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id="toc-Philhellenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philhellenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philhellenism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philhellenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Outbreak of the revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Danubian_principalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danubian_principalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Danubian principalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danubian_principalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peloponnese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peloponnese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Peloponnese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peloponnese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Central Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ottoman_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ottoman_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 The Ottoman reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ottoman_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 International reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_administrative_and_political_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_administrative_and_political_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 First administrative and political institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_administrative_and_political_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_activity_in_Crete,_Macedonia_and_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_activity_in_Crete,_Macedonia_and_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Revolutionary activity in Crete, Macedonia and Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_activity_in_Crete,_Macedonia_and_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7.1 Crete </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7.2 Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7.3 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_at_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_at_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.8 War at sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_at_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1822–1824" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1822–1824"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1822–1824 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1822–1824-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_in_peril_and_infighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_in_peril_and_infighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Revolution in peril and infighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_in_peril_and_infighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Egyptian intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_intervention_against_the_Ottomans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intervention_against_the_Ottomans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Foreign intervention against the Ottomans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intervention_against_the_Ottomans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_hostility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_hostility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Initial hostility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_hostility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Change of stance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Navarino_(1827)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Navarino_(1827)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Battle of Navarino (1827) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Navarino_(1827)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomy_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Autonomy to independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Revolutionary flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_inspired_by_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_inspired_by_the_Greek_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_inspired_by_the_Greek_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greek War of Independence</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الاستقلال اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الاستقلال اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Յունական Յեղափոխութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յունական Յեղափոխութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27independencia_de_Grecia" title="Guerra d'independencia de Grecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'independencia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan%C4%B1stan_%C4%B0stiqlaliyy%C9%99t_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Yunanıstan İstiqlaliyyət müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunanıstan İstiqlaliyyət müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="یونان باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونان باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গ্রিক স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিক স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%CC%8Dp_To%CC%8Dk-li%CC%8Dp_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Hi-lia̍p To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Вайна за незалежнасць Грэцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна за незалежнасць Грэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гръцка война за независимост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръцка война за независимост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Guerra d'independència de Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra d'independència de Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eck%C3%A1_osvobozeneck%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Řecká osvobozenecká válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecká osvobozenecká válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gr%C3%A6ske_uafh%C3%A6ngighedskrig" title="Den græske uafhængighedskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den græske uafhængighedskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Revolution" title="Griechische Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka_vabaduss%C3%B5da" title="Kreeka vabadussõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeka vabadussõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1821" title="Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1821 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1821" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independencia_de_Grecia" title="Guerra de Independencia de Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Independencia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_milito_de_sendependi%C4%9Do" title="Greka milito de sendependiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka milito de sendependiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziako_Independentzia_Gerra" title="Greziako Independentzia Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziako Independentzia Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ استقلال یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ استقلال یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_grecque" title="Guerre d'indépendance grecque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'indépendance grecque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_Saoirse_Gr%C3%A9agach" title="Cogadh na Saoirse Gréagach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na Saoirse Gréagach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independencia_de_Grecia" title="Guerra de Independencia de Grecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Independencia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="그리스 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հունաստանի անկախության պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունաստանի անկախության պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्रीक स्वतंत्रता संग्राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीक स्वतंत्रता संग्राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_rat_za_neovisnost" title="Grčki rat za neovisnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčki rat za neovisnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_pri_nedependo_Greka" title="Milito pri nedependo Greka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito pri nedependo Greka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Yunani" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independentia_de_Grecia" title="Guerra de Independentia de Grecia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra de Independentia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B_%D1%85%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гречъы хæдбардзинадыл хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гречъы хæдбардзинадыл хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27indipendenza_greca" title="Guerra d'indipendenza greca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra d'indipendenza greca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלחמת העצמאות היוונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העצמאות היוונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საბერძნეთის რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბერძნეთის რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_rerum_novarum_Graecum" title="Bellum rerum novarum Graecum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum rerum novarum Graecum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie%C4%B7u_neatkar%C4%ABbas_kar%C5%A1" title="Grieķu neatkarības karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grieķu neatkarības karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graikijos_nepriklausomyb%C4%97s_karas" title="Graikijos nepriklausomybės karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikijos nepriklausomybės karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_szabads%C3%A1gharc" title="Görög szabadságharc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög szabadságharc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Грчка војна за независност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грчка војна за независност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രീക്ക് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീക്ക് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حرب الموره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب الموره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Yunani" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Griekse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griekse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ギリシャ独立戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシャ独立戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greks_Rewolutsion" title="Greks Rewolutsion – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Greks Rewolutsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_greske_selvstendighetskrigen" title="Den greske selvstendighetskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den greske selvstendighetskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_greske_sj%C3%B8lvstendekrigen" title="Den greske sjølvstendekrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den greske sjølvstendekrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27Indep%C3%A9ndencia_de_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Guèrra d'Indepéndencia de Grècia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra d'Indepéndencia de Grècia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د یونان د خپلواکۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د یونان د خپلواکۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87_Grecji" title="Wojna o niepodległość Grecji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o niepodległość Grecji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_independ%C3%AAncia_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Guerra de independência da Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de independência da Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_Independen%C8%9B%C4%83_al_Greciei" title="Războiul de Independență al Greciei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de Independență al Greciei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греческая революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греческая революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_indipend%C3%A8ntzia_grega" title="Gherra de indipendèntzia grega – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra de indipendèntzia grega" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_o_Unthirldom" title="Greek War o Unthirldom – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Greek War o Unthirldom" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_Greke_p%C3%ABr_Pavar%C3%ABsi" title="Lufta Greke për Pavarësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta Greke për Pavarësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greek War of Independence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cke_povstanie" title="Grécke povstanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécke povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ka_osamosvojitvena_vojna" title="Grška osamosvojitvena vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grška osamosvojitvena vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Грчки рат за независност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчки рат за независност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_rat_za_nezavisnost" title="Grčki rat za nezavisnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčki rat za nezavisnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikan_vapaussota" title="Kreikan vapaussota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikan vapaussota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekiska_frihetskriget" title="Grekiska frihetskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grekiska frihetskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek rebellion against the Ottoman Empire (1821–1829)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_revolution_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_revolution_collage.jpg/500px-Greek_revolution_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_revolution_collage.jpg/960px-Greek_revolution_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="3988" /></a> Top left: The camp at <a href="/wiki/Phalerum" title="Phalerum">Phaliro</a>. Top right: The <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Ottoman_flagship_off_Chios" title="Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios">burning of an Ottoman frigate</a> by a Greek <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ship</a>. Bottom right: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>. Bottom left: <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">Third Siege of Missolonghi</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">21 February 1821</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petra" title="Battle of Petra">12 September 1829</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[2]</a> (8 years, 6 months and 3 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Greek victory<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Independence of <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">Greece</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Continental Greece</a> ceded to the independent Greek state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> ceded to <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/40px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/60px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek Revolutionaries</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>In detail:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/40px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/60px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Klephts" class="mw-redirect" title="Klephts">Klephts</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/40px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/60px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Armatoloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Armatoloi">Armatoloi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg/40px-Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg/60px-Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1287" /> <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> <a href="#cite_note-one-1">[nb 1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)">Sacred Band</a> <a href="#cite_note-one-1">[nb 1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/40px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/60px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Messenian_Senate" title="Messenian Senate">Messenian Senate</a> <a href="#cite_note-one-1">[nb 1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Seal_of_the_Peloponnesian_Senate.png/20px-Seal_of_the_Peloponnesian_Senate.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Seal_of_the_Peloponnesian_Senate.png/40px-Seal_of_the_Peloponnesian_Senate.png 1.5x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="558" /> <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_Senate" title="Peloponnesian Senate">Peloponnesian Senate</a> <a href="#cite_note-two-2">[nb 2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Western_Continental_Greece" title="Senate of Western Continental Greece">Senate of Western Continental Greece</a> <a href="#cite_note-two-2">[nb 2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg/23px-Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg/35px-Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg/46px-Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Areopagus_of_Eastern_Continental_Greece" title="Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece">Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece</a> <a href="#cite_note-two-2">[nb 2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/40px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/60px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Temporary regime of Crete </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /> <a href="/wiki/Military-Political_System_of_Samos" title="Military-Political System of Samos">Military-Political System of Samos</a></li></ul> </div> After 1822:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism#Philhellenism_in_the_Greek_War_of_Independence_and_later" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carbonari.svg/23px-Carbonari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carbonari.svg/35px-Carbonari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carbonari.svg/45px-Carbonari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> revolutionaries<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serb_volunteers_in_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Serb volunteers in the Greek War of Independence">revolutionaries</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Banner_of_the_Moldavian_Principality_of_1834_a.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Moldavian_Principality_of_1834_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Banner_of_the_Moldavian_Principality_of_1834_a.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Moldavian_Principality_of_1834_a.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Romanian</a> revolutionaries<a href="#cite_note-three-4">[nb 3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-four-5">[nb 4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg/40px-Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg/60px-Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a><a href="#cite_note-four-5">[nb 4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-four-5">[nb 4]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Diplomatic support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Haiti_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Haiti_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Haiti_%28civil%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">Haiti</a><a href="#cite_note-five-6">[nb 5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supported by:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/40px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/60px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maritime_flag_of_Regency_of_Tripoli_%2818th_century%29.svg/40px-Maritime_flag_of_Regency_of_Tripoli_%2818th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maritime_flag_of_Regency_of_Tripoli_%2818th_century%29.svg/60px-Maritime_flag_of_Regency_of_Tripoli_%2818th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg/23px-Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg/35px-Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg/45px-Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Zaporizhian_Sich.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Zaporizhian_Sich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Zaporizhian_Sich.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Zaporizhian_Sich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)"><img alt="Sacred Band (1821)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Ypsilantis" title="Demetrios Ypsilantis">Demetrios Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Zaimis" title="Andreas Zaimis">Andreas Zaimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germanos_III_of_Old_Patras" title="Germanos III of Old Patras">Germanos III</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petrobey_Mavromichalis" title="Petrobey Mavromichalis">Petros Mavromichalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Georgios Karaiskakis</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg/23px-Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg/35px-Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg/46px-Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos" title="Athanasios Diakos">Athanasios Diakos</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Papaflessas" title="Papaflessas">Grigorios Papaflessas</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Metaxas" title="Andreas Metaxas">Andreas Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Markos_Botsaris" title="Markos Botsaris">Markos Botsaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Makriyannis" title="Yannis Makriyannis">Yannis Makriyannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikitaras" title="Nikitaras">Nikitas Stamatelopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanouel_Pappas" title="Emmanouel Pappas">Emmanouel Pappas</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Androutsos" title="Odysseas Androutsos">Odysseas Androutsos</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Miaoulis" title="Andreas Miaoulis">Andreas Miaoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina" title="Laskarina Bouboulina">Laskarina Bouboulina</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manto_Mavrogenous" title="Manto Mavrogenous">Manto Mavrogenous</a></li></ul> </div> Philhellenes:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolas_Fabvier" title="Charles Nicolas Fabvier">Charles Nicolas Fabvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic"><img alt="First Hellenic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Church_(general)" title="Richard Church (general)">Richard Church</a></li></ul> </div> European support:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_van_Heiden" title="Lodewijk van Heiden">Lodewijk Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg/40px-Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg/60px-Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Henri de Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg/40px-Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg/60px-Royal_flag_of_France_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Nicolas Joseph Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Codrington" title="Edward Codrington">Edward Codrington</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nasuhzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Nasuhzade Ali Pasha">Nasuhzade Ali Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Omer_Vrioni" title="Omer Vrioni">Omer Vrioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Dramali_Pasha" title="Mahmud Dramali Pasha">Mahmud Dramali Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mehmet_(Kapudan_Pasha)" title="Kara Mehmet (Kapudan Pasha)">Kara Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hursid_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hursid Pasha">Hursid Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha">Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Bushatli" title="Mustafa Pasha Bushatli">Mustafa Pasha Bushatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fid_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Reşid Mehmed Pasha">Reşid Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Selim_Pasha" title="Mehmed Selim Pasha">Mehmed Selim Pasha</a></li></ul> </div> Egyptian support:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Gibraltar" title="Ismael Gibraltar">Ismael Gibraltar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div> Algerian support:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers"><img alt="Regency of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/40px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/60px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 240,000+ total casualties</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-one-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-one_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_1-2">c</a> Only in 1821 </li> <li id="cite_note-two-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_2-2">c</a> From 1821–1823. </li> <li id="cite_note-three-4"><a href="#cite_ref-three_4-0">^</a> From 1821. </li> <li id="cite_note-four-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-four_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-four_5-2">c</a> From 1826. </li> <li id="cite_note-five-6"><a href="#cite_ref-five_6-0">^</a> Haiti was the first nation to recognize the independence of Greece. </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Campaignbox Greek War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Greek War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Greek War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_War_of_Independence5515" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Outbreak (1821) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian uprising (1821)">Wallachian uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kalamata" title="Liberation of Kalamata">Kalamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(1821)" title="Siege of Patras (1821)">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salona" title="Siege of Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Livadeia" title="Siege of Livadeia">Livadeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalas" title="Battle of Lalas">Lalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Samothrace_(1821)" title="Massacre of Samothrace (1821)">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Monemvasia_(1821)" title="Siege of Monemvasia (1821)">Monemvasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamana" title="Battle of Alamana">Alamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valtetsi" title="Battle of Valtetsi">Valtetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doliana" title="Battle of Doliana">Doliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%931822)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)">1st Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravia_Inn" title="Battle of Gravia Inn">Gravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C8%99ani" title="Battle of Drăgășani">Drăgășani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench_(1821)" title="Battle of the Trench (1821)">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasilika_(Thessaloniki)" title="Battle of Vasilika (Thessaloniki)">Vasilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sculeni" title="Battle of Sculeni">Sculeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasilika" title="Battle of Vasilika">Vasilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Tripolitsa</a></li></ul> <hr /> 1822–1824 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Acrocorinth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Acrocorinth (page does not exist)">Acrocorinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalandritsa" title="Battle of Chalandritsa">Chalandritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_massacre" title="Chios massacre">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naousa_massacre" title="Naousa massacre">Naousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Ottoman_flagship_off_Chios" title="Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios">Chios (naval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peta" title="Battle of Peta">Peta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kompoti" title="Battle of Kompoti">Kompoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dramali" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Dramali">Expedition of Dramali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dervenakia" title="Battle of Dervenakia">Dervenakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agionori" title="Battle of Agionori">Agionori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauplia_(1822)" title="Battle of Nauplia (1822)">Battle of Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="First siege of Missolonghi">1st Messolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Karpenisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="Second siege of Missolonghi">2nd Messolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasos_Massacre" title="Kasos Massacre">Kasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Psara" title="Destruction of Psara">Psara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samos_(1824)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samos (1824)">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gerontas" title="Battle of Gerontas">Gerontas</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1824%E2%80%931825" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil wars of 1824–1825">Greek civil wars of 1824–1825</a> <hr /> Egyptian intervention (1825–1826) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kremmydi" title="Battle of Kremmydi">Kremmydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1825)" title="Battle of Andros (1825)">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria_(1825)" title="Battle of Sphacteria (1825)">Sphacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maniaki" title="Battle of Maniaki">Maniaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lerna_Mills" title="Battle of the Lerna Mills">Mills of Lerna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_raid_on_Alexandria_(1825)" title="Greek raid on Alexandria (1825)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kakosalesi" title="Battle of Kakosalesi">Kakosalesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleisova" title="Battle of Kleisova">Kleisova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="Third siege of Missolonghi">3rd Messolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kastraki" title="Battle of Kastraki">Kastraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani" title="Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varnakova" title="Siege of Varnakova">Varnakova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%931827)" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)">2nd Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arachova" title="Battle of Arachova">Arachova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamatero" title="Battle of Kamatero">Kamatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phaleron" title="Battle of Phaleron">Phaleron</a></li></ul> <hr /> Great powers intervention (1827–1829) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Volos_(1827)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Volos (1827) (page does not exist)">Volos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Itea" title="Battle of Itea">Itea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mega_Spilaio" title="Battle of Mega Spilaio">Mega Spilaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">Morea expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_expedition" title="Chios expedition">Chios expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Martino (page does not exist)">Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koronisia_(1829)" title="Battle of Koronisia (1829)">Koronisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petra" title="Battle of Petra">Petra</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–1000 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–1100 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1050 BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> (1100 BC–750 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> (800 BC–480 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> (500 BC–323 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> (323 BC–31 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> (146 BC–330 AD)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> (1204-1579) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> (1205-1667) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> (1363-1797) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> (1371-1822) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> (1800-1807) </li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Independence</a> (1821-1829) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> (1822-1832) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> (1832-1924, 1935-1973) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> (1914/15-1917) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> (1924-1935) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> (1936-1941) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) (1941-1944) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> (1946-1949) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> (1967-1974) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> (1974-) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/20px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism in the Balkans</a> Nationalism under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_National_Awakening" title="Bosniak National Awakening">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revival" title="Serbian Revival">Serbia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Balkans" title="Template:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Balkans" title="Template talk:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Balkans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/200px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/300px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/400px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10128" data-file-height="8103" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Greek War of Independence,<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful <a href="/wiki/War_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of independence">war of independence</a> by Greek revolutionaries against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between 1821 and 1829.<a href="#cite_note-10">[3]</a> In 1826, the Greeks were assisted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Egypt">Eyalet of Egypt</a>. The war led to the formation of modern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, which would be expanded to its modern size in later years. The revolution is celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greeks around the world</a> as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Independence Day">independence day</a> on 25 March. All Greek territory, except the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>, and mountainous regions in Epirus, came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-11">[4]</a> During the following centuries, there were <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece#Uprisings_before_1821" title="Ottoman Greece">Greek uprisings</a> against Ottoman rule. Most uprisings began in the independent Greek realm of the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>, which was never conquered by the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-12">[5]</a> In 1814, a secret organization called the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. It planned to launch revolts in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The insurrection was planned for 25 March 1821, the Orthodox Christian <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Feast of the Annunciation</a>. However, the plans were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing it to start earlier. The first revolt began on 21 February 1821 in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. These events urged Greeks in the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> were first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolitsa</a>. Revolts in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> broke out, but were suppressed. Greek fleets achieved success against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. Tensions developed among Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> called in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, who agreed to send his son, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. Despite a <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani" title="Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani">failed invasion of Mani</a>, Athens also fell and revolutionary morale decreased. The three <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>—Russia, Britain, and France—decided to intervene, sending their naval squadrons to Greece in 1827. They destroyed the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>, and turned the tide in favor of the revolutionaries. In 1828, the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure from a <a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">French expeditionary force</a>. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered and the Greek revolutionaries retook central Greece. The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia allowing for the Russian army to move into the Balkans. This forced the Ottomans to accept Greek autonomy in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> and semi-autonomy for Serbia and the Romanian principalities.