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<ul id="toc-Etiska_aspekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UNHCR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNHCR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>UNHCR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNHCR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juridisk_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juridisk_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Juridisk status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Juridisk_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Juridisk status</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Juridisk_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sverige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sverige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sverige</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sverige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storbritannien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storbritannien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Storbritannien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storbritannien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidare_läsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidare_läsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vidare läsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidare_läsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Surrogatmödraskap</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 56 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogaatmoederskap" title="Surrogaatmoederskap – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Surrogaatmoederskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85" title="تأجير الرحم – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأجير الرحم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF" title="ছাৰোগেছি – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছাৰোগেছি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surroqat_anal%C4%B1q" title="Surroqat analıq – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Surroqat analıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="সারোগেসি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সারোগেসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сурогатно майчинство – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сурогатно майчинство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestaci%C3%B3_per_substituci%C3%B3" title="Gestació per substitució – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestació per substitució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hradn%C3%AD_mate%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Náhradní mateřství – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náhradní mateřství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leihmutter" title="Leihmutter – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leihmutter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asendusemadus" title="Asendusemadus – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asendusemadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Παρένθετη μητρότητα – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρένθετη μητρότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Surrogacy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientre_de_alquiler_(pr%C3%A1ctica)" title="Vientre de alquiler (práctica) – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vientre de alquiler (práctica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupatrino" title="Lupatrino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lupatrino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haurdunaldi_subrogatu" title="Haurdunaldi subrogatu – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haurdunaldi subrogatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="رحم اجاره‌ای – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رحم اجاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation_pour_autrui" title="Gestation pour autrui – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestation pour autrui" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1thairionada%C3%ADocht" title="Máthairionadaíocht – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máthairionadaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xestaci%C3%B3n_por_substituci%C3%B3n" title="Xestación por substitución – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xestación por substitución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%A8" title="대리모 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대리모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սուրոգատ մայրություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրոգատ մայրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="स्थानापन्न मातृत्व – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थानापन्न मातृत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surogatno_maj%C4%8Dinstvo" title="Surogatno majčinstvo – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Surogatno majčinstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu_pengganti" title="Ibu pengganti – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibu pengganti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestazione_per_altri" title="Gestazione per altri – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gestazione per altri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פונדקאות – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונדקאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducaniya_c%C3%AEgir" title="Ducaniya cîgir – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ducaniya cîgir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviditas_surrogata" title="Graviditas surrogata – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graviditas surrogata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surogasija" title="Surogasija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Surogasija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakaitin%C4%97_motinyst%C4%97" title="Pakaitinė