CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#" class="no-js"><head><link rel="preconnect" href="https://images.immediate.co.uk"/><link rel="preload" href="https://use.typekit.net/jgm6vxd.js" as="script"/><meta charSet="utf-8"/><script async="" fetchpriority="high" src="/stitcher-assets/historyextra/ad-manager.js"></script><script async="" fetchpriority="high" src="/unified/wrapperMessagingWithoutDetection.js"></script><script async="" fetchpriority="high" src="/stitcher-assets/gpt/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script async="" fetchpriority="high" src="//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js"></script><script async="" fetchpriority="high" src="/aax2/apstag.js"></script><script defer="" fetchpriority="auto" src="/stitcher-assets/permutive/99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19-web.js"></script><script async="" fetchpriority="auto" src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K86F9FM"></script><script defer="" fetchpriority="auto" src="//cdn.geni.us/snippet.min.js"></script><script>LUX=(function(){var a=("undefined"!==typeof(LUX)&&"undefined"!==typeof(LUX.gaMarks)?LUX.gaMarks:[]);var d=("undefined"!==typeof(LUX)&&"undefined"!==typeof(LUX.gaMeasures)?LUX.gaMeasures:[]);var j="LUX_start";var k=window.performance;var l=("undefined"!==typeof(LUX)&&LUX.ns?LUX.ns:(Date.now?Date.now():+(new Date())));if(k&&k.timing&&k.timing.navigationStart){l=k.timing.navigationStart}function f(){if(k&&k.now){return k.now()}var o=Date.now?Date.now():+(new Date());return o-l}function b(n){if(k){if(k.mark){return k.mark(n)}else{if(k.webkitMark){return k.webkitMark(n)}}}a.push({name:n,entryType:"mark",startTime:f(),duration:0});return}function m(p,t,n){if("undefined"===typeof(t)&&h(j)){t=j}if(k){if(k.measure){if(t){if(n){return k.measure(p,t,n)}else{return k.measure(p,t)}}else{return k.measure(p)}}else{if(k.webkitMeasure){return k.webkitMeasure(p,t,n)}}}var r=0,o=f();if(t){var s=h(t);if(s){r=s.startTime}else{if(k&&k.timing&&k.timing[t]){r=k.timing[t]-k.timing.navigationStart}else{return}}}if(n){var q=h(n);if(q){o=q.startTime}else{if(k&&k.timing&&k.timing[n]){o=k.timing[n]-k.timing.navigationStart}else{return}}}d.push({name:p,entryType:"measure",startTime:r,duration:(o-r)});return}function h(n){return c(n,g())}function c(p,o){for(i=o.length-1;i>=0;i--){var n=o[i];if(p===n.name){return n}}return undefined}function g(){if(k){if(k.getEntriesByType){return k.getEntriesByType("mark")}else{if(k.webkitGetEntriesByType){return k.webkitGetEntriesByType("mark")}}}return a}return{mark:b,measure:m,gaMarks:a,gaMeasures:d}})();LUX.ns=(Date.now?Date.now():+(new Date()));LUX.ac=[];LUX.cmd=function(a){LUX.ac.push(a)};LUX.init=function(){LUX.cmd(["init"])};LUX.send=function(){LUX.cmd(["send"])};LUX.addData=function(a,b){LUX.cmd(["addData",a,b])};LUX_ae=[];window.addEventListener("error",function(a){LUX_ae.push(a)});LUX_al=[];if("function"===typeof(PerformanceObserver)&&"function"===typeof(PerformanceLongTaskTiming)){var LongTaskObserver=new PerformanceObserver(function(c){var b=c.getEntries();for(var a=0;a<b.length;a++){var d=b[a];LUX_al.push(d)}});try{LongTaskObserver.observe({type:["longtask"]})}catch(e){}};</script><script async="" defer="" src="https://cdn.speedcurve.com/js/lux.js?id=430481854" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { if (!window.Genius) return; var tsid = '114623'; window.Genius.amazon.addOnClickRedirect(tsid, true, "https://buy.geni.us"); }); </script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" data-testid="meta-viewport"/><title>HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website | HistoryExtra</title><meta name="title" content="HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website | HistoryExtra" data-testid="meta-title"/><meta name="description" content="Thousands of historical articles on both British and world history for all levels of knowledge and interest." data-testid="meta-description"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" data-testid="meta-twitter-card"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="HistoryExtra" data-testid="meta-twitter-creator"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="HistoryExtra" data-testid="meta-twitter-site"/><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1608050088, app-argument=https://www.historyextra.com/" data-testid="meta-apple-itunes-app"/><meta property="og:title" content="History Extra Home" data-testid="meta-og-title"/><meta property="og:type" content="article" data-testid="meta-og-type"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="HistoryExtra" data-testid="meta-og-site-name"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.historyextra.com/" data-testid="meta-og-url"/><meta content="QzW_9Zd_q9L4zm5i7RLScelZzKJXsJ6olOcrxerMrfg" data-testid="meta-google-site-verification" name="google-site-verification"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.historyextra.com/" data-testid="meta-canonical"/><script type="application/json" id="__AD_SETTINGS__">{"unitName":"/176986657/Historyextra.com/home/homepage","headerBidder":"prebid","headerBidderUrl":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","headerBidderTimeout":3500,"adRefresh":{"enabled":true,"excludedOrderIds":[2754193328,2728546557,2777270073,476475177,2740501331],"durationInView":20,"percentageInView":50},"targets":{"configuration":"live","cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page"},"lazyLoading":{"enabled":false,"renderMarginPercent":1000,"mobileScaling":0},"stitcher":{},"enableAdvertBeforeBodyOfContent":{"article":false,"recipe":false},"nativeAdvertiser":"nova","promoPlacementId":"","permutiveConfig":{"permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com","permutiveModel":{"category":[],"subcategory":["page"],"title":"History Extra Home","article":{"id":"275630","description":null,"type":"page","tags":[]}}},"suppressionOptions":{"@type":"Suppression","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/5ded9f7651b56ca2d7ba","disableAboveFooter":false,"disableAdsOnPictures":false,"disableAllAds":false,"disableBelowHeader":false,"disableBurdaffiInText":false,"disableBurdaffiWidgets":false,"disableEdiplayerAds":false,"disableEdiplayerAutoplay":false,"disableEdiplayerInjection":false,"disableEdiplayerPlaylist":false,"disableInTextAds":false,"disableRtbAds":false,"hidePromoLogoInHeader":false,"adultContent":false}}</script><script type="application/json" id="__PIANO_SETTINGS__">{"@id":"/v1/settings/pianos","@type":"Piano","applicationId":"tGdZ34Gcpu","composerSiteId":"1140862806177409831","enabled":true,"production":true,"postPreview":2,"customVariables":[{"key":"premiumContent","value":false},{"key":"subscriptionExperience","value":"default"},{"key":"postType","value":"page"}]}</script><script type="application/json" id="__RECAPTCHA_SETTINGS__">{"isNewsletterRecaptchaEnabled":true,"recaptchaSiteKey":"6LdaS8IUAAAAAGO1ZgmveW8ekLnAYgUiUWCEQx44"}</script><script type="application/json" id="__CDP_SETTINGS__">{"@id":"/v1/settings/cdps","@type":"Cdp","enabled":true,"segmentWriteKey":"aNIZJAgVmFvKWEofdrBQv4ZOcFmHJnen","webTracking":"logged-in"}</script><script type="application/json" id="__POST_CONTENT__">{"page":null,"callout":null,"client":"historyextra","entity":"page","postId":"275630","published":"October 22, 2024 at 3:08 PM","slug":"history-extra-home","uid":"history-extra-home","status":"published","isPrivate":false,"postType":"page","blocks":[{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Honeymooning with your mother-in-law? The truths of Regency romance","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"premium","id":"279887","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/membership/regency-romance-truths/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":5100,"width":3250,"alt":"An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","title":"An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"1","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Who was the patron saint of love and lovers?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"76131","label":{"text":"Roman","type":"category","url":"/period/roman/"},"kicker":"Saint Valentine","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/roman/valentine-day-history-saint-who-real-story-cured/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"An image depicting St Valentine","title":"St_Valentine_hearts","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 13, 2024 at 10:06 AM","authorName":"Professor Lisa Bitel"},{"title":"Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"211965","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":"Quiz of the week","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Weekly history quiz from the team at HistoryExtra","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 6, 2025 at 8:30 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"1","horizontal":true,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false}]},{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Did Catherine the Great really have sex with a horse?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"278464","label":{"text":"Georgian","type":"category","url":"/period/georgian/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/georgian/did-catherine-the-great-have-sex-with-a-horse-myth-rumour-debunked/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Queen Catherine the Great and (inset) a horse","title":"Catherine the Great was rumoured to have had relations with a horse (Photos via Getty)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"},{"title":"Rome's most scandalous emperors","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279893","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/romes-scandalous-emperors-podcast-tom-holland/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Tom Holland - Caesars Suetonius WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 7:00 AM","authorName":"Rob Attar"},{"title":"Do you know the correct date of Magna Carta? Here’s why you might be wrong","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279564","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/is-magna-carta-date-wrong/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes","title":"A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 11, 2025 at 4:17 PM","authorName":"Dr David Musgrove"},{"title":"The final years of the war | HistoryExtra Academy video lecture","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"video","theme":"premium","id":"279386","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"video","rating":null,"url":"/membership/the-final-years-of-the-war-historyextra-academy-video-lecture/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"YT Thumb Laurence Rees 6 WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 4, 2025 at 5:17 PM","authorName":"Rachel Dinning"}],"columns":"2","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":true,"stretch":false},{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png","width":720,"height":374,"title":"Brandsite 720x374px","aspectRatio":0.5194444444444445,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/join/"},"alt":"Get access to HistoryExtra and the Academy for just 99p for 6 months!"},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png","width":720,"height":374,"title":"Brandsite 720x374px","aspectRatio":0.5194444444444445,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/join/"},"alt":"Get access to HistoryExtra and the Academy for just 99p for 6 months!"},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"War Plan Red: The secret US plan for war with Britain via Canada","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"278584","label":{"text":"20th Century","type":"category","url":"/period/20th-century/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/20th-century/war-plan-red-secret-invasion/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)","title":"The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 3, 2025 at 10:54 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"},{"title":"10 shocking torture methods from medieval history","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"273260","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":"Stretched, crushed and impaled","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/medieval-torture-methods/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":412,"width":620,"alt":"Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel.","title":"Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel.","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"September 11, 2024 at 2:39 PM","authorName":"Lauren Good"},{"title":"What was Jane Austen's cause of death?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"279360","label":{"text":"Georgian","type":"category","url":"/period/georgian/"},"kicker":"Lupus or murder?","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/georgian/jane-austen-death/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Jane Austen's grave.","title":"Jane Austen's grave.","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 4, 2025 at 2:49 PM","authorName":"Hilary Mitchell"},{"title":"How did Dirty Bertie’s siège d’amour actually work?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"268993","label":{"text":"Edwardian","type":"category","url":"/period/edwardian/"},"kicker":"King Edward VII’s love chair","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/edwardian/king-edward-vii-love-chair/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":619,"alt":"Portrait of King Edward VII","title":"King Edward VII","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"June 27, 2024 at 3:35 PM","authorName":null}],"columns":"4","title":"Most searched for","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"on-this-day-in-history-73491136\">On this day in history</h3><p>What happened on this day in the past? We round up the landmark events, births, deaths and more...</p>","backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"17 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"200257","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/17-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/81ece238e7513a9ae8a5","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink17","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 17, 2025 at 6:10 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"16 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"200254","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/16-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/a1246c27822b3f092d06","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink16","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 16, 2025 at 6:10 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"15 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"200253","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/15-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/79b5118c1da0bcac7190","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink15","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 15, 2025 at 6:10 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"14 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"199618","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/14-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/de94a754104577b43bff","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink14","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 5:06 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"4","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"dark","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"https://www.historyextra.com/on-this-day-today-in-history/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"More On This Day"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"historical-qas-6efe0c28\">Historical Q&As</h3><p>How did Spanish Flu get its name? When did our ancestors start using toilet paper? Why did the famous Crystal Palace burn down? And where was the WW1 Armistice signed? Here are the top questions about history, answered by historians and experts…</p>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Why was Mozart obsessed with poo?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272585","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/why-was-mozart-obsessed-with-poo/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/179542e198b1abb8ebef","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":414,"width":620,"alt":"Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score","title":"Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 31, 2024 at 8:14 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"},{"title":"What is Greek life?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272589","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/what-is-greek-life/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/32bf3c4fce586c3c4281","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952","title":"Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 30, 2024 at 9:33 PM","authorName":null},{"title":"Where does the term ‘champagne socialist’ come from?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272214","label":{"text":"20th Century","type":"category","url":"/period/20th-century/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/20th-century/champagne-socialist-meaning-origin/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/e99e65b9ce5a7547959b","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk","title":"Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk. He was described as a champagne socialist","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 25, 2024 at 9:27 AM","authorName":"Danny Bird"},{"title":"Why decimation was the most unfair punishment in the Roman Army","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272207","label":{"text":"Roman","type":"category","url":"/period/roman/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/roman/decimation-roman-punishment-real/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/a38e84c6f56764d2c762","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column","title":"Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 24, 2024 at 8:47 AM","authorName":"Danny Bird"},{"title":"Where does the term ‘fifth column’ come from?