2522arab%2Bprincipality%2Bof%2Bedessa%2522%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Osroene">"Osroëne | ancient kingdom, Mesopotamia, Asia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osro%C3%ABne+%26%23124%3B+ancient+kingdom%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FOsroene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnikBerenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JD0OAQAAMAAJ&q=%22the+Arab+kingdom%22"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028659435" title="Special:BookSources/9780028659435"><bdi>9780028659435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780028659435&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJD0OAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2BArab%2Bkingdom%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWestad2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=Abgar+%22nabataean+arabic+state%22&pg=PA246"><i>The History of the World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199936762" title="Special:BookSources/9780199936762"><bdi>9780199936762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199936762&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Morris&rft.au=Westad%2C+Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2cfZkU5aQgC%26q%3DAbgar%2B%2522nabataean%2Barabic%2Bstate%2522%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abgar-dynasty-of-edessa-2nd-century-bc-to-3rd-century-ad">"ABGAR Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ABGAR+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabgar-dynasty-of-edessa-2nd-century-bc-to-3rd-century-ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaetHerrmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Laet, Sigfried J. de; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&q=%22Abgar+family%22&pg=PA140"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.</i></a> UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231028120" title="Special:BookSources/9789231028120"><bdi>9789231028120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+century+B.C.+to+the+seventh+century+A.D.&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789231028120&rft.aulast=Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.+de&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGUz01yBumEC%26q%3D%2522Abgar%2Bfamily%2522%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMovses_Khorenatsi" class="citation book cs1">Movses Khorenatsi. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents/Moses of Chorene/Chapter 10"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VIII/Memoirs_of_Edessa_And_Other_Ancient_Syriac_Documents/Moses_of_Chorene/Chapter_10">"History of Armenia" </a></span>. In Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, Arthur Cleveland; Schaff, Philip (eds.). <i>Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>. Vol. VIII. Translated by Pratten, Benjamin Plummer. Chapter 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Armenia&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Edessa+And+Other+Ancient+Syriac+Documents&rft.series=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.pages=Chapter+10&rft.au=Movses+Khorenatsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1913-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1913_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman1913">Chapman 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1913" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1913). <i>Lesser Eastern Churches</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9715986-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9715986-2-1"><bdi>978-0-9715986-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Eastern+Churches&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-0-9715986-2-1&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1986" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Michael J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jp7jAAAAMAAJ"><i>The triumph of the meek: why early Christianity succeeded</i></a>. Harper & Row. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060692544" title="Special:BookSources/9780060692544"><bdi>9780060692544</bdi></a>. <q>The story about this kingdom which Eusebius relates is as follows. King Abgar (who ruled from AD 13 to 50) was dying. Hearing of Jesus' miracles he sent for him. Jesus wrote back - this correspondence, Eusebius claims, can be found in the Edessan archives - to say that he could not come because he had been sent to the people of Israel, but he would send a disciple later. But Abgar was already blessed for having believed in him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+triumph+of+the+meek%3A+why+early+Christianity+succeeded&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780060692544&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djp7jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>, I, xiii, <i>ca</i> AD 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ja172-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ja172_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Janin" title="Raymond Janin">Janin, Raymond</a> (1953). <i>La Géographie ecclésiastique de l'Empire byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères</i> (in French). Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+G%C3%A9ographie+eccl%C3%A9siastique+de+l%27Empire+byzantin.+1.+Part%3A+Le+Si%C3%A8ge+de+Constantinople+et+le+Patriarcat+Oecum%C3%A9nique.+3rd+Vol.+%3A+Les+%C3%89glises+et+les+Monast%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Etudes+Byzantines&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2016" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Steven Donald (2016-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-VpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT281"><i>Unraveling the Family History of Jesus: A History of the Extended Family of Jesus from 100 Bc Through Ad 100 and the Influence They Had on Him, on the Formation of Christianity, and on the History of Judea</i></a>. WestBow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512720495" title="Special:BookSources/9781512720495"><bdi>9781512720495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unraveling+the+Family+History+of+Jesus%3A+A+History+of+the+Extended+Family+of+Jesus+from+100+Bc+Through+Ad+100+and+the+Influence+They+Had+on+Him%2C+on+the+Formation+of+Christianity%2C+and+on+the+History+of+Judea&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.isbn=9781512720495&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Steven+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-VpCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leclercq-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leclercq_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leclercq_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclercq1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leclercq, Henri (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Legend of Abgar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Legend_of_Abgar">"The Legend of Abgar" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Abgar&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Leclercq&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250101.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book I (Eusebius)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Church+History%2C+Book+I+%28Eusebius%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egeria-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egeria_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard" class="citation web cs1">Bernard, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digital.library.upenn.edu/women/egeria/pilgrimage/pilgrimage.html">"The Pilgrimage of Egeria"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania</i>. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=The+Pilgrimage+of+Egeria&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fegeria%2Fpilgrimage%2Fpilgrimage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/Feast/Abgar.html">"Feast: Mid-Lent/King Abgar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feast%3A+Mid-Lent%2FKing+Abgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacorthodoxresources.org%2FFeast%2FAbgar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1971Chapter_1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1971Chapter_1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1971">Bauer 1971</a>, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newadvent.org/fathers/0859.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: History of Armenia (Moses of Chorene)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+History+of+Armenia+%28Moses+of+Chorene%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0859.