motinystė – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pakaitinė motinystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestazion_per_alter" title="Gestazion per alter – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gestazion per alter" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ranyas%C3%A1g" title="Béranyaság – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Béranyaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="സറഗസി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സറഗസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu_tumpang" title="Ibu tumpang – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibu tumpang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draagmoederschap" title="Draagmoederschap – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draagmoederschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="सरोगेसी – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरोगेसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%AF%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A3" title="代理母出産 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代理母出産" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogati" title="Surrogati – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surrogati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਰੋਗੇਸੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰੋਗੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_zast%C4%99pcza" title="Matka zastępcza – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matka zastępcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternidade_de_substitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Maternidade de substituição – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maternidade de substituição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C4%83_purt%C4%83toare" title="Mamă purtătoare – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mamă purtătoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Суррогатное материнство – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суррогатное материнство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ABna_surrogate" title="Nëna surrogate – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nëna surrogate" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surrogacy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadomestno_materinstvo" title="Nadomestno materinstvo – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadomestno materinstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surogat_maj%C4%8Dinstvo" title="Surogat majčinstvo – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Surogat majčinstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijaissynnytys" title="Sijaissynnytys – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sijaissynnytys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="பதிலித்தாய் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதிலித்தாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="การตั้งครรภ์แทน – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตั้งครรภ์แทน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Модари ҷойгузин – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модари ҷойгузин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1y%C4%B1c%C4%B1_annelik" title="Taşıyıcı annelik – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taşıyıcı annelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сурогатне материнство – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сурогатне материнство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang_thai_h%E1%BB%99" title="Mang thai hộ – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mang thai hộ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%95" title="代孕 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代孕" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Surrogacy" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q334645" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Surrogatmödraskap</b> eller <b>värdmödraskap</b> innebär att en kvinna för andras räkning genomgår en graviditet och en förlossning. Graviditeten kommer till stånd genom att införa ett befruktat ägg i livmodern på den kvinna som genom graviditet ska bära barnet. Vanligen är uppdragsgivarna även de genetiska föräldrarna, men det förekommer att ägget doneras av surrogatmodern eller av en annan känd eller okänd givare. Surrogatmammor används oftast av par som biologiskt inte själv kan få barn eller genomgå en graviditet. </p><p>Surrogat kommer av latin surrogatum, <a href="/wiki/Perfekt_particip" title="Perfekt particip">perfekt participium</a> av surrogare: "Välja i stället för en annan." Surrogat används vanligen i betydelsen "ersättning för".<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2020-04)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etiska_aspekter">Etiska aspekter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Etiska aspekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Etiska aspekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europaparlamentets resolution från 2011 slår fast att surrogatmödraskap är ett allvarligt problem som utnyttjar kvinnors kroppar och reproduktiva organ.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNHCR">UNHCR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: UNHCR" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: UNHCR"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> FN:s särskilda rapportör mot handel och sexuella övergrepp mot barn presenterade en rapport om surrogatmödraskap i januari 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I rapporten slås fast att kränkningar av såväl surrogatmödrar som barn är väldokumenterat i samband med surrogatmödraskap. Kränkningar presenteras som särskilt vanligt förekommande vid kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap. </p><blockquote><p>"Surrogacy, in particular commercial surrogacy, often involves abusive practices. Furthermore, it involves direct challenges to the legitimacy of human rights norms, as some of the existing legal regimes for surrogacy purport to legalize practices that violate