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"268898","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":"Q&A","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/fifth-column-meaning/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/3523b2aa1512e8307d50","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'","title":"Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'.","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"June 25, 2024 at 1:57 PM","authorName":"Danny Bird"},{"title":"The Grand Tour: a rite of passage for Europe’s elite","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"267343","label":{"text":"General Early Modern","type":"category","url":"/period/early-modern/"},"kicker":"Q&A","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/early-modern/grand-tour-what-origins-itinerary/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0cdd200b6158aaa4f816","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":414,"width":620,"alt":"A Painting of The Grand Canal in Venice","title":"A View On The Grand Canal Venice","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"May 16, 2024 at 5:18 PM","authorName":"Danny Bird"}],"columns":"3","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"/content-classification/qa/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Read more answers from the experts"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg","width":900,"height":374,"title":"FEB317-6issues-Homepage","aspectRatio":0.41555555555555557,"link":{"href":"https://www.buysubscriptions.com/print/bbc-history-magazine-subscription?promo=HTBP25&utm_medium=brandsite&utm_source=historyextra.com&utm_campaign=6issuesfor9.99_htbp25&utm_content=homepage-widget&style=brand"},"alt":"Try 6 issues for £9.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra Academy"},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg","width":900,"height":374,"title":"FEB317-6issues-Homepage","aspectRatio":0.41555555555555557,"link":{"href":"https://www.buysubscriptions.com/print/bbc-history-magazine-subscription?promo=HTBP25&utm_medium=brandsite&utm_source=historyextra.com&utm_campaign=6issuesfor9.99_htbp25&utm_content=homepage-widget&style=brand"},"alt":"Try 6 issues for £9.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra Academy"},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"historyextra-podcast-5a9414e1\">HistoryExtra Podcast</h3><p>The latest episodes from the History Extra podcast</p>","backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Are we celebrating the wrong Magna Carta?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279572","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/wrong-magna-carta-date-podcast-david-carpenter/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/aa54ccfba19ec41c05c0","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"David Carpenter - Not the Magna Carta WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 11, 2025 at 7:00 AM","authorName":"Dr David Musgrove"}],"columns":"1","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"The forgotten JFK assassination plot","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279529","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/jfk-forgotten-assassination-podcast-brad-meltzer-josh-mensch/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/c01615743752df3128f7","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Brad Meltzer and Josh Mensch - The JFK Conspiracy WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 10, 2025 at 3:27 PM","authorName":null},{"title":"The Indian Rebellion of 1857: everything you wanted to know","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279517","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/indian-rebellion-podcast-saul-david/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0b1bbce2e7f1ad53f841","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Pod Saul David - EV Indian Mutiny WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 9, 2025 at 7:00 AM","authorName":"Spencer Mizen"}],"columns":"1","horizontal":true,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false}]},{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"From dinosaurs to Godzilla: a 15,000-year history of monsters","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279474","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/history-of-monsters-podcast-natalie-lawrence/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0422d4d6563a43822596","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":1721,"width":2583,"title":"Pod Natalie Lawrence - Enchanted creatures_WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"How monasteries powered medieval Europe","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279403","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/monasteries-medieval-europe-podcast-andrew-jotischky/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/7c8f8c0fbaff3fc77d99","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Andrew Jotischky - Monastic world WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 5, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":"Emily Briffett"},{"title":"Greenland, forest fires and presidential power: history behind the headlines","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279408","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/history-behind-the-headlines-february-25-podcast-hannah-skoda-rana-mitter/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/1a3c2e594686dfb70c19","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Pod Behind headlines WL (1)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 4, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":"Matt Elton"},{"title":"George Villiers: from royal favourite to enemy number one","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279326","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/george-villiers-podcast-lucy-hughes-hallett/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/32feac6e33ed42ece4fa","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Lucy Hughes Hallett - George Villiers (The Scapegoat) WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 3, 2025 at 7:30 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"2","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false}]}],"backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"dark","href":"/podcast/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"View all podcasts","marginBottom":true},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"The JFK assassination attempt you’ve never heard of","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279217","label":{"text":"20th Century","type":"category","url":"/period/20th-century/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/20th-century/jfk-assassination-attempt-richard-pavlick-why-failed/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/ff169a539bf9fcc57c65","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":826,"width":1240,"alt":"John F Kennedy in 1960 (left) and would-be assassin Richard Pavlick","title":"John F Kennedy and Richard Pavlick","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 10, 2025 at 9:55 AM","authorName":"Elinor Evans"},{"title":"10 things you need to know about medieval Bohemia before you play <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279460","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/bohemia-facts-kingdom-come-deliverance-2/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/946bcda534f5d99d72f8","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"A farmer in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2.","title":"10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 2:26 PM","authorName":"James Osborne"},{"title":"The real history behind Kuttenberg in <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>: how Kutná Hora became the silver crown of medieval Bohemia","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279459","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/real-history-kuttenberg-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-how-kutna-hora-became-the-silver-crown-of-medieval-bohemia/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/2c599315cc9b8f22c843","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Kuttenberg as seen in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2.","title":"kcd2-kuttenberg-square","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 2:22 PM","authorName":"James Osborne"},{"title":"Why is a mythical catfish to blame for earthquakes in Japan?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"278612","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/namazu-japanese-earthquake-catfish/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/bf3e1a5c865e0dc8d37c","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","title":"A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 9:36 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"}],"columns":"4","title":"More of our latest articles","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/page/1/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"More of our latest articles"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"advert","index":1,"slotKey":"block-banner"},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"history-quizzes-e5e710ad\">History Quizzes</h3><p>How much do you know about history? Test out your knowledge with our quizzes...</p>","backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"How much do you know about the Vikings?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"115366","label":{"text":"Viking","type":"category","url":"/period/viking/"},"kicker":"Quiz","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/viking/vikings-quiz-test-knowledge-viking-questions/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":670,"width":1024,"alt":"How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)","title":"How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"June 24, 2020 at 9:00 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"How much do you know about medieval history?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"48","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":"Quiz","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/medieval-quiz/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets","title":"Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"October 16, 2017 at 2:56 PM","authorName":null},{"title":"Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"211965","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":"Quiz of the week","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Weekly history quiz from the team at HistoryExtra","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 6, 2025 at 8:30 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"History quiz: how much do you know about the Black Death?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"premium","id":"110741","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/membership/history-quiz-black-death/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":806,"width":1024,"alt":"The effects of the disease known as the Black Death","title":"The effects of the disease known as the Black Death are captured in this medieval miniature. (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"April 29, 2020 at 5:03 PM","authorName":null}],"columns":"4","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"dark","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"/quiz/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"View more quizzes"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"popular-historic-periods-2f4b308d\">Popular historic periods</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg","width":620,"height":413,"title":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","alt":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6661290322580645,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg","width":620,"height":413,"title":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","alt":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6661290322580645,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"tudor-4d40eae3\">Tudor</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg","width":620,"height":411,"title":"Medieval - Getty Images","alt":"Illustrated Medieval scene from the Romance of Lancelot","aspectRatio":0.6629032258064517,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg","width":620,"height":411,"title":"Medieval - Getty Images","alt":"Illustrated Medieval scene from the Romance of Lancelot","aspectRatio":0.6629032258064517,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"medieval-fba0c064\">Medieval</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Victorian - Getty Images","alt":"Victorian - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Victorian - Getty Images","alt":"Victorian - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"victorian-90196bb4\">Victorian</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"20th Century - Getty Images","alt":"20th Century - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"20th Century - Getty Images","alt":"20th Century - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"20th-century-acabcbd9\">20th Century</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"transparent","href":"/period","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Explore more historic periods","marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"popular-people-from-history-a3503d6c\">Popular people from history</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Henry VIII - Getty Images","alt":"Painting of Henry VIII","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/henry-viii/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Henry VIII - Getty Images","alt":"Painting of Henry VIII","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/henry-viii/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"henry-viii-3188a2e6\">Henry VIII</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Queen Victoria - Getty Images","alt":"Portrait of Queen Victoria","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/queen-victoria/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Queen Victoria - Getty Images","alt":"Portrait of Queen Victoria","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/queen-victoria/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"queen-victoria-1e14c8fc\">Queen Victoria</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","alt":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/winston-churchill/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","alt":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/winston-churchill/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"winston-churchill-3470d5f6\">Winston Churchill</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","alt":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/tutankhamun/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","alt":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/tutankhamun/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"tutankhamun-f38876b3\">Tutankhamun</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"transparent","href":"/people/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Explore more people from history","marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"popular-historic-topics-bee2b4d6\">Popular historic topics</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Social history - Getty Images","alt":"Dockers unloading wine barrels","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/social-history/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Social history - Getty Images","alt":"Dockers unloading wine barrels","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/social-history/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"social-history-ec7b944a\">Social history</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg","width":619,"height":411,"title":"Women's history - Getty Images","alt":"Photo of Mabel Capper and Patricia Woodlock advertising a meeting, Manchester, Lancashire, July 1908","aspectRatio":0.6639741518578353,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/womens-history/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg","width":619,"height":411,"title":"Women's history - Getty Images","alt":"Photo of Mabel Capper and Patricia Woodlock advertising a meeting, Manchester, Lancashire, July 1908","aspectRatio":0.6639741518578353,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/womens-history/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"womens-history-692dd5ab\">Women's history</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Sex and love - Getty Images","alt":"Illustration of a couple","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/sex-and-love/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Sex and love - Getty Images","alt":"Illustration of a couple","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/sex-and-love/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"sex-and-love-2fc0755d\">Sex and love</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Military history - Getty Images","alt":"The charge of the light, battle illustration","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/military-history/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Military history - Getty Images","alt":"The charge of the light, battle illustration","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/military-history/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"<h3 id=\"military-history-16e8770e\">Military history</h3>","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"transparent","href":"/topic/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Explore more historic topics","marginBottom":true}],"breadcrumbs":null,"seoMetadata":{"title":"History Extra Home","description":null,"metaTitle":"HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website","metaDescription":"Thousands of historical articles on both British and world history for all levels of knowledge and interest.","type":"article","robots":"","canonicalUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"speedCurveLux":{"label":"page","data":{"layout-variant":"headline"}},"pageUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/","canonicalUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/","permutiveModel":{"category":[],"subcategory":["page"],"title":"History Extra Home","article":{"id":"275630","description":null,"type":"page","tags":[]}},"socialShare":{"platforms":["facebook","twitter","whatsapp","email"],"emailSubject":"I saw this on HistoryExtra.com and thought of you","emailBody":"I found this article on HistoryExtra.com and thought you might be interested:","twitterHandle":"HistoryExtra","fbAuthorizeCode":"","title":"History%20Extra%20Home","tweet":"History%20Extra%20Home","disabled":false,"url":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"schema":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.historyextra.com/#WebPage","@type":"WebPage","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"name":"HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website","url":"https://www.historyextra.com/","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Michael Walker","url":"https://www.historyextra.com/author/michaelwalker"}],"dateModified":"2025-02-14T13:53:59+00:00","datePublished":"2024-10-22T15:08:00+01:00","headline":"History Extra Home","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"HistoryExtra","url":"https://www.historyextra.