<a href="#cite_note-13">[6]</a> After nine years of war, Greece was recognized as an independent state under the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)" title="London Protocol (1830)">London Protocol</a> of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832" title="London Conference of 1832">London Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople</a>, which defined the final borders of the new state and established <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Prince Otto of Bavaria</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Greece">king of Greece</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Background of the Greek War of Independence">Background of the Greek War of Independence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule_over_Greece">Ottoman rule over Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule over Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> on 29 May 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty. After that, the Ottoman Empire ruled the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia (Asia Minor)</a>, with some exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects.<a href="#cite_note-B118-16">[8]</a> The majority of Greeks were called <a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">Rayah</a> by the Turks, a name that referred to the large mass of non-Muslim subjects under the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[10]</a> Meanwhile, Greek intellectuals and humanists, who had migrated west before or during the Ottoman invasions, such as <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardos_Philaras" title="Leonardos Philaras">Leonardos Philaras</a>, began to call for the liberation of their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-BisMil-20">[11]</a> Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks".<a href="#cite_note-21">[12]</a> However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries. The Greek Revolution was not an isolated event; numerous failed attempts at regaining independence took place throughout the Ottoman era. Throughout the 17th century, there was great resistance to the Ottomans in the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> and elsewhere, as evidenced by revolts led by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius the Philosopher">Dionysius the Philosopher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kassis29-22">[13]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> came under <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> rule for 30 years, and remained in turmoil from then on and throughout the 17th century, as bands of <a href="/wiki/Klepht" title="Klepht">klephts</a> multiplied.<a href="#cite_note-Kassis31-33-23">[14]</a> The first great uprising was the Russian-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> of the 1770s, which was crushed by the Ottomans after having limited success. After the suppression of the uprising, Muslim Albanians ravaged many regions of mainland Greece.<a href="#cite_note-24">[15]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> continually resisted Ottoman rule and defeated several Ottoman incursions into their region, the most famous of which was the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_(1770)" title="Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)">invasion of 1770</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kassis35-25">[16]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)">Second Russo-Turkish War</a>, the Greek community of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> financed a small fleet under <a href="/wiki/Lambros_Katsonis" title="Lambros Katsonis">Lambros Katsonis</a>, which was a nuisance for the Ottoman navy; during the war klephts and armatoloi (guerilla fighters in mountainous areas) rose once again.<a href="#cite_note-26">[17]</a> At the same time, a number of Greeks enjoyed a privileged position in the Ottoman state as members of the Ottoman bureaucracy. Greeks controlled the affairs of the Orthodox Church through the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, as the higher clergy of the Orthodox Church was mostly of Greek origin. Thus, as a result of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a>, the predominantly Greek hierarchy of the Patriarchate enjoyed control over the Empire's Orthodox subjects (the Rum milleti<a href="#cite_note-Arnakis,_p._238-17">[9]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-B118-16">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> played a pivotal role in the preservation of national identity, the development of Greek society and the resurgence of Greek nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a> From the early 18th century and onwards, members of prominent Greek families in Constantinople, known as <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/Fener" title="Fener">Phanar</a> district of the city), gained considerable control over Ottoman foreign policy and eventually over the bureaucracy as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-29">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klephts_and_armatoloi">Klephts and armatoloi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Klephts and armatoloi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BoningtonArmatolos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BoningtonArmatolos.jpg/170px-BoningtonArmatolos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/BoningtonArmatolos.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Greek armatolos by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Richard Parkes Bonington</a> (oil painting, 1825–1826, Benaki Museum)</figcaption></figure> In times of militarily weak central authority, the Balkan countryside became infested by groups of bandits called "<a href="/wiki/Klepht" title="Klepht">klephts</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: κλέφτες) (the Greek equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Hajduk" title="Hajduk">hajduks</a>) that struck at Muslims and Christians alike. Defying Ottoman rule, the klephts were highly admired and held a significant place in popular lore.<a href="#cite_note-CloggCH40-30">[20]</a> Responding to the klephts' attacks, the Ottomans recruited the ablest amongst these groups, contracting Christian militias, known as "<a href="/wiki/Armatoloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Armatoloi">armatoloi</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: αρματολοί), to secure endangered areas, especially mountain passes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[f]</a> The area under their control was called an "armatolik",<a href="#cite_note-Koliopoulos27-33">[22]</a> the oldest known being established in <a href="/wiki/Agrafa" title="Agrafa">Agrafa</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> (r. 1421–1451).<a href="#cite_note-VacalopoulosGreekNation-34">[23]</a> The distinction between klephts and armatoloi was not clear, as the latter would often turn into klephts to extort more benefits from the authorities, while, conversely, another klepht group would be appointed to the armatolik to confront their predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-Batalas156-35">[24]</a> Nevertheless, klephts and armatoloi formed a provincial elite, though not a social class, whose members would muster under a common goal.<a href="#cite_note-Batalas154-36">[25]</a> As the armatoloi's position gradually turned into a hereditary one, some captains took care of their armatolik as their personal property. A great deal of power was placed in their hands and they integrated in the network of clientelist relationships that formed the Ottoman administration.<a href="#cite_note-Batalas156-35">[24]</a> Some managed to establish exclusive control in their armatolik, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> to try repeatedly, though unsuccessfully, to eliminate them.<a href="#cite_note-Batalas156-7-37">[26]</a> By the time of the War of Independence, powerful armatoloi could be traced in <a href="/wiki/Rumeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumeli">Rumeli</a>, Thessaly, Epirus and southern Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Koliopoulos29-38">[27]</a> To the revolutionary leader and writer <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Makriyannis" title="Yannis Makriyannis">Yannis Makriyannis</a>, klephts and armatoloi—being the only available major military force on the side of the Greeks—played such a crucial role in the Greek revolution that he referred to them as the "yeast of liberty".<a href="#cite_note-el.wikisource.org-39">[28]</a> Contrary to conventional Greek history, many of the klephts and armatoles participated at the Greek War of Independence according to their own militaristic patron-client terms. They saw the war as an economic and political opportunity to expand their areas of operation.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-40">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cronin-41">[30]</a> Balkan bandits such as the klephts and armatoles glorified in nationalist historiography as national heroes—were actually driven by economic interests, were not aware of national projects, made alliances with the Ottomans and robbed Christians as much as Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Malesevic-42">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall-43">[32]</a> Nevertheless, they seldom robbed common folk, from whose ranks they came, and more often raided Turks, with whom they were separated by religion, nationality, and social class. They enjoyed the support of the generally oppressed common folk, as they were in opposition to established authority. A vast oral tradition of folk poetry attests to the sympathy they evoked and their reputation for patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-Petropulos2015-44">[33]</a> Some famous armatoles leaders were <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Androutsos" title="Odysseas Androutsos">Odysseas Androutsos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Georgios Karaiskakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos" title="Athanasios Diakos">Athanasios Diakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markos_Botsaris" title="Markos Botsaris">Markos Botsaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giannis_Stathas" title="Giannis Stathas">Giannis Stathas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Örenç-45">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_and_the_Greek_national_movement">Enlightenment and the Greek national movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enlightenment and the Greek national movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adamantios_Korais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg/170px-Adamantios_Korais.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg/255px-Adamantios_Korais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a></figcaption></figure> Due to economic developments within and outside the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century, Greek merchants and sailors became affluent and generated the wealth necessary to found schools and libraries, and to pay for young Greeks to study at the universities of Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-46">[35]</a> There they came into contact with the radical ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">European Enlightenment</a>, the French Revolution and romantic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Cl48-47">[36]</a> Educated and influential members of the large Greek diaspora, such as <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthimos_Gazis" title="Anthimos Gazis">Anthimos Gazis</a>, tried to transmit these ideas back to the Greeks, with the double aim of raising their educational level and simultaneously strengthening their national identity. This was achieved through the dissemination of books, pamphlets and other writings in Greek, in a process that has been described as the <a href="/wiki/Diafotismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diafotismos">modern Greek Enlightenment</a> (Greek: Διαφωτισμός).<a href="#cite_note-Cl48-47">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG/180px-%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG/270px-%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG/360px-%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82-1797.JPG 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>Cover of "Thourios" by <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a>; intellectual, revolutionary and forerunner of the Greek Revolution.</figcaption></figure> Crucial for the development of the Greek national idea were the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish Wars">Russo-Turkish Wars</a> of the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> had envisaged a disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the re-institution of a new Byzantine Empire with an Orthodox emperor. His <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a> of 1711 set a precedent for the Greeks, when Peter appealed to Orthodox Christians to join the Russians and rise against the Turks to fight for "faith and homeland". The Russo-Turkish wars of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a> (1762–1796) made the Greeks consider their emancipation with the aid of Russia. An independence movement in Peloponnesus (Morea) was incited by Russian agents in 1769, and a Greek flotilla under Lambros Katsonis assisted the Russian fleet in the war of 1788–1792.<a href="#cite_note-48">[37]</a> The Greek revolts of the 18th century were unsuccessful but far larger than the revolts of previous centuries, and they laid the foundation for a national revolution.<a href="#cite_note-49">[38]</a> Revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries (including in the Balkans), due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis32-50">[39]</a> As the power of the Ottoman Empire declined, Greek nationalism began to assert itself.<a href="#cite_note-BoimeTr-51">[40]</a> The most influential of the Greek writers and intellectuals was <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a>. Deeply influenced by the French Revolution, Rigas was the first to conceive and organize a comprehensive national movement aiming at the liberation of all <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> nations—including the Turks of the region—and the creation of a "Balkan Republic". Arrested by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> officials in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in 1797, he was handed over to Ottoman officials and transported to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> along with his co-conspirators. All of them were strangled to death in June 1798 and their bodies were dumped in the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[41]</a> The death of Rigas fanned the flames of Greek nationalism; his nationalist poem, the "Thourios" (war-song), was translated into a number of Western European and later <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a> and served as a rallying cry for Greeks against Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis32_2-53">[42]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dd>Better an hour of free life</dd> <dd>Than forty years of slavery and prison.</dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Rigas Feraios, approx. translation from his "Thourios" poem.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg-54">[43]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Another influential Greek writer and intellectual was <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a> who witnessed the French Revolution. Korais' primary intellectual inspiration was from the Enlightenment, and he borrowed ideas from Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. When Korais was a young adult he moved to Paris to continue his studies. He eventually graduated from the Montpellier School of Medicine and spent the remainder of his life in Paris. He would often have political and philosophical debates with Thomas Jefferson. While in Paris he was a witness to the French Revolution and saw the democracy that came out of it. He spent a lot of his time convincing wealthy Greeks to build schools and libraries to further the education of Greeks. He believed that a furthering in education would be necessary for the general welfare and prosperity of the people of Greece, as well as the country. Korais' ultimate goal was a democratic Greece much like the Golden Age of Pericles. The Greek cause began to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, but also from Western European <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BoimeTr-51">[40]</a> This Greek movement for independence was not only the first movement of national character in Eastern Europe, but also the first one in a non-Christian environment, like the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filiki_Eteria">Filiki Eteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Filiki Eteria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg/250px-Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg/330px-Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg/500px-Filiki_Hetairia_House_in_Odessa-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>House of <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hretska_Ploshcha" title="Hretska Ploshcha">Greek Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odesa</a></figcaption></figure> Feraios' martyrdom was to inspire three young Greek merchants: <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Skoufas" title="Nikolaos Skoufas">Nikolaos Skoufas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuil_Xanthos" title="Emmanuil Xanthos">Emmanuil Xanthos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Tsakalov" title="Athanasios Tsakalov">Athanasios Tsakalov</a>. Influenced by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> and profiting from their own experience as members of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonic</a> organizations, they founded in 1814 the secret <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> ("Friendly Society") in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, an important center of the Greek mercantile diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg31-56">[45]</a> With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States and with the aid of sympathizers in Western Europe, they planned the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Jelavich204-05-57">[46]</a> The society's basic objective was a revival of the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as the capital, not the formation of a national state.<a href="#cite_note-Jelavich204-05-57">[46]</a> In early 1820, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, an official from the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> who had become the joint <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_foreign_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian foreign ministers">foreign minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander I">Tsar Alexander I</a>, was approached by the Society in order to be named leader but declined the offer; the Filikoi (members of Filiki Eteria) then turned to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis_(1792%E2%80%931828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828)">Alexander Ypsilantis</a>, a Phanariote serving in the Russian army as general and adjutant to Alexander, who accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg31-2-58">[47]</a> The Filiki Eteria expanded rapidly and was soon able to recruit members in all areas of the Greek world and among all elements of the Greek society.<a href="#cite_note-60">[g]</a> In 1821, the Ottoman Empire mainly faced war against <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a> and more particularly the revolt by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha</a> in Epirus, which had forced the vali (governor) of the Morea, <a href="/wiki/Hursid_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hursid Pasha">Hursid Pasha</a>, and other local pashas to leave their provinces and campaign against the rebel force. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a>, allied in the "<a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>" in opposition to revolutions in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a>, were preoccupied with <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">revolts in Italy and Spain</a>. It was in this context that the Greeks judged the time ripe for their own revolt. The plan originally involved uprisings in three places, the Peloponnese, the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> and Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Sowards-61">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philhellenism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> The mountains look on Marathon – And Marathon looks on the sea; And musing there an hour alone, I dream'd that Greece might yet be free For, standing on the Persians' grave, I could not deem myself a slave. ... Must we but weep o'er days more blest? Must we but blush? – Our fathers bled. Earth! render back from out thy breast A remnant of our Spartan dead! Of the three hundred grant but three, To make a new Thermopylae. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Byron, The Isles of Greece<a href="#cite_note-ByronIsles-62">[50]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek origin</a> of so much of the West's <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical heritage</a>, there was tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe. Some wealthy Americans and Western European aristocrats, such as the renowned poet <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron">Lord Byron</a> and later the American physician <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Howe</a>, took up arms to join the Greek revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> In Britain there was strong support led by the Philosophical Radicals, the Whigs, and the Evangelicals. Many helped to finance the revolution. The <a href="/wiki/London_Philhellenic_Committee" title="London Philhellenic Committee">London Philhellenic Committee</a> helped insurgent Greece to float two loans in 1824 (£800,000) and 1825 (£2,000,000).<a href="#cite_note-64">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[53]</a> The Scottish philhellene <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(British_army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Gordon (British army officer)">Thomas Gordon</a> took part in the revolutionary struggle and later documented some of the first histories of the Greek Revolution in English. In Europe, the Greek revolt aroused widespread sympathy among the public, although at first it was met with lukewarm and negative reception from the Great Powers. Some historians argue that Ottoman atrocities were given wide coverage in Europe, while Greek atrocities tended to be suppressed or played down.<a href="#cite_note-66">[54]</a> The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Chios_massacre" title="Chios massacre">massacres at Chios</a> in 1822 inspired <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>'s famous painting <a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios" title="The Massacre at Chios">Massacre of Chios</a>; other philhellenic works by Delacroix were inspired by Byron's poems. Byron, the most celebrated philhellene of all, lent his name, prestige and wealth to the cause.<a href="#cite_note-67">[55]</a> Byron organized funds and supplies (including the provision of several ships), but died from fever at <a href="/wiki/Missolonghi" title="Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a> in 1824. Byron's death strengthened European sympathy for the Greek cause. His poetry, along with <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix's</a> art, helped arouse European public opinion in favor of the Greek revolutionaries to the point of no return, and led Western powers to intervene directly.<a href="#cite_note-Br52-68">[56]</a> Philhellenism made a notable contribution to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, enabling the younger generation of artistic and literary intellectuals to expand the classical repertoire by treating modern Greek history as an extension of ancient history; the idea of a regeneration of the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> permeated the rhetoric of the Greek cause's supporters. Classicists and romantics of that period envisioned the casting out of the Turks as the prelude to the revival of the Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-69">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_the_revolution">Outbreak of the revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the revolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Danubian_principalities">Danubian principalities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Danubian principalities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian uprising (1821)">Wallachian uprising (1821)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandros_Ypsilantis_by_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexandros_Ypsilantis_by_Hess.jpg/220px-Alexandros_Ypsilantis_by_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexandros_Ypsilantis_by_Hess.jpg/330px-Alexandros_Ypsilantis_by_Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Alexandros_Ypsilantis_by_Hess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> crosses the Pruth, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a> (Benaki Museum, Athens)</figcaption></figure> Alexander Ypsilantis was elected as the head of the Filiki Eteria in April 1820 and took upon himself the task of planning the insurrection. His intention was to raise all the Christians of the Balkans in rebellion and perhaps force Russia to intervene on their behalf. On 22 February [<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a> 6 March], he crossed the river <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> with his followers, entering the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg32-70">[58]</a> In order to encourage the local <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> Christians to join him, he announced that he had "the support of a Great Power", implying Russia. Two days after crossing the Prut, at <a href="/wiki/Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery" title="Trei Ierarhi Monastery">Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași (Jassy)</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, Ypsilantis issued a proclamation calling all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans:<a href="#cite_note-Clogg32-70">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins149-50-71">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[61]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Fight for Faith and Fatherland! The time has come, O Hellenes. Long ago the people of Europe, fighting for their own rights and liberties, invited us to imitation ... The enlightened peoples of Europe are occupied in restoring the same well-being, and, full of gratitude for the benefactions of our forefathers towards them, desire the liberation of Greece. We, seemingly worthy of ancestral virtue and of the present century, are hopeful that we will achieve their defense and help. Many of these freedom-lovers want to come and fight alongside us ... Who then hinders your manly arms? Our cowardly enemy is sick and weak. Our generals are experienced, and all our fellow countrymen are full of enthusiasm. Unite, then, O brave and magnanimous Greeks! Let national phalanxes be formed, let patriotic legions appear and you will see those old giants of despotism fall themselves, before our triumphant banners.<a href="#cite_note-74">[62]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Soutzos" title="Michael Soutzos">Michael Soutzos</a>, then <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a> and a member of Filiki Etaireia, set his guard at Ypsilantis' disposal. In the meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople">Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople</a> and the Synod had anathematized and excommunicated both Ypsilantis and Soutzos issuing many encyclicals, an explicit denunciation of the Revolution in line with the Orthodox Church's policy.<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a> Instead of directly advancing on <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>, where he arguably could have prevented Ottoman armies from entering the Principalities, and where he might have forced Russia to accept a <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_phrases_used_by_English_speakers#F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French phrases used by English speakers">fait accompli</a>, Ypsilantis remained in Iaşi and ordered the executions of several pro-Ottoman Moldavians. In <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, where he arrived in early April after some weeks delay, he decided that he could not rely on the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimirescu%27s_Pandurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimirescu's Pandurs">Pandurs</a> to continue their <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenian</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian uprising (1821)">revolt</a> and assist the Greek cause. The Pandur leader was <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu" title="Tudor Vladimirescu">Tudor Vladimirescu</a>, who had already reached the outskirts of Bucharest on 16 March [<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a> 28 March]. In Bucharest, the relations of the two men deteriorated dramatically; Vladimirescu's first priority was to assert his authority against the newly appointed prince <a href="/wiki/Scarlat_Callimachi_(hospodar)" title="Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar)">Scarlat Callimachi</a>, trying to maintain relations with both Russia and the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Hitchins149-50-71">[59]</a> At that point, Kapodistrias, the foreign minister of Russia, was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> to send Ypsilantis a letter upbraiding him for misusing the mandate received from the Tsar; Kapodistrias announced to Ypsilantis that his name had been struck off the army list and that he was commanded to lay down arms. Ypsilantis tried to ignore the letter, but Vladimirescu took this as the end of his alliance with the Eteria. A conflict erupted inside the camp and Vladimirescu was tried and put to death by the Eteria on 26 May [<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a> 7 June]. The loss of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dragashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dragashani">Battle of Dragashani</a> and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)">Sacred Band</a> on 7 June [<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a> 19 June].<a href="#cite_note-Clogg33-76">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_War_of_Independence_(Year_1_events).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_War_of_Independence_%28Year_1_events%29.svg/330px-Greek_War_of_Independence_%28Year_1_events%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_War_of_Independence_%28Year_1_events%29.svg/500px-Greek_War_of_Independence_%28Year_1_events%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_War_of_Independence_%28Year_1_events%29.svg/520px-Greek_War_of_Independence_%28Year_1_events%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Important events of the first year of the war</figcaption></figure> Alexander Ypsilantis, accompanied by his brother Nicholas and a remnant of his followers, retreated to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a>, where he spent some days negotiating with the Austrian authorities for permission to cross the frontier. Fearing that his followers might surrender him to the Turks, he gave out that Austria had declared war on Turkey, caused a <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> to be sung in <a href="/wiki/Cozia_Monastery" title="Cozia Monastery">Cozia Monastery</a>, and on pretext of arranging measures with the Austrian commander-in-chief, he crossed the frontier. However, the reactionary policies of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> were enforced by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> and the country refused to give asylum for leaders of revolts in neighboring countries. Ypsilantis was kept in close confinement for seven years.<a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a> In Moldavia, the struggle continued for a while, under <a href="/wiki/Giorgakis_Olympios" title="Giorgakis Olympios">Giorgakis Olympios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Pharmakis" title="Yiannis Pharmakis">Yiannis Pharmakis</a>, but by the end of the year the provinces had been pacified by the Ottomans. The outbreak of the war was met by mass executions, pogrom-style attacks, the destruction of churches, and looting of Greek properties throughout the Empire. The most severe atrocities occurred in Constantinople, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Massacre_of_1821" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Massacre of 1821">Constantinople Massacre of 1821</a>. The Orthodox Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V</a> was executed on 22 April 1821 on the orders of the Sultan despite his opposition to the revolt, which caused outrage throughout Europe and resulted in increased support for the Greek rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg2002-78">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Peloponnese">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg/180px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg/270px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg/360px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3033" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of the revolutionaries of <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>; engraved on a stele in the city</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg/180px-Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg/270px-Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg/360px-Panagiotis_Kefalas_by_Hess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>"Commander Kephalas plants the flag of Liberty upon the walls of Tripolizza" (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, with its long tradition of resistance to the Ottomans, was to become the heartland of the revolt. In the early months of 1821, with the absence of the Ottoman governor of the <a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a> (Mora valesi) <a href="/wiki/Hursid_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hursid Pasha">Hursid Pasha</a> and many of his troops, the situation was favourable for the Greeks to rise against Ottoman occupation. The crucial meeting was held at Vostitsa (modern <a href="/wiki/Aigion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigion">Aigion</a>), where chieftains and prelates from all over the Peloponnese assembled on 26 January. There, <a href="/wiki/Papaflessas" title="Papaflessas">Papaflessas</a>, a pro-revolution priest who presented himself as representative of <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a>, clashed with most of the civil leaders and members of the senior clergy, such as <a href="/wiki/Germanos_III_of_Old_Patras" title="Germanos III of Old Patras">Metropolitan Germanos of Patras</a>, who were sceptical and demanded guarantees about a Russian intervention.<a href="#cite_note-79">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg/170px-Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg/255px-Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg/340px-Anagnostaras_by_Hess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anagnostis_Papageorgiou" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagnostis Papageorgiou">Anagnostaras</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valtetsi" title="Battle of Valtetsi">Battle of Valtetsi</a> by Peter von Hess.</figcaption></figure> As news came of Ypsilantis' march into the Danubian Principalities, the atmosphere in the Peloponnese was tense, and by mid-March, sporadic incidents against Muslims occurred, heralding the start of the uprising. According to oral tradition, the Revolution was declared on 25 March 1821 (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">N.S.</a> 6 April) by Metropolitan Germanos of Patras, who raised the banner with the cross in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Agia_Lavra" title="Agia Lavra">Agia Lavra</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Kalavryta" title="Kalavryta">Kalavryta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>) although some historians question the historicity of the event.<a href="#cite_note-80">[68]</a> Some claim that the story first appears in 1824 in a book written by a French diplomat François Pouqueville, whose book is full of inventions.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_3-81">[69]</a> Historian David Brewer noted that Pouqueville was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment" title="Anti-British sentiment">Anglophobe</a>, and in his account of the speech by Germanos in his book, Pouqueville has the Metropolitan express Anglophobic sentiments similar to those commonly expressed in France, and has him praise France as Greece's one true friend in the world, which led Brewer to conclude that Pouqueville had made the entire story up.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_3-81">[69]</a> However, a study on the archive of Hugues Pouqueville (François Pouqueville's brother) claims that François' account was accurate, without making any reference to the purported Anglophobia or <a href="/wiki/Francophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophilia">Francophilia</a> of Germanos.<a href="#cite_note-82">[70]</a> Also, some European newspapers of June and July 1821 published the news of declaration of revolution by Germanos either in Patras on 6 April/25 March 1821<a href="#cite_note-83">[71]</a> or in the "Monastery of Velia Mountain" (Agia Lavra) on a non-specified date.<a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7,_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%2C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg/220px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%2C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%2C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg/330px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%2C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%2C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg/440px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%2C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_8209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4632" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a></figcaption></figure> On 17 March 1821, war was declared on the Turks by the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Areopoli" title="Areopoli">Areopoli</a>. The same day, a force of 2,000 Maniots under the command of <a href="/wiki/Petros_Mavromichalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petros Mavromichalis">Petros Mavromichalis</a> advanced on the <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Kalamata" title="Kalamata">Kalamata</a>, where they united with troops under <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikitaras" title="Nikitaras">Nikitaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papaflessas" title="Papaflessas">Papaflessas</a>; Kalamata fell to the Greeks on 23 March.