the international prohibition on sale of children, as well as other human rights norms. Moreover, many of the arguments provided in support of these legal regimes for commercial surrogacy could, if accepted, legitimate practices in other fields, such as adoption, that are considered illicit. Thus, if this type of governing legal regime becomes accepted, whether as international or national law, or through recognition principles, it would undermine established human rights norms and standards." </p></blockquote><p>Vidare presenteras ett antal kriterier för när surrogatmödraskap är att anse som handel med barn. Kriterier för att det ska vara handel med barn anges att det ska ske en betalning eller annan ersättning för överföring av barnet. </p><p>Kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap skulle enligt rapportören inte behöva utgöra handel med barn ifall betalningen inte sker i samband med eller efter att barnet överlämnas, samt att surrogatmamman har ett fritt val att förbli vårdnadshavare utan att detta påverkar ersättningen. Rapportören anger att det i dagens läge normalt sett är så att kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap är att anse som handel med barn. Därför anger rapportören att staterna bör inrätta förbud mot kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap om de inte inrättar ett system som kan garantera att förfarandet inte utgör en handel med barn. </p><p>Liknande resonemang förs kring altruistiskt surrogatmödraskap, där verksamheten enligt rapportören behöver vara välreglerad för att vara förenlig med grundläggande principer för mänskliga rättigheter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juridisk_status">Juridisk status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Juridisk status" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Juridisk status"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Värdmödraskap är förbjudet i de flesta europeiska länder, inklusive Sverige, men tillåtet i bland annat <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a>, Nederländerna och Grekland. I USA regleras det på delstatlig nivå och är tillåtet bland annat i <a href="/wiki/Kalifornien" title="Kalifornien">Kalifornien</a> och i <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2020-04)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sverige">Sverige</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Sverige" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Sverige"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surrogatmödraskap är förbjudet i Sverige. I den statliga utredningen Olika vägar till föräldraskap<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> når utredningen slutsatsen att varken altruistiskt eller kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap bör tillåtas i Sverige idag. De anledningar som framförs mot kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap är det dels inte harmoniserar med andra EU-länder och dels är svårförenligt med de förbud som finns mot handel med kvinnor och barn samt med andra regler som syftar till att tillgodose kvinnors och barns rättigheter på ett bra sätt. Argumenten som framförs mot altruistiskt surrogatmödraskap är att det finns allvarliga kunskapsluckor kring barnens mående och att det finns risker för påtryckningar mot surrogatmodern som riskerar att leda till dold kommersialisering och bristande frivillighet. Mot altruistiskt surrogatmödraskap framförs också argumentet att principen för <i>mater est</i>, att den som föder ett barn är juridisk moder till barnet, blir komplicerad. Då surrogatmamman ska ha rätt att ångra sig kan det enligt utredningen uppstå komplicerade situationer där svåra konflikter går ut över barnet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USA">USA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: USA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: USA"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antalet barn som fötts via värdmödraskap i USA har ökat kraftigt senaste åren. Mellan åren 1999 och 2013 föddes över 18400 barn endast i USA vid värdmödraskap.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Två av världens största organisationer för gynekologer och förlossningsläkare, American Collage of Gynacologist and Obstetricians (ACOG) samt American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) ställer sig båda positiva till värdmödraskap.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Storbritannien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Storbritannien"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Storbritannien är altruistiskt värdmödraskap tillåtet för par, men en majoritet av barnen som föds efter surrogatmödraskap föds efter behandlingar utomlands. Kliniker som utför surrogatbehandlingar ska rapportera dessa behandlingar till <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hfea.gov.uk/">Human Fertilisation and Embroylogy Authority, HFEA</a>. HFEA har ett kvalitetssystem för att kontrollera att rapporteringen sker.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter förlossningen ska föräldraskapet fastställas genom en så kallad Parental order. Inför fastställelsen utreds frågan av den brittiska myndigheten Cafcass.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brittiska Ministry of Justice, MoJ, för statistik över antal fastställda föräldraskap.