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?resize=800,207","width":800,"height":207}},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".js-piano-locked-content"},"description":"Thousands of historical articles on both British and world history for all levels of knowledge and interest."},"targeting":{"gtm":{"cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page","publish_date":"2024-10-22T14:08:00+00:00","template":"page"},"dfp":{"configuration":"live","cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page"},"piano":[{"key":"premiumContent","value":false},{"key":"subscriptionExperience","value":"default"},{"key":"postType","value":"page"}]},"postPreview":2,"affiliateMessage":null,"image":null,"ediplayer":null,"onnetworkplayer":null,"greenVideo":null,"hideBreadcrumbs":false,"suppression":{"@type":"Suppression","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/5ded9f7651b56ca2d7ba","disableAboveFooter":false,"disableAdsOnPictures":false,"disableAllAds":false,"disableBelowHeader":false,"disableBurdaffiInText":false,"disableBurdaffiWidgets":false,"disableEdiplayerAds":false,"disableEdiplayerAutoplay":false,"disableEdiplayerInjection":false,"disableEdiplayerPlaylist":false,"disableInTextAds":false,"disableRtbAds":false,"hidePromoLogoInHeader":false},"layout":"headline","taxonomies":[{"@type":"Taxonomy","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/b5b29d45f04cfded2df8","display":"Subscription Experiences","terms":[{"@type":"Term","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0a04fe548474384a0113","slug":"default","display":"Default","taxonomy":"subscription-experience"}]}],"table":null,"postFormat":"standard","showHeroImageOverlayIcon":false,"gemius":null,"c2cVars":null,"relatedEdiPlayer":null,"sponsorTracking":null,"postMeta":{"client":"historyextra","schemaId":"https://www.historyextra.com/#WebPage","entity":"page","source":"content-api","clientId":"275630"},"recommendedCards":null,"adSettings":{"unitName":"/176986657/Historyextra.com","headerBidder":"prebid","headerBidderUrl":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","headerBidderTimeout":3500,"adRefresh":{"enabled":true,"excludedOrderIds":[2754193328,2728546557,2777270073,476475177,2740501331],"durationInView":20,"percentageInView":50},"targets":{"configuration":["live"]},"lazyLoading":{"enabled":false,"renderMarginPercent":1000,"mobileScaling":0},"stitcher":{},"enableAdvertBeforeBodyOfContent":{"article":false,"recipe":false},"nativeAdvertiser":"nova","promoPlacementId":"","permutiveConfig":{"permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com"}},"currentPage":1,"pockets":{"pageBottom":[],"aboveFooter":[{"componentId":"newsletterSignup","props":{"data":{"title":"Sign up for the weekly HistoryExtra newsletter","description":"By entering your details, you are agreeing to site title terms and conditions and privacy policy. You can unsubscribe at any time.","layout":"horizontal","environment":"live-like","newsletter":"nl_he_weekly--658","endpoint":"","loggedInBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedInSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedInPreferencesHyperlinkText":"Edit your newsletter preferences","loggedOutBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedOutSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedOutSignInMessage":"Already have an account with us? Sign in to manage your newsletter preferences"},"widgetArea":"aboveFooter"}}]},"promoPostTeaser":null,"hasData":true}</script><script type="application/json" id="__SITE_CONTEXT__">{"env":"production","siteKey":"historyextra","apiBaseURLs":{"collections":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/collections","content":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/content","entitlements":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/entitlements","reactions":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/reactions","search":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/search","settings":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/settings","ugr":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/ugr","userAccounts":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/userAccounts","webhooks":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/webhooks","broadcast":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/broadcast","preference":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/preference"},"featureFlags":{"FEATURE_RECIPE_MASTHEAD_M2_SITE_KEYS":false,"FEATURE_GOODFOOD_RETHEME":false,"FEATURE_ACCOUNT_SETTINGS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":true,"FEATURE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":true,"FEATURE_NEW_MASTHEAD":false,"FEATURE_AUTH0_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":false}}</script><link rel="preload" as="script" href="/segment/analytics.js/v1/aNIZJAgVmFvKWEofdrBQv4ZOcFmHJnen/analytics.min.js"/><script> !function() { var analytics = window.analytics = window.analytics || []; if (!analytics.initialize) { if (analytics.invoked) window.console && console.error && console.error("Segment snippet included twice."); else { analytics.invoked = !0; analytics.methods = ["trackSubmit", "trackClick", "trackLink", "trackForm", "pageview", "identify", "reset", "group", "track", "ready", "alias", "debug", "page", "screen", "once", "off", "on", "addSourceMiddleware", "addIntegrationMiddleware", "setAnonymousId", "addDestinationMiddleware", "register"]; analytics.factory = function(e) { return function() { if (window.analytics.initialized) { return window.analytics[e].apply(window.analytics, arguments); }; var i = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); if (["track", "screen", "alias", "group", "page", "identify"].indexOf(e) > -1) { var c = document.querySelector("link[rel='canonical']"); i.push({ __t: "bpc", c: c && c.getAttribute("href") || void 0, p: location.pathname, u: location.href, s: location.search, t: document.title, r: document.referrer }); } i.unshift(e); analytics.push(i); return analytics } }; for (var i = 0; i < analytics.methods.length; i++) { var key = analytics.methods[i]; analytics[key] = analytics.factory(key) } analytics.load = function(key, i) { var t = document.createElement("script"); t.type = "text/javascript"; t.defer = !0; t.src = "/segment/analytics.js/v1/" + key + "/analytics.min.js"; var n = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; n.parentNode.insertBefore(t, n); analytics._loadOptions = i; }; analytics._writeKey = "alP20DjzyCjAX3n4lE2CwYnQnUZ4PP39"; analytics.SNIPPET_VERSION = "5.2.0"; } } }(); </script><script data-test-id="datadog"> (function(h,o,u,n,d) { h=h[d]=h[d]||{q:[],onReady:function(c){h.q.push(c)}} d=o.createElement(u);d.async=1;d.src=n n=o.getElementsByTagName(u)[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(d,n) })(window,document,'script','https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/datadog-logs-v3.js','DD_LOGS') DD_LOGS.onReady(function() { const sensitiveKeys = ["username","firstname","lastname","screenname","phone","phonenumber","mobile","mobilenumber","telephone","telephonenumber","email","useremail","address","town","city","county","state","country","postcode","zipcode","accesstoken","refreshtoken","idtoken","token"]; const sanitise = (value, key, params, { onRedact } = {}) => { const normalisedKey = key.toLowerCase().replace(/[_-]/g, ''); if (sensitiveKeys.some((sensitiveKey) => normalisedKey.includes(sensitiveKey))) { params.set(key, 'REDACTED'); onRedact?.(value, key); return; } const emailRegExp = /\S+@\S+\.[a-z]{2,}(--[a-z0-9-]+)?/; const valueContainsEmail = emailRegExp.test(decodeURIComponent(value)); if (valueContainsEmail) { params.set(key, value.replace(emailRegExp, 'REDACTED')); onRedact?.(value, key); } } DD_LOGS.init({ clientToken: 'pubfa1f639573266853fc10c94409de62e6', site: 'datadoghq.com', forwardErrorsToLogs: false, beforeSend: (log) => { const queryParamsMatch = typeof log.message === 'string' && log.message?.match(/(?:https?:\/\/.*)?\/\S+\?(.*?)(?:[\s"'`\])]|$)/); if (queryParamsMatch) { try { const params = new URLSearchParams(queryParamsMatch[1]); params.forEach(sanitise); log.message = log.message.replace(queryParamsMatch[1], params.toString()); } catch (error) { log.message = log.message.replace(queryParamsMatch[1], ''); } } try { const sanitisedUrl = new URL(log.view.url); const urlDetailsQueryString = log.view.url_details?.queryString; const onRedact = (_, key) => { if (urlDetailsQueryString?.[key]) { urlDetailsQueryString[key] = 'REDACTED'; } } sanitisedUrl.searchParams.forEach((value, key, params) => sanitise(value, key, params, { onRedact })); log.view.url = sanitisedUrl.href; } catch (error) { log.view.url = 'REDACTED'; } } }) DD_LOGS.setLoggerGlobalContext({"service":"editorial-frontend","env":"production","version":"82f365bb9f2d3eab0a96be408a416118fd9034b4","app":{"version":"82f365bb9f2d3eab0a96be408a416118fd9034b4","lastCommitDate":"Tue Feb 11 11:36:15 2025 +0000","lastBuildStartTime":"1739273777396","package":"1.684.0"}}); }) </script><script data-react-helmet="true"> (function(d) { var config = { kitId: 'jgm6vxd', scriptTimeout: 3000, async: true }, h=d.documentElement,t=setTimeout(function(){h.className=h.className.replace(/wf-loading/g,"")+" wf-inactive";},config.scriptTimeout),tk=d.createElement("script"),f=false,s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],a;h.className+=" wf-loading";tk.src='https://use.typekit.net/'+config.kitId+'.js';tk.async=true;tk.onload=tk.onreadystatechange=function(){a=this.readyState;if(f||a&&a!="complete"&&a!="loaded")return;f=true;clearTimeout(t);try{Typekit.load(config)}catch(e){}};s.parentNode.insertBefore(tk,s) })(document); </script><script data-react-helmet="true"> function _typeof(t) { return (_typeof = typeof Symbol === 'function' && typeof Symbol.iterator === 'symbol' ? function (t) { return typeof t; } : function (t) { return t && typeof Symbol === 'function' && t.constructor === Symbol && t !== Symbol.prototype ? 'symbol' : typeof t; })(t); }!(function () { const t = function () { let t; let e; const o = []; const n = window; let r = n; for (; r;) { try { if (r.frames.__tcfapiLocator) { t = r; break; } } catch (t) {} if (r === n.top) break; r = n.parent; } t || (!(function t() { const e = n.document; const o = !!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator; if (!o) { if (e.body) { const r = e.createElement('iframe'); r.style.cssText = 'display:none', r.name = '__tcfapiLocator', e.body.appendChild(r); } else setTimeout(t, 5); } return !o; }()), n.__tcfapi = function () { for (var t = arguments.length, n = new Array(t), r = 0; r < t; r++) n[r] = arguments[r]; if (!n.length) return o; n[0] === 'setGdprApplies' ? n.length > 3 && parseInt(n[1], 10) === 2 && typeof n[3] === 'boolean' && (e = n[3], typeof n[2] === 'function' && n[2]('set', !0)) : n[0] === 'ping' ? typeof n[2] === 'function' && n[2]( { gdprApplies: e, cmpLoaded: !1, cmpStatus: 'stub', }, ) : o.push(n); }, n.addEventListener('message', ((t) => { const e = typeof t.data === 'string'; let o = {}; if (e) { try { o = JSON.parse(t.data); } catch (t) {} } else o = t.data; const n = _typeof(o) === 'object' ? o.__tcfapiCall : null; n && window.__tcfapi(n.command, n.version, ((o, r) => { const a = { __tcfapiReturn: { returnValue: o, success: r, callId: n.callId, }, }; t && t.source && t.source.postMessage && t.source.postMessage(e ? JSON.stringify(a) : a, '*'); }), n.parameter); }), !1)); }; typeof module !== 'undefined' ? module.exports = t : t(); }()); </script><script data-react-helmet="true"> window._sp_queue = []; window._sp_ = { config: { accountId: 1742, baseEndpoint: 'https://consent.historyextra.com', gdpr: { }, events: { onMessageChoiceSelect: function() { if (performance.getEntriesByName('time-to-cmp-choice').length === 0) { performance.mark('time-to-cmp-choice'); } console.log('[event] onMessageChoiceSelect', arguments); }, onMessageReady: function() { if (performance.getEntriesByName('time-to-cmp-message').length === 0) { performance.mark('time-to-cmp-message'); } console.log('[event] onMessageReady', arguments); window.LUX.addData('cmp-shown',true); }, onMessageChoiceError: function() { console.log('[event] onMessageChoiceError', arguments); }, onPrivacyManagerAction: function() { console.log('[event] onPrivacyManagerAction', arguments); }, onPMCancel: function() { console.log('[event] onPMCancel', arguments); }, onMessageReceiveData: function() { console.log('[event] onMessageReceiveData', arguments); }, onSPPMObjectReady: function() { console.log('[event] onSPPMObjectReady', arguments); }, onConsentReady: function (consentUUID, euconsent) { performance.mark('time-to-cmp'); console.log('[event] onConsentReady', arguments); }, onError: function() { console.log('[event] onError', arguments); window.LUX.addData('cmp-shown',false); }, } } }; window.__cmpProvider = 'sp'; </script><script data-react-helmet="true"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ event: "Site Data", sendCustomOptimizelyEvents: "true", site_name: "historyextra" }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true"> !function(n,e,o,r,i){if(!e){e=e||{},window.permutive=e,e.q=[],e.config=i||{},e.config.projectId=o,e.config.apiKey=r,e.config.environment=e.config.environment||"production";for(var t=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],c=0;c<t.length;c++){var f=t[c];e[f]=function(n){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);e.q.push({functionName:n,arguments:o})}}(f)}}}(document,window.permutive,"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746",{ "consentRequired": true }) </script><script data-react-helmet="true"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; (function(pageData) { pageData.time = Date.now(); window.dataLayer.push(pageData); })({"cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page","publish_date":"2024-10-22T14:08:00+00:00","template":"page","event":"Page Data","time":1739836869628}) </script><script>document.documentElement.classList.remove("no-js");</script><meta name="next-head-count" content="44"/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-733834d250c4cc8f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-63d16ff2f5e08230.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-e910158d92ae2532.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-5dde9081f4852259.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/350-63c63d52f5a8bafb.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/765-f2db2cf2df5ae01f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/editorial/page/%5Bslug%5D-e0c8096264e682d9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/82f365bb9f2d3eab0a96be408a416118fd9034b4-editorial/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/82f365bb9f2d3eab0a96be408a416118fd9034b4-editorial/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/styles/css/im-historyextra-theme/base-e90d2edc7f0790b518fd5a435fbf0880.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/styles/css/im-historyextra-theme/components-023155f90a4aa75a0d2d5898a391d469.