<a href="#cite_note-Kassis39-85">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaia</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Kalavryta" title="Kalavryta">Kalavryta</a> was besieged on 21 March, and in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> conflicts lasted for many days. The Ottomans launched sporadic attacks towards the city while the revolutionaries, led by <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Karatzas" title="Panagiotis Karatzas">Panagiotis Karatzas</a>, drove them back to the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-86">[74]</a> By the end of March, the Greeks effectively controlled the countryside, while the Turks were confined to the fortresses, most notably those of Patras (recaptured by the Turks on 3 April by Yussuf Pasha), <a href="/wiki/Rio_Castle" title="Rio Castle">Rio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrocorinth" title="Acrocorinth">Acrocorinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a> and the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolitsa</a>, where many Muslims had fled with their families at the beginning of the uprising. All these were loosely besieged by local irregular forces under their own captains, since the Greeks lacked artillery. With the exception of Tripolitsa, all cities had access to the sea and could be resupplied and reinforced by the Ottoman fleet. Since May, Kolokotronis organized the siege of Tripolitsa, and, in the meantime, Greek forces twice defeated the Turks, who unsuccessfully tried to repulse the besiegers. Finally, Tripolitsa was seized by the Greeks on 23 September [<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a> 5 October],<a href="#cite_note-87">[75]</a> and the city was given over to the mob for two days.<a href="#cite_note-88">[76]</a> After lengthy negotiations, the Turkish forces surrendered Acrocorinth on 14 January 1822.<a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Greece">Central Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Greece">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasios_Diakos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Athanasios_Diakos.JPG/250px-Athanasios_Diakos.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Athanasios_Diakos.JPG/330px-Athanasios_Diakos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Athanasios_Diakos.JPG/500px-Athanasios_Diakos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos" title="Athanasios Diakos">Athanasios Diakos</a></figcaption></figure> The first regions to revolt in <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> were <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a> (24 March) and <a href="/wiki/Amfissa" title="Amfissa">Salona</a> (27 March). In <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a> was captured by <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos" title="Athanasios Diakos">Athanasios Diakos</a> on 31 March, followed by <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> two days later. When the revolution began, most of the Christian population of Athens fled to Salamis. <a href="/wiki/Missolonghi" title="Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a> revolted on 25 May, and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece.<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> The Ottoman commander in the Roumeli was the Albanian general <a href="/wiki/Omer_Vrioni" title="Omer Vrioni">Omer Vrioni</a> who become infamous for his "Greek hunts" in Attica, which was described thus: "One of his favourite amusements was a 'Greek hunt' as the Turks called it. They would go out in parties of fifty to a hundred, mounted on fleet horses, and scour the open country in search of Greek peasantry, who might from necessity or hardihood have ventured down upon the plains. After capturing some, they would give the poor creatures a certain distance to start ahead, hoping to escape, and then try the speed of their horses in overtaking them, the accuracy of their pistols in firing at them as they ran, or the keenness of their sabres' edge in cutting off their heads". Those not cut down or shot down during the "Greek hunts" were impaled afterwards when captured.<a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Zografos-Makriyannis_04_Battles_of_Alamana,_Agia_Marina,_Parakitsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zografos-Makriyannis_04_Battles_of_Alamana%2C_Agia_Marina%2C_Parakitsi.jpg/250px-Zografos-Makriyannis_04_Battles_of_Alamana%2C_Agia_Marina%2C_Parakitsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zografos-Makriyannis_04_Battles_of_Alamana%2C_Agia_Marina%2C_Parakitsi.jpg/330px-Zografos-Makriyannis_04_Battles_of_Alamana%2C_Agia_Marina%2C_Parakitsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2396" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg/150px-Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg/225px-Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg/300px-Zografos-Makriyannis_10_First_battle_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2440" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Zographos" title="Panagiotis Zographos">Panagiotis Zographos</a> illustrates under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Makriyannis" title="Yannis Makriyannis">General Makriyannis</a> the battles of Alamana (left) and Acropolis (right) (from his Scenes from the Greek War of Independence).</div></div></div></div> The initial Greek successes were soon put in peril after two subsequent defeats at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamana" title="Battle of Alamana">Alamana</a> and Eleftherohori against the army of <a href="/wiki/Omer_Vrioni" title="Omer Vrioni">Omer Vrioni</a>. Another significant loss for the Greeks was the death of Diakos, a promising military leader, who was captured in Alamana and executed by the Turks when he refused to declare allegiance to the Sultan. The Greeks managed to halt the Turkish advance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravia" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gravia">Battle of Gravia</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Androutsos" title="Odysseas Androutsos">Odysseas Androutsos</a>, who, with a handful of men, inflicted heavy casualties upon the Turkish army. After his defeat and the successful retreat of Androutsos' force, Omer Vrioni postponed his advance towards Peloponnese awaiting reinforcements; instead, he invaded Livadeia, which he captured on 10 June, and Athens, where he lifted the siege of the Acropolis. After a Greek force of 2,000 men managed to destroy at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vassilika" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vassilika">Vassilika</a> a Turkish relief army on its way to Vrioni, the latter abandoned <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> in September and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>. By the end of 1821, the revolutionaries had managed to temporarily secure their positions in Central Greece.<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Ottoman_reaction">The Ottoman reaction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Ottoman reaction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/250px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/330px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/500px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Atrocities</a> against the Greek population of Constantinople, April 1821. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Patriarch Gregory V</a> was executed by the Ottoman authorities.</figcaption></figure> The news that the Greeks had revolted sparked murderous fury all over the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> In Constantinople, on Easter Sunday, the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V</a>, was publicly hanged although he had condemned the revolution and preached obedience to the Sultan in his sermons.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a> Since the revolution began in March, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> had executed at random various prominent Greeks living in Constantinople, such as the serving <a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a> and two retired dragomans, a number of wealthy bankers and merchants, including a member of the ultra-rich Mavrocordatos family, three monks and a priest of the Orthodox church, and three ordinary Greeks accused of planning to poison the city's water supply.<a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a> In the city of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (modern İzmir, Turkey), which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city, Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia/Wallachia, staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks, leading Gordon to write: "3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter, plundered the houses and slaughtered the people; Smyrna resembled a place taken by assault, neither age or sex being respected".<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_101-96">[84]</a> When a local <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> was asked to give a fatwa justifying the murder of Christians by Muslims and refused, he too was promptly killed.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_101-96">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International reaction">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/250px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/330px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/360px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. Haiti was the first state to recognise the Greek independence.</figcaption></figure> The news of the revolution was greeted with dismay by the conservative leaders of Europe, committed to upholding the system established at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, but was greeted with enthusiasm by many ordinary people across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> After the execution of the Patriarch Gregory V, the Russian Emperor Alexander I broke off diplomatic relations with the Sublime Porte after his foreign minister Count <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a> sent an ultimatum demanding promises from the Ottomans to stop executing Orthodox priests, which the Porte did not see fit to answer.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> In the summer of 1821, various young men from all over Europe began to gather in the French port of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> to book a passage to Greece and join the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_137-99">[87]</a> The French philhellene <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Maxime_Raybaud" title="Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud">Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud</a> wrote when he heard of the revolution in March 1821, "I learnt with a thrill that Greece was shaking off her chains" and in July 1821 boarded a ship going to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_137-99">[87]</a> Between the summer of 1821 and end of 1822, when the French started to inspect ships leaving Marseille for philhellenes, some 360 volunteers travelled to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003138-100">[88]</a> From the United States came the doctor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a> and the soldier <a href="/wiki/George_Jarvis_(Philhellene)" title="George Jarvis (Philhellene)">George Jarvis</a> to fight with the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> The largest contingents came from the German states, France and the Italian states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003138-100">[88]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>, a monument to honor the philhellenes who died fighting in the war listed 274 names, of which 100 are from Germany, forty each from France and Italy, and the rest from Britain, Spain, Hungary, Sweden, Portugal and Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82,_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9,_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%2C_1861.jpg/330px-%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%2C_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%2C_1861.jpg/500px-%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%2C_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%2C_1861.jpg/960px-%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_%CE%97_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%2C_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Reception_of_Lord_Byron_at_Missolonghi" title="The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi">The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a></figcaption></figure> In Germany, Italy and France many clergymen and university professors gave speeches saying all of Europe owed a huge debt to ancient Greece, that the modern Greeks were entitled to call upon the classical heritage as a reason for support, and that Greece would only achieve progress with freedom from the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003138-100">[88]</a> A young medical student in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> wrote that hearing his professor lecture on the need for Greek freedom went through him like an electric shock, inspiring him to drop his studies and head to Greece, while a Danish student wrote: "How could a man inclined to fight for freedom and justice find a better place than next to the oppressed Greeks?".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003138-100">[88]</a> In France, Britain, Spain, Russia, the United States, and many other places "Greek committees" were established to raise funds and supplies for the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a> Citizens of the United States, from elite as well as modest socioeconomic backgrounds, supported the Greek cause, donating money and supplies to numerous philhellenic groups in both the northern and southern United States.<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> The classicist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>, a professor of Ancient Greek literature at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, was active in championing the Greek cause in the United States and in November 1821 published an appeal from Adamantios Korais reading "To the Citizens of the United States, it is your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, so you will not assuredly imitate the culpable indifference or rather the long ingratitude of the Europeans", going on to call for American intervention, in several American newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003141-105">[93]</a> In 1821, the Greek committee in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> sent the Greeks 50 barrels of salted meat while the Greek Committee in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a> sent supplies of salted meat, sugar, fish and flour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003141-105">[93]</a> Newspapers in the United States gave the war much coverage and were overwhelmingly pro-Greek in their stance, which explains why American public opinion was so supportive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003141-105">[93]</a> In New York City, one ball put on by the Greek committee raised $8,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003141-105">[93]</a> (~$180,000 in 2021). In Russia, the St. Petersburg Greek committee under Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolayevich_Golitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolayevich Golitsyn">Alexander Golitsyn</a> had raised 973,500 roubles by August 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003142-106">[94]</a> By the end of the war, millions of roubles had been raised in Russia for the relief of refugees and to buy enslaved Greeks freedom (though the government forbade buying arms for the Greeks), but no Russian is known to have gone to fight with the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> The first independent state to recognise Greek independence was <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a>, President of Haiti, wrote a letter on 15 January 1822 to four Greek expatriates living in France who had assembled themselves into a committee to seek international support for the Greek revolution. Boyer expressed sympathy for the Greek cause, though said that he was unable to provide financial or military support.<a href="#cite_note-Letter_from_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_to_Greek_Revolutionaries-109">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_administrative_and_political_institutions">First administrative and political institutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First administrative and political institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus" title="First National Assembly at Epidaurus">First National Assembly at Epidaurus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg/220px-Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg/330px-Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg/440px-Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Areopagus_of_Eastern_Continental_Greece" title="Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece">Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece</a> with symbols of faith, charity (heart), and hope (anchor)</figcaption></figure> After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras, but its members were soon forced to flee to Kalavryta. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected a Senate on 26 May. Most of the members of the Peloponnesian Senate were local notables (lay and ecclesiastical) or persons controlled by them. The three major social groups that provided the leadership of the revolution were the primates (wealthy landowners who controlled about a third of the arable land in the Peloponnese), the captains drawn from the klephts and/or armatolos (klepts and armatolos tended to alternate), and the wealthy merchants, who were the most Westernised elements in Greek society.<a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a> One of the more prominent leaders of the merchants and a "Westerniser" was the Phanariot <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a> who was living with the poet <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> in Pisa when the revolution began, and upon hearing of the revolution, purchased supplies and a ship in Marseille and then set sail for Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003127-111">[99]</a> Mavrokordhatos's wealth, education (he was fluent in seven languages) and his experience as an Ottoman official ruling Wallachia led many to look towards him as a leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003127-111">[99]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Ypsilantis" title="Demetrios Ypsilantis">Demetrios Ypsilantis</a> arrived in Peloponnese as official representative of Filiki Eteria, he tried to assume control of the Revolution's affairs, and he thus proposed a new system of electing the members of the Senate, which was supported by the military leaders, but opposed by the notables.<a href="#cite_note-113">[h]</a> Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a> in the western part, and <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Negris" title="Theodoros Negris">Theodoros Negris</a> in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece, drafted mainly by Mavrokordatos and Negris respectively. The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an <a href="/wiki/Areopagus_of_Eastern_Continental_Greece" title="Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece">Areopagus</a> in the east, and a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Western_Continental_Greece" title="Senate of Western Continental Greece">Senate</a> in the west.<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> The three local statutes were recognized by the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus" title="First National Assembly at Epidaurus">First National Assembly</a>, but the respective administrative institutions were turned into administrative branches of the central government. They were later dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Second_National_Assembly_at_Astros" title="Second National Assembly at Astros">Second National Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolutionary_activity_in_Crete,_Macedonia_and_Cyprus">Revolutionary activity in Crete, Macedonia and Cyprus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Revolutionary activity in Crete, Macedonia and Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Crete">Crete</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crete">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatzimichalis_Dalianis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hatzimichalis_Dalianis.JPG/250px-Hatzimichalis_Dalianis.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hatzimichalis_Dalianis.JPG/330px-Hatzimichalis_Dalianis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Hatzimichalis_Dalianis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hatzimichalis_Dalianis" title="Hatzimichalis Dalianis">Hatzimichalis Dalianis</a>, commander of the campaign to Crete, was killed in Frangokastello in 1828.</figcaption></figure> Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis375-116">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> had a long history of resisting Turkish rule, exemplified by the folk hero <a href="/wiki/Daskalogiannis" title="Daskalogiannis">Daskalogiannis</a>, who was killed while fighting the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis375-116">[103]</a> In 1821, an uprising by Christians was met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders.<a href="#cite_note-117">[104]</a> Despite the Turkish reaction the rebellion persisted, and thus Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (r. 1808–1839) was forced to seek the aid of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, trying to lure him with the pashalik of Crete.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis375-116">[103]</a> On 28 May 1822, an Egyptian fleet of 30 warships and 84 transports arrived at <a href="/wiki/Souda_Bay" title="Souda Bay">Souda Bay</a> led by Hasan Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son-in-law; he was tasked with ending the rebellion and did not waste any time in the burning of villages throughout Crete.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis375-116">[103]</a> After Hasan's accidental death in February 1823, another son-in-law of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Hussein <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[105]</a> led a well-organised and well-armed joint Turkish-Egyptian force of 12,000 soldiers with the support of artillery and cavalry. On 22 June 1823, <a href="/wiki/Emmanouil_Tombazis" title="Emmanouil Tombazis">Emmanouil Tombazis</a>, appointed Commissioner of Crete by the Greek revolutionary government, held the Convention of Arcoudaina in an attempt to reconcile the factions of local captains and unite them against the common threat.<a href="#cite_note-119">[106]</a> He then gathered 3,000 men in <a href="/wiki/Gergeri" title="Gergeri">Gergeri</a> to face Hussein, but the Cretans were defeated by the much larger and better-organised force, and lost 300 men at the battle of Amourgelles on 20 August 1823.<a href="#cite_note-120">[107]</a> By the spring of 1824, Hussein had managed to limit the Cretan resistance to just a few mountain enclaves.<a href="#cite_note-121">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frangokastello_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Frangokastello_3.jpg/330px-Frangokastello_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Frangokastello_3.jpg/500px-Frangokastello_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Frangokastello_3.jpg/960px-Frangokastello_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3275" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Frangokastello" title="Frangokastello">Frangokastello</a></figcaption></figure> Towards the summer of 1825, a body of three to four hundred Cretans, who had fought with other Greeks in the Peloponnese, arrived in Crete and revitalized the Cretan insurgency (the so-called "Gramvousa period"). On 9 August 1825, led by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Kallergis" title="Dimitrios Kallergis">Dimitrios Kallergis</a> and Emmanouil Antoniadis, this group of Cretans captured the fort at <a href="/wiki/Gramvousa" title="Gramvousa">Gramvousa</a> and other insurgents captured the fort at <a href="/wiki/Kissamos" title="Kissamos">Kissamos</a>, and attempted to spread the insurgency further afield.<a href="#cite_note-122">[109]</a> Although the Ottomans did not manage to retake the forts, they were successful in blocking the spread of the insurgency to the island's western provinces. The insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years and they had to resort to piracy to survive. Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected Turkish–Egyptian and European shipping in the region. During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and built a school and a church dedicated to the Panagia i Kleftrina ("Our Lady the piratess")—St Mary as the patron of the <a href="/wiki/Klepht" title="Klepht">klephts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis383-123">[110]</a> In January 1828, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirote</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatzimichalis_Dalianis" title="Hatzimichalis Dalianis">Hatzimichalis Dalianis</a> landed in Crete with 700 men and in the following March took possession of <a href="/wiki/Frangokastello" title="Frangokastello">Frangokastello</a>, a castle in the <a href="/wiki/Sfakia" title="Sfakia">Sfakia</a> region. Soon the local Ottoman ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naili_Pasha" title="Mustafa Naili Pasha">Mustafa Naili Pasha</a>, attacked Frangokastello with an army of 8,000 men. The castle's defence was doomed after a seven-day siege and Dalianis perished along with 385 men.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-124">[111]</a> During 1828, Kapodistrias sent Mavrocordatos with British and French fleets to Crete to deal with the klephts and the pirates. This expedition resulted in the destruction of all pirate ships at Gramvousa and the fort came under British command.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis383-123">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Macedonia">Macedonia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Alexandros_Ipsilantis_to_Emmanouil_Papas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_from_Alexandros_Ipsilantis_to_Emmanouil_Papas.jpg/330px-Letter_from_Alexandros_Ipsilantis_to_Emmanouil_Papas.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_from_Alexandros_Ipsilantis_to_Emmanouil_Papas.jpg/500px-Letter_from_Alexandros_Ipsilantis_to_Emmanouil_Papas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Letter_from_Alexandros_Ipsilantis_to_Emmanouil_Papas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Letter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis_(1792%E2%80%931828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828)">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emmanouel_Pappas" title="Emmanouel Pappas">Emmanouel Pappas</a>, dated 8 October 1820</figcaption></figure> The economic ascent of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and of the other urban centres of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> coincided with the cultural and political renaissance of the Greeks. The ideals and patriotic songs of Rigas Feraios and others had made a profound impression upon the Thessalonians. Α few years later, the revolutionary fervour of the southern Greeks was to spread to these parts, and the seeds of Filiki Eteria were speedily to take root. The leader and coordinator of the revolution in Macedonia was <a href="/wiki/Emmanouel_Pappas" title="Emmanouel Pappas">Emmanouel Pappas</a> from the village of <a href="/wiki/Emmanouil_Pappas" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanouil Pappas">Dobista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, who was initiated into the Filiki Eteria in 1819. Pappas had considerable influence over the local Ottoman authorities, especially the local governor, Ismail Bey, and offered much of his personal wealth for the cause.<a href="#cite_note-125">[112]</a> Following the instructions of Alexander Ypsilantis, that is to prepare the ground and to rouse the inhabitants of Macedonia to rebellion, Pappas loaded arms and munitions from Constantinople on a ship on 23 March and proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, considering that this would be the most suitable spring-board for starting the insurrection. As Vacalopoulos notes, however, "adequate preparations for rebellion had not been made, nor were revolutionary ideals to be reconciled with the ideological world of the monks within the Athonite regime".<a href="#cite_note-126">[113]</a> On 8 May, the Turks, infuriated by the landing of sailors from <a href="/wiki/Psara" title="Psara">Psara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stomio,_Larissa" title="Stomio, Larissa">Tsayezi</a>, by the capture of Turkish merchants and the seizure of their goods, rampaged through the streets of Serres, searched the houses of the notables for arms, imprisoned the Metropolitan and 150 merchants, and seized their goods as a reprisal for the plundering by the Psarians.<a href="#cite_note-127">[114]</a> In Thessaloniki, governor Yusuf Bey (the son of Ismail Bey) imprisoned in his headquarters more than 400 hostages, of whom more than 100 were monks from the monastic estates. He also wished to seize the powerful notables of <a href="/wiki/Polygyros" title="Polygyros">Polygyros</a>, who got wind of his intentions and fled. On 17 May, the Greeks of Polygyros took up arms, killed the local governor and 14 of his men, and wounded three others; they also repulsed two Turkish detachments. On 18 May, when Yusuf learned of the incidents at Polygyros and the spreading of the insurrection to the villages of <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes. The Mulla of Thessalonica, Hayrıülah, gives the following description of Yusuf's retaliations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Every day and every night you hear nothing in the streets of Thessaloniki but shouting and moaning. It seems that Yusuf Bey, the Yeniceri Agasi, the Subaşı, the hocas and the ulemas have all gone raving mad.<a href="#cite_note-128">[115]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmmanouilPapas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EmmanouilPapas.JPG/180px-EmmanouilPapas.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EmmanouilPapas.JPG/270px-EmmanouilPapas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EmmanouilPapas.JPG/360px-EmmanouilPapas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Emmanouel_Pappas" title="Emmanouel Pappas">Emmanouel Pappas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover.<a href="#cite_note-129">[116]</a> The revolt, however, gained momentum in Mount Athos and <a href="/wiki/Kassandra,_Chalkidiki" title="Kassandra, Chalkidiki">Kassandra</a>, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a> joined it.<a href="#cite_note-130">[117]</a> Meanwhile, the revolt in Chalkidiki was progressing slowly and unsystematically. In June 1821 the insurgents tried to cut communications between <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and the south, attempting to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">serasker</a> Haji Muhammad Bayram Pasha from transferring forces from Asia Minor to southern Greece. Even though the rebels delayed him, they were ultimately defeated at the pass of <a href="/wiki/Rentina,_Thessaloniki" title="Rentina, Thessaloniki">Rentina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[118]</a> The insurrection in Chalkidiki was, from then on, confined to the peninsulas of Mount Athos and Kassandra. On 30 October 1821, an offensive led by the new Pasha of Thessaloniki, Muhammad Emin Abulubud, resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory at Kassandra. The survivors, among them Pappas, were rescued by the Psarian fleet, which took them mainly to <a href="/wiki/Skiathos" title="Skiathos">Skiathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skopelos" title="Skopelos">Skopelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skyros" title="Skyros">Skyros</a>. However, Pappas died en route to join the revolution at <a href="/wiki/Hydra,_Saronic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra, Saronic Islands">Hydra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sithonia" title="Sithonia">Sithonia</a>, Mount Athos and Thasos subsequently surrendered on terms.<a href="#cite_note-132">[119]</a> Nevertheless, the revolt spread from <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central</a> to <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermion_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermion Mountains">Vermion</a>. In the autumn of 1821, Nikolaos Kasomoulis was sent to southern Greece as the "representative of South-East Macedonia", and met Demetrius Ypsilantis. He then wrote to Papas from Hydra, asking him to visit Olympus to meet the captains there and to "fire them with the required patriotic enthusiasm".<a href="#cite_note-133">[120]</a> At the beginning of 1822, <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Karatasos" title="Anastasios Karatasos">Anastasios Karatasos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aggelis_Gatsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggelis Gatsos">Aggelis Gatsos</a> arranged a meeting with other armatoloi; they decided that the insurrection should be based on three towns: <a href="/wiki/Naousa,_Imathia" title="Naousa, Imathia">Naoussa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastania_(Pieria),_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastania (Pieria), Greece">Kastania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siatista" title="Siatista">Siatista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[121]</a> In March 1822, Mehmed Emin secured decisive victories at <a href="/wiki/Kolindros" title="Kolindros">Kolindros</a> and Kastania.<a href="#cite_note-135">[122]</a> Further north, in the vicinity of Naousa, <a href="/wiki/Zafeirakis_Theodosiou" title="Zafeirakis Theodosiou">Zafeirakis Theodosiou</a>, Karatasos and Gatsos organized the city's defense, and the first clashes resulted in a victory for the Greeks. Mehmed Emin then appeared before the town with 10,000 regular troops and 10,600 irregulars. Failing to get the insurgents to surrender, Mehmed Emin launched a number of attacks pushing them further back and finally captured Naousa in April, helped by the enemies of Zafeirakis, who had revealed an unguarded spot, the "Alonia".<a href="#cite_note-136">[123]</a> Reprisals and executions ensued, and women are reported to have flung themselves over the Arapitsa waterfall to avoid dishonor and being sold in slavery. Those who broke through the siege of Naousa fell back in <a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a>, Siatista and <a href="/wiki/Aspropotamos_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspropotamos River">Aspropotamos River</a>, or were carried by the Psarian fleet to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aegean" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Aegean">northern Aegean</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-137">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Greek War of Independence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG/180px-Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG/270px-Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG/360px-Kanaris_Konstantinos_-_Greek_Fighter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a> during the Revolution</figcaption></figure> On 9 June 1821, 3 ships sailed to Cyprus with <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a>. They landed at Asprovrisi of Lapithou. Kanaris brought with him papers from the Filiki Etaireia and the ships were welcomed with rapturous applause and patriotic cries from the local Greeks of the area, who helped Kanaris and the soldiers from Cyprus as much as they could. Kanaris brought with him to mainland Greece, Cypriots who created the "Column of Cypriots" («Φάλαγγα των Κυπρίων»), led by General Chatzipetros, which fought with extraordinary heroism in Greece. In total, over 1000 Cypriots fought in the War of Independence, many of whom died. At Missolonghi many were killed, and at the Battle of Athens in 1827, around 130 were killed. General Chatzipetros, showing military decorations declared "These were given to me by the heroism and braveness of the Column of Cypriots". In the National Library, there is a list of 580 names of Cypriots who fought in the War between 1821 and 1829. The Cypriot battalion brought with them their own distinctive war banner, consisting of a white flag with a large blue cross, and the words GREEK FLAG OF THE MOTHERLAND CYPRUS emblazoned in the top left corner. The flag was hoisted on a wooden mast, carved and pointed at the end to act as a lance in battle. The legendary battle flag is currently stored at the National Historical Museum of Athens. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg/250px-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg/330px-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg/500px-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Kyprianos_of_Cyprus" title="Kyprianos of Cyprus">Kyprianos of Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout the War of Independence, supplies were brought from Cyprus by the Filiki Etairia to aid the Greek struggle. The Greeks of Cyprus underwent great risk to provide these supplies, and secretly load them onto boats arriving at intervals from Greece, as the Ottoman rulers in Cyprus at the time were very wary of Cypriot insurgency and sentenced to death any Greek Cypriots found aiding the Greek cause. Incidences of these secret loading trips from Cyprus were recorded by the French consul to Cyprus, Mechain.