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>För att föräldraskapet ska kunna fastslås krävs:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Att de ansökande är gifta, har ingått registrerat partnerskap eller lever i en långvarig familjerelation utan att vara släkt</li> <li>Att minst en av de ansökande är genetiskt släkt med barnet</li> <li>Att graviditeten åstadkommits med assisterad befruktning</li> <li>Att barnet bor med de ansökande</li> <li>Att de ansökande bor i Storbritannien</li> <li>Att surrogatmodern och hennes eventuella partner samtycker av helt fri vilja</li> <li>Att ingen betalning utöver skälig kostnadsersättning har skett</li></ul> <p>Utifrån lagstiftningen ställs inga krav på värdmoderns hälsomässiga eller psykologiska förutsättningar innan behandlingen genomförs. Det är inte tillåtet att annonsera efter värdmödrar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Värdmödraskap: Antal födda barn efter behandling på klinik<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och antal fastställda föräldraskap </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td>2010 </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antal barn födda efter värdmödraskap inom landet enligt HFEA </td> <td>59 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>105 </td> <td>79 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antal parental orders, Ministry of Justice </td> <td> </td> <td>121 </td> <td>190 </td> <td>162 </td> <td>243 </td> <td>331 </td> <td>407 </td> <td>331 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Fördelning av land för värdmodern i utredningar hos Cafcass enligt Surrogacy UK<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Land </td> <td>2014-15 </td> <td>2015-16 </td> <td>2016-17 </td> <td>2017-18 </td> <td>2018-2019 (to 2018-09-30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australien </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanada </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>England </td> <td>89 </td> <td>112 </td> <td>142 </td> <td>119 </td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indien </td> <td>47 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irland </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nya Zeeland </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nigeria </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Icke-UK andra </td> <td>6 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ryssland </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skottland </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sydafrika </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td> <td><6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand </td> <td>12 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraina </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td><6 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA </td> <td>48 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wales </td> <td> </td> <td><6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Okänt </td> <td>14 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Information saknas </td> <td>14 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>242 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>314 </td> <td>281 </td> <td>136 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Antal barn som föds inom landet skiljer sig mellan Cafcass data och data från HFEA. En delorsak till detta är att en mindre del inhemska värdmödraskap sker efter heminseminationer utan inblandning från kliniker.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det verkliga antalet personer från Storbritannien som reser utomlands för värdmödraskap är okänt. Siffrorna ovan inkluderar endast de som ansöker om parental orders, vilket går att kringgå för de som reser till länder där värdmodern inte får vårdnaden vid förlossningen. Vidare är det inte möjligt att få föräldraskapet fastställt för ensamstående. Därigenom finns en grupp med okänd storlek som inte syns i statistiken ovan. </p><p>I november 2015 publicerades en rapport i samarbete mellan Kent law school och lobbyorganisationen Surrogacy UK. Rapporten drog slutsatsen att en majoritet av de par som blev föräldrar via surrogatmödraskap använde inhemskt och altruistiskt värdmödraskap.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapporten hade ett flertal metodfel och i en uppföljningsrapport reviderades den slutsatsen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots detta fortsätter påståendet att få spridning i Sverige.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indien">Indien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Indien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Indien"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Indien är endast altruistiskt surrogatmödraskap lagligt i nutid. Reglerna kring surrogatmödraskap har förtydligats och förbjuder nu utländska par och homosexuella par från att använda en värdmamma. Idag är det endast indiska par som är ofrivilligt barnlösa som kan använda sig av altruistiskt surrogatmoderskap. Paret måste då vara gifta i minst fem år och surrogatmodern behöver vara en nära släkting till paret.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2011-0127">”Europaparlamentet resolution april 2011”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2011-0127">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2011-0127</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 februari 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Europaparlamentet+resolution+april+2011&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3Ftype%3DTA%26language%3DEN%26reference%3DP7-TA-2011-0127&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/007/71/PDF/G1800771.pdf?OpenElement">”"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material", Januari 2018, UNHCR”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/007/71/PDF/G1800771.pdf?OpenElement">https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/007/71/PDF/G1800771.pdf?OpenElement</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Report+of+the+Special+Rapporteur+on+the+sale+and+sexual+exploitation+of+children%2C+including+child+prostitution%2C+child+pornography+and+other+child+sexual+abuse+material%22%2C+Januari+2018%2C+UNHCR&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FG18%2F007%2F71%2FPDF%2FG1800771.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svtstatic.se/image-cms/svtse/1537446695/svts/article19378683.svt/BINARY/Olika%20va%CC%88gar%20till%20fo%CC%88ra%CC%88ldraskap%20SOU.pdf">”"Olika vägar till föräldraskap", SOU2016:11”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.svtstatic.se/image-cms/svtse/1537446695/svts/article19378683.svt/BINARY/Olika%20va%CC%88gar%20till%20fo%CC%88ra%CC%88ldraskap%20SOU.pdf">http://www.svtstatic.se/image-cms/svtse/1537446695/svts/article19378683.svt/BINARY/Olika%20va%CC%88gar%20till%20fo%CC%88ra%CC%88ldraskap%20SOU.