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/styles/css/im-historyextra-theme/utilities-0ffd58a73950d286569ebd7a4f79904b.css"/></head><body><script id="__DESIGN_TOKENS__" type="application/json">{"colors":{"highlightLight":"rgba(231, 116, 116, 1)","highlightRegular":"rgba(184, 60, 47, 1)","highlightDark":"rgba(168, 46, 46, 1)","clickableLight":"rgba(111, 148, 206, 1)","clickableRegular":"rgba(52, 106, 193, 1)","clickableDark":"rgba(32, 68, 125, 1)","interactiveLight":"rgba(248, 127, 69, 1)","interactiveRegular":"rgba(205, 68, 2, 1)","interactiveDark":"rgba(154, 52, 2, 1)","commercialLight":"rgba(94, 165, 159, 1)","commercialRegular":"rgba(61, 120, 115, 1)","commercialDark":"rgba(52, 105, 101, 1)","displayLight":null,"displayRegular":null,"displayDark":null,"baseWhite":"rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)","baseGrey":"rgba(6, 24, 36, 1)","baseBlack":"rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)","backgroundExtraLight":"rgba(254, 251, 246, 1)","backgroundLight":"rgba(245, 241, 233, 1)","backgroundRegular":"rgba(235, 229, 217, 1)","backgroundDark":"rgba(216, 202, 180, 1)","backgroundExtraDark":"rgba(120, 118, 111, 1)","socialApple":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)","socialFacebook":"rgba(59, 89, 153, 1)","socialTwitter":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)","socialPinterest":"rgba(189, 8, 28, 1)","socialInstagram":"rgba(225, 48, 108, 1)","socialGoogleBorder":"rgba(136, 136, 136, 1)","socialTumblr":"rgba(53, 70, 92, 1)","socialReddit":"rgba(95, 153, 207, 1)","socialBlogger":"rgba(245, 125, 0, 1)","socialVkontakt":"rgba(69, 102, 142, 1)","socialWhatsapp":"rgba(18, 140, 126, 1)","socialYoutube":"rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)","socialRss":"rgba(242, 101, 34, 1)","socialEmail":"rgba(214, 61, 43, 1)","formFocus":"rgba(33, 157, 255, 1)","formWarningRegular":"rgba(204, 0, 0, 1)","formWarningLight":"rgba(249, 229, 229, 1)","formWarningReversed":"rgba(252, 111, 111, 1)","formSuccessRegular":"rgba(25, 105, 54, 1)","formSuccessLight":"rgba(227, 244, 227, 1)","formInfoRegular":"rgba(49, 112, 143, 1)","formInfoLight":"rgba(217, 237, 247, 1)","formReactionsDark":"rgba(218, 167, 13, 1)","swatchBlack":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)","swatchBlue":"rgba(151, 203, 251, 1)","swatchGreen":"rgba(119, 194, 61, 1)","swatchOrange":"rgba(246, 135, 0, 1)","swatchPeach":"rgba(255, 176, 124, 1)","swatchPink":"rgba(245, 127, 175, 1)","swatchPurple":"rgba(187, 99, 250, 1)","swatchRed":"rgba(249, 70, 70, 1)","swatchWhite":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)","swatchYellow":"rgba(255, 232, 29, 1)","swatchBlueGreen":"rgba(80, 227, 194, 1)","swatchBronze":"rgba(187, 119, 33, 1)","swatchGolden":"rgba(225, 176, 58, 1)","swatchSilver":"rgba(186, 186, 186, 1)","swatchVariegation":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)","starLight":"rgba(255, 218, 65, 1)","starRegular":"rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)","starDark":"rgba(218, 167, 13, 1)"},"spacingUnits":{"xxs":"5px","xs":"10px","sm":"15px","md":"20px","lg":"30px","xl":"40px","xxl":"60px"},"grid":{"xs":0,"sm":544,"md":768,"lg":992}}</script><div id="__next"><div></div><div></div><div></div><div class="default-layout"><div class="ad-slot hidden-print hidden-for-md-down ad-slot--oop"><div class="ad-slot__container"><div id="page--oop--1" class="ad-unit"></div></div><div><script>(window.adq = window.adq || []).push((api) => api.addSlot({"key":"oop","index":1,"searchTerm":null,"fullSearchTerm":null}));</script></div></div><div class="ad-banner hidden-print"><div class="ad-slot hidden-print ad-banner__slot d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ad-slot__container ad-slot__banner-container"><div id="page--banner--1" class="ad-unit"></div></div><div><script>(window.adq = window.adq || []).push((api) => api.addSlot({"key":"banner","index":1,"searchTerm":null,"fullSearchTerm":null}));</script></div></div><button class="ad-banner__dismiss-btn" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss ad banner"><div class="icon-stack icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:25px;width:25px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:2"><i class="icon" style="width:13px;min-width:13px;height:13px;min-height:13px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#cross"></use></svg></i></div><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:25px;min-width:25px;height:25px;min-height:25px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(6, 24, 36, 1);fill:rgba(6, 24, 36, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/shapes-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#circle"></use></svg></i></div></div></button></div><div class="site-header__eyebrow-nav hidden-print" data-feature="Header"><div class="eyebrow-nav"><div class="eyebrow-nav__container container container--no-gutters"><div class="eyebrow-nav__icon eyebrow-nav__icon--muted mr-xs"><a class="popup-toggle-button" aria-label="Toggle main-navigation popup" aria-haspopup="true" href="#main-navigation-popup"><i class="icon" style="width:24px;min-width:24px;height:24px;min-height:24px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#menu"></use></svg></i></a></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore eyebrow-nav__logo eyebrow-nav__brand-logo image--fluid" style="max-width:92.7536231884058px"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com" rel="home" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="120" height="31.049999999999997"><source type="image/webp" sizes="120px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=120,31 120w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=240,62 240w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=360,93 360w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=480,124 480w"/><source sizes="120px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=120,31 120w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=240,62 240w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=360,93 360w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=480,124 480w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=120,31" alt="History Extra logo" data-item-name="History Extra logo" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.25875;object-fit:cover" loading="eager" width="120" height="31.049999999999997"/></picture></a></div><div class="eyebrow-nav__desktop"><nav class="eyebrow-nav__navigation" aria-label="Quick links" data-feature="QuickLinks"><ul class="list list--horizontal"><li data-index="1" data-component="MenuLink" data-item-name="Subscribe" class="eyebrow-nav__navigation-listitem body-copy-small list-item"><a class="link eyebrow-nav__navigation-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/subscribe" rel="" title="Subscribe" data-component="Link">Subscribe</a></li><li data-index="2" data-component="MenuLink" data-item-name="Newsletter sign up" class="eyebrow-nav__navigation-listitem body-copy-small list-item"><a class="link eyebrow-nav__navigation-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/newsletters/" rel="" title="Newsletter sign up" data-component="Link">Newsletter sign up</a></li><li data-index="3" data-component="MenuLink" data-item-name="Download app" class="eyebrow-nav__navigation-listitem body-copy-small list-item"><a class="link eyebrow-nav__navigation-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/the-historyextra-app/" rel="" title="Download app" data-component="Link">Download app</a></li><li data-index="4" data-component="MenuLink" data-item-name="Join our Academy" class="eyebrow-nav__navigation-listitem body-copy-small list-item"><a class="link eyebrow-nav__navigation-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/academy/" rel="" title="Join our Academy" data-component="Link">Join our Academy</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="eyebrow-nav__items-right ml-xs"><div class="eyebrow-nav__icon eyebrow-nav__search-icon"><a class="popup-toggle-button" aria-label="Toggle search popup" aria-haspopup="true" href="#search-popup"><i class="icon" style="width:24px;min-width:24px;height:24px;min-height:24px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#search"></use></svg></i></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="site-header__brand" data-feature="Header"><div class="branded-section" id="search-popup"><div class="branded-section__container container"><div class="align-items-center row justify-content-space-between"><div class="branded-section__brand col-lg-8"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid" style="max-width:251.207729468599px"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com" rel="home" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="600" height="155.25"><source type="image/webp" sizes="600px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,78 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=375,97 375w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=450,116 450w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=650,168 650w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=800,207 800w"/><source sizes="600px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&resize=300,78 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&resize=375,97 375w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&resize=450,116 450w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&resize=650,168 650w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&resize=800,207 800w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?quality=90&resize=600,155" alt="History Extra logo" data-item-name="History Extra logo" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.25875;object-fit:cover" loading="eager" width="600" height="155.25"/></picture></a></div><small class="branded-section__strapline">The official website for BBC History Magazine</small></div></div></div></div><div class="site-header__sponsored"></div></div><div class="site-header__nav-section hidden-print" data-feature="Header"><nav class="main-nav" id="main-navigation-popup" aria-label="Main" data-feature="MainNavigation"><div class="main-nav__container container container--no-gutters main-nav__container--has-search-box"><ul role="menubar" class="main-nav__nav main-nav__nav--short-length list"><li data-index="1" data-item-name="Period" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/" rel="" title="Period" tabindex="0" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Period</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu main-nav__mega-menu main-nav__mega-menu--cols-2"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Main menu" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Main menu</span></a></li><li data-index="1.1" data-item-name="Ancient Egypt" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/ancient-egypt/" rel="" title="Ancient Egypt" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Ancient Egypt</span></a></li><li data-index="1.2" data-item-name="Roman" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/roman/" rel="" title="Roman" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Roman</span></a></li><li data-index="1.3" data-item-name="Viking" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/viking/" rel="" title="Viking" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Viking</span></a></li><li data-index="1.4" data-item-name="Anglo-Saxon" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/anglo-saxon/" rel="" title="Anglo-Saxon" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Anglo-Saxon</span></a></li><li data-index="1.5" data-item-name="Medieval" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/medieval/" rel="" title="Medieval" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Medieval</span></a></li><li data-index="1.6" data-item-name="Tudor" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/tudor/" rel="" title="Tudor" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Tudor</span></a></li><li data-index="1.7" data-item-name="Elizabethan" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/elizabethan/" rel="" title="Elizabethan" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Elizabethan</span></a></li><li data-index="1.8" data-item-name="Georgian" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/georgian/" rel="" title="Georgian" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Georgian</span></a></li><li data-index="1.9" data-item-name="Victorian" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/victorian/" rel="" title="Victorian" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Victorian</span></a></li><li data-index="1.10" data-item-name="Second World War" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/second-world-war/" rel="" title="Second World War" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Second World War</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Period" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Period</span></a></li><li data-index="1.10.1" data-item-name="Browse all periods" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/period/" rel="" title="Browse all periods" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Browse all periods</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li data-index="2" data-item-name="People" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/" rel="" title="People" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">People</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu main-nav__mega-menu main-nav__mega-menu--cols-2"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Main menu" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Main menu</span></a></li><li data-index="2.1" data-item-name="Tutankhamun" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/tutankhamun/" rel="" title="Tutankhamun" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Tutankhamun</span></a></li><li data-index="2.2" data-item-name="Richard III" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/richard-iii/" rel="" title="Richard III" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Richard III</span></a></li><li data-index="2.3" data-item-name="Henry VIII" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/henry-viii/" rel="" title="Henry VIII" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Henry VIII</span></a></li><li data-index="2.4" data-item-name="Elizabeth I" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/elizabeth-i/" rel="" title="Elizabeth I" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Elizabeth I</span></a></li><li data-index="2.5" data-item-name="Queen Victoria" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/queen-victoria/" rel="" title="Queen Victoria" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Queen Victoria</span></a></li><li data-index="2.6" data-item-name="Winston Churchill" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/winston-churchill/" rel="" title="Winston Churchill" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Winston Churchill</span></a></li><li data-index="2.7" data-item-name="Cleopatra" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/cleopatra/" rel="" title="Cleopatra" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Cleopatra</span></a></li><li data-index="2.8" data-item-name="Napoleon Bonaparte" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/napoleon-bonaparte/" rel="" title="Napoleon Bonaparte" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Napoleon Bonaparte</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="People" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">People</span></a></li><li data-index="2.8.1" data-item-name="Browse all people" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/people/" rel="" title="Browse all people" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Browse all people</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li data-index="3" data-item-name="Topics" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/" rel="" title="Topics" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Topics</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu main-nav__mega-menu main-nav__mega-menu--cols-2"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Main menu" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Main menu</span></a></li><li data-index="3.1" data-item-name="Kings and queens" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/kings-and-queens/" rel="" title="Kings and queens" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Kings and queens</span></a></li><li data-index="3.2" data-item-name="Weird and wonderful" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/weird-wonderful-history/" rel="" title="Weird and wonderful" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Weird and wonderful</span></a></li><li data-index="3.3" data-item-name="Sex and love" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/sex-and-love/" rel="" title="Sex and love" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Sex and love</span></a></li><li data-index="3.4" data-item-name="Social history" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/social-history/" rel="" title="Social history" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Social history</span></a></li><li data-index="3.5" data-item-name="Religious history" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/religion/" rel="" title="Religious history" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Religious history</span></a></li><li data-index="3.6" data-item-name="Women's history" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/womens-history/" rel="" title="Women's history" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Women's history</span></a></li><li data-index="3.7" data-item-name="Historical Q&As" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/content-classification/qa/" rel="" title="Historical Q&As" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Historical Q&As</span></a></li><li data-index="3.8" data-item-name="Heritage visits" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/heritage-visits/" rel="" title="Heritage visits" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Heritage visits</span></a></li><li data-index="3.9" data-item-name="History hero" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/tag/my-history-hero/" rel="" title="History hero" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">History hero</span></a></li><li data-index="3.10" data-item-name="Historical recipes" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/tag/recipes/" rel="" title="Historical recipes" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Historical recipes</span></a></li><li data-index="3.11" data-item-name="Turning points in British History" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/turning-points-british-history-series/" rel="" title="Turning points in British History" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Turning points in British History</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Topics" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Topics</span></a></li><li data-index="3.11.1" data-item-name="Browse all topics" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/topic/" rel="" title="Browse all topics" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Browse all topics</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li data-index="4" data-item-name="Video" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/video/" rel="" title="Video" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Video</span></a></li><li data-index="5" data-item-name="Podcast" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/podcast/" rel="" title="Podcast" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Podcast</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu main-nav__mega-menu main-nav__mega-menu--cols-1"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Main menu" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Main menu</span></a></li><li data-index="5.1" data-item-name="Podcast series" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/podcast-series/" rel="" title="Podcast series" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Podcast series</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li data-index="6" data-item-name="Quizzes" data-component-variant="Wildcard" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--wildcard-1 list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/quiz/" rel="" title="Quizzes" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Quizzes</span></a></li><li data-index="7" data-item-name="Membership" data-component-variant="Wildcard" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--has-children main-nav__nav-item--wildcard-2 list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/membership/" rel="" title="Membership" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Membership</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu main-nav__mega-menu main-nav__mega-menu--cols-2"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Main menu" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Main menu</span></a></li><li data-index="7.1" data-item-name="Membership area" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/membership/" rel="" title="Membership area" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Membership area</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Membership" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Membership</span></a></li><li data-index="7.1.1" data-item-name="Member discounts" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/membership/membership-discounts/" rel="" title="Member discounts" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Member discounts</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li data-index="7.2" data-item-name="Join HistoryExtra" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/join" rel="" title="Join HistoryExtra" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Join HistoryExtra</span></a></li><li data-index="7.3" data-item-name="BBC History Mag" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/bbc-history-magazine/" rel="" title="BBC History Mag" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">BBC History Mag</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4" data-item-name="Academy" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-one main-nav__nav-item--has-children list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/" rel="" title="Academy" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Academy</span><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i></a><div class="main-nav__sub-menu"><ul role="menu" class="main-nav__list list"><li data-item-name="Membership" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--back list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><i class="main-nav__nav-icon icon" style="width:12px;min-width:12px;height:12px;min-height:12px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/arrows-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#caret"></use></svg></i><span class="sr-only">Back to </span><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Membership</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.1" data-item-name="Nazi Germany" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/nazigermany" rel="" title="Nazi Germany" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Nazi Germany</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.2" data-item-name="Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/victorian-life" rel="" title="Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.3" data-item-name="Late-medieval England course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/medieval-course/" rel="" title="Late-medieval England course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Late-medieval England course</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.4" data-item-name="Roman Britain course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/roman-britain-course/" rel="" title="Roman Britain course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Roman Britain course</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.5" data-item-name="D-Day course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/historyextra-academy-d-day-course/" rel="" title="D-Day course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">D-Day course</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.6" data-item-name="Witchcraft course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/witchcraft-course/" rel="" title="Witchcraft course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Witchcraft course</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.7" data-item-name="Elizabethans course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/elizabethans-course/" rel="" title="Elizabethans course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Elizabethans course</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.8" data-item-name="Vikings course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/hex-academy-vikings-course/" rel="" title="Vikings course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Vikings course</span></a></li><li data-index="7.4.9" data-item-name="Regency course" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--tier-two list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="/academy/hex-academy-regency-course/" rel="" title="Regency course" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Regency course</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li data-index="8" data-item-name="Subscribe" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--mobile list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/subscribe" rel="" title="Subscribe" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Subscribe</span></a></li><li data-index="9" data-item-name="Newsletter sign up" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--mobile list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/newsletters/" rel="" title="Newsletter sign up" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Newsletter sign up</span></a></li><li data-index="10" data-item-name="Download app" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--mobile list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/the-historyextra-app/" rel="" title="Download app" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Download app</span></a></li><li data-index="11" data-item-name="Join our Academy" data-component="MenuLink" class="main-nav__nav-item main-nav__nav-item--mobile list-item" role="presentation"><a class="link main-nav__nav-link" href="https://www.historyextra.com/academy/" rel="" title="Join our Academy" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-component="Link"><span class="main-nav__nav-text">Join our Academy</span></a></li></ul><div class="main-nav__search-box"><form data-placement="HeaderNavAreaRight" data-component="SearchForm" novalidate="" action="/search" method="GET" class="form search-form hidden-print" role="search"><div class="form-group"><label class="form-label sr-only" for="branded-section-search-input">Search</label><div class="form-input-group d-flex align-items-stretch chromatic-ignore form-input-group--mobile-square-borders"><div class="d-flex form-input-group__wrapper"><div class="form-input-group__item d-flex align-items-center text-center form-input-group__item--not-text"><i class="search-form__search-icon icon" style="width:22px;min-width:22px;height:22px;min-height:22px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#search"></use></svg></i></div><input autoComplete="off" class="form-input form-input-group__input form-input-group__item form-input--borderless form-input--mobile-square-borders" id="branded-section-search-input" type="text" placeholder=" " name="q" aria-invalid="false" value=""/><span class="form-input-group__border full-width full-height"></span><div class="form-input-group__item d-flex align-items-center text-center form-input-group__item--not-text"><button class="button search-form__reset-button search-form--hidden button--input-append button--transparent" aria-label="Reset input" type="reset" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content"><div class="icon-stack icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:16px;width:16px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:2"><i class="icon" style="width:8px;min-width:8px;height:8px;min-height:8px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#cross"></use></svg></i></div><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:16px;min-width:16px;height:16px;min-height:16px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(120, 118, 111, 1);fill:rgba(120, 118, 111, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/shapes-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#circle"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></button></div></div></div></div></form></div></div><div class="main-nav__backdrop backdrop" role="presentation"></div></nav></div><div class="piano-inline-template container container--no-gutters"></div><div class="default-layout__below-header-widget"></div><main class="js-site-main site-main body-background fluid-container"><script data-testid="page-schema" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.historyextra.com/#WebPage","@type":"WebPage","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"name":"HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website","url":"https://www.historyextra.com/","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Michael Walker","url":"https://www.historyextra.com/author/michaelwalker"}],"dateModified":"2025-02-14T13:53:59+00:00","datePublished":"2024-10-22T15:08:00+01:00","headline":"History Extra Home","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"HistoryExtra","url":"https://www.historyextra.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?resize=800,207","width":800,"height":207}},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".js-piano-locked-content"},"description":"Thousands of historical articles on both British and world history for all levels of knowledge and interest."}</script><div><script>(window.adq = window.adq || []).push((api) => api.setContext({"unitName":"/176986657/Historyextra.com/home/homepage","headerBidder":"prebid","headerBidderUrl":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","headerBidderTimeout":3500,"adRefresh":{"enabled":true,"excludedOrderIds":[2754193328,2728546557,2777270073,476475177,2740501331],"durationInView":20,"percentageInView":50},"targets":{"configuration":"live","cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page"},"lazyLoading":{"enabled":false,"renderMarginPercent":1000,"mobileScaling":0},"stitcher":{},"enableAdvertBeforeBodyOfContent":{"article":false,"recipe":false},"nativeAdvertiser":"nova","promoPlacementId":"","permutiveConfig":{"permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com","permutiveModel":{"category":[],"subcategory":["page"],"title":"History Extra Home","article":{"id":"275630","description":null,"type":"page","tags":[]}}},"suppressionOptions":{"@type":"Suppression","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/5ded9f7651b56ca2d7ba","disableAboveFooter":false,"disableAdsOnPictures":false,"disableAllAds":false,"disableBelowHeader":false,"disableBurdaffiInText":false,"disableBurdaffiWidgets":false,"disableEdiplayerAds":false,"disableEdiplayerAutoplay":false,"disableEdiplayerInjection":false,"disableEdiplayerPlaylist":false,"disableInTextAds":false,"disableRtbAds":false,"hidePromoLogoInHeader":false,"adultContent":false}}));</script></div><div class="page-builder" data-placement="Body"><div class="container" role="main"><div class="page-builder__section page-builder__section--transparent mb-md"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-6" data-placement="Column-6"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-12 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279887" data-item-name="Honeymooning with your mother-in-law? The truths of Regency romance" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/regency-romance-truths/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Honeymooning with your mother-in-law? The truths of Regency romance. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 460px,(min-width: 768px) 354px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=350,233 350w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=710,474 710w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=920,614 920w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1060,707 1060w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1380,920 1380w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1670,1114 1670w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1840,1227 1840w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=2220,1481 2220w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 460px,(min-width: 768px) 354px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=350,233 350w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=710,474 710w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=920,614 920w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=1060,707 1060w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=1380,920 1380w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=1670,1114 1670w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=1840,1227 1840w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=2220,1481 2220w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)" data-item-name="An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)" title="An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/regency-romance-truths/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Honeymooning with your mother-in-law? The truths of Regency romance<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-12 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--horizontal card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="76131" data-item-name="Who was the patron saint of love and lovers?" data-variant="horizontal" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/roman/valentine-day-history-saint-who-real-story-cured/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Who was the patron saint of love and lovers?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"><source type="image/webp" sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=372,248 372w"/><source sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&resize=372,248 372w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62" alt="An image depicting St Valentine" data-item-name="An image depicting St Valentine" title="St_Valentine_hearts" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/roman/">Roman</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/roman/valentine-day-history-saint-who-real-story-cured/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Saint Valentine</span>Who was the patron saint of love and lovers?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-12 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--horizontal card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="211965" data-item-name="Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?" data-variant="horizontal" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"><source type="image/webp" sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=372,248 372w"/><source sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=372,248 372w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Weekly history quiz from the team at HistoryExtra" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/general-history/">General History</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Quiz of the week</span>Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?</h4></a></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6" data-placement="Column-6"><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="278464" data-item-name="Did Catherine the Great really have sex with a horse?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/georgian/did-catherine-the-great-have-sex-with-a-horse-myth-rumour-debunked/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Did Catherine the Great really have sex with a horse?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Queen Catherine the Great and (inset) a horse" data-item-name="Queen Catherine the Great and (inset) a horse" title="Catherine the Great was rumoured to have had relations with a horse (Photos via Getty)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/georgian/">Georgian</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/georgian/did-catherine-the-great-have-sex-with-a-horse-myth-rumour-debunked/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Did Catherine the Great really have sex with a horse?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279893" data-item-name="Rome's most scandalous emperors" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/romes-scandalous-emperors-podcast-tom-holland/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Rome's most scandalous emperors. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Tom Holland - Caesars Suetonius WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/romes-scandalous-emperors-podcast-tom-holland/" data-component="Link"><i class="card__title-icon mr-xxs d-inline-block icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><span class="sr-only">audio</span><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">Rome's most scandalous emperors<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="279564" data-item-name="Do you know the correct date of Magna Carta? Here’s why you might be wrong" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/medieval/is-magna-carta-date-wrong/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Do you know the correct date of Magna Carta? Here’s why you might be wrong"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes" data-item-name="A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes" title="A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/medieval/">Medieval</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/medieval/is-magna-carta-date-wrong/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Do you know the correct date of Magna Carta? Here’s why you might be wrong</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279386" data-item-name="The final years of the war | HistoryExtra Academy video lecture" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/the-final-years-of-the-war-historyextra-academy-video-lecture/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View The final years of the war | HistoryExtra Academy video lecture. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#play"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="YT Thumb Laurence Rees 6 WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/the-final-years-of-the-war-historyextra-academy-video-lecture/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">The final years of the war | HistoryExtra Academy video lecture<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/join/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="720" height="374.00000000000006"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,156 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,208 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,289 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=675,351 675w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=720,374 720w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&resize=300,156 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&resize=400,208 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&resize=556,289 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&resize=675,351 675w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&resize=720,374 720w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png?quality=90&resize=720,374" alt="Get access to HistoryExtra and the Academy for just 99p for 6 months!" data-item-name="Get access to HistoryExtra and the Academy for just 99p for 6 months!" title="Brandsite 720x374px" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.5194444444444445;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="720" height="374.00000000000006"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><h3 class="page-builder__heading heading-3" style="color:inherit">Most searched for</h3><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="278584" data-item-name="War Plan Red: The secret US plan for war with Britain via Canada" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/20th-century/war-plan-red-secret-invasion/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View War Plan Red: The secret US plan for war with Britain via Canada"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)" data-item-name="The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)" title="The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/20th-century/">20th Century</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/20th-century/war-plan-red-secret-invasion/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">War Plan Red: The secret US plan for war with Britain via Canada</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="273260" data-item-name="10 shocking torture methods from medieval history" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/medieval/medieval-torture-methods/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View 10 shocking torture methods from medieval history"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel." data-item-name="Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel." title="Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel." style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/medieval/">Medieval</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/medieval/medieval-torture-methods/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Stretched, crushed and impaled</span>10 shocking torture methods from medieval history</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="279360" data-item-name="What was Jane Austen's cause of death?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/georgian/jane-austen-death/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View What was Jane Austen's cause of death?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Jane Austen's grave." data-item-name="Jane Austen's grave." title="Jane Austen's grave." style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/georgian/">Georgian</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/georgian/jane-austen-death/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Lupus or murder?</span>What was Jane Austen's cause of death?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="268993" data-item-name="How did Dirty Bertie’s siège d’amour actually work?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/edwardian/king-edward-vii-love-chair/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View How did Dirty Bertie’s siège d’amour actually work?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Portrait of King Edward VII" data-item-name="Portrait of King Edward VII" title="King Edward VII" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/edwardian/">Edwardian</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/edwardian/king-edward-vii-love-chair/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">King Edward VII’s love chair</span>How did Dirty Bertie’s siège d’amour actually work?</h4></a></div></article></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--dark box pa-sm box--inverted" style="background-color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="on-this-day-in-history-73491136">On this day in history</h3><p>What happened on this day in the past? We round up the landmark events, births, deaths and more...</p></div></div><div class="d-block box--dark mb-md box pa-sm" style="background-color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="200257" data-item-name="17 February" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/on-this-day/17-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View 17 February"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="On this day_Numbers_pink17" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/on-this-day/">On This Day</a><a class="link d-block" href="/on-this-day/17-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">17 February</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="200254" data-item-name="16 February" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/on-this-day/16-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View 16 February"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="On this day_Numbers_pink16" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/on-this-day/">On This Day</a><a class="link d-block" href="/on-this-day/16-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">16 February</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="200253" data-item-name="15 February" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/on-this-day/15-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View 15 February"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="On this day_Numbers_pink15" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/on-this-day/">On This Day</a><a class="link d-block" href="/on-this-day/15-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">15 February</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="199618" data-item-name="14 February" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/on-this-day/14-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View 14 February"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="On this day_Numbers_pink14" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/on-this-day/">On This Day</a><a class="link d-block" href="/on-this-day/14-february-on-this-day-in-history/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">14 February</h4></a></div></article></div></div><div class="page-builder__button-block"><a class="button page-builder__button-block__button" href="https://www.historyextra.com/on-this-day-today-in-history/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">More On This Day</div></a></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="historical-qas-6efe0c28">Historical Q&As</h3><p>How did Spanish Flu get its name? When did our ancestors start using toilet paper? Why did the famous Crystal Palace burn down? And where was the WW1 Armistice signed? Here are the top questions about history, answered by historians and experts…</p></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-4 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="272585" data-item-name="Why was Mozart obsessed with poo?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/general-history/why-was-mozart-obsessed-with-poo/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Why was Mozart obsessed with poo?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score" data-item-name="Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score" title="Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/general-history/">General History</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/general-history/why-was-mozart-obsessed-with-poo/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Why was Mozart obsessed with poo?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-4 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="272589" data-item-name="What is Greek life?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/general-history/what-is-greek-life/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View What is Greek life?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952" data-item-name="Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952" title="Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/general-history/">General History</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/general-history/what-is-greek-life/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">What is Greek life?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-4 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="272214" data-item-name="Where does the term ‘champagne socialist’ come from?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/20th-century/champagne-socialist-meaning-origin/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Where does the term ‘champagne socialist’ come from?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk" data-item-name="Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk" title="Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk. He was described as a champagne socialist" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/20th-century/">20th Century</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/20th-century/champagne-socialist-meaning-origin/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Where does the term ‘champagne socialist’ come from?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-4 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="272207" data-item-name="Why decimation was the most unfair punishment in the Roman Army" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/roman/decimation-roman-punishment-real/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Why decimation was the most unfair punishment in the Roman Army"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column" data-item-name="Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column" title="Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/roman/">Roman</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/roman/decimation-roman-punishment-real/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Why decimation was the most unfair punishment in the Roman Army</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-4 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="268898" data-item-name="Where does the term ‘fifth column’ come from?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/general-history/fifth-column-meaning/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Where does the term ‘fifth column’ come from?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'" data-item-name="Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'" title="Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'." style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/general-history/">General History</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/general-history/fifth-column-meaning/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Q&A</span>Where does the term ‘fifth column’ come from?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-4 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="267343" data-item-name="The Grand Tour: a rite of passage for Europe’s elite" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/early-modern/grand-tour-what-origins-itinerary/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View The Grand Tour: a rite of passage for Europe’s elite"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 300px,(min-width: 768px) 229px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&resize=230,153 230w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="A Painting of The Grand Canal in Venice" data-item-name="A Painting of The Grand Canal in Venice" title="A View On The Grand Canal Venice" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/early-modern/">General Early Modern</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/early-modern/grand-tour-what-origins-itinerary/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Q&A</span>The Grand Tour: a rite of passage for Europe’s elite</h4></a></div></article></div></div><div class="page-builder__button-block"><a class="button page-builder__button-block__button" href="/content-classification/qa/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">Read more answers from the experts</div></a></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.buysubscriptions.com/print/bbc-history-magazine-subscription?promo=HTBP25&amp;utm_medium=brandsite&amp;utm_source=historyextra.com&amp;utm_campaign=6issuesfor9.99_htbp25&amp;utm_content=homepage-widget&amp;style=brand" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="900" height="374"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,125 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,166 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,231 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=675,281 675w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=800,332 800w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=900,374 900w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,125 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,166 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,231 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=675,281 675w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=800,332 800w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=900,374 900w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg?quality=90&resize=900,374" alt="Try 6 issues for £9.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra Academy" data-item-name="Try 6 issues for £9.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra Academy" title="FEB317-6issues-Homepage" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.41555555555555557;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="900" height="374"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--dark box pa-sm box--inverted" style="background-color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="historyextra-podcast-5a9414e1">HistoryExtra Podcast</h3><p>The latest episodes from the History Extra podcast</p></div></div><div class="page-builder__section page-builder__section--dark pa-sm"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-6" data-placement="Column-6"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-12 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279572" data-item-name="Are we celebrating the wrong Magna Carta?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/wrong-magna-carta-date-podcast-david-carpenter/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Are we celebrating the wrong Magna Carta?. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 460px,(min-width: 768px) 354px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=350,233 350w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 460px,(min-width: 768px) 354px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&resize=350,233 350w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&resize=460,307 460w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="David Carpenter - Not the Magna Carta WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/wrong-magna-carta-date-podcast-david-carpenter/" data-component="Link"><i class="card__title-icon mr-xxs d-inline-block icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><span class="sr-only">audio</span><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">Are we celebrating the wrong Magna Carta?<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-12 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--horizontal card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279529" data-item-name="The forgotten JFK assassination plot" data-variant="horizontal" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/jfk-forgotten-assassination-podcast-brad-meltzer-josh-mensch/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View The forgotten JFK assassination plot. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center card__overlay-icon--horizontal"><i class="icon" style="width:24px;min-width:24px;height:24px;min-height:24px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"><source type="image/webp" sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=372,248 372w"/><source sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&resize=372,248 372w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Brad Meltzer and Josh Mensch - The JFK Conspiracy WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/jfk-forgotten-assassination-podcast-brad-meltzer-josh-mensch/" data-component="Link"><div class="premium-identifier card__title-premium-icon"><div class="icon-stack mr-xxs mb-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:20px;width:20px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:2"><i class="icon" style="width:10px;min-width:10px;height:10px;min-height:10px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1);fill:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/shapes-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#circle"></use></svg></i></div></div></div><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">The forgotten JFK assassination plot<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-12 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--horizontal card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279517" data-item-name="The Indian Rebellion of 1857: everything you wanted to know" data-variant="horizontal" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/indian-rebellion-podcast-saul-david/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View The Indian Rebellion of 1857: everything you wanted to know. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center card__overlay-icon--horizontal"><i class="icon" style="width:24px;min-width:24px;height:24px;min-height:24px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"><source type="image/webp" sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=372,248 372w"/><source sizes="93px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62 93w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&resize=186,124 186w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&resize=279,186 279w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&resize=372,248 372w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg?quality=90&resize=93,62" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Pod Saul David - EV Indian Mutiny WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="93" height="62.031000000000006"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/indian-rebellion-podcast-saul-david/" data-component="Link"><div class="premium-identifier card__title-premium-icon"><div class="icon-stack mr-xxs mb-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:20px;width:20px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:2"><i class="icon" style="width:10px;min-width:10px;height:10px;min-height:10px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1);fill:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/shapes-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#circle"></use></svg></i></div></div></div><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">The Indian Rebellion of 1857: everything you wanted to know<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6" data-placement="Column-6"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279474" data-item-name="From dinosaurs to Godzilla: a 15,000-year history of monsters" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/history-of-monsters-podcast-natalie-lawrence/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View From dinosaurs to Godzilla: a 15,000-year history of monsters. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1110,740 1110w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1670,1114 1670w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=2220,1481 2220w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=1110,740 1110w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=1670,1114 1670w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=2220,1481 2220w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Pod Natalie Lawrence - Enchanted creatures_WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/history-of-monsters-podcast-natalie-lawrence/" data-component="Link"><i class="card__title-icon mr-xxs d-inline-block icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><span class="sr-only">audio</span><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">From dinosaurs to Godzilla: a 15,000-year history of monsters<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279403" data-item-name="How monasteries powered medieval Europe" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/monasteries-medieval-europe-podcast-andrew-jotischky/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View How monasteries powered medieval Europe. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Andrew Jotischky - Monastic world WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/monasteries-medieval-europe-podcast-andrew-jotischky/" data-component="Link"><i class="card__title-icon mr-xxs d-inline-block icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><span class="sr-only">audio</span><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">How monasteries powered medieval Europe<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279408" data-item-name="Greenland, forest fires and presidential power: history behind the headlines" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/history-behind-the-headlines-february-25-podcast-hannah-skoda-rana-mitter/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Greenland, forest fires and presidential power: history behind the headlines. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Pod Behind headlines WL (1)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/history-behind-the-headlines-february-25-podcast-hannah-skoda-rana-mitter/" data-component="Link"><i class="card__title-icon mr-xxs d-inline-block icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><span class="sr-only">audio</span><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">Greenland, forest fires and presidential power: history behind the headlines<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-6 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="279326" data-item-name="George Villiers: from royal favourite to enemy number one" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/george-villiers-podcast-lucy-hughes-hallett/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View George Villiers: from royal favourite to enemy number one. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="card__overlay-icon p-absolute d-grid justify-content-center align-content-center"><i class="icon" style="width:40px;min-width:40px;height:40px;min-height:40px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1);fill:rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Lucy Hughes Hallett - George Villiers (The Scapegoat) WL" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/george-villiers-podcast-lucy-hughes-hallett/" data-component="Link"><i class="card__title-icon mr-xxs d-inline-block icon" style="width:20px;min-width:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;animation-duration:1000ms"><span class="sr-only">audio</span><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/media-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#microphone"></use></svg></i><h4 class="d-inline heading-4" style="color:inherit">George Villiers: from royal favourite to enemy number one<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--dark mb-md text-center box pa-sm box--inverted" style="background-color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><a class="button page-builder__button-block" href="/podcast/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">View all podcasts</div></a></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><h3 class="page-builder__heading heading-3" style="color:inherit">More of our latest articles</h3><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="279217" data-item-name="The JFK assassination attempt you’ve never heard of" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/20th-century/jfk-assassination-attempt-richard-pavlick-why-failed/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View The JFK assassination attempt you’ve never heard of"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1110,740 1110w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1240,827 1240w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=1110,740 1110w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=1240,827 1240w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="John F Kennedy in 1960 (left) and would-be assassin Richard Pavlick" data-item-name="John F Kennedy in 1960 (left) and would-be assassin Richard Pavlick" title="John F Kennedy and Richard Pavlick" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/20th-century/">20th Century</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/20th-century/jfk-assassination-attempt-richard-pavlick-why-failed/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">The JFK assassination attempt you’ve never heard of</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="279460" data-item-name="10 things you need to know about medieval Bohemia before you play <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/medieval/bohemia-facts-kingdom-come-deliverance-2/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View 10 things you need to know about medieval Bohemia before you play <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="A farmer in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2." data-item-name="A farmer in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2." title="10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/medieval/">Medieval</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/medieval/bohemia-facts-kingdom-come-deliverance-2/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">10 things you need to know about medieval Bohemia before you play <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em></h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="279459" data-item-name="The real history behind Kuttenberg in <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>: how Kutná Hora became the silver crown of medieval Bohemia" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/medieval/real-history-kuttenberg-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-how-kutna-hora-became-the-silver-crown-of-medieval-bohemia/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View The real history behind Kuttenberg in <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>: how Kutná Hora became the silver crown of medieval Bohemia"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Kuttenberg as seen in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2." data-item-name="Kuttenberg as seen in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2." title="kcd2-kuttenberg-square" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/medieval/">Medieval</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/medieval/real-history-kuttenberg-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-how-kutna-hora-became-the-silver-crown-of-medieval-bohemia/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">The real history behind Kuttenberg in <em>Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2</em>: how Kutná Hora became the silver crown of medieval Bohemia</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders" data-item-id="278612" data-item-name="Why is a mythical catfish to blame for earthquakes in Japan?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/general-history/namazu-japanese-earthquake-catfish/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Why is a mythical catfish to blame for earthquakes in Japan?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)" data-item-name="A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)" title="A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/general-history/">General History</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/general-history/namazu-japanese-earthquake-catfish/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">Why is a mythical catfish to blame for earthquakes in Japan?</h4></a></div></article></div></div><div class="page-builder__button-block"><a class="button page-builder__button-block__button" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/page/1/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">More of our latest articles</div></a></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="ad-slot hidden-print page-builder__advert-block"><div class="ad-slot__container"><div class="ad-slot__text body-copy-small pt-xs pb-xs chromatic-ignore">Ad</div><div id="page--block-banner--1" class="ad-unit"></div></div><div><script>(window.adq = window.adq || []).push((api) => api.addSlot({"key":"block-banner","index":1,"searchTerm":null,"fullSearchTerm":null}));</script></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--dark box pa-sm box--inverted" style="background-color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="history-quizzes-e5e710ad">History Quizzes</h3><p>How much do you know about history? Test out your knowledge with our quizzes...</p></div></div><div class="d-block box--dark mb-md box pa-sm" style="background-color:rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)"><div class="page-builder__card-block row"><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="115366" data-item-name="How much do you know about the Vikings?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/viking/vikings-quiz-test-knowledge-viking-questions/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View How much do you know about the Vikings?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1024,683 1024w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=1024,683 1024w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)" data-item-name="How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)" title="How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/viking/">Viking</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/viking/vikings-quiz-test-knowledge-viking-questions/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Quiz</span>How much do you know about the Vikings?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="48" data-item-name="How much do you know about medieval history?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/medieval/medieval-quiz/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View How much do you know about medieval history?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets" data-item-name="Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets" title="Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/medieval/">Medieval</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/medieval/medieval-quiz/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Quiz</span>How much do you know about medieval history?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-display" data-item-id="211965" data-item-name="Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="default"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container" href="/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?"><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,414 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,414 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="" data-item-name="" title="Weekly history quiz from the team at HistoryExtra" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/period/general-history/">General History</a><a class="link d-block" href="/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit"><span class="card__kicker kicker__spacing--small kicker">Quiz of the week</span>Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?</h4></a></div></article></div><div class="col-md-3 pa-xs"><article class="card text-align-left card--with-borders card--theme-premium" data-item-id="110741" data-item-name="History quiz: how much do you know about the Black Death?" data-variant="standard" data-index="1" data-component="Card" data-item-type="post" data-subscription-experience="paywall-subscribed-users"><div class="card__section card__media"><div class="d-block p-relative"><div class="p-absolute card__media-buttons pa-xs"></div></div><a class="link d-block p-relative card__image-container data-gtm-premium-card-image" href="/membership/history-quiz-black-death/" data-component="Link" aria-label="View History quiz: how much do you know about the Black Death?. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users."><div class="premium-identifier card__overlay-premium"><span class="tag tag--null premium-identifier__tag tag--extra-hit-space"><div class="icon-with-text icon-with-text--aligned"><div class="icon-with-text__children">Premium</div><div class="icon-stack flex-none ml-xxs icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:14px;width:14px"><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:14px;min-width:14px;height:14px;min-height:14px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1);fill:rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/core-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#lock"></use></svg></i></div></div></div></span></div><div class="image chromatic-ignore card__img image--fluid image--scaled-up"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=1024,683 1024w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 992px) 220px,(min-width: 768px) 167px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=170,113 170w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=220,147 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=330,220 330w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=440,293 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=560,374 560w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=660,440 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=880,587 880w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=1024,683 1024w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371" alt="The effects of the disease known as the Black Death" data-item-name="The effects of the disease known as the Black Death" title="The effects of the disease known as the Black Death are captured in this medieval miniature. (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.667;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="556" height="370.85200000000003"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="card__section card__content"><a class="tag tag--label card__tag card__tag--label tag--link" href="/membership/">Membership</a><a class="link d-block data-gtm-premium-card-title" href="/membership/history-quiz-black-death/" data-component="Link"><h4 class="heading-4" style="color:inherit">History quiz: how much do you know about the Black Death?