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamplani2009253-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamplani2009253_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamplani2009">Camplani 2009</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Histoire du roi Abgar et de Jésus, Présentation et traduction du texte syriaque intégral de la Doctrine d’Addaï par. A. Desreumaux, Brepols, Paris 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Illert (ed.), Doctrina Addai. De imagine Edessena / Die Abgarlegende. Das Christusbild von Edessa (Fontes Christiani, 45), Brepols, Turnhout 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.P. Brock, Eusebius and Syriac Christianity, in H.W. Attridge-G. Hata (eds.), Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, Brill, Leiden-New York-Köln 1992, pp. 212-234, republished in S. Brock, From Ephrem to Romanos. Interactions between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity (Variorum Collected Studies Series, CS644), Ashgate/Variorum, Aldershot-Brookfield-Singapore- Sydney 1999, n. II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2003" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, Sidney H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030821112810/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol6No2/HV6N2Griffith.html">"The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian Thought in Edessa in the Fifth Century"</a>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-060111">10.31826/hug-2010-060111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-3702">1097-3702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688514">212688514</a>. Archived from the original on 21 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Doctrina+Addai+as+a+Paradigm+of+Christian+Thought+in+Edessa+in+the+Fifth+Century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1097-3702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-060111&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrcom.cua.edu%2FHugoye%2FVol6No2%2FHV6N2Griffith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirkovic2004_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirkovic2004">Mirkovic 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamplani2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamplani2009_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamplani2009_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamplani2009">Camplani 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith2003§3_and_§28-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith2003§3_and_§28_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith2003">Griffith 2003</a>, §3 and §28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirkovic20042–4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirkovic20042–4_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirkovic2004">Mirkovic 2004</a>, pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/hug-2011-090104/html">"Possible Historical Traces in the Doctrina Addai"</a>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Possible+Historical+Traces+in+the+Doctrina+Addai&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2011-090104%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0859.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: History of Armenia (Moses of Chorene)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+History+of+Armenia+%28Moses+of+Chorene%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0859.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bauer" title="Walter Bauer">Bauer, Walter</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818212534/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer01.htm"><i>Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer01.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Heresy+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~humm%2FResources%2FBauer%2Fbauer01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span> (German original published in 1934)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamplani2009" class="citation journal cs1">Camplani, Alberto (2009). "Traditions of Christian foundation in Edessa: Between myth and history". <i>Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni (SMSR)</i>. <b>75</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+e+materiali+di+storia+delle+religioni+%28SMSR%29&rft.atitle=Traditions+of+Christian+foundation+in+Edessa%3A+Between+myth+and+history&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Camplani&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Doctrine of Addai"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Doctrine_of_Addai">"Doctrine of Addai" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+Addai&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenman1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Eisenman, Robert</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roberteisenman.com/articles/mmt_agbarus.pdf">"The sociology of MMT and the conversions of King Agbarus and Queen Helen of Adiabene"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Paper presented at SBL conference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+sociology+of+MMT+and+the+conversions+of+King+Agbarus+and+Queen+Helen+of+Adiabene&rft.btitle=Paper+presented+at+SBL+conference&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froberteisenman.com%2Farticles%2Fmmt_agbarus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Eisenman, Robert</a> (1997). "Judas the brother of James and the conversion of King Agbar". <i><a href="/wiki/James_the_Brother_of_Jesus_(book)" title="James the Brother of Jesus (book)">James the Brother of Jesus</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judas+the+brother+of+James+and+the+conversion+of+King+Agbar&rft.btitle=James+the+Brother+of+Jesus&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolweck1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Holweck" title="Frederick George Holweck">Holweck, F. G.</a> (1924). <i>A biographical dictionary of the saints</i>. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+dictionary+of+the+saints&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pub=B.+Herder+Book+Co.&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Holweck&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirkovic2004" class="citation book cs1">Mirkovic, Alexander (2004). <i>Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar tradition in early Christianity</i>. Arbeiten zur Religion und Geschichte des Urchristentums. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+Constantine%3A+The+Abgar+tradition+in+early+Christianity&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.series=Arbeiten+zur+Religion+und+Geschichte+des+Urchristentums&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mirkovic&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Tischendorf" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">von Tischendorf, Constantin</a>. "Acta Thaddei (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thaddeus" title="Acts of Thaddeus">Acts of Thaddeus</a>)". <i>Acta apostolorum apocr</i>. p. 261ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acta+Thaddei+%28Acts+of+Thaddeus%29&rft.btitle=Acta+apostolorum+apocr&rft.pages=261ff&rft.aulast=von+Tischendorf&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ian (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385261050"><i>Holy faces, secret places</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385261050" title="Special:BookSources/9780385261050"><bdi>9780385261050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+faces%2C+secret+places&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780385261050&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780385261050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgar_V&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-08/anf08-103.htm">Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. VIII:</a> <i>Acts of the Holy Apostle Thaddeus, One of the Twelve</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010054056/http://www.comparative-religion.com/christianity/apocrypha/new-testament-apocrypha/1/1.php"><i>Epistle of Jesus Christ to Abgarus King of Edessa</i></a> from Eusebius</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintapkar.com/">St. Apkar Armenian Apostolic Church of Arizona</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062531/http://www.jakoblorberbooks.com/e-books/Letters-of-Jesus/Letters-of-Jesus.pdf">Correspondence between Abgarus Ouchama, King of Edessa, and Jesus of Nazareth (J.Lorber, 1842)</a></li> <li>English translation of ancient documents on the conversion of Abgar, including relevant passages from <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a> are available in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCureton1864" class="citation book cs1">Cureton, W. (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientsyriacdo00wriggoog"><i>Ancient Syriac documents</i></a>. London, UK: Williams and Norgate. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syriac+documents&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Cureton&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientsyriacdo00wriggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbgar+V" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106770397">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45659357">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103731/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrqvYjG37XpCKXVR8kygq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11850018X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82203088">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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