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Olika+v%C3%A4gar+till+f%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldraskap%22%2C+SOU2016%3A11&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svtstatic.se%2Fimage-cms%2Fsvtse%2F1537446695%2Fsvts%2Farticle19378683.svt%2FBINARY%2FOlika%2520va%25CC%2588gar%2520till%2520fo%25CC%2588ra%25CC%2588ldraskap%2520SOU.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312141508/http://www.surrogat.info/forskning/statistik-over-surrogatmodraskap-i-usa-1999-2013/">”Trends and outcomes of gestational surrogacy in the United States”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surrogat.info/forskning/statistik-over-surrogatmodraskap-i-usa-1999-2013/">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312141508/http://www.surrogat.info/forskning/statistik-over-surrogatmodraskap-i-usa-1999-2013/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170312141508/http://www.surrogat.info/forskning/statistik-over-surrogatmodraskap-i-usa-1999-2013/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Trends+and+outcomes+of+gestational+surrogacy+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170312141508%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.surrogat.info%2Fforskning%2Fstatistik-over-surrogatmodraskap-i-usa-1999-2013%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312134706/http://www.surrogat.info/nyheter/american-society-for-reproductive-medicine-asrm-utfardar-guidelines-for-surrogatmodraskap/">”Consideration of the gestational carrier: a committee opinion”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surrogat.info/nyheter/american-society-for-reproductive-medicine-asrm-utfardar-guidelines-for-surrogatmodraskap/">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312134706/http://www.surrogat.info/nyheter/american-society-for-reproductive-medicine-asrm-utfardar-guidelines-for-surrogatmodraskap/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170312134706/http://www.surrogat.info/nyheter/american-society-for-reproductive-medicine-asrm-utfardar-guidelines-for-surrogatmodraskap/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Consideration+of+the+gestational+carrier%3A+a+committee+opinion&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170312134706%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.surrogat.info%2Fnyheter%2Famerican-society-for-reproductive-medicine-asrm-utfardar-guidelines-for-surrogatmodraskap%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215202441/https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2563/hfea-fertility-trends-and-figures-2017-v2.pdf">”Fertility treatment 2014-2016, Trends and figures, HFEA”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2563/hfea-fertility-trends-and-figures-2017-v2.pdf">originalet</a> den 15 februari 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215202441/https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2563/hfea-fertility-trends-and-figures-2017-v2.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20190215202441/https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2563/hfea-fertility-trends-and-figures-2017-v2.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fertility+treatment+2014-2016%2C+Trends+and+figures%2C+HFEA&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190215202441%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfea.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F2563%2Fhfea-fertility-trends-and-figures-2017-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/grown-ups/parents-and-carers/surrogacy/">”Surrogacy, Cafcass”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/grown-ups/parents-and-carers/surrogacy/">https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/grown-ups/parents-and-carers/surrogacy/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Surrogacy%2C+Cafcass&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafcass.gov.uk%2Fgrown-ups%2Fparents-and-carers%2Fsurrogacy%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/720096/Family_Court_Tables__Jan_to_Mar_2018_.ods">”Family court tables (Jan to Mar 2018), Ministry of Justice”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/720096/Family_Court_Tables__Jan_to_Mar_2018_.ods">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/720096/Family_Court_Tables__Jan_to_Mar_2018_.ods</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Family+court+tables+%28Jan+to+Mar+2018%29%2C+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F720096%2FFamily_Court_Tables__Jan_to_Mar_2018_.ods&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/section/54">”Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/section/54">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/section/54</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Human+Fertilisation+and+Embryology+Act+2008&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2008%2F22%2Fsection%2F54&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/49">”Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/49">http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/49</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Surrogacy+Arrangements+Act+1985&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1985%2F49&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2581/underlying-data-fertility-trends-tables-v2.xlsx">”HFEA datasheet, 2014-2016”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2581/underlying-data-fertility-trends-tables-v2.xlsx">https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2581/underlying-data-fertility-trends-tables-v2.xlsx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=HFEA+datasheet%2C+2014-2016&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfea.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F2581%2Funderlying-data-fertility-trends-tables-v2.xlsx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505152706/https://surrogacyuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Surrogacy-in-the-UK-2nd-Report-20181230.pdf">”"Surrogacy in the UK: further evidence for reform", 2018, tabell 2.3.2, Surrogacy UK”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surrogacyuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Surrogacy-in-the-UK-2nd-Report-20181230.pdf">originalet</a> den 5 maj 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505152706/https://surrogacyuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Surrogacy-in-the-UK-2nd-Report-20181230.