<a href="#cite_note-138">[125]</a> Back in Cyprus during the war, the local population suffered greatly at the hands of the Ottoman rulers of the islands, who were quick to act with great severity at any act of patriotism and sympathy of the Greeks of Cyprus to the Revolution, fearing a similar uprising in Cyprus. The religious leader of the Greeks of the island at the time, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Kyprianos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Kyprianos">Archbishop Kyprianos</a> was initiated into the Filiki Etairia in 1818 and had promised to aid the cause of the Greek Helladites with food and money. In early July 1821, the Cypriot <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a> Theofylaktos Thiseas arrived in <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a> as a messenger of the Filiki Etairia, bringing orders to Kyprianos, while proclamations were distributed in every corner of the island. However, the local pasha, Küçük Pasha, intercepted these messages and reacted with fury, calling in reinforcements, confiscating weapons and arresting several prominent Cypriots. Archbishop Kyprianos was urged (by his friends) to leave the island as the situation worsened, but refused to do so. On 9 July 1821, Pasha had the gates to the walled city of Nicosia closed and executed, by beheading or hanging, 470 important Cypriots amongst them Chrysanthos (bishop of Paphos), Meletios (bishop of Kition) and Lavrentios (bishop of Kyrenia). The next day, all abbots and monks of monasteries in Cyprus were executed. In addition, the Ottomans arrested all the Greek leaders of the villages and imprisoned them before executing them, as they were suspected of inspiring patriotism in their local population. In total, it is estimated that over 2,000 Greeks of Cyprus were slaughtered as an act of revenge for participating in the revolution. This was a very significant proportion of the total population of the island at the time. Küçük pasha had declared "I have in my mind to slaughter the Greeks in Cyprus, to hang them, to not leave a soul..." before undertaking these massacres. From 9 to 14 July, the Ottomans killed all prisoners on the list of the pasha, and in the next 30 days, looting and massacres spread throughout Cyprus as 4,000 Turkish soldiers from Syria arrived on the island. Archbishop Kyprianos was defiant in his death. He was aware of his fate and impending death, yet stood by the Greek cause. He is revered throughout Cyprus as a noble patriot and defender of the Orthodox faith and Hellenic cause. An English explorer by the name of Carne spoke to the Archbishop before the events of 9 July, who was quoted as saying: "My death is not far away. I know they [the Ottoman] are waiting for an opportunity to kill me". Kyprianos chose to stay, despite these fears, and provide protection and counsel for the people of Cyprus as their leader. He was publicly hanged from a tree opposite the former palace of the Lusignan Kings of Cyprus on 19 July 1821. The events leading up to his execution were documented in an epic poem written in the Cypriot dialect by <a href="/wiki/Vassilis_Michaelides" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassilis Michaelides">Vassilis Michaelides</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_at_sea">War at sea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: War at sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg/170px-Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg/255px-Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg/340px-Aris_figurehead_of_Tsamadoy_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Tsamados" title="Anastasios Tsamados">Anastasios Tsamados</a>' famous brig <a href="/wiki/Greek_brig_Aris" title="Greek brig Aris">Aris</a>, today in the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum,_Athens" title="National Historical Museum, Athens">National Historical Museum, Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> From the early stages of the revolution, success at sea was vital for the Greeks. When they failed to counter the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>, it was able to resupply the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s provinces, threatening to crush the rebellion; likewise the failure of the Greek fleet to break the naval blockade of Messolonghi (as it did several times earlier) in 1826 led to the fall of the city. The Greek fleet was primarily outfitted by prosperous Aegean islanders, principally from the islands of <a href="/wiki/Hydra,_Saronic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra, Saronic Islands">Hydra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spetses" title="Spetses">Spetses</a>, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Psara" title="Psara">Psara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_pp._89–91-139">[126]</a> The Albanian-speaking seamen of Hydra and Spetses provided the core of the Greek fleet and leading members of the Greek government, among them a one wartime president. They in some cases used Albanian with each other to prevent others on their side from reading their correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-auto-140">[127]</a> Each island equipped, manned and maintained its own squadron, under its own admiral.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_pp._89–91-139">[126]</a> Although they were manned by experienced crews, the Greek ships were not designed for warfare, being armed merchantmen equipped with only light guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer200389–91-141">[128]</a> Against them stood the Ottoman fleet, which enjoyed several advantages: its ships and supporting craft were built for war; it was supported by the resources of the vast Ottoman Empire; command was centralized and disciplined under the <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a>. The total Ottoman fleet size consisted of 20 three-masted <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>, each with about 80 guns and 7 or 8 <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> with 50 guns, 5 corvettes with about 30 guns and around 40 <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brigs</a> with 20 or fewer guns,<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a> complemented by squadrons from the Maghrebi vassal states (<a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunis</a>) and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-143">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg/260px-%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg/390px-%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg/520px-%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_-_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>"The burning of the Ottoman frigate at Eressos by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Papanikolis" title="Dimitrios Papanikolis">Dimitrios Papanikolis</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Volanakis" title="Konstantinos Volanakis">Konstantinos Volanakis</a></figcaption></figure> In the face of this situation, the Greeks decided to use <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: πυρπολικά or μπουρλότα), which had proven themselves effective for the Psarians during the <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> in 1770. The first test was made at <a href="/wiki/Eresos" title="Eresos">Eresos</a> on 27 May 1821, when an Ottoman frigate was successfully destroyed by a fire ship under <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Papanikolis" title="Dimitrios Papanikolis">Dimitrios Papanikolis</a>. In the fire ships, the Greeks found an effective weapon against the Ottoman vessels. In subsequent years, the successes of the Greek fire ships would increase their reputation, with acts such as the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_in_Chios_(1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of the Turkish flagship in Chios (1822)">destruction of the Ottoman flagship</a> by <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Chios_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chios Massacre">massacre of the island's population in June 1822</a>, acquiring international fame. At the same time, conventional naval actions were also fought, at which naval commanders like <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vokos_Miaoulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Vokos Miaoulis">Andreas Miaoulis</a> distinguished themselves. The early successes of the Greek fleet in direct confrontations with the Ottomans at Patras and Spetses gave the crews confidence and contributed greatly to the survival and success of the uprising in the Peloponnese. Later, however, as Greece became embroiled in a civil war, the Sultan called upon his strongest subject, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, for aid. Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Psara" title="Destruction of Psara">Psara</a> in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methoni</a>. Despite victories at <a href="/wiki/Samos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Samos Island">Samos</a> and Gerontas, the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a> in 1827. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1822–1824">1822–1824</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1822–1824">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mavrokordatos_by_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mavrokordatos_by_Hess.jpg/180px-Mavrokordatos_by_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Mavrokordatos_by_Hess.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a>, president of the Executive, <a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Missolonghi">defends Missolonghi</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Dionysios_Solomos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a>, which later became the National Greek anthem, in 1823.</figcaption></figure> Revolutionary activity was fragmented because of the lack of strong central leadership and guidance. However, the Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and the Ottoman presence in the rebel areas was uncoordinated due to logistical problems. The cash-strapped Ottoman state's relations with Russia, always difficult, had been made worse by the hanging of Patriarch Grigorios, and the Sublime Porte needed to concentrate substantial forces on the Russian border in case war broke out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003188-144">[131]</a> From October 1820 to July 1823, the Ottomans were at war with <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>, and in March 1823 a huge fire at the Tophana military arsenal in Constantinople destroyed much of the Ottoman state's supplies of ammunition and its main cannon foundry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003188-144">[131]</a> Short of men and money, the Ottoman state turned to hiring Albanian tribesmen to fight the Greeks, and by 1823, the bulk of the Ottoman forces in Greece were Albanian mercenaries hired for a campaigning season rather than the Ottoman Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003188-144">[131]</a> The Albanian tribesmen, whose style of war was very similar to the Greeks, fought only for money and were liable to go home when not paid or able to plunder in lieu of pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003188-144">[131]</a> The Greek military leaders preferred battlefields where they could annihilate the numerical superiority of the opponent, and, at the same time, the lack of artillery hampered Ottoman military efforts.<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> On 11 April 1822, the Ottoman fleet, under the Kapitan Pasha, <a href="/wiki/Nasuhzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Nasuhzade Ali Pasha">Kara Ali</a>, arrived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a> The Ottoman sailors and soldiers promptly went on a rampage, killing and raping without mercy, as one contemporary recalled: "Mercy was out of the question, the victors butchering indiscriminately all who came in their way; shrieks rent the air, and the streets were strewn with the dead bodies of old men, women, and children; even the inmates of the hospital, the madhouse and deaf and dumb institution, were inhumanely slaughtered".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003158-147">[134]</a> Before Kara Ali's fleet had arrived, Chios had between 100,000 and 120,000 Greeks living there, of which some 25,000 were killed in the massacre, with another 45,000 (mostly women and children) sold into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003165-148">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png/250px-The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png/330px-The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png/500px-The_burning_of_the_Turkish_flagship_by_Kanaris.png 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="2697" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Ottoman_flagship_off_Chios" title="Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios">The burning of the Turkish flagship by Kanaris</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Nikiforos_Lytras" title="Nikiforos Lytras">Nikiforos Lytras</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chios_massacre" title="Chios massacre">Chios massacre</a> shocked all of Europe and further increased public sympathy for the Greek cause.<a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a> The Greeks avenged the massacre on the night of 18 June 1822, when the Ottoman fleet were busy celebrating the end of the sacred Muslim holiday of Ramadan, which the Greek fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Pipinos" title="Andreas Pipinos">Andreas Pipinos</a> took advantage of to launch a fire ship attack.<a href="#cite_note-150">[137]</a> As Kara Ali's ship was brightly lit as befitting the Kapitan Pasha, a fire ship under Kanaris was able to strike his ship, causing the Ottoman flagship to blow up.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_164-151">[138]</a> Of the 2,286 or so aboard the flagship, only 180 survived, but many of the dead were Chians enslaved by Kara Ali, who was planning on selling them on the slave markets when he reached Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_164-151">[138]</a> In July 1822, the Greeks and philhellenes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peta" title="Battle of Peta">Battle of Peta</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a> inflicted much punishment on an Ottoman army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Omer_Vrioni" title="Omer Vrioni">Omer Vrioni</a>, but reflecting the chronic factionalism and disunity that characterized the Greek war effort, were undone when one of the Greek captains, Gogos Bakolas betrayed his own side to the Ottomans, allowing Albanian infantry to advance up the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a> The battle ended in an Ottoman victory, and with most of the philhellenes killed.<a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a> The successive military campaigns of the Ottomans in Western and Eastern Greece were repulsed: in 1822, Ottoman Albanian <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Dramali_Pasha" title="Mahmud Dramali Pasha">Mahmud Dramali Pasha</a> crossed Roumeli and invaded Morea, but suffered a serious defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dervenakia" title="Battle of Dervenakia">Dervenakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, who annihilated Dramali Pasha's army at Dervenakia, became the hero of the hour, attracting much praise all over Greece.<a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption>"The death of <a href="/wiki/Markos_Botsaris" title="Markos Botsaris">Markos Botsaris</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Battle of Karpenisi</a>" by Marsigli Filippo.</figcaption></figure> The Greek government had been desperately short of money since the start of the revolution, and in February 1823, the banker Andréas Louriótis arrived in London, seeking a loan from the city.<a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a> Assisted by the London Greek Committee, which included several MPs and intellectuals, Louriótis began to lobby the city for a loan.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_221-157">[144]</a> British philhellene Edward Blaquiere issued a report in September 1823 which grossly exaggerated Greece's economic prosperity and claimed that once independent, Greece would easily become "one of the most opulent nations of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_221-157">[144]</a> Blaquiere further assisted the campaign by publishing two books in 1824, in which he claimed: "I should have no hesitation whatever in estimating the physical strength of regenerated Greece to be fully equal to the whole South American continent", concluding there was "no part of the world...with a more productive soil or happier climate than Greece...Of all the countries or governments who have borrowed money in London within the last ten years...Greece possesses the surest and most ample means of re-payment".<a href="#cite_note-158">[145]</a> The 1823 campaign in Western Greece was led by Northern Albanian forces under <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Reshit_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Reshit Pasha">Mustafa Reshit Pasha</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari" title="Pashalik of Scutari">Pashalik of Scutari</a>, and Southern Albanian forces under Omer Vrioni from the former <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik of Yanina</a>. During the summer the <a href="/wiki/Souliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Souliot">Souliot</a> <a href="/wiki/Markos_Botsaris" title="Markos Botsaris">Markos Botsaris</a> was shot dead at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Battle of Karpenisi</a> in his attempt to stop the advance of Ottoman Albanian forces;<a href="#cite_note-159">[146]</a> the announcement of his death in Europe generated a wave of sympathy for the Greek cause. The campaign ended after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Missolonghi">Second Siege of Missolonghi</a> in December 1823. In February 1824, the loan for Greece was floated in the city, attracting some £472, 000 pounds sterling (~$17.4 million in 2021), which was money that the Greeks badly needed.<a href="#cite_note-160">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_in_peril_and_infighting">Revolution in peril and infighting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Revolution in peril and infighting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1823%E2%80%931825" title="Greek civil wars of 1823–1825">Greek civil wars of 1823–1825</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AndreasLondos01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AndreasLondos01.jpg/250px-AndreasLondos01.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AndreasLondos01.jpg/330px-AndreasLondos01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="958" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG/167px-Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG" decoding="async" width="167" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG/251px-Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG/334px-Kolokotronis_Theodore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="638" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Londos" title="Andreas Londos">Andreas Londos</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a> (right) were opponents during the first civil war, when the Peloponnesians were divided. They allied themselves during the second and bloodiest phase of the infighting.</div></div></div></div> The First National Assembly was formed at <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a> in late December 1821, consisting almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly drafted the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">first Greek Constitution</a> and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of limited significance.<a href="#cite_note-161">[148]</a> Military leaders and representatives of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate. The central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis, who also had under his control the fort of <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a>. In November 1822, the central administration decided that the new National Assembly would take place in Nafplion, and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused, and the Assembly was finally gathered in March 1823 in <a href="/wiki/Astros,_Greece" title="Astros, Greece">Astros</a>. Central governance was strengthened at the expense of regional bodies, a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1823" title="Greek Constitution of 1823">new constitution</a> was voted, and new members were elected for the executive and the legislative bodies.<a href="#cite_note-162">[149]</a> Trying to coax the military leaders, the central administration proposed to Kolokotronis that he participate in the executive body as vice-president. Kolokotronis accepted, but he caused a serious crisis when he prevented Mavrokordatos, who had been elected president of the legislative body, from assuming his position. His attitude towards Mavrokordatos caused outrage amongst the members of the legislative body.<a href="#cite_note-163">[150]</a> The crisis culminated when the legislature, which was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots, overturned the executive, and fired its president, Petros Mavromichalis. Kolokotronis and most of the Peloponnesian notables and captains supported Mavromichalis, who remained president of his executive in Tripolitsa. However, a second executive, supported by the islanders, the Roumeliotes, and some Achaean notables—<a href="/wiki/Andreas_Zaimis" title="Andreas Zaimis">Andreas Zaimis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Londos" title="Andreas Londos">Andreas Londos</a> were the most prominent—was formed at <a href="/wiki/Kranidi" title="Kranidi">Kranidi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kountouriotis" title="Georgios Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-164">[151]</a> In March 1824, the forces of the new executive besieged Nafplion and Tripolitsa. After one month of fighting and negotiations, an agreement was reached between Kolokotronis, from one side, and Londos and Zaimis, from the other side. On 22 May, the first phase of the civil war officially ended, but most of the members of the new executive were displeased by the moderate terms of the agreement that Londos and Zaimis brokered.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-164">[151]</a> During this period, the two first installments of the English loan had arrived, and the position of the government was strengthened; but the infighting was not yet over. Zaimis and the other Peloponnesians who supported Kountouriotis came into conflict with the executive body, and allied with Kolokotronis, who roused the residents of Tripolitsa against the local tax collectors of the government. Papaflessas and Makriyannis failed to suppress the rebellion, but Kolokotronis remained inactive for some period, overwhelmed by the death of his son, Panos.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-165">[152]</a> The government regrouped its armies, which now consisted mainly of Roumeliotes and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian</a> Souliotes,<a href="#cite_note-auto-140">[127]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kolettis" title="Ioannis Kolettis">Ioannis Kolettis</a>, who wanted a complete victory. Under Kolettis' orders, two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliotes invaded the Peloponnese: the first under Gouras occupied <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and raided the province; the second under Karaiskakis, <a href="/wiki/Kitsos_Tzavelas" title="Kitsos Tzavelas">Kitsos Tzavelas</a> and others, attacked in Achaea, Lindos and "Zaimis". In January 1825, a Roumeliote force, led by Kolettis himself, arrested Kolokotronis, Deligiannis' family and others. In May 1825, under the pressure of the Egyptian intervention, those imprisoned were released and granted amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-165">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_intervention">Egyptian intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egyptian intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="Third siege of Missolonghi">Third siege of Missolonghi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani" title="Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani">Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzola_-_The_Attack_of_Ibrahim_Pasha_against_Messolonghi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Giuseppe_Mazzola_-_The_Attack_of_Ibrahim_Pasha_against_Messolonghi.jpg/250px-Giuseppe_Mazzola_-_The_Attack_of_Ibrahim_Pasha_against_Messolonghi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Giuseppe_Mazzola_-_The_Attack_of_Ibrahim_Pasha_against_Messolonghi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Ibrahim attacks Missolonghi by Giuseppe Pietro Mazzola</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg/220px-The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg/330px-The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg/440px-The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The sortie of Missolonghi by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a> (1855, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Athens">National Gallery of Athens</a>).</figcaption></figure> On 19 July 1824, the largest fleet seen in the Mediterranean since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 set sail from Alexandria, consisting of 54 warships and 400 transports carrying 14,000 French-trained infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 500 artillerymen, with some 150 cannons.<a href="#cite_note-166">[153]</a> Egyptian intervention was initially limited to Crete and Cyprus. However, the success of Muhammad Ali's troops in both places settled the Turks on the horns of a very difficult dilemma, since they were afraid of their <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">wāli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionist</a> ambitions. Muhammad Ali finally agreed to send his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> to Greece in exchange not only for Crete and Cyprus, but for the Peloponnese and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth182-167">[154]</a> On 7 February 1825, a second loan to Greece was floated in the City of London.<a href="#cite_note-168">[155]</a> Although the Greek government had squandered the money from the first loan, the second loan was oversubscribed and raised some £1.1 million (~$404 million in 2021).<a href="#cite_note-169">[156]</a> Unlike the first loan, the second loan from the city was to be managed by a Board of Control in London, consisting of the banker Samson Ricardo, two MPs, Edward Ellice and Sir Francis Burdett and John Cam Hobhouse of the London Greek Committee, who were to use the money to buy warships and other supplies, which would then be handed over to the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_290-170">[157]</a> After the Greek government had wasted most of the money from the first loan, the City did not trust them to spend the money from the second loan wisely.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_290-170">[157]</a> The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a>, to command the Greek Navy and to buy steamships.<a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a> One of the British philhellenes, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Abney_Hastings" title="Frank Abney Hastings">Frank Abney Hastings</a> believed that the use of mechanised warships powered by steam and using red-hot shot would allow the Greeks to overpower the Ottoman navy, powered as it was by sail.<a href="#cite_note-172">[159]</a> Hastings persuaded the Board of Control to invest in the revolutionary technology of the steamship, making the first use of a mechanised warship in a war.<a href="#cite_note-173">[160]</a> The two loans from the City caused significant financial difficulties for the young nation, and in 1878 a deal was struck between the creditors and the Greek government to reduce the loans, now worth £10 million, with unpaid interest down to 1.5 million pounds sterling.<a href="#cite_note-174">[161]</a> Ibrahim Pasha landed at <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methoni</a> on 24 February 1825, and a month later he was joined by his army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth186-175">[162]</a> The Greeks had not expected Ibrahim Pasha to land during the stormy winter weather, and were taken by surprise.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> The Greeks initially laughed at the Egyptian soldiers, who were short, skinny fallāḥīn (peasant) conscripts, many of them blind in one eye owing to the prevalence of parasitic worms that attacked the eye in the Nile, wearing cheap red uniforms comprising a jacket, trousers and a skull-cap.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_238-177">[164]</a> However, the Greeks soon learned that the Egyptians, who were trained by French officers recruited by Mohammed Ali, were tough and hardy soldiers who, unlike the Turkish and Albanian units that the Greeks had been fighting until then, stood their ground in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_238-177">[164]</a> Ibrahim proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria_(1825)" title="Battle of Sphacteria (1825)">defeat the Greek garrison</a> on the small island of <a href="/wiki/Sphacteria" title="Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a> off the coast of Messenia.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth188-178">[165]</a> With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Western Peloponnese and killed <a href="/wiki/Papaflessas" title="Papaflessas">Papaflessas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maniaki" title="Battle of Maniaki">Battle of Maniaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth233189-179">[166]</a> To try to stop Ibrahim, Kanaris led the <a href="/wiki/Greek_raid_on_Alexandria_(1825)" title="Greek raid on Alexandria (1825)">raid on Alexandria</a>, an attempt to destroy the Egyptian fleet that failed due to a sudden change of the wind.<a href="#cite_note-180">[167]</a> The British traveller and Church of England minister, Reverend Charles Swan, reported Ibrahim Pasha as saying to him that he "would burn and destroy the whole Morea".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003246-181">[168]</a> Popular opinion in both Greece and the rest of Europe, soon credited Ibrahim Pasha with the so-called "barbarisation project", where it was alleged that Ibrahim planned to deport the entire Christian Greek population to Egypt as slaves and replace them with Egyptian peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003246-181">[168]</a> It is not clear even today if the "barbarisation project" was a real plan or not, but the possibility that it was created strong demands for humanitarian intervention in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003246-181">[168]</a> The Porte and Mohammed Ali both denied having plans for the "barbarisation project", but pointedly refused to put their denials into writing.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_254-182">[169]</a> Russia warned that if the "barbarisation project" was a real plan, then such an egregious violation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a>, under which Russia had a vague claim to be the protector of all the Orthodox peoples of the Ottoman Empire, would lead to Russia going to war against the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_254-182">[169]</a> In turn, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom">British Foreign Secretary</a> George Canning wrote, rather than run the risk of Russia defeating the Ottomans alone, Britain would have to intervene to stop the "barbarisation project" as the British did not wish to see the Russians conquer the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003246-181">[168]</a> While diplomats and statesmen debated what to do in London and St. Petersburg, the Egyptian advance continued in Greece. The Greek government, in an attempt to stop the Egyptians, released Kolokotronis from captivity, but he too was unsuccessful. By the end of June, Ibrahim had captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> and was within striking distance of <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a>. The city was saved by Makriyannis and Dimitrios Ypsilantis who successfully defended Miloi at the outskirts of Nafplion, making the mills outside the town a fortress causing damage to Ibrahim's far superior forces who were unable to take the position and eventually left for Tripolitsa. Makriyannis was wounded and was taken aboard by Europeans who were overseeing the battle. Among them was De Rigny, who had an argument with Makriyannis and advised him to quit his weak position but Makriyannis ignored him.<a href="#cite_note-el.wikisource.org-39">[28]</a> Commodore Gawen Hamilton of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, placed his ships in a position which looked like he would assist in the defence of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth233189-179">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg/330px-Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg/500px-Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg/960px-Karaiskakis_landing_at_Phaleron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Karaiskakis</a> landing at Phaliro" by <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Volanakis" title="Konstantinos Volanakis">Konstantinos Volanakis</a></figcaption></figure> At the same time, the Turkish armies in Central Greece were besieging the city of <a href="/wiki/Missolonghi" title="Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">third time</a>. The siege had begun on 15 April 1825, the day on which Navarino had fallen to Ibrahim.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth190-183">[170]</a> In early autumn, the Greek navy, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vokos_Miaoulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Vokos Miaoulis">Miaoulis</a> forced the Turkish fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a> to retreat, after attacking it with fire ships. The Turks were joined by Ibrahim in mid-winter, but his army had no more luck in penetrating Missolonghi's defences.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth194-184">[171]</a> In the spring of 1826, Ibrahim managed to capture the marshes around the city, although not without heavy losses. He thus cut the Greeks off from the sea and blocked off their supply route.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth195-185">[172]</a> Although the Egyptians and the Turks offered them terms to stop the attacks, the Greeks refused, and continued to fight.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth196-186">[173]</a> On 22 April, the Greeks decided to sail from the city during the night, with 3,000 men, to cut a path through the Egyptian lines and allow 6,000 women, children and non-combatants to follow.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth196-186">[173]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> deserter informed Ibrahim of the Greeks' intention, and he had his entire army deployed; only 1,800 Greeks managed to cut their way through the Egyptian lines. Between 3,000 and 4,000 women and children were enslaved and many of the people who remained behind decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder rather than be enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth197-187">[174]</a> The news that the <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">Third Siege of Missolonghi</a> had ended in an Ottoman victory sparked horror all over Greece; at the National Assembly, Kolokotronis was giving a speech when the news of Missolonghi's fall reached him, leaving him to remember: "the news came to us that Missolonghi was lost. We were all plunged into great grief; for half an hour there was so complete a silence that no one would have thought there was a living soul present; each of us was revolving in his mind how great was our misfortune".<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_286-188">[175]</a> The American philhellene <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a>, serving as a doctor with the Greeks, wrote back to America: "I write you with an almost breaking heart. Missolonghi has fallen!", which he called "damning proof of the selfish indifference of the Christian world. You may talk to me of national policy and the necessity of neutrality, but I say, a curse upon such a policy!".<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_286-188">[175]</a> The news of Missolonghi's fall had a huge impact on the rest of Europe, sparking a vast outpouring of songs, poems, essays, sermons and plays in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, with the recurring image of Missolonghi's fall being the murder of a sweet and innocent young Greek woman at the hands of the Turks as a symbol of the unwillingness of the Christian powers of the world to do anything for the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-189">[176]</a> In May 1826, Hastings arrived in Greece with a British-built steamship, the <a href="/wiki/Karteria_(Greek_warship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karteria (Greek warship)">Karteria</a> (Perseverance), which astonished the Greeks to see a ship powered by steam and did not move either via sail or oars.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_292-190">[177]</a> The Karteria suffered from constant engine breakdowns, but Hastings was able to use the ship successfully twice over the course of the next two years, at Volos and in the Gulf of Corinth.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_292-190">[177]</a> Ibrahim sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land as he had done to the rest of the Peloponnese. Instead of surrendering, the Maniots simply replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of the Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha. We received your letter in which you try to frighten us, saying that if we don't surrender, you'll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani. That's why we are waiting for you and your army. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign and wait for you.<a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-191">[178]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani" title="Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani">Ibrahim tried to enter Mani</a> from the north-east near Almiro on 21 June 1826, but he was forced to stop at the fortifications at Vergas in northern Mani. His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece until Kolokotronis attacked the Egyptians from the rear and forced them to retreat. The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Vergas. Simultaneously, Ibrahim sent his fleet further down the Maniot coast in order to outflank the Greek defenders and attack them from the rear. However, when his force landed at <a href="/wiki/Pyrgos_Dirou" title="Pyrgos Dirou">Pyrgos Dirou</a>, they were confronted by a group of Maniot women and repelled. Ibrahim again attempted to enter Mani from central <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, but again the Maniots defeated the Turkish and Egyptian forces at Polytsaravo. The Maniot victory dealt the death blow to Ibrahim's hope of occupying Mani.