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20190505152706/https://surrogacyuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Surrogacy-in-the-UK-2nd-Report-20181230.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Surrogacy+in+the+UK%3A+further+evidence+for+reform%22%2C+2018%2C+tabell+2.3.2%2C+Surrogacy+UK&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190505152706%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fsurrogacyuk.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2FSurrogacy-in-the-UK-2nd-Report-20181230.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505154344/https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/download/3848/">”"Cafcass Study of Parental Order Applications made in 2013/14", 2015, Cafcass”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/download/3848/">originalet</a> den 5 maj 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505154344/https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/download/3848/">https://web.archive.org/web/20190505154344/https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/download/3848/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Cafcass+Study+of+Parental+Order+Applications+made+in+2013%2F14%22%2C+2015%2C+Cafcass&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190505154344%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafcass.gov.uk%2Fdownload%2F3848%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59740/1/Surrogacy%20in%20the%20UK%20Report%20FINAL.pdf">”"Surrogacy in the UK: Myth busting and reform", 2015, Kent law school, Surrogacy UK”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59740/1/Surrogacy%20in%20the%20UK%20Report%20FINAL.pdf">https://kar.kent.ac.uk/59740/1/Surrogacy%20in%20the%20UK%20Report%20FINAL.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Surrogacy+in+the+UK%3A+Myth+busting+and+reform%22%2C+2015%2C+Kent+law+school%2C+Surrogacy+UK&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F59740%2F1%2FSurrogacy%2520in%2520the%2520UK%2520Report%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/provocerande-av-ett-feministiskt-parti-som-mp?fbclid=IwAR3ugTCnrdxkzNMNWY7mVTJHRe47U7fb0VEBWSFKW9DrvzS_BsBjYn-HLag">”"Provocerande av ett feministiskt parti som MP", Sandra Ehne (förbundsordförande RFSL), 2019-05-03, debattartikel”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svd.se/provocerande-av-ett-feministiskt-parti-som-mp?fbclid=IwAR3ugTCnrdxkzNMNWY7mVTJHRe47U7fb0VEBWSFKW9DrvzS_BsBjYn-HLag">https://www.svd.se/provocerande-av-ett-feministiskt-parti-som-mp?fbclid=IwAR3ugTCnrdxkzNMNWY7mVTJHRe47U7fb0VEBWSFKW9DrvzS_BsBjYn-HLag</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Provocerande+av+ett+feministiskt+parti+som+MP%22%2C++Sandra+Ehne+%28f%C3%B6rbundsordf%C3%B6rande+RFSL%29%2C+2019-05-03%2C+debattartikel&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fprovocerande-av-ett-feministiskt-parti-som-mp%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3ugTCnrdxkzNMNWY7mVTJHRe47U7fb0VEBWSFKW9DrvzS_BsBjYn-HLag&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/surrogacy-regulation-bill-2019">”The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>PRSIndia</span></i>. 15 juli 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/surrogacy-regulation-bill-2019">https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/surrogacy-regulation-bill-2019</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Surrogacy+%28Regulation%29+Bill%2C+2019&rft.atitle=PRSIndia&rft.date=15+juli+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prsindia.org%2Fbilltrack%2Fsurrogacy-regulation-bill-2019&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidare_läsning"><span id="Vidare_l.C3.A4sning"></span>Vidare läsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vidare läsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vidare läsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKajsa_Ekis_Ekman"><a href="/wiki/Kajsa_Ekis_Ekman" title="Kajsa Ekis Ekman">Kajsa Ekis Ekman</a>. <i><span></span></i>Varat och varan: prostitution, surrogatmödraskap och den delade människan<i></i>. Stockholm 2010: Leopard. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11807835">11807835</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-7343-272-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-7343-272-6">ISBN 978-91-7343-272-6</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Varat+och+varan%3A+prostitution%2C+surrogatm%C3%B6draskap+och+den+delade+m%C3%A4nniskan%27%27&rft.aulast=%5B%5BKajsa+Ekis+Ekman%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BKajsa+Ekis+Ekman%5D%5D&rft.place=Stockholm+2010&rft.pub=Leopard&rft.isbn=978-91-7343-272-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrogatm%C3%B6draskap&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surrogat.nu">Föreningen för surrogatmödraskap</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrogatmödraskap&oldid=54209403">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrogatmödraskap&oldid=54209403</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Graviditet" title="Kategori:Graviditet">Graviditet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Familjer%C3%A4tt" title="Kategori:Familjerätt">Familjerätt</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver källor">Alla artiklar som behöver källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_enstaka_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver enstaka källor">Alla artiklar som behöver enstaka källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_enstaka_k%C3%A4llor_2020-04" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver enstaka källor 2020-04">Artiklar som behöver enstaka källor 2020-04</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 11 december 2023 kl. 13.56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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