<a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-1-192">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg/500px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg/520px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">Siege of the Acropolis</a></figcaption></figure> The losses Ibrahim Pasha had taken at Missolonghi had greatly reduced his army, and he spent the rest of 1826 chasing the Greek guerillas up and down the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-193">[180]</a> In late June 1826, Reshid Pasha had arrived outside of Athens and laid siege to the city, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">siege of the Acropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003310-194">[181]</a> By the middle of August, only the Acropolis still held out under <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Gouras" title="Yannis Gouras">Yannis Gouras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003310-194">[181]</a> To break the siege, an attack was launched on Reshid Pasha on 18 August 1826 led by the guerrilla leader <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Georgios Karaiskakis</a> and the French philhellene Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolas_Fabvier" title="Charles Nicolas Fabvier">Charles Nicolas Fabvier</a> but were driven off with the loss of some 300 dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003310-194">[181]</a> On 13 October 1826, Gouras was killed by an Ottoman sniper and a week later, <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Makriyannis" title="Yannis Makriyannis">Yannis Makriyannis</a> was wounded three times in a single day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003310-194">[181]</a> In December, Febvier was able to infiltrate a force of some 500 men into the Akropolis, bringing in much needed supplies of gunpowder, through he was much offended when the garrison started firing to wake up the Turks, trapping him and his men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003311-195">[182]</a> In the summer of 1826, the Greek government gave command of its army to the British General Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Church_(general)" title="Richard Church (general)">Richard Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003300-196">[183]</a> The British historian George Finlay wrote: "Church was of a small, well-made, active frame, and of a healthy constitution. His manner was agreeable and easy, with the polish of a great social experience, and the goodness of his disposition was admitted by his enemies, but the strength of his mind was not the quality of which his friends boasted...Both Church and the Greeks misunderstood one another. The Greeks expected Church to prove a Wellington, with a military chest well supplied from the British treasury. Church expected the irregulars of Greece to execute his strategy like regiments of guards".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003300-196">[183]</a> Church landed in Greece in March 1827, and was welcomed by his old friend Kolokotronis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003300-196">[183]</a> A week later, Lord Cochrane arrived to take command of the Greek Navy and refused to leave his yacht until the Greeks agreed to form a united government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003300-196">[183]</a> On 31 March 1827 the Trizina Assembly began its work, drafting a new constitution and offered the presidency of Greece to the former Russian foreign minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003300-196">[183]</a> In the meantime, the siege of Athens continued. On 5 February 1827, a force of 2,300 Greeks under the command of Colonel Thomas Gordon landed at Piraeus, and laid siege to the monastery of Ayios Spiridhon, held by Turkish and Albanian troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003311-195">[182]</a> In April 1827, Church and Cochrane arrived at Athens and immediately clashed over strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_312-197">[184]</a> When the Ottoman garrison at Ayios Spiridhon surrendered, they were promised safe conduct, but as they were marching out, a shot went off and most of the Ottoman soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_312-197">[184]</a> Cochrane insisted on a bold but risky plan to stage a night attack across the open plains to break the siege. An operation which launched on 5 May 1827 ended in disaster, as the Greek forces got lost and scattered as the captains quarrelled with one another. This led to a devastating Ottoman cavalry charge in the morning, with Ottomans hunting the scattered Greek forces almost at leisure.<a href="#cite_note-198">[185]</a> On 5 June 1827, the Acropolis surrendered in the last Ottoman victory of the war.<a href="#cite_note-199">[186]</a> Kapodistrias arrived in Greece to become the Governor on 28 January 1828.<a href="#cite_note-200">[187]</a> The first task of Greece's new leader was to create a state and a civil society, which the workaholic Kapodistrias toiled at mightily, working from 5 am until 10 pm every night.<a href="#cite_note-201">[188]</a> Kapodistrias alienated many with his haughty, high-handed manner and his open contempt for most of the Greek elite, but he attracted support from several of the captains, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Makriyannis" title="Yannis Makriyannis">Yannis Makriyannis</a> who provided the necessary military force to back up Kapodistrias's decisions.<a href="#cite_note-202">[189]</a> As a former Russian foreign minister, Kapodistrias was well connected to the European elite and he attempted to use his connections to secure loans for the new Greek state and to achieve the most favorable borders for Greece, which was being debated by Russian, French and British diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-:0-203">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_intervention_against_the_Ottomans">Foreign intervention against the Ottomans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign intervention against the Ottomans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_hostility">Initial hostility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Initial hostility">edit</a>]</div> When the news of the Greek Revolution was first received, the reaction of the European powers was uniformly hostile. They recognized the degeneration of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, but they did not know how to handle this situation (a problem known as the "Eastern Question"). Afraid of the complications the partition of the empire might raise, the British foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Viscount Castlereagh</a>, Austrian foreign minister Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich">Metternich</a>, and the Tsar of Russia <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> shared the same view concerning the necessity of preserving the status quo and the peace of Europe. They also pleaded that they maintain the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>. Metternich also tried to undermine the Russian foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, who was of Greek origin. Kapodistrias demanded that Alexander declare war on the Ottomans in order to liberate Greece and increase the greatness of Russia. Metternich persuaded Alexander that Kapodistrias was in league with the Italian <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> (an Italian revolutionary group), leading Alexander to disavow him. As a result of the Russian reaction to Alexander Ypsilantis, Kapodistrias resigned as foreign minister and moved to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[191]</a> Nevertheless, Alexander's position was ambivalent, since he regarded himself as the protector of the Orthodox Church, and his subjects were deeply moved by the hanging of the Patriarch. These factors explain why, after denouncing the Greek Revolution, Alexander dispatched an ultimatum to Constantinople on 27 July 1821, after the Greek massacres in the city and the hanging of the Patriarch. However, the danger of war passed temporarily, after Metternich and Castlereagh persuaded the Sultan to make some concessions to the Tsar.<a href="#cite_note-205">[192]</a> On 14 December 1822, the Holy Alliance denounced the Greek Revolution, considering it audacious. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_of_stance">Change of stance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Change of stance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg/175px-George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg/263px-George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg/350px-George_Canning_by_Richard_Evans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3695" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholasbotman(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nicholasbotman%281%29.jpg/210px-Nicholasbotman%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nicholasbotman%281%29.jpg/315px-Nicholasbotman%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nicholasbotman%281%29.jpg/420px-Nicholasbotman%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1428" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> (left) was the architect of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)" title="Treaty of London (1827)">Treaty of London</a>, which launched European intervention in the Greek conflict. <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas I">Tsar Nicholas I</a> (right) co-signed the Treaty of London, and then launched the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829</a>, which finally secured Greek independence.</div></div></div></div> In August 1822, <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> was appointed by the British government as Foreign Secretary, succeeding Castlereagh. Canning was influenced by the mounting popular agitation against the Ottomans, and believed that a settlement could no longer be postponed. He also feared that Russia might undertake unilateral action against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-206">[193]</a> In March 1823, Canning declared that "when a whole nation revolts against its conqueror, the nation cannot be considered as piratical but as a nation in a state of war". In February 1823 he notified the Ottoman Empire that Britain would maintain friendly relations with the Turks only under the condition that the latter respected the Christian subjects of the Empire. The Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, which were a British colony, was ordered to consider the Greeks in a state of war and give them the right to cut off certain areas from which the Turks could get provisions.<a href="#cite_note-Br52-68">[56]</a> These measures led to the increase of British influence. This influence was reinforced by the issuing of two loans that the Greeks managed to conclude with British fund-holders in 1824 and 1825. These loans, which, in effect, made the City of London the financier of the revolution,<a href="#cite_note-Br52-68">[56]</a> inspired the creation of the "British" political party in Greece, whose opinion was that the revolution could only end in success with the help of Britain. At the same time, parties affiliated to Russia and France made their appearance. These parties would later strive for power during king Otto's reign.<a href="#cite_note-207">[194]</a> When Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> succeeded Alexander in December 1825, Canning decided to act immediately: he sent the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> to Russia, and the outcome was the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_St._Petersburg_(1826)" title="Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)">Protocol of St Petersburg</a> of 4 April 1826.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_256-208">[195]</a> According to the protocol, the two powers agreed to mediate between the Ottomans and the Greeks on the basis of complete autonomy of Greece under Turkish sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_256-208">[195]</a> The Anglo-Russian protocol that Wellington negotiated with Nicholas in St. Petersburg attracted much scorn from Metternich, who was consistently the most pro-Ottoman and anti-Greek European statesmen. Metternich dismissively wrote, "If the Irish were to revolt against the British Crown, and the King of France were to offer to mediate," leading him to ask: "Is England then ready to regard as a Power equal to rights to that of the [British] King the first Irish Club which declares itself the Insurgent Government of Ireland? To regard as justified the French Power which would accept the office of mediator, by reason of the sole fact that the invitation had been addressed to it by the Irish Government?...Whither does this absurdity not lead us?".<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_pages_257-209">[196]</a> Prussia, whose king Frederich Wilhelm was close to Metternich, chose to follow the Austrian lead.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_David_pages_257-209">[196]</a> Before he met with Wellington, the Tsar had already sent an ultimatum to the Porte, demanding that the principalities be evacuated immediately, and that plenipotentiaries be sent to Russia to settle outstanding issues. The Sultan agreed to send the plenipotentiaries, and on 7 October 1826 signed the <a href="/wiki/Akkerman_Convention" title="Akkerman Convention">Akkerman Convention</a>, in which Russian demands concerning Serbia and the principalities were accepted.<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a> The Greeks formally applied for the mediation provided in the Petersburg Protocol, while the Turks and the Egyptians showed no willingness to stop fighting.<a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a> France, which initially backed its client Muhammad Ali the Great with weapons and officers to train his army, changed its stance, partly because of the pro-Greek feelings of the French people, and partly because King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> saw the offer to impose mediation as a way of assuring French influence in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a> Since Britain and Russia were going ahead with their plans to impose mediation with or without France, if the French declined the offer to impose mediation, Greece would be in the Anglo-Russian sphere of influence, while if the French did take part, then Greece would also be in the French sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-213">[200]</a> Canning therefore prepared for action by negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)" title="Treaty of London (1827)">Treaty of London</a> (6 July 1827) with France and Russia. This provided that the Allies should again offer negotiations, and if the Sultan rejected it, they would exert all the means which circumstances would allow to force the cessation of hostilities. Meanwhile, news reached Greece in late July 1827 that Muhammad Ali's new fleet was completed in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and sailing towards <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Navarino</a> to join the rest of the Egyptian-Turkish fleet. The aim of this fleet was to attack Hydra and knock the island's fleet out of the war. On 29 August, the Porte formally rejected the Treaty of London's stipulations, and, subsequently, the commanders-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Fleet (France)">French</a> Mediterranean fleets, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Codrington" title="Edward Codrington">Edward Codrington</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Henri de Rigny</a>, sailed into the Gulf of Argos and requested to meet with Greek representatives on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Asia_(1824)" title="HMS Asia (1824)">HMS Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth231-214">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Navarino_(1827)">Battle of Navarino (1827)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Battle of Navarino (1827)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/250px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/330px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/500px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4638" data-file-height="5862" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Couder" title="Auguste Couder">Auguste Couder</a>, 1841, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>), whose expedition to the Peloponnese precipitated European intervention in the Greek conflict.</figcaption></figure> After the Greek delegation, led by Mavrocordatos, accepted the terms of the treaty, the Allies prepared to insist upon the armistice, and their fleets were instructed to intercept supplies destined for Ibrahim's forces. When Muhammad Ali's fleet, which had been warned by the British and French to stay away from Greece, left Alexandria and joined other Ottoman/Egyptian units at Navarino on 8 September, Codrington arrived with his squadron off Navarino on 12 September. On 13 October, Codrington was joined, off Navarino, by his allied support, a French squadron under De Rigny and a Russian squadron under <a href="/wiki/Login_Petrovich_Geiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Login Petrovich Geiden">Login Geiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth233-34-215">[202]</a> Upon their arrival at Navarino, Codgrinton and de Rigny tried to negotiate with Ibrahim, but Ibrahim insisted that by the Sultan's order he must destroy Hydra. Codrington responded by saying that if Ibrahim's fleets attempted to go anywhere but home, he would have to destroy them. Ibrahim agreed to write to the Sultan to see if he would change his orders, but he also complained about the Greeks being able to continue their attacks. Codrington promised that he would stop the Greeks and Philhellenes from attacking the Turks and Egyptians. After doing this, he disbanded most of his fleet, which returned to Malta, while the French went to the Aegean.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth233-34-215">[202]</a> However, when <a href="/wiki/Frank_Abney_Hastings" title="Frank Abney Hastings">Frank Hastings</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellene</a>, destroyed a Turkish naval squadron during a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Itea" title="Battle of Itea">raid off Itea</a>, Ibrahim sent a detachment of his fleet out of Navarino in order to defeat Hastings. Codrington had not heard of Hastings's actions and thought that Ibrahim was breaking his agreement. Codrington intercepted the force and made them retreat and did so again on the following day when Ibrahim led the fleet in person. Codrington assembled his fleet once more, with the British returning from Malta and the French from the Aegean. They were also joined by the Russian contingent led by Count Login Geiden. Ibrahim now began a campaign to annihilate the Greeks of the Peloponnese as he thought the Allies had reneged on their agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth236-37-216">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/310px-Navarino.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/465px-Navarino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/620px-Navarino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The Naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Louis_Garneray" title="Ambroise Louis Garneray">Ambroise Louis Garneray</a> (1827).</figcaption></figure> On 20 October 1827, as the weather got worse, the British, Russian and French fleets entered the Bay of Navarino in peaceful formation to shelter themselves and to make sure that the Egyptian-Turkish fleet did not slip off and attack Hydra. When a British <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> sent a boat to request the Egyptians to move their fire ships, the officer on board was shot by the Egyptians. The frigate responded with musket fire in retaliation and an Egyptian ship fired a cannon shot at the French flagship, the Sirene, which returned fire.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth239-217">[204]</a> A full engagement was begun which ended in a complete victory for the Allies and in the annihilation of the Egyptian-Turkish fleet. Of the 89 Egyptian-Turkish ships that took part in the battle, only 14 made it back to Alexandria and their dead amounted to over 8,000. The Allies did not lose a ship and suffered only 181 deaths. The Porte demanded compensation from the Allies for the ships, but his demand was refused on the grounds that the Turks had acted as the aggressors. The three countries' ambassadors also left Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth241-218">[205]</a> In Britain, the battle received a mixed reception. The British public, many of them <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenes</a>, were overjoyed at the outcome of the battle which all but confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> of Greece. But in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, senior naval and diplomatic echelons were appalled by the outcome of his campaign. It was considered that Codrington had grossly exceeded his instructions by provoking a showdown with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman fleet</a>, and that his actions had gravely compromised the Ottoman ability to resist Russian encroachment. At a social event, King <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> was reported as referring to the battle as "this untoward event". In France, the news of the battle was greeted with great enthusiasm and the government had an unexpected surge in popularity. Russia formally took the opportunity to declare war on the Turks (April 1828).<a href="#cite_note-Howarth241-218">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha,_%C3%A0_Navarin,_septembre_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha%2C_%C3%A0_Navarin%2C_septembre_1828.jpg/330px-Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha%2C_%C3%A0_Navarin%2C_septembre_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha%2C_%C3%A0_Navarin%2C_septembre_1828.jpg/500px-Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha%2C_%C3%A0_Navarin%2C_septembre_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha%2C_%C3%A0_Navarin%2C_septembre_1828.jpg/960px-Entrevue_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Maison_et_d%27Ibrahim_Pacha%2C_%C3%A0_Navarin%2C_septembre_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">General Maison</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Navarino</a> in September 1828 (by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Langlois" title="Jean-Charles Langlois">Jean-Charles Langlois</a>,1838, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>).</figcaption></figure> In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Kapodistrias</a>. Kapodistrias took advantage of the Russo-Turkish war and sent troops of the reorganised <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>. They advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, before the Western powers imposed a ceasefire. These Greek victories were proved decisive for the including of more territories in the future State. As far as the Peloponnese was concerned, Britain and Russia accepted the offer of France to send an army to expel Ibrahim's forces. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Nicolas Joseph Maison</a>, who was given command of a <a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">French expeditionary Corps</a> of 15,000 men, landed on 30 August 1828 at <a href="/wiki/Petalidi" title="Petalidi">Petalidi</a> and helped the Greeks evacuate the Peloponnese from all the hostile troops by 30 October. Maison thus implemented the convention Codrington had negotiated and signed in Alexandria with Muhammad Ali, which provided for the withdrawal of all Egyptian troops from the Peloponnese.<a href="#cite_note-219">[206]</a> The French troops, whose military engineers also helped rebuild the Peloponnese, were accompanied by seventeen distinguished scientists of the <a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">scientific expedition of Morea</a> (botany, zoology, geology, geography, archaeology, architecture and sculpture), whose work was of major importance for the building of the new independent State.<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a> The French troops definitely left Greece after five years, in 1833. The final major engagement of the war was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petra" title="Battle of Petra">Battle of Petra</a>, which occurred north of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>. Greek forces under Demetrius Ypsilantis, for the first time trained to fight as a regular European army rather than as guerrilla bands, advanced against Aslan Bey's forces and defeated them. The Turks surrendered all lands from <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spercheios_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Spercheios River">Spercheios River</a> in exchange for safe passage out of <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>. As <a href="/wiki/George_Finlay" title="George Finlay">George Finlay</a> stresses: "Thus Prince <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Ypsilantis" title="Demetrios Ypsilantis">Demetrios Ypsilantis</a> had the honor of terminating the war which his brother had commenced on the banks of the Pruth."<a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autonomy_to_independence">Autonomy to independence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Autonomy to independence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg/330px-Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg/500px-Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg/520px-Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the original territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue)</figcaption></figure> In September 1828, the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Poros" title="Conference of Poros">Conference of Poros</a> opened to discuss what should be the borders of Greece.<a href="#cite_note-:0-203">[190]</a> On 21 December 1828, the ambassadors of Britain, Russia, and France met on the island of <a href="/wiki/Poros" title="Poros">Poros</a> and prepared a protocol, which provided for the creation of an autonomous state ruled by a monarch, whose authority should be confirmed by a <a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a> of the Sultan. The proposed borderline ran from <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Volos" title="Volos">Volos</a>, and, despite Kapodistrias' efforts, the new state would include only the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, and maybe <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003344–345-222">[209]</a> The Sublime Porte, which had rejected the call for an armistice in 1827, now rejected the conclusions of the Poros conference, with the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> saying he would never grant Greece independence, and the war would go on until he reconquered all of Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003345-223">[210]</a> Based on the Protocol of Poros, the London Conference agreed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1829)" title="London Protocol (1829)">protocol of 22 March 1829</a>, which accepted most of the ambassadors' proposals but drew the borders farther south than the initial proposal and did not include Samos and Crete in the new state.<a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">pressure from Russia</a>, the Porte finally agreed on the terms of the Treaty of London of 6 July 1827 and of the Protocol of 22 March 1829. Soon afterward, Britain and France conceived the idea of an independent Greek state, trying to limit the influence of Russia on the new state.<a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a> Russia disliked the idea but could not reject it, and consequently the three powers finally agreed to create an independent Greek state under their joint protection, concluding the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)" title="London Protocol (1830)">protocols of 3 February 1830</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg/180px-Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg/270px-Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg/360px-Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="2653" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapodistrias2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/250px-Kapodistrias2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/330px-Kapodistrias2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="516" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">After Kapodistrias' assassination, the 1832 London Conference established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Wittelsbach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)">Kingdom of Greece</a> with <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Bavaria</a> (left) as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">first king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a> (right) as the first head of state.</div></div></div></div> By one of the protocols, the Greek throne was initially offered to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> and the future <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King of Belgium</a>. Discouraged by the gloomy picture painted by Kapodistrias, and unsatisfied with the Aspropotamos-Zitouni borderline, which replaced the more favorable line running from Arta to Volos considered by the Great Powers earlier, he refused. Negotiations temporarily stalled after Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831 in <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mavromichalis_family" title="Mavromichalis family">Mavromichalis clan</a>, after having demanded that they unconditionally submit to his authority. When they refused, Kapodistrias put <a href="/wiki/Petrobey_Mavromichalis" title="Petrobey Mavromichalis">Petrobey</a> in jail, sparking vows of vengeance from his clan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[214]</a> The withdrawal of Leopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece and the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in France further delayed the final settlement of the new kingdom's frontiers until a new government was formed in Britain. <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, who took over as British Foreign Secretary, agreed to the Arta–Volos borderline. However, the secret note on Crete, which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to Britain, France and Russia, bore no fruit. In May 1832, Palmerston convened the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832" title="London Conference of 1832">London Conference</a>. The three Great Powers, Britain, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a> and Russia, offered the throne to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavarian</a> prince, <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Wittelsbach</a>; meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_National_Assembly_at_Nafplion" title="Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion">Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion</a> had approved the choice of Otto, and passed the Constitution of 1832 (which would come to be known as the "Hegemonic Constitution"). As co-guarantors of the monarchy, the Great Powers also agreed to guarantee a loan of 60 million francs to the new king, empowering their ambassadors in the Ottoman capital to secure the end of the war. Under the protocol signed on 7 May 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting powers, Greece was defined as a "monarchical and independent state" but was to pay an indemnity to the Porte. The protocol outlined the way in which the Regency was to be managed until Otto reached his majority, while also concluding the second Greek loan for a sum of £2.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-228">[215]</a> On 21 July 1832, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to the Ottoman Empire">British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Canning,_1st_Viscount_Stratford_de_Redcliffe" title="Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe">Sir Stratford Canning</a> and the other representatives of the Great Powers signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople</a>, which defined the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at the Arta–Volos line.<a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a> The borders of the kingdom were reiterated in the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1832)" class="mw-redirect" title="London Protocol (1832)">London Protocol of 30 August 1832</a>, also signed by the Great Powers, which ratified the terms of the Constantinople arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacres">Massacres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Massacres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_during_the_Greek_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres during the Greek Revolution">Massacres during the Greek Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/250px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/330px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/500px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7022" data-file-height="9022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios" title="The Massacre at Chios">Massacre of Chios</a> (1824, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris)</figcaption></figure> Almost as soon as the revolution began, there were large scale massacres of civilians by both Greek revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-232">[i]</a> Greek revolutionaries massacred Jews, Muslims, and Christians suspected of Ottoman sympathies alike, mainly in the Peloponnese and Attica where Greek forces were dominant.<a href="#cite_note-233">[219]</a> The Turks massacred Greeks identified with the revolution, especially in Anatolia, Crete, Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Macedonia and the Aegean islands.<a href="#cite_note-234">[220]</a> They also massacred unarmed Greeks in places which did not revolt, as in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[221]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople</a>. Some of the more infamous atrocities include the <a href="/wiki/Chios_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chios Massacre">Chios Massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople Massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Psara" title="Destruction of Psara">Destruction of Psara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Samothrace_(1821)" title="Massacre of Samothrace (1821)">Massacre of Samothrace (1821)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos_Massacre" title="Kasos Massacre">Kasos Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naousa_massacre" title="Naousa massacre">Naousa massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="Third siege of Missolonghi">Third siege of Missolonghi</a>, the massacres following the <a href="/wiki/Tripolitsa_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitsa Massacre">Tripolitsa Massacre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Navarino_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarino Massacre">Navarino Massacre</a>. There is debate among scholars over whether the massacres committed by the Greeks should be regarded as a response to prior events (such as the massacre of the Greeks of Tripoli, after the failed <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> of 1770 and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)">Sacred Band</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[222]</a>) or as separate atrocities, which started simultaneously with the outbreak of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-237">[223]</a> During the war, tens of thousands of Greek civilians were killed, left to die or taken into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-238">[224]</a> Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter of Constantinople were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-239">[225]</a> A large number of Christian clergymen were also killed, including the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V.<a href="#cite_note-240">[j]</a> Sometimes marked as allies of the Turks in the Peloponnese, Jewish settlements were also massacred by Greek revolutionaries; Steve Bowman argues that the tragedy may have been more a side-effect of the butchering of the Turks of Tripolis, the last Ottoman stronghold in the South, where the Jews had taken refuge from the fighting, than a specific action against Jews as such. Many Jews around Greece and throughout Europe were supporters of the Greek revolt, using their resources to loan substantial amounts to the newly formed Greek government. In turn, the success of the Greek Revolution was to stimulate the incipient stirrings of Jewish nationalism, later called <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rivlin-241">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoros_Vryzakis,_Grateful_Hellas_(1858).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Theodoros_Vryzakis%2C_Grateful_Hellas_%281858%29.jpg/170px-Theodoros_Vryzakis%2C_Grateful_Hellas_%281858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Theodoros_Vryzakis%2C_Grateful_Hellas_%281858%29.jpg/255px-Theodoros_Vryzakis%2C_Grateful_Hellas_%281858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Theodoros_Vryzakis%2C_Grateful_Hellas_%281858%29.jpg/340px-Theodoros_Vryzakis%2C_Grateful_Hellas_%281858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>"Grateful Hellas" by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a></figcaption></figure> The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. An independent Greek state had been established, but Britain, Russia and France still had significant influence in Greek politics, selecting an imported Bavarian prince as ruler.<a href="#cite_note-Jelavich229-34-242">[227]</a> The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades.<a href="#cite_note-Sowards-61">[49]</a> The population of the new state numbered 800,000, representing less than one-third of the 2.5 million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. During a great part of the next century, the Greek state sought the liberation of the "<a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">unredeemed</a>" Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, i.e., the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country.<a href="#cite_note-Sowards-61">[49]</a> As a people, the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities, and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire, especially by the Muslim population, as traitors. <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a>, who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire, were thenceforth regarded as suspect, and lost their special, privileged status. In Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire where Greek banking and merchant presence had been dominant, Armenians mostly replaced Greeks in banking, and Jewish merchants gained importance.<a href="#cite_note-Jelavich229-243">[228]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Today the fatherland is reborn, that for so long was lost and extinguished. Today are raised from the dead the fighters, political, religious, as well as military, for our King has come, that we begat with the power of God. Praised be your most virtuous name, omnipotent and most merciful Lord." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Makriyannis' Memoirs on the arrival of King Otto. </td></tr></tbody></table> The war would prove a seminal event in the history of the Ottoman Empire, despite the small size and the impoverishment of the new Greek state. For the first time, a Christian subject people had achieved independence from Ottoman rule and established a fully independent state, recognized by Europe. Whereas previously only large nations (such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrians</a>) had been judged worthy of national self-determination by the great powers, the Greek revolt legitimized the concept of small nation-states, and emboldened nationalist movements among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire. Shortly after the war ended, the people of the Russian-dependent <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a>, encouraged by the Greek victory, started the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, hoping to regain their independence. This uprising failed however, and Polish independence would not be restored until 1918 at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a>. The newly established Greek state would pursue further expansion and, over the course of a century, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">parts of Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">parts of Epirus</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> and other Greek-speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_flags">Revolutionary flags</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Revolutionary flags">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg/220px-Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg/330px-Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg/440px-Xenophon_-_Book_of_Signals_-_Flags_of_the_Admirals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Flags used by various admirals of the Revolutionary Navy from an 1823 manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Sacred Band"><img alt="Flag of the Sacred Band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Sacred_Band_of_1821.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)">Sacred Band</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Lontos_Flag_(Revolution1821).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raised in Patras by Andreas Londos"><img alt="Raised in Patras by Andreas Londos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Andreas_Lontos_Flag_%28Revolution1821%29.svg/120px-Andreas_Lontos_Flag_%28Revolution1821%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Andreas_Lontos_Flag_%28Revolution1821%29.svg/180px-Andreas_Lontos_Flag_%28Revolution1821%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Andreas_Lontos_Flag_%28Revolution1821%29.svg/240px-Andreas_Lontos_Flag_%28Revolution1821%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raised in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Londos" title="Andreas Londos">Andreas Londos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_flag_of_Thrace_(black_cross).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag from Thrace and Samothrace"><img alt="Flag from Thrace and Samothrace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Greek_flag_of_Thrace_%28black_cross%29.svg/120px-Greek_flag_of_Thrace_%28black_cross%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Greek_flag_of_Thrace_%28black_cross%29.svg/250px-Greek_flag_of_Thrace_%28black_cross%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="220" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag from Thrace and Samothrace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1821_Flag_of_Psara.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Psara island"><img alt="Flag of Psara island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1821_Flag_of_Psara.svg/120px-1821_Flag_of_Psara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1821_Flag_of_Psara.svg/250px-1821_Flag_of_Psara.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Psara" title="Psara">Psara</a> island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Spetses island"><img alt="Flag of Spetses island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg/120px-1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg/180px-1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg/240px-1821_Flag_of_Spetses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Spetses" title="Spetses">Spetses</a> island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Athanasios Diakos"><img alt="Flag of Athanasios Diakos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg/120px-Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg/180px-Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg/240px-Athanasios_Diakos_1821.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="384" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos" title="Athanasios Diakos">Athanasios Diakos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Flag_(Greece).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Maniots"><img alt="Flag of the Maniots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg/120px-Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg/250px-Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="767" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thessalia-flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Used in Thessaly, created by Anthimos Gazis"><img alt="Used in Thessaly, created by Anthimos Gazis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Thessalia-flag.jpg/120px-Thessalia-flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Thessalia-flag.jpg/180px-Thessalia-flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Thessalia-flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="129" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Used in Thessaly, created by <a href="/wiki/Anthimos_Gazis" title="Anthimos Gazis">Anthimos Gazis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Military-Political System of Samos"><img alt="Flag of the Military-Political System of Samos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Military-Political_System_of_Samos" title="Military-Political System of Samos">Military-Political System of Samos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Independence_1821.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Very widespread flag used by all the revolutionaries"><img alt="Very widespread flag used by all the revolutionaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greek_Independence_1821.svg/120px-Greek_Independence_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greek_Independence_1821.svg/250px-Greek_Independence_1821.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Very widespread flag used by all the revolutionaries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Botsaris.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Markos Botsaris"><img alt="Flag of Markos Botsaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Botsaris.svg/120px-Flag_of_Botsaris.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Botsaris.svg/180px-Flag_of_Botsaris.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Botsaris.svg/240px-Flag_of_Botsaris.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Markos_Botsaris" title="Markos Botsaris">Markos Botsaris</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Celebration of the Greek Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_inspired_by_the_Greek_War_of_Independence">Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence">edit</a>]</div> In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipality of Thessaloniki">Municipality of Thessaloniki</a> commissioned a symphonic work for the 150th anniversary of the Greek Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Astrinidis" title="Nicolas Astrinidis">Nicolas Astrinidis</a>' choral <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36537865/">Symphony "1821"</a> was premiered on 27 October 1971 at the 6th "Demetria".<a href="#cite_note-244">[229]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantzaros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mantzaros.jpg/250px-Mantzaros.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mantzaros.jpg/330px-Mantzaros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mantzaros.jpg/500px-Mantzaros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Mantzaros" title="Nikolaos Mantzaros">Nikolaos Mantzaros</a>' most popular work is the music for Hymn to Liberty, whose first and second stanzas became the national anthem in 1865</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Independence_Day_(5987157562).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Greek_Independence_Day_%285987157562%29.jpg/250px-Greek_Independence_Day_%285987157562%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Greek_Independence_Day_%285987157562%29.jpg/330px-Greek_Independence_Day_%285987157562%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Greek_Independence_Day_%285987157562%29.jpg/500px-Greek_Independence_Day_%285987157562%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Band in a parade on 25 March</figcaption></figure> After nearly four hundred years of foreign rule, Greeks often used music and poetry as a means of empowerment in the war. <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a> (1757–1798) was a very prominent poet and intellectual of the Greek independence movement. Many of his poems urged the people of Greece to leave the cities, head to the mountains where they would have more freedom, and unite to gain their independence. <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a> (1798–1857) was another national poet inspired by the Greek War of Independence. Solomos wrote the <a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a>, now the national anthem, in 1823, two years after the Greeks started the war against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The poem itself is 158 stanzas, but officially only the first two are the anthem. It is the national anthem not only of Greece but also of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which adopted it in 1966. To this day, many songs are sung by Greeks worldwide on 25 March to <a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">celebrate their liberation</a> and showcase their respect for the lives that were lost during the four hundred years of Ottoman rule. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Song Name </th> <th>Sung by </th> <th>Released </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ola Ta Ethni Polemoun 'Ολα Τα Έθνη πολεμούν </td> <td>Rigas Feraios & Christos Leontis Ρήγας Φεραιός & Χρήστος Λεοντής </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>O Thourios Tou Riga Ο Θούριος Του Ρήγα </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Xilouris" title="Nikos Xilouris">Nikos Xilouris</a> Νίκος Ξυλούρης </td> <td>1797 (the poem) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saranta Palikaria Σαράντα Παλικάρια </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stelios_Kazantzidis" title="Stelios Kazantzidis">Stelios Kazantzidis</a> Στέλιος Καζαντζίδης </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tis Dikeosinis Ilie Noite Της δικαιοσύνης Ήλιε Νοητέ<a href="#cite_note-245">[230]</a> </td> <td><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Γρηγόρης Μπιθικώτσης">Grigoris Mpithikotsis</a> Γρηγόρης Μπιθικώτσης </td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perifanoi Oloi Περήφανοι ΄Ολοι </td> <td>Paschalis Arvanitidis Πασχάλης Αρβανιτίδης </td> <td>1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Na'tane To 21 Να'τανε Το 21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Dalaras" title="George Dalaras">George Dalaras</a> Γιώργος Νταλάρας </td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kleftiki Zoi Κλέφτικη Ζωή </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loukianos_Kilaidonis" title="Loukianos Kilaidonis">Loukianos Kilaidonis</a> Λουκιάνος Κηλαηδόνης </td> <td>1992 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Awakening" title="Greek National Awakening">Greek National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">Morea Expedition (1828–1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(currency)" title="Phoenix (currency)">Phoenix (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Munich)" title="Propylaea (Munich)">Propylaea (Munich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)" title="London Protocol (1830)">London Protocol (1830)</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832" title="London Conference of 1832">London Conference of 1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople (1832)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi; referred to by <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in the 19th century as simply the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: يونان عصيانى, Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Rebellion" </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Adanir refers to the "mountainous districts such as <a href="/wiki/Mani_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani peninsula">Mani</a> in the Peloponnese or <a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a> in Epirus, which had never been completely subjugated".<a href="#cite_note-14">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Re'âyâ. An Arabic word meaning "flock" or "herd animal".<a href="#cite_note-Arnakis,_p._238-17">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Georgiadis–Arnakis argues that the Church of Constantinople conducted "a magnificent work of national conservation", and contributed to the national liberation of all the subject nationalities of the Balkan peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Ar244-27">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> In the Morea, there did not exist any armatoloi; wealthy landowners and primates hired the kapoi serving as personal bodyguards and rural police.<a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Clogg asserts that uncertainty surrounds the total number of those recruited into the Filiki Eteria. According to Clogg, recruiting was carried out in the Danubian principalities, southern Russia, the Ionian islands and the Peloponnese. Few were recruited in <a href="/wiki/Rumeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumeli">Rumeli</a>, the Aegean islands or Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> As Koliopoulos & Veremis argue, Ypsilantis proposed a smaller electorate, limited to the more "prestigious" men of the districts. On the other hand, the notables insisted on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, because they were confident that they could secure the support of their people. They thus advocated "democratic" principles, while Ypsilantis and the military promoted "aristocratic" procedures. Koliopoulos & Veremis conclude that "Ypsilantis' assembly was essentially a royal chamber, while that of the local notables was closer to a parliament".<a href="#cite_note-112">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> St. Clair characterizes the Greek War of Independence as "a series of opportunist massacres".<a href="#cite_note-231">[218]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> As they did in similar cases in the past, the Turks executed the Patriarch after they had had him deposed and replaced, not as patriarch but as a disloyal subject. Georgiades–Arnakis asserts that "though the Porte took care not to attack the church as an institution, Greek ecclesiastical leaders knew that they were practically helpless in times of trouble."<a href="#cite_note-Ar244-27">[18]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSakalis2021" class="citation web cs1">Sakalis, Alex (25 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italicsmag.com/2021/03/25/the-italians-who-fought-for-greek-independence/">"The Italians Who Fought for Greek Independence"</a>. Italics Magazine. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italics+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Italians+Who+Fought+for+Greek+Independence&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Sakalis&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitalicsmag.com%2F2021%2F03%2F25%2Fthe-italians-who-fought-for-greek-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Note: Greece officially <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">adopted</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-Greek-Independence">"War of Greek Independence | History, Facts, & Combatants"</a>. 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+of+Greek+Independence+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Combatants&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWar-of-Greek-Independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartledgeVarnava2022" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Yianni; Varnava, Andrekos, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-10849-5">Yianni Cartledge & Andrekos Varnava (eds.), New Perspectives on the Greek War of Independence: Myths, Realities, Legacies and Reflections, Palgrave Macmillan/Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-10849-5">10.1007/978-3-031-10849-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3031108488" title="Special:BookSources/978-3031108488"><bdi>978-3031108488</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253805406">253805406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yianni+Cartledge+%26+Andrekos+Varnava+%28eds.%29%2C+New+Perspectives+on+the+Greek+War+of+Independence%3A+Myths%2C+Realities%2C+Legacies+and+Reflections%2C+Palgrave+Macmillan%2FSpringer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253805406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-10849-5&rft.isbn=978-3031108488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-10849-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA17">Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Basic Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465008506" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465008506"><bdi>978-0465008506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0465008506&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cTHyUQoTyUC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Woodhouse, A Story of Modern Greece, 'The Dark Age of Greece (1453–1800)', p. 113, Faber and Faber (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2012" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (2012). 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New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521543231" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521543231"><bdi>978-0521543231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521543231&rft.aulast=Bushkovitch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Adanir, "Semi-autonomous Forces", pp. 159–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-B118-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B118_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B118_16-1">b</a> Barker, Religious Nationalism in Modern Europe, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnakis,_p._238-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnakis,_p._238_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnakis,_p._238_17-1">b</a> Georgiadis–Arnakis, The Greek Church of Constantinople, p. 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-BisMil-20"><a href="#cite_ref-BisMil_20-0">^</a> Bisaha, Creating East and West, 114–115 * Milton (& Diekhoff), Milton on himself, 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Bisaha, Nancy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WU_wy3qbLsIC&dq=%22all+of+the+latins%22+Chalcondyles&pg=PA114">Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812238060" title="Special:BookSources/0812238060">0812238060</a>. p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis29-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis29_22-0">^</a> Kassis, Mani's History, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis31-33-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis31-33_23-0">^</a> Kassis, Mani's History, pp. 31–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Svoronos, History of Modern Greece, p. 59 * Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis35-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis35_25-0">^</a> Kassis, Mani's History, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Svoronos, History of Modern Greece, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ar244-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ar244_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ar244_27-1">b</a> Georgiadis–Arnakis, The Greek Church of Constantinople, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Paparrigopoulos, History of the Hellenic Nation, Eb, p. 108 * Svoronos, The Greek Nation, p. 89 * Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey", p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-CloggCH40-30"><a href="#cite_ref-CloggCH40_30-0">^</a> Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, pp. 9, 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Topping, Greek Historical Writing on the Period 1453–1914, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-Koliopoulos27-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Koliopoulos27_33-0">^</a> Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-VacalopoulosGreekNation-34"><a href="#cite_ref-VacalopoulosGreekNation_34-0">^</a> Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, 1453–1669, p. 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-Batalas156-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batalas156_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batalas156_35-1">b</a> Batalas, Irregular Armed Forces, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-Batalas154-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Batalas154_36-0">^</a> Batalas, Irregular Armed Forces, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-Batalas156-7-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Batalas156-7_37-0">^</a> Batalas, Irregular Armed Forces, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koliopoulos29-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Koliopoulos29_38-0">^</a> Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-el.wikisource.org-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-el.wikisource.org_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-el.wikisource.org_39-1">b</a> Makriyannis, Memoirs, <a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7_9">IX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002043939/http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7_9">Archived</a> 2 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, D.E. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400876020" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400876020"><bdi>978-1400876020</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1002271027">1002271027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Statecraft+in+the+Kingdom+of+Greece%2C+1833%E2%80%931843&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1002271027&rft.isbn=978-1400876020&rft.au=John+Anthony+Petropulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxvWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Örenç-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Örenç_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖrenç" class="citation book cs1">Örenç, A.F. 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OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191053511" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191053511"><bdi>978-0191053511</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Greek+Identity%2C+1821%E2%80%931844&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0191053511&rft.aulast=Frary&rft.aufirst=Lucien+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwbHCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> From the Greek translation of Svoronos (Nicolas), Histoire de la Grèce moderne, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1972, pp. 59–61 of the Greek edition, "Themelio", Athens. </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis32-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis32_50-0">^</a> Goldstein, Wars and Peace Treaties, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-BoimeTr-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoimeTr_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoimeTr_51-1">b</a> Boime, Social History of Modern Art, pp. 194–196 * Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey", p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Svoronos, History of Modern Greece, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis32_2-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis32_2_53-0">^</a> Paroulakis, The Greeks: Their Struggle for Independence, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_54-0">^</a> Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg31-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg31_56-0">^</a> Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, p. 31 * Dakin, The Greek struggle for independence, pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich204-05-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich204-05_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich204-05_57-1">b</a> Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg31-2-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg31-2_58-0">^</a> Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Clogg, A Short History of Modern Greece, pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sowards-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sowards_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowards_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowards_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSowards1999" class="citation news cs1">Sowards, Steven (14 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510143919/http://www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture6.html">"Twenty-five Lectures on Modern Balkan History: The Greek Revolution and the Greek State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>. 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Retrieved 22 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF+%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synexelixi.org%2Fel%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F60-kypros-1821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer,_pp._89–91-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_pp._89–91_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_pp._89–91_139-1">b</a> Brewer, pp. 89–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Mazower2021" class="citation book cs1">Mark Mazower (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4spEAAAQBAJ&q=alien+concept">The Greek Revolution and the Making of Modern Europe</a>. Penguin Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0698163980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0698163980"><bdi>978-0698163980</bdi></a>. <q>On the Greek side, there were the Christian Albanian Souliot bands, hardened mountain fighters based around clan leaders who gradually became integrated into the national war effort. There were also the Albanian-speaking seamen of Hydra and Spetses who provided not only the core of the Greek fleet but also leading members of the Greek government—including one wartime president—who occasionally used Albanian among themselves to prevent others on their own side from reading their correspondence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Revolution+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0698163980&rft.au=Mark+Mazower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4spEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalien%2Bconcept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer200389–91-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewer200389–91_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewer2003">Brewer 2003</a>, pp. 89–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Brewer, pp. 91–92. </li> 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Sfyroeras, Schoolbook for Triti Gymnasiou, 6th edition, Athens 1996, pp. 191–192 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer,_David_page_256-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_David_page_256_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_David_page_256_208-1">b</a> Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer,_David_pages_257-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_David_pages_257_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_David_pages_257_209-1">b</a> Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, pp. 288–289 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 pp. 316–317 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 317 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howarth231-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Howarth231_214-0">^</a> Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howarth233-34-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howarth233-34_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howarth233-34_215-1">b</a> Howarth, The Greek Adventure, pp. 231–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howarth236-37-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Howarth236-37_216-0">^</a> Howarth, The Greek Adventure, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howarth239-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Howarth239_217-0">^</a> Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howarth241-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howarth241_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howarth241_218-1">b</a> Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, II, 192–193 * Williams, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> The French Expedition to the Morea (Work of the French Scientific Expedition to the Morea), Melissa Publishing House, Greek and French Edition (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9602043110" title="Special:BookSources/978-9602043110">978-9602043110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, II, 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003344–345-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003344–345_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewer2003">Brewer 2003</a>, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003345-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewer2003345_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewer2003">Brewer 2003</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Dimakis, The Great Powers and the Struggle of 1821, 525 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Bridge & Bullen, The Great Powers and the European States System, 83 * Dimakis, The Great Powers and the Struggle of 1821, 526–527 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185207/http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/E1DA0D5F-5493-4BF4-8FD3-D5CD6C6BB96C/0/1830_london_protocol.doc">"London Protocol"</a>. Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/E1DA0D5F-5493-4BF4-8FD3-D5CD6C6BB96C/0/1830_london_protocol.doc">the original</a> (DOC) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Protocol&rft.pub=Greek+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FE1DA0D5F-5493-4BF4-8FD3-D5CD6C6BB96C%2F0%2F1830_london_protocol.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Clogg, A Short History of Modern Greece, pp. 66–67 * Verzijl, International Law in Historical Perspective, pp. 462–463 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Clogg, A Short History of Modern Greece, pp. 68–69 * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170858/http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136/0/1832_constantinople_treaty.doc">"Treaty of Constantinople"</a>. Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136/0/1832_constantinople_treaty.doc">the original</a> (DOC) on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Constantinople&rft.pub=Greek+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136%2F0%2F1832_constantinople_treaty.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> * See the full text of the Protocol in Dodsley, Annual Register, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Verzijl, International Law in Historical Perspective, pp. 462–463. The new boundaries are defined in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136/0/1832_constantinople_treaty.doc">first article of the Treaty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170858/http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136/0/1832_constantinople_treaty.doc">Archived</a> 2 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136/0/1832_constantinople_treaty.doc">Treaty of Constantinople</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170858/http://www.mfa.gr/NR/rdonlyres/2201071A-B2D4-4360-A8A3-6C4C324DA136/0/1832_constantinople_treaty.doc">Archived</a> 2 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> St.Clair, That Greece Might still Be Free, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free, Open Book Publishers, 2008, pp. 104–107 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NphFnF2RRKUC&dq=greeks+killed+turks&pg=PA104">ebook</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Peacock, Herbert Leonard, A History of Modern Europe, (Heinemann Educational Publishers; 7th edition, September 1982) p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=ahis_facpub">Theophilus C. Prousis, "Smyrna in 1821: A Russian View", 1992, History Faculty Publications. 16, University of North Florida</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Booras, Hellenic Independence and America's Contribution to the Cause. p. 24. * Brewer, The Greek War of Independence, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution, I, 171–172 * Jelavich, History of the Balkans, p. 217 * St. Clair, That Greece Might still Be Free, pp. 1–3, 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> St. Clair, That Greece Might still Be Free, pp. 80–81, 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisher,_H.A.L" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher, H.A.L">Fisher, H.A.L</a>, A History of Europe, (Edward Arnold, London, 1936 & 1965) p. 882 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivlin-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Rivlin_241-0">^</a> Bowman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171054/http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/articles/30-F3-Bowman.pdf#">"The Jews in Greece"</a>, pp. 421–422 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich229-34-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich229-34_242-0">^</a> Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 229–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich229-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich229_243-0">^</a> Jelavich, History of the Balkans, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Ilias Chrissochoidis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLh5VK2rvyw">"Nicolas Astrinidis' Symphony 1821: Casting the rise of modern Greece in sound</a>," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mmb.org.gr/sites/default/files/conference_schedule.pdf">Musicology and Music Librarianship in Cultural Context in Honour of Stephanie Merakos</a>, The Friends of Music Society at Megaron – The Athens Concert Hall, 20–21 February 2025. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nextdeal.gr/epikairotita/koinonia/80626/i-istoria-kai-i-simasia-ton-emvlimatikon-tragoydion-poy-akoyse-vrady-tis">"Η ιστορία και η σημασία των εμβληματικών τραγουδιών που άκουσε το βράδυ της Τρίτης ο Ομπάμα στο Προεδρικό Μέγαρο από την παιδική χορωδία"</a>. www.nextdeal.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nextdeal.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%97+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CF%85+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%BF+%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextdeal.gr%2Fepikairotita%2Fkoinonia%2F80626%2Fi-istoria-kai-i-simasia-ton-emvlimatikon-tragoydion-poy-akoyse-vrady-tis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Απομνημονεύματα Μακρυγιάννη – εκδοση Γιάννη Βλαχογιάννη 1908.</li> <li>See the sources listed and the discussion of the revolution in Gallant, Thomas W. (2015). <a href="/wiki/The_Edinburgh_History_of_the_Greeks" title="The Edinburgh History of the Greeks">The Edinburgh History of the Greeks</a>: The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913. The Long Nineteenth Century (Vol. 9). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748636068" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748636068">978-0748636068</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdanir2006" class="citation book cs1">Adanir, Fikret (2006). "Semi-autonomous Provincial Forces in the Balkans and Anatolia". In Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat (eds.). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521620953" title="Special:BookSources/0521620953"><bdi>0521620953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semi-autonomous+Provincial+Forces+in+the+Balkans+and+Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0521620953&rft.aulast=Adanir&rft.aufirst=Fikret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Anderson" title="R. C. Anderson">Anderson, R. C.</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005292860">Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015099422">1015099422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Wars+in+the+Levant+1559%E2%80%931853&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015099422&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015005292860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatalas2003" class="citation book cs1">Batalas, Achilles (2003). "Send a Thief to Catch a Thief: State-building and the Employment of Irregular Military Formations in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Greece". In Diane E. Davis; Anthony W. Pereira (eds.). Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521812771" title="Special:BookSources/0521812771"><bdi>0521812771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Send+a+Thief+to+Catch+a+Thief%3A+State-building+and+the+Employment+of+Irregular+Military+Formations+in+Mid-Nineteenth-Century+Greece&rft.btitle=Irregular+Armed+Forces+and+Their+Role+in+Politics+and+State+Formation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0521812771&rft.aulast=Batalas&rft.aufirst=Achilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2008" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Philip W. (2008). "Greece". Religious Nationalism in Modern Europe. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415775144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415775144"><bdi>978-0415775144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece&rft.btitle=Religious+Nationalism+in+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415775144&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBisaha2006" class="citation book cs1">Bisaha, Nancy (2006). "Byzantium and Greek Refugees". Creating East and West. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812219767" title="Special:BookSources/0812219767"><bdi>0812219767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantium+and+Greek+Refugees&rft.btitle=Creating+East+and+West&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0812219767&rft.aulast=Bisaha&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooras1934" class="citation book cs1">Booras, Harris John (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0hoAAAAMAAJ">Hellenic Independence and America's Contribution to the Cause</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9505286">9505286</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Independence+and+America%27s+Contribution+to+the+Cause&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9505286&rft.aulast=Booras&rft.aufirst=Harris+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm0hoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988">[ISBN unspecified]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowman2004" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Steven (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323162156/http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/index.html">"The Jews in Greece"</a>. In Ehrlich, Leonard H.; Bolozky, Shmuel; Rothstein, Robert A.; Schwartz, Murray; Berkovitz, Jay R.; Young, James E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/index.html">Textures and Meanings: Thirty Years of Judaic Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/judaic/anniversaryvolume/articles/30-F3-Bowman.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jews+in+Greece&rft.btitle=Textures+and+Meanings%3A+Thirty+Years+of+Judaic+Studies+at+the+University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fjudaic%2Fanniversaryvolume%2Farticles%2F30-F3-Bowman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2003" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, David (2003) [2001]. The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1585673951" title="Special:BookSources/1585673951"><bdi>1585673951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+War+of+Independence%3A+The+Struggle+for+Freedom+from+Ottoman+Oppression+and+the+Birth+of+the+Modern+Greek+Nation&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1585673951&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBridgeBullen,_Roger2005" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, F.R.; Bullen, Roger (2005). "Every Nation for Itself". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpowers00brid">The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582784581" title="Special:BookSources/0582784581"><bdi>0582784581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Every+Nation+for+Itself&rft.btitle=The+Great+Powers+and+the+European+States+System+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0582784581&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=F.R.&rft.au=Bullen%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpowers00brid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1984" class="citation book cs1">Brown, L. Carl (1984). International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850430004" title="Special:BookSources/1850430004"><bdi>1850430004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Politics+and+the+Middle+East%3A+Old+Rules%2C+Dangerous+Game&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=1850430004&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=L.+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2002) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0">A Concise History of Greece</a> (2nd ed.). 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520023420" title="Special:BookSources/0520023420"><bdi>0520023420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+struggle+for+independence%2C+1821%E2%80%931833&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0520023420&rft.aulast=Dakin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dakin, Douglas. "The Origins of the Greek Revolution of 1821." History 37.131 (1952): 228–235. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24403078">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg1972" class="citation journal cs1">Clogg, Richard (May 1972). "Review, The Great Church in Captivity: A study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence". Middle Eastern Studies. 8 (2): 247–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263207208700210">10.1080/00263207208700210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%2C+The+Great+Church+in+Captivity%3A+A+study+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+from+the+Eve+of+the+Turkish+Conquest+to+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=1972-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263207208700210&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDetorakis1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Detorakis, Theocharis (1988). "Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη ("Turkish rule in Crete")". In Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (ed.). Crete, History and Civilization (in Greek). Vol. II. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities. pp. 333–436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%97+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7+%28%22Turkish+rule+in+Crete%22%29&rft.btitle=Crete%2C+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.pub=Vikelea+Library%2C+Association+of+Regional+Associations+of+Regional+Municipalities&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Detorakis&rft.aufirst=Theocharis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDodsley1833" class="citation book cs1">Dodsley, James (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztJdAAAAIAAJ&q=May+7,+1832,+Greece">Annual Register</a>. University of California. p. 910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Register&rft.pages=910&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Dodsley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztJdAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMay%2B7%2C%2B1832%2C%2BGreece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrazee1969" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. (1969). "The Year of Revolution 1821". The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece. CUP Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Year+of+Revolution+1821&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+and+Independent+Greece&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiades–Arnakis1952" class="citation journal cs1">Georgiades–Arnakis, G. (September 1952). "The Greek Church of Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire". The Journal of Modern History. 24 (3): 235–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237518">10.1086/237518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875481">1875481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144899655">144899655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Church+of+Constantinople+and+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1952-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144899655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1875481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F237518&rft.aulast=Georgiades%E2%80%93Arnakis&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (1992). Wars and Peace Treaties, 1816–1991. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415078229" title="Special:BookSources/0415078229"><bdi>0415078229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Peace+Treaties%2C+1816%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0415078229&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2016" class="citation book cs1">Grenet, Mathieu (2016). La fabrique communautaire. Les Grecs à Venise, Livourne et Marseille, 1770–1840. École française d'Athènes and École française de Rome. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2728312108" title="Special:BookSources/978-2728312108"><bdi>978-2728312108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fabrique+communautaire.+Les+Grecs+%C3%A0+Venise%2C+Livourne+et+Marseille%2C+1770%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Ath%C3%A8nes+and+%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2728312108&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitchins1996" class="citation book cs1">Hitchins, Keith (1996). "The Beginnings of a Modern State". The Romanians, 1774–1866. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198205913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198205913"><bdi>978-0198205913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+a+Modern+State&rft.btitle=The+Romanians%2C+1774%E2%80%931866&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0198205913&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekadventurelo0000howa">The Greek Adventure</a>. Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/068910653X" title="Special:BookSources/068910653X"><bdi>068910653X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Adventure&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=068910653X&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekadventurelo0000howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela">History of the Balkans, 18th and 19th centuries</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521274583" title="Special:BookSources/0521274583"><bdi>0521274583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%2C+18th+and+19th+centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0521274583&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbalkans0000jela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKassis1979" class="citation book cs1">Kassis, Kyriakos (1979). Mani's History. Athens: Presfot. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84828605">84828605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%27s+History&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Presfot&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84828605&rft.aulast=Kassis&rft.aufirst=Kyriakos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988">[ISBN unspecified]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoliopoulos1987" class="citation book cs1">Koliopoulos, John S. (1987). Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821–1912. Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198886535" title="Special:BookSources/0198886535"><bdi>0198886535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brigands+with+a+Cause%3A+Brigandage+and+Irredentism+in+Modern+Greece%2C+1821%E2%80%931912&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0198886535&rft.aulast=Koliopoulos&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis,_Thanos_M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Koliopoulos, John S.; Veremis, Thanos M. (2004). "A Regime to Suit the Nation". Greece: the Modern Sequel. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850654638" title="Special:BookSources/1850654638"><bdi>1850654638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Regime+to+Suit+the+Nation&rft.btitle=Greece%3A+the+Modern+Sequel&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1850654638&rft.aulast=Koliopoulos&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Veremis%2C+Thanos+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrimbas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Krimbas, Costas B. 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The Manliest Man: Samuel G. Howe and the Contours of Nineteenth Century American Reform. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558499591" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558499591"><bdi>978-1558499591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manliest+Man%3A+Samuel+G.+Howe+and+the+Contours+of+Nineteenth+Century+American+Reform&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1558499591&rft.aulast=Trent&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrent2015–2016" class="citation journal cs1">Trent, James (2015–2016). "'Vulgar Appearing Little Bodies': Samuel G. Howe and American Missionaries in Greece, 1827–1830". Journal of Unitarian Universalist History. 39: 1–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Unitarian+Universalist+History&rft.atitle=%27Vulgar+Appearing+Little+Bodies%27%3A+Samuel+G.+Howe+and+American+Missionaries+in+Greece%2C+1827%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2015%2F2016&rft.aulast=Trent&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2000" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (2000). "Greece and European Turkey". In Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie (eds.). Language and Nationalism in Europe. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198236719" title="Special:BookSources/0198236719"><bdi>0198236719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece+and+European+Turkey&rft.btitle=Language+and+Nationalism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0198236719&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTroyat1984" class="citation book cs1">Troyat, Henri (1984). Alexander of Russia. St Edmundsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0450060411" title="Special:BookSources/0450060411"><bdi>0450060411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Russia&rft.pub=St+Edmundsbury+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0450060411&rft.aulast=Troyat&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVacalopoulos1973" class="citation book cs1">Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). History of Macedonia, 1354–1833 (translated by P. Megann). Zeno Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900834897" title="Special:BookSources/0900834897"><bdi>0900834897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Macedonia%2C+1354%E2%80%931833+%28translated+by+P.+Megann%29&rft.pub=Zeno+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0900834897&rft.aulast=Vacalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1974). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Α′: Αρχές και διαμόρφωσή του (Έκδοση Β′)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume I: Its origins and formation] (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%91%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%28%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%92%E2%80%B2%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1976). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος B′: Οι ιστορικές βάσεις της νεοελληνικής κοινωνίας και οικονομίας (Έκδοση Β′) [History of modern Hellenism, Volume II: The historical basis of modern Greek society and economy] (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+B%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82+%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%28%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%92%E2%80%B2%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1968). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Γ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1453–1669 – Οι αγώνες για την πίστη και την ελευθερία (Έκδοση Β′)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume III: Turkish rule 1453–1669 – Struggles for faith and freedom] (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%93%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1+1453%E2%80%931669+%E2%80%93+%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%28%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%92%E2%80%B2%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation] (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%94%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1+1669%E2%80%931812+%E2%80%93+%CE%97+%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF+%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%28%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%92%E2%80%B2%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1980). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Ε′: Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821–1829) – Οι προϋποθέσεις και οι βάσεις της, 1813–1822</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume V: The Great Greek Revolution (1821–1829) – Its preconditions and foundations, 1813–1822] (in Greek). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%95%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%97+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7+%281821%E2%80%931829%29+%E2%80%93+%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8B%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82%2C+1813%E2%80%931822&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1982). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος ΣΤ′: Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821–1829) – Η εσωτερική κρίση (1822–1825)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume VI: The Great Greek Revolution (1821–1829) – Internal Crisis (1822–1825)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A3%CE%A4%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%97+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7+%281821%E2%80%931829%29+%E2%80%93+%CE%97+%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7+%281822%E2%80%931825%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1986). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Ζ′: Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821–1829) – Ο αφρικανικός σιμούν, ή η επιδρομή του Ιμπραήμ στην Ελλάδα (1825–1828)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume VII: The Great Greek Revolution (1821–1829) – The African simoom, or Ibrahim's raid in Greece (1825–1828)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%96%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%97+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7+%281821%E2%80%931829%29+%E2%80%93+%CE%9F+%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%2C+%CE%AE+%CE%B7+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BC+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1+%281825%E2%80%931828%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1988). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Η′: Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821–1829) – Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας, ή η επώδυνη γένεση του νεοελληνικού κράτους (1828–27 Σεπτ. 1831)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume VIII: The Great Greek Revolution (1821–1829) – Ioannis Kapodistrias, or the painful birth of the modern Greek state (1828–27 Sept. 1831)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%97%E2%80%B2%3A+%CE%97+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7+%281821%E2%80%931829%29+%E2%80%93+%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82%2C+%CE%AE+%CE%B7+%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%281828%E2%80%9327+%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84.+1831%29&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pub=Emm.+Sfakianakis+%26+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Vakalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVacalopoulos1975" class="citation book cs1">Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1975). The Greek Nation, 1453–1669: the Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081350810X" title="Special:BookSources/081350810X"><bdi>081350810X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Nation%2C+1453%E2%80%931669%3A+the+Cultural+and+Economic+Background+of+Modern+Greek+Society&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=081350810X&rft.aulast=Vacalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerzijl1968" class="citation book cs1">Verzijl, Jan Hendrik Willem (1968). International Law in Historical Perspective. Vol. VI. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9028602232" title="Special:BookSources/9028602232"><bdi>9028602232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9028602232&rft.aulast=Verzijl&rft.aufirst=Jan+Hendrik+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSperos2002" class="citation journal cs1">Speros, Vryonis (2002). "The Ghost of Athens in Byzantine and Ottoman Times". Balkan Studies. 43 (1): 5–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+of+Athens+in+Byzantine+and+Ottoman+Times&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Speros&rft.aufirst=Vryonis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zelepos, Ioannis (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-media/european-media-events/ioannis-zelepos-greek-war-of-independence-1821-1832?set_language=en&-C=">Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1175586773/34">pdf</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazower2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (2021). <a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Revolution:_1821_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe">The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141978758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141978758"><bdi>978-0141978758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Revolution%3A+1821+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0141978758&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKotsonis2025" class="citation book cs1">Kotsonis, Yanni (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691215266/the-greek-revolution-and-the-violent-birth-of-nationalism">The Greek Revolution and the Violent Birth of Nationalism</a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691215266" title="Special:BookSources/9780691215266"><bdi>9780691215266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Revolution+and+the+Violent+Birth+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=9780691215266&rft.aulast=Kotsonis&rft.aufirst=Yanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691215266%2Fthe-greek-revolution-and-the-violent-birth-of-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Greek_Declaration_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Greek Declaration of Independence">Greek Declaration of Independence</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_War_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/revolution.htm">Greek War of Independence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4911867">The Question of Greek Independence: A Study of British Policy in the Near East, 1821–1833</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024145501/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4911867">Archived</a> 24 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Greek_Independence,_War_of">"Greek Independence, War of" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 493–496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Independence%2C+War+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_War_of_Independence_(1821–1829)684" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #cedff2;;border:1px solid gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Greek War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Greek War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_War_of_Independence_(1821–1829)684" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821–1829)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #cedff2;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Background of the Greek War of Independence">Background</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armatoles" title="Armatoles">Armatoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodjabashis" title="Kodjabashis">Proestoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klepht" title="Klepht">Klephts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Skylosophos" title="Dionysios Skylosophos">Dionysius the Philosopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daskalogiannis" title="Daskalogiannis">Daskalogiannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Benakis" title="Panagiotis Benakis">Panagiotis Benakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Galatis" title="Nikolaos Galatis">Nikolaos Galatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kolokotronis" title="Konstantinos Kolokotronis">Konstantinos Kolokotronis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambros_Katsonis" title="Lambros Katsonis">Lambros Katsonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_of_Aetolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas of Aetolia">Cosmas of Aetolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Phanariots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliote_War_(1789%E2%80%931793)" title="Souliote War (1789–1793)">Souliote War (1789–1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliote_War_(1803)" title="Souliote War (1803)">Souliote War (1803)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greek Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Caradja" title="John Caradja">John Caradja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Christopoulos" title="Athanasios Christopoulos">Athanasios Christopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Theoklitos Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimos_Gazis" title="Anthimos Gazis">Anthimos Gazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Theophilos Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenios_Voulgaris" title="Eugenios Voulgaris">Eugenios Voulgaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellinoglosso_Xenodocheio" title="Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio">Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Skoufas" title="Nikolaos Skoufas">Nikolaos Skoufas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Tsakalov" title="Athanasios Tsakalov">Athanasios Tsakalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuil_Xanthos" title="Emmanuil Xanthos">Emmanuil Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Anagnostopoulos_(revolutionary)" title="Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos (revolutionary)">Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomuse_Society" title="Philomuse Society">Philomuse Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_the_Phoenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of the Phoenix (page does not exist)">Society of the Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelphiki_Didaskalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelphiki Didaskalia (page does not exist)">Adelphiki Didaskalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asma_Polemistirion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asma Polemistirion (page does not exist)">Asma Polemistirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Nomarchy" title="Hellenic Nomarchy">Hellenic Nomarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_of_Rigas_Feraios" title="Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios">Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpisma_Polemistirion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salpisma Polemistirion (page does not exist)">Salpisma Polemistirion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thourios_or_Patriotic_hymn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thourios or Patriotic hymn (page does not exist)">Thourios or Patriotic hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">European intervention and Greek involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Plan" title="Greek Plan">Greek Plan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">Fall of the Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1797%E2%80%931799)" title="French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)">Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Legion_(Septinsular_Republic)" title="Greek Legion (Septinsular Republic)">Greek Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1807%E2%80%931814)" title="French rule in the Ionian Islands (1807–1814)">Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Regiment_(France)" title="Albanian Regiment (France)">Albanian Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment_Greek_Light_Infantry" title="1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry">1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">United States of the Ionian Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Template:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #cedff2;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Events</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(1821)" title="Siege of Patras (1821)">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salona" title="Siege of Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Livadeia" title="Siege of Livadeia">Livadeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–22)">1st Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Tripolitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Arta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Arta (page does not exist)">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Acrocorinth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Acrocorinth (page does not exist)">Acrocorinth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Nauplia_(1822)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Nauplia (1822) (page does not exist)">Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Missolonghi">1st Messolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Missolonghi">2nd Messolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">3rd Messolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">2nd Acropolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kalamata">Kalamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamana" title="Battle of Alamana">Alamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravia_Inn" title="Battle of Gravia Inn">Gravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valtetsi" title="Battle of Valtetsi">Valtetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doliana" title="Battle of Doliana">Doliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalas" title="Battle of Lalas">Lalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasilika_(Thessaloniki)" title="Battle of Vasilika (Thessaloniki)">Vasilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C8%99ani" title="Battle of Drăgășani">Drăgășani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sculeni" title="Battle of Sculeni">Sculeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasilika" title="Battle of Vasilika">Vasilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench_(1821)" title="Battle of the Trench (1821)">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peta" title="Battle of Peta">Peta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dervenakia" title="Battle of Dervenakia">Dervenakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Karpenisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1824%E2%80%9325" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil wars of 1824–25">Greek civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria_(1825)" title="Battle of Sphacteria (1825)">Sphacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maniaki" title="Battle of Maniaki">Maniaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lerna_Mills" title="Battle of the Lerna Mills">Lerna Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani" title="Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Distomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Distomo (page does not exist)">Distomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arachova" title="Battle of Arachova">Arachova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamatero" title="Battle of Kamatero">Kamatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phaleron" title="Battle of Phaleron">Phaleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_expedition" title="Chios expedition">Chios expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Martino (page does not exist)">Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Koronisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Koronisia (page does not exist)">Koronisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petra" title="Battle of Petra">Petra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massacres_during_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Massacres during the Greek War of Independence">Massacres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thessaloniki_Massacres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thessaloniki Massacres (page does not exist)">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Tripolitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naousa_massacre" title="Naousa massacre">Naousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Samothrace_(1821)" title="Massacre of Samothrace (1821)">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_massacre" title="Chios massacre">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Psara" title="Destruction of Psara">Psara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasos_Massacre" title="Kasos Massacre">Kasos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9_July_Massacre_of_Greek-Cypriots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9 July Massacre of Greek-Cypriots (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Naval conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Eresos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Eresos (page does not exist)">Eresos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Ottoman_flagship_off_Chios" title="Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauplia_(1822)" title="Battle of Nauplia (1822)">Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samos_(1824)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samos (1824)">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1825)" title="Battle of Andros (1825)">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria_(1825)" title="Battle of Sphacteria (1825)">Sphacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gerontas" title="Battle of Gerontas">Gerontas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Souda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Souda (page does not exist)">Souda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_raid_on_Alexandria_(1825)" title="Greek raid on Alexandria (1825)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Volos_(1827)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Volos (1827) (page does not exist)">Volos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Itea" title="Battle of Itea">Itea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Navarino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Corvette_Agamemnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Corvette Agamemnon (page does not exist)">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_brig_Aris" title="Greek brig Aris">Aris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_frigate_Hellas" title="Greek frigate Hellas">Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karteria_(Greek_warship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karteria (Greek warship)">Karteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Greek regional councils and statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messenian_Senate" title="Messenian Senate">Messenian Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Achaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Achaea (page does not exist)">Directorate of Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_Senate" title="Peloponnesian Senate">Peloponnesian Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Western_Continental_Greece" title="Senate of Western Continental Greece">Senate of Western Continental Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_of_Eastern_Continental_Greece" title="Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece">Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Regime_of_Crete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional Regime of Crete (page does not exist)">Provisional Regime of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military-Political_System_of_Samos" title="Military-Political System of Samos">Military-Political System of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_national_assemblies" title="Greek national assemblies">Greek national assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus" title="First National Assembly at Epidaurus">First (Epidaurus)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Executive_of_1822" title="Executive of 1822">Executive of 1822</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_National_Assembly_at_Astros" title="Second National Assembly at Astros">Second (Astros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_National_Assembly_at_Troezen" title="Third National Assembly at Troezen">Third (Troezen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Assembly_at_Argos" title="Fourth National Assembly at Argos">Fourth (Argos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_National_Assembly_at_Nafplion" title="Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion">Fifth (Nafplion)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">International Conferences, treaties and protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Laibach" title="Congress of Laibach">Congress of Laibach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_St._Petersburg_(1826)" title="Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)">Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)" title="Treaty of London (1827)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Poros" title="Conference of Poros">Conference of Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1828)" title="London Protocol (1828)">London Protocol of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1829)" title="London Protocol (1829)">London Protocol of 1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)" title="London Protocol (1830)">London Protocol of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832" title="London Conference of 1832">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_to_the_Throne_of_Greece_(1822%E2%80%931832)" title="Election to the Throne of Greece (1822–1832)">Proposals for the monarch of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_expedition_to_Syria_(1825)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek expedition to Syria (1825) (page does not exist)">Greek expedition to Syria (1825)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #cedff2;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Category:People of the Greek War of Independence">Personalities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chian_Committee" title="Chian Committee">Chian Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Androutsos" title="Odysseas Androutsos">Odysseas Androutsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotos_Bomporis" title="Fotos Bomporis">Fotos Bomporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostas_Botsaris" title="Kostas Botsaris">Kostas Botsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markos_Botsaris" title="Markos Botsaris">Markos Botsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notis_Botsaris" title="Notis Botsaris">Notis Botsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tousias_Botsaris" title="Tousias Botsaris">Tousias Botsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina" title="Laskarina Bouboulina">Laskarina Bouboulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Denis_Bourbaki" title="Constantin Denis 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title="Lykourgos Krestenitis">Lykourgos Krestenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamatis_Krestenitis" title="Stamatis Krestenitis">Stamatis Krestenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonios_Kriezis" title="Antonios Kriezis">Antonios Kriezis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Kriezotis" title="Nikolaos Kriezotis">Nikolaos Kriezotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyprianos_of_Cyprus" title="Kyprianos of Cyprus">Kyprianos of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Lagoumitzis" title="Konstantinos Lagoumitzis">Konstantinos Lagoumitzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Lassanis" title="Georgios Lassanis">Georgios Lassanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Lechouritis" title="Georgios Lechouritis">Georgios Lechouritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardos_Leonardopoulos" title="Leonardos Leonardopoulos">Leonardos Leonardopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Liologlou" title="Georgios Liologlou">Georgios Liologlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykourgos_Logothetis" title="Lykourgos Logothetis">Lykourgos Logothetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Londos" title="Andreas Londos">Andreas Londos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Makriyiannis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiannis Makriyiannis">Yiannis Makriyiannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Mamouris" title="Ioannis Mamouris">Ioannis Mamouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Manakis" title="Anastasios Manakis">Anastasios Manakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_Mavrogenous" title="Manto Mavrogenous">Manto Mavrogenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonios_Mavromichalis" title="Antonios Mavromichalis">Antonios Mavromichalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Mavromichalis" title="Demetrios Mavromichalis">Demetrios Mavromichalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Mavromichalis" title="Georgios Mavromichalis">Georgios Mavromichalis</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Michanidis" title="Panagiotis Michanidis">Panagiotis Michanidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyromilios" title="Spyromilios">Spyros Milios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Mykonios" title="Nikolaos Mykonios">Nikolaos Mykonios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachos_Milios" title="Zachos Milios">Zachos Milios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Negris" title="Alexander Negris">Alexander Negris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Negris" title="Konstantinos Negris">Konstantinos Negris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Negris" title="Theodoros Negris">Theodoros Negris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamantis_Nikolaou" title="Diamantis Nikolaou">Diamantis Nikolaou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Nikolopoulos_(composer)" title="Konstantinos Nikolopoulos (composer)">Konstantinos Nikolopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Notaras" title="Ioannis Notaras">Ioannis Notaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonis_Oikonomou" title="Antonis Oikonomou">Antonis Oikonomou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Orlandos" title="Ioannis Orlandos">Ioannis Orlandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Paikos" title="Andronikos Paikos">Andronikos Paikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Panou" title="Georgios Panou">Georgios Panou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Panourgias" title="Dimitrios Panourgias">Dimitrios Panourgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakos_Panourgias" title="Nakos Panourgias">Nakos Panourgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaflessas" title="Papaflessas">Grigorios Papaflessas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagnostaras" title="Anagnostaras">Anagnostis Papageorgiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Papanikolis" title="Dimitrios Papanikolis">Dimitrios Papanikolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanouel_Pappas" title="Emmanouel Pappas">Emmanouel Pappas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoforos_Perraivos" title="Christoforos Perraivos">Christoforos Perraivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Petimezas" title="Nikolaos Petimezas">Nikolaos Petimezas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasileios_Petimezas_(1785%E2%80%931872)" title="Vasileios Petimezas (1785–1872)">Vasileios Petimezas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Petrakis" title="Dionysios Petrakis">Dionysios Petrakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Pipinos" title="Andreas Pipinos">Andreas Pipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Pittakis" title="Kyriakos Pittakis">Kyriakos Pittakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Polyzoidis" title="Anastasios Polyzoidis">Anastasios Polyzoidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Rados" title="Konstantinos Rados">Konstantinos Rados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Rangos" title="Ioannis Rangos">Ioannis Rangos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panagiotis_Rodios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panagiotis Rodios (page does not exist)">Panagiotis Rodios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Romas" title="Dionysios Romas">Dionysios Romas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Sachtouris" title="Georgios Sachtouris">Georgios Sachtouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Sekeris" title="Georgios Sekeris">Georgios Sekeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theofanis_Siatisteus" title="Theofanis Siatisteus">Theofanis Siatisteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Sisinis" title="Georgios Sisinis">Georgios Sisinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Skandalidis" title="Ioannis Skandalidis">Ioannis Skandalidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisis_Sotiriou" title="Zisis Sotiriou">Zisis Sotiriou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikitaras" title="Nikitaras">Nikitas Stamatelopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Stavros" title="Georgios Stavros">Georgios Stavros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stephanini" title="Joseph Stephanini">Joseph Stephanini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Stratos" title="Ioannis Stratos">Ioannis Stratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotirios_Theocharopoulos" title="Sotirios Theocharopoulos">Sotirios Theocharopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafeirakis_Theodosiou" title="Zafeirakis Theodosiou">Zafeirakis Theodosiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanouil_Tombazis" title="Emmanouil Tombazis">Emmanouil Tombazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Tombazis" title="Iakovos Tombazis">Iakovos Tombazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Trikoupis" title="Ioannis Trikoupis">Ioannis Trikoupis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Tsamados" title="Anastasios Tsamados">Anastasios Tsamados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchisedek_Tsouderos" title="Melchisedek Tsouderos">Melchisedek Tsouderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsos_Tzavellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitsos Tzavellas">Kitsos Tzavellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Tzinis" title="Theodoros Tzinis">Theodoros Tzinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loukas_Vagias" title="Loukas Vagias">Loukas Vagias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanasoulas_Valtinos" title="Thanasoulas Valtinos">Thanasoulas Valtinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Varis" title="Dimitrios Varis">Dimitrios Varis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletis_Vasileiou" title="Meletis Vasileiou">Meletis Vasileiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domna_Visvizi" title="Domna Visvizi">Domna Visvizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexakis_Vlachopoulos" title="Alexakis Vlachopoulos">Alexakis Vlachopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Vlachopoulos" title="Konstantinos Vlachopoulos">Konstantinos Vlachopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieros_Voidis" title="Pieros Voidis">Pieros Voidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liolios_Xirolivaditis" title="Liolios Xirolivaditis">Liolios Xirolivaditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Ypsilantis" title="Demetrios Ypsilantis">Demetrios Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoforos_Zachariadis" title="Christoforos Zachariadis">Christoforos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Zaimis" title="Andreas Zaimis">Andreas Zaimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanos_Zapheiropoulos" title="Germanos Zapheiropoulos">Germanos Zapheiropoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Zappas" title="Evangelos Zappas">Evangelos Zappas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigo_Zarafopoula" title="Marigo Zarafopoula">Marigo Zarafopoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Zervas" title="Nikolaos Zervas">Nikolaos Zervas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Figueira_d%27Almeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Figueira d'Almeida (page does not exist)">António Figueira d'Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Balestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Balestra (page does not exist)">Joseph Balestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barff" title="Samuel Barff">Samuel Barff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marie_Bonaparte" title="Paul Marie Bonaparte">Paul Marie Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rudolf_Brommy" title="Karl Rudolf Brommy">Karl Rudolf Brommy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Church_(general)" title="Richard Church (general)">Richard Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Chiappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Chiappe (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Chiappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Collegno" title="Giacinto Collegno">Giacinto Collegno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolas_Fabvier" title="Charles Nicolas Fabvier">Charles Fabvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Friedel" title="Adam Friedel">Adam Friedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gallina" title="Vincenzo Gallina">Vincenzo Gallina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Gordon (British Army officer)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Guys" title="Constantin Guys">Constantin Guys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Han" title="Emmanuel Han">Emmanuel Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Abney_Hastings" title="Frank Abney Hastings">Frank Abney Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_von_Heideck" title="Carl Wilhelm von Heideck">Carl von Heideck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jarvis_(Philhellene)" title="George Jarvis (Philhellene)">George Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Krazeisen" title="Karl Krazeisen">Karl Krazeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Nikolai_Kr%C3%B8yer" title="Henrik Nikolai Krøyer">Henrik Nikolai Krøyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Michael_Mangel" title="Ernst Michael Mangel">Ernst Michael Mangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_de_Marbois-Lebrun,_Duchess_of_Plaisance" title="Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance">Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasos_Mavrovouniotis" title="Vasos Mavrovouniotis">Vasos Mavrovouniotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Meyer" title="Johann Jakob Meyer">Johann Jakob Meyer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellinika_Chronika" title="Ellinika Chronika">Ellinika Chronika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller_(abolitionist)" title="Jonathan Miller (abolitionist)">Jonathan Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Michael_Millingen" title="Julius Michael Millingen">Julius Michael Millingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Myhrberg" title="August Myhrberg">August Myhrberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Normann-Ehrenfels" title="Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels">Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi-Prodan" title="Hadži-Prodan">Hadži-Prodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Persat" title="Maurice Persat">Maurice Persat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Piscatory" title="Theobald Piscatory">Theobald Piscatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Maxime_Raybaud" title="Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud">Maxime Raybaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Regnaud_de_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly" title="Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély">Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Rosaroll" title="Giuseppe Rosaroll">Giuseppe Rosaroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Thiersch" title="Friedrich Thiersch">Friedrich Thiersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Hilarion_Touret" title="Auguste Hilarion Touret">Auguste Hilarion Touret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Edward John Trelawny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Legion_(Philhellenes)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Legion (Philhellenes) (page does not exist)">German Legion</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:Γερμανική Λεγεώνα">el</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_volunteers_in_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Serb volunteers in the Greek War of Independence">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Urquhart" title="David Urquhart">David Urquhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Voutier" title="Olivier Voutier">Olivier Voutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jakob_Williams" title="James Jakob Williams">James Jakob Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(1821)" title="Sacred Band (1821)">Sacred Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasios_Agrafiotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanasios Agrafiotis (page does not exist)">Athanasios Agrafiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Christopoulos" title="Anastasios Christopoulos">Anastasios Christopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamandi_Djuvara" title="Diamandi Djuvara">Diamandi Djuvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanos_Kanellos" title="Stefanos Kanellos">Stefanos Kanellos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Kantakouzinos" title="Alexandros Kantakouzinos">Alexandros Kantakouzinos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Kantakouzinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Kantakouzinos (page does not exist)">Georgios Kantakouzinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallou_Karatza" title="Rallou Karatza">Rallou Karatza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis" title="Stamatios Kleanthis">Stamatios Kleanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Lassanis" title="Georgios Lassanis">Georgios Lassanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Levidis" title="Constantine Levidis">Constantine Levidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Macedonski" title="Dimitrie Macedonski">Dimitrie Macedonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Manakis" title="Anastasios Manakis">Anastasios Manakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgakis_Olympios" title="Giorgakis Olympios">Giorgakis Olympios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Pharmakis" title="Yiannis Pharmakis">Yiannis Pharmakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Soutzos" title="Michael Soutzos">Michael Soutzos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxani_Soutzos" title="Roxani Soutzos">Roxani Soutzos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Tsakalov" title="Athanasios Tsakalov">Athanasios Tsakalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu" title="Tudor Vladimirescu">Tudor Vladimirescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Xenokratis" title="Konstantinos Xenokratis">Konstantinos Xenokratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Ypsilantis" title="Demetrios Ypsilantis">Demetrios Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Ypsilantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Ypsilantis (page does not exist)">Nikolaos Ypsilantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoforos_Zachariadis" title="Christoforos Zachariadis">Christoforos Zachariadis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Sultan Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurshid_Pasha" title="Hurshid Pasha">Hurshid Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuhzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Nasuhzade Ali Pasha">Nasuhzade Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Gibraltar" title="Ismael Gibraltar">Ismael Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Vrioni" title="Omer Vrioni">Omer Vrioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Mehmet_(Kapudan_Pasha)" title="Kara Mehmet (Kapudan Pasha)">Kara Mehmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Dramali_Pasha" title="Mahmud Dramali Pasha">Mahmud Dramali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha">Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fid_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Reşid Mehmed Pasha">Reşid Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yussuf_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yussuf Pasha (page does not exist)">Yussuf Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliman_Pasha_al-Faransawi" title="Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi">Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Canning,_1st_Viscount_Stratford_de_Redcliffe" title="Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe">Stratford Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Codrington" title="Edward Codrington">Edward Codrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Henri de Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_van_Heiden" title="Lodewijk van Heiden">Lodewijk van Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Financial aid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Philhellenic_Committee" title="London Philhellenic Committee">London Philhellenic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gabriel_Eynard" title="Jean-Gabriel Eynard">Jean-Gabriel Eynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazaros_Kountouriotis" title="Lazaros Kountouriotis">Lazaros Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Papafis" title="Ioannis Papafis">Ioannis Papafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Stavros" title="Georgios Stavros">Georgios Stavros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Varvakis" title="Ioannis Varvakis">Ioannis Varvakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">Morea expedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Nicolas Joseph Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Simon_Durrieu" title="Antoine Simon Durrieu">Antoine Simon Durrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Virgile_Schneider" title="Antoine Virgile Schneider">Antoine Virgile Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Regnaud_de_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly" title="Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély">Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Alphonse_Tr%C3%A9zel" title="Camille Alphonse Trézel">Camille Alphonse Trézel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent">Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on-Jean-Joseph_Dubois" title="Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois">Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Peytier" title="Pierre Peytier">Pierre Peytier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamatis_Voulgaris" title="Stamatis Voulgaris">Stamatis Voulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Abel_Blouet" title="Guillaume-Abel Blouet">Guillaume-Abel Blouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bibron" title="Gabriel Bibron">Gabriel Bibron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Baccuet" title="Prosper Baccuet">Prosper Baccuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Emmanuel_Amaury_Duval" title="Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval">Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Pierre-Narcisse Guérin">Pierre-Narcisse Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lenormant" title="Charles Lenormant">Charles Lenormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Edgar Quinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Historians/Memoirists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="el:Δημήτριος Αινιάν">Dimitrios Ainian</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Φώτιος Χρυσανθόπουλος">Fotis Chrysanthopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Filimon" title="Ioannis Filimon">Ioannis Filimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Finlay" title="George Finlay">George Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" class="extiw" title="el:Αμβρόσιος Φραντζής (πρεσβύτερος)"> Ambrosios Frantzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambros_Koutsonikas" title="Lambros Koutsonikas">Lambros Koutsonikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Metaxas" title="Konstantinos Metaxas">Konstantinos Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoutsos_Notaras" title="Panoutsos Notaras">Panoutsos Notaras</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παναγιώτης Παπατσώνης">Panagiotis Papatsonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Polyzoidis" title="Anastasios Polyzoidis">Anastasios Polyzoidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Tertsetis" title="Georgios Tertsetis">Georgios Tertsetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Trikoupis" title="Spyridon Trikoupis">Spyridon Trikoupis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dupr%C3%A9_(painter)" title="Louis Dupré (painter)">Louis Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">François Pouqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Krazeisen" title="Karl Krazeisen">Karl Krazeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kalvos" title="Andreas Kalvos">Andreas Kalvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(poem)" title="Hellas (poem)">Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reception_of_Lord_Byron_at_Missolonghi" title="The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi">The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi" title="Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi">Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Corinthe" title="Le siège de Corinthe">Le siège de Corinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios" title="The Massacre at Chios">The Massacre at Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Besieged" title="The Free Besieged">The Free Besieged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Archipelago_on_Fire" title="The Archipelago on Fire">The Archipelago on Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loukis_Laras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loukis Laras (page does not exist)">Loukis Laras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Athanasios_Diakos" title="The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos">The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>25 March (Independence Day)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Eleftheria i thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedion_tou_Areos" title="Pedion tou Areos">Pedion tou Areos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Munich)" title="Propylaea (Munich)">Propylaea (Munich)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_of_Heroes_(Missolonghi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi) (page does not exist)">Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Phalanx" title="Royal Phalanx">Royal Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greece_topics325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> (pre-1100 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> (1100 BC-330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> (330–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> (post-1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Symbols_of_Greece355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_Greece" title="Template:Symbols of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Symbols of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Symbols_of_Greece355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symbols of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Anthem</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a></dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Elefthería í Thánatos</a></dd> <dt>National personifications</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi" title="Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi">Greece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></dd> <dd>Grateful Hellas by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Vryzakis</a></dd> <dt>National holidays</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">25 March (1821)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">28 October (1940)</a></dd> <dt>Colours</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National colours of Greece">Blue and white</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/120px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/160px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="229" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">Double-headed eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">Meander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other official symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Bay Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li>Modern: <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostis_Palamas" title="Kostis Palamas">Kostis Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National epics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li>Modern: <a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erotokritos" title="Erotokritos">Erotokritos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron Saints/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Tinos" title="Our Lady of Tinos">Our Lady of Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former national symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_crown_jewels" title="Greek crown jewels">Greek crown jewels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px_Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire704" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire704" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire">Rebellions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise (1299–1453)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bedreddin_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion">Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion</a> (1416–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin" title="Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin">Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin</a> (1404–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a> (1443–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7uktepe_rebellion" title="Buçuktepe rebellion">Buçuktepe rebellion</a> (1446)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age (1453–1550)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Şahkulu Rebellion">Şahkulu Rebellion</a> (1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Ali_Halife_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ali Halife rebellion">Nur Ali Halife rebellion</a> (1512)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir al-Din rebellion (page does not exist)">Nasir al-Din rebellion</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expeditions against the Druze</a> (1523–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Z%C3%BCnnun_Rebellion" title="Baba Zünnun Rebellion">Baba Zünnun Rebellion</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalender_%C3%87elebi_rebellion" title="Kalender Çelebi rebellion">Kalender Çelebi rebellion</a> (1527)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation (1550–1700)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariovo_and_Prilep_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion">Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion</a> (1564–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expedition against the Druze</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ottoman_revolts_of_1565%E2%80%931572" title="Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572">Revolts of 1565–1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expeditions against the Druze</a> (1574–1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_(tribe)" title="Bua (tribe)">Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt</a> (1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expedition against the Druze</a> (1585)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cairo Rebellion (page does not exist)">Cairo Rebellion</a> (1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylerbeyi Event">Beylerbeyi Event</a> (1589)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> (1590–1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat" title="Uprising in Banat">Uprising in Banat</a> (1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara Revolt">Himara Revolt</a> (1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597" title="Serb uprising of 1596–1597">Serb Uprising</a> (1596–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="First Tarnovo Uprising">First Tarnovo Uprising</a> (1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly_Rebellion_(1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessaly Rebellion (1600)">Thessaly Rebellion</a> (1600)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamluk Rebellion (page does not exist)">Mamluk Rebellion</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_revolt_of_1611" title="Epirus revolt of 1611">Epirus revolt</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anjar" title="Battle of Anjar">Druze rebellion</a> (1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_rebellion" title="Abaza rebellion">Abaza rebellions</a> (1624, 1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze rebellion</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmeydan%C4%B1_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmeydanı Incident">Atmeydanı Incident</a> (1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1nar_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Çınar Incident">Çınar Incident</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Hasan_Pasha#Second_revolt" title="Abaza Hasan Pasha">Abaza Hasan Revolt</a> (1658–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze power struggle</a> (1658–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="Second Tarnovo Uprising">Second Tarnovo Uprising</a> (1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_uprising" title="Chiprovtsi uprising">Chiprovtsi uprising</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a> (1689)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime (1700–1789)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Edirne event">Edirne event</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisis_Karademos" title="Zisis Karademos">Naousa uprising</a> (1705)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Insurrection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Insurrection (page does not exist)">The Great Insurrection</a> (1707–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_Karamanli_coup" title="1711 Karamanli coup">Karamanli revolt</a> (1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a> (1717)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrona Halil Rebellion">Patrona Halil Rebellion</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Uprising_of_1737%E2%80%9339" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb Uprising of 1737–39">Serb Uprising</a> (1737–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlov_revolt" title="Orlov revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da%27s_frontier_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koča's frontier rebellion">Koča's frontier rebellion</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitanian_civil_war" title="Tripolitanian civil war">Tripolitanian civil war</a> (1793–1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline (1789–1908)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahije" title="Dahije">Dahije</a> in Belgrade (1801–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a> (1804–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mustafa_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion">Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jančić's Rebellion">Jančić's Rebellion</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi-Prodan%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion">Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a> (1815-17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian Uprising</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš Rebellion (1821)">Niš Rebellion</a> (1821)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821–29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%A7al%C4%B1_Kel_Mehmet_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt">Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_uprising_(1831%E2%80%9332)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian uprising (1831–32)">Bosnian uprising</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilmez_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilmez Rebellion (page does not exist)">Bilmez Rebellion</a> (1832–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_rebellion_(1832%E2%80%931834)" title="Laz rebellion (1832–1834)">Laz rebellion</a> (1832–34)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkod%C3%ABr_Rebellion_(1833)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkodër Rebellion (1833) (page does not exist)">Shkodër Rebellion</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Ma%C5%A1i%C4%87i_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Mašići Rebellion (page does not exist)">Second Mašići Rebellion</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Peasant_Revolt_(1834%E2%80%9335)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)">Syrian Peasant Revolt</a> (1834-35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835%E2%80%931858_revolt_in_Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="1835–1858 revolt in Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitanian revolt</a> (1835–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posavina_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posavina Rebellion (1836)">Posavina Rebellion</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livno_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livno Rebellion (1836) (page does not exist)">Livno Rebellion</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirot_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirot Rebellion">Pirot Rebellion</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkovitsa_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkovitsa Rebellion (1836)">Berkovitsa Rebellion</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belogradchik Rebellion (1836)">Belogradchik Rebellion</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlora_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlora Rebellion (1836) (page does not exist)">Vlora Rebellion</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">Druze revolt</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diber_Rebellion_(1838%E2%80%9339)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diber Rebellion (1838–39) (page does not exist)">Diber Rebellion</a> (1838–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)" title="Cretan Revolt (1841)">Cretan Revolt</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1841)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš Rebellion (1841)">Niš Rebellion</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a> (1843–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">Albanian Revolt</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">Albanian Revolt</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1852%E2%80%9362)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> (1852–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Epirus Revolt</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1854 Macedonian rebellion">Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecija%27s_First_Revolt" title="Pecija's First Revolt">Doljani Revolt</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">Mount Lebanon civil conflict</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt</a> (1866–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1867 Macedonian rebellion">Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867</a> (1866–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> (1875–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Bulgarian April uprising</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumanovo Uprising">Kumanovo Uprising</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan Revolt</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kresna–Razlog Uprising">Kresna–Razlog Uprising</a> (1878–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouzaki" title="Battle of Mouzaki">Thessaly Revolt</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj rebellion</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brsjak Revolt">Brsjak Revolt</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Revolt_(1896%E2%80%931897)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cretan Revolt (1896–1897) (page does not exist)">Cretan Revolt</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896%E2%80%931897_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion">1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">Cretan Revolt</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoubak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoubak revolt">Shoubak revolt</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Mesopotamia_uprising" title="1906 Mesopotamia uprising">Mesopotamia uprising</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1907)" title="Bitlis uprising (1907)">Bitlis uprising</a> (1907)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution (1908–1922)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young 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(1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">Savior Officers</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">Raid on the Sublime Porte</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Euphrates_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1913 Euphrates rebellion">Euphrates rebellion</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1914)" title="Bitlis uprising (1914)">Bitlis uprising</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a> (1914–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala" title="1915 uprising in Karbala">Uprising in Karbala</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_uprising_in_Hilla" title="1916 uprising in Hilla">Uprising in Hilla</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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