<span class="sr-only premium-a11y-label">. This is a premium piece of content available to subscribed users.</span></h4></a></div></article></div></div><div class="page-builder__button-block"><a class="button page-builder__button-block__button" href="/quiz/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">View more quizzes</div></a></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="popular-historic-periods-2f4b308d">Popular historic periods</h3></div></div><div class="page-builder__section page-builder__section--transparent"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="620" height="413"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,413 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,413 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,413" alt="Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)" data-item-name="Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)" title="Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6661290322580645;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="620" height="413"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="tudor-4d40eae3">Tudor</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="620" height="411.00000000000006"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,199 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,265 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,369 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=620,411 620w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,199 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,265 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,369 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,411 620w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg?quality=90&resize=620,411" alt="Illustrated Medieval scene from the Romance of Lancelot" data-item-name="Illustrated Medieval scene from the Romance of Lancelot" title="Medieval - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6629032258064517;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="620" height="411.00000000000006"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="medieval-fba0c064">Medieval</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413" alt="Victorian - Getty Images" data-item-name="Victorian - Getty Images" title="Victorian - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6672051696284329;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="victorian-90196bb4">Victorian</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413" alt="20th Century - Getty Images" data-item-name="20th Century - Getty Images" title="20th Century - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6672051696284329;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="20th-century-acabcbd9">20th Century</h3></div></div></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md text-center box"><a class="button page-builder__button-block" href="/period" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">Explore more historic periods</div></a></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="popular-people-from-history-a3503d6c">Popular people from history</h3></div></div><div class="page-builder__section page-builder__section--transparent"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/people/henry-viii/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413" alt="Painting of Henry VIII" data-item-name="Painting of Henry VIII" title="Henry VIII - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6672051696284329;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="henry-viii-3188a2e6">Henry VIII</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/people/queen-victoria/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413" alt="Portrait of Queen Victoria" data-item-name="Portrait of Queen Victoria" title="Queen Victoria - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6672051696284329;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="queen-victoria-1e14c8fc">Queen Victoria</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/people/winston-churchill/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413" alt="Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" data-item-name="Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" title="Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6672051696284329;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="winston-churchill-3470d5f6">Winston Churchill</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/people/tutankhamun/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,413 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,267 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,371 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,413" alt="Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)" data-item-name="Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)" title="Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6672051696284329;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412.99999999999994"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="tutankhamun-f38876b3">Tutankhamun</h3></div></div></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md text-center box"><a class="button page-builder__button-block" href="/people/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">Explore more people from history</div></a></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="popular-historic-topics-bee2b4d6">Popular historic topics</h3></div></div><div class="page-builder__section page-builder__section--transparent"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/topic/social-history/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,412 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,412 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,412" alt="Dockers unloading wine barrels" data-item-name="Dockers unloading wine barrels" title="Social history - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6655896607431341;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="social-history-ec7b944a">Social history</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/topic/womens-history/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="411"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,199 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,369 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,411 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,199 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,369 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,411 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,411" alt="Photo of Mabel Capper and Patricia Woodlock advertising a meeting, Manchester, Lancashire, July 1908" data-item-name="Photo of Mabel Capper and Patricia Woodlock advertising a meeting, Manchester, Lancashire, July 1908" title="Women's history - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6639741518578353;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="411"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="womens-history-692dd5ab">Women's history</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/topic/sex-and-love/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,412 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,412 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,412" alt="Illustration of a couple" data-item-name="Illustration of a couple" title="Sex and love - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6655896607431341;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="sex-and-love-2fc0755d">Sex and love</h3></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3" data-placement="Column-3"><div class="d-block box--transparent box"><div class="page-builder__image"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid image--scaled-up"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com/topic/military-history/" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="619" height="412"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&webp=true&resize=619,412 619w"/><source sizes="(min-width: 768px) 940px,(min-width: 544px) 556px,(min-width: 300px) 400px,calc(100vw - 20px)" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&resize=300,200 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&resize=400,266 400w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&resize=556,370 556w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,412 619w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg?quality=90&resize=619,412" alt="The charge of the light, battle illustration" data-item-name="The charge of the light, battle illustration" title="Military history - Getty Images" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.6655896607431341;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="619" height="412"/></picture></a></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md box"><div class="editor-content"><h3 id="military-history-16e8770e">Military history</h3></div></div></div></div></div><div class="d-block box--transparent mb-md text-center box"><a class="button page-builder__button-block" href="/topic/" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">Explore more historic topics</div></a></div></div></div></main><div class="default-layout__above-footer-widget"><div class="pocket hidden-print container" data-placement="aboveFooter"><div class=""><div class="newsletter-sign-up text-center pa-sm newsletter-sign-up--horizontal box pa-sm" style="background-color:rgba(254, 251, 246, 1)" data-component="NewsletterSignUp" data-feature="NewsletterSignUp" data-form-name="nl_he_weekly" data-component-variant="horizontal"><div class="recaptcha-badge"></div><form novalidate="" action="/api/editorial/forms/newsletter-signup" method="POST" class="form"><input type="hidden" name="newsletter" value="nl_he_weekly--658"/><h3 class="pt-sm pb-sm heading-3">Sign up for the weekly HistoryExtra newsletter</h3><p class="body-copy-large body-copy-bold mb-lg">Sign up to receive our newsletter!</p><div class="form-group"><label class="form-label sr-only" for="email-address">Email address</label><div class="newsletter-sign-up__form"><input required="" class="form-input newsletter-sign-up__form__input" id="email-address" type="email" placeholder="Email address" name="email" aria-describedby="email-feedback" aria-invalid="false" value=""/><button class="button newsletter-sign-up__form__btn" disabled="" type="submit" data-component="Button" role="button"><div class="button__content">Sign Up</div></button></div><div id="email-feedback" class="form-feedback body-copy-extra-small body-copy-bold newsletter-sign-up__form__feedback"></div><div class="form-group"><div id="recaptcha-feedback" class="form-feedback body-copy-extra-small body-copy-bold newsletter-sign-up__form__feedback"></div></div></div></form><p class="newsletter-sign-up__disclaimer body-copy-extra-small">By entering your details you are agreeing to our <a class="link link--styled" data-component="Link" href="https://www.immediate.co.uk/terms-and-conditions/" target="_blank">terms and conditions</a> and <a class="link link--styled" data-component="Link" href="https://policies.immediate.co.uk/privacy/" target="_blank">privacy policy</a>. You can unsubscribe at any time.</p><p id="recaptcha-copy" class="recaptcha-copy body-copy-extra-small recaptcha-copy--center">This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a class="link recaptcha-copy__link link--styled" href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" data-component="Link" aria-label="privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a> and <a class="link recaptcha-copy__link link--styled" href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank" data-component="Link" aria-label="terms of service">Terms of Service</a> apply.</p></div></div></div></div><footer class="site-footer hidden-print" data-feature="FooterNavigation"><div class="background-container site-footer__brand-section"><div class="background-container__inner container--no-gutters site-footer__brand-section" style="margin-top:-1px"><div class="site-footer__brand-section-inner site-footer__flex-row site-footer__flex-row--center container chromatic-ignore"><div class="image chromatic-ignore site-footer__brand-logo image--fluid" style="max-width:154.58937198067633px"><a class="link image__container" href="https://www.historyextra.com" rel="home" data-component="Link"><picture class="image__picture" width="220" height="56.925"><source type="image/webp" sizes="220px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=220,57 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=440,114 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=660,171 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=800,207 800w"/><source sizes="220px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=220,57 220w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=440,114 440w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=660,171 660w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=800,207 800w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png?quality=90&resize=220,57" alt="History Extra logo" data-item-name="History Extra logo" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.25875;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="220" height="56.925"/></picture></a></div><div class="site-footer__social-follow"><ul class="social-follow list list--horizontal"><li class="social-follow__facebook list-item"><a class="link social-follow__link" href="https://www.facebook.com/HistoryExtra" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-component="Link"><div class="icon-stack social-follow__icon icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:25px;width:25px"><span class="sr-only">Visit us on Facebook</span><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:25px;min-width:25px;height:25px;min-height:25px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/social-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#facebook"></use></svg></i></div></div></a></li><li class="social-follow__twitter list-item"><a class="link social-follow__link" href="https://twitter.com/HistoryExtra" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-component="Link"><div class="icon-stack social-follow__icon icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:25px;width:25px"><span class="sr-only">Visit us on Twitter</span><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:25px;min-width:25px;height:25px;min-height:25px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/social-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#twitter"></use></svg></i></div></div></a></li><li class="social-follow__instagram list-item"><a class="link social-follow__link" href="https://www.instagram.com/historyextra" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-component="Link"><div class="icon-stack social-follow__icon icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:25px;width:25px"><span class="sr-only">Visit us on Instagram</span><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:25px;min-width:25px;height:25px;min-height:25px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/social-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#instagram"></use></svg></i></div></div></a></li><li class="social-follow__youtube list-item"><a class="link social-follow__link" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/historyextra" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-component="Link"><div class="icon-stack social-follow__icon icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:25px;width:25px"><span class="sr-only">Visit us on Youtube</span><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:25px;min-width:25px;height:25px;min-height:25px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/social-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#youtube"></use></svg></i></div></div></a></li><li class="social-follow__rss list-item"><a class="link social-follow__link" href="/feed/atom/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-component="Link"><div class="icon-stack social-follow__icon icon-stack--vertical-align" style="height:25px;width:25px"><span class="sr-only">Visit us on Rss</span><div class="icon-stack__icon" style="z-index:1"><i class="icon" style="width:25px;min-width:25px;height:25px;min-height:25px;animation-duration:1000ms"><svg class="icon__svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="color:inherit;fill:inherit"><use xlink:href="/static/icons/base/sprite-maps/social-71cd4ec91a6536f2abcc71183b8f0de8.svg#rss"></use></svg></i></div></div></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="background-container site-footer__corporate-section"><div class="background-container__inner container--no-gutters site-footer__corporate-section"><section class="site-footer__corporate-section-inner body-copy-small fluid-container"><div class="site-footer__flex-row container chromatic-ignore"><ul class="site-footer__menu list"><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="1" data-item-name="About Us" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="/aboutus/" rel="" title="About Us" data-component="Link">About Us</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="2" data-item-name="Terms & Conditions" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="https://www.immediate.co.uk/terms-and-conditions/" rel="" title="Terms & Conditions" data-component="Link">Terms & Conditions</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="3" data-item-name="Privacy Policy" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="https://www.immediate.co.uk/privacy/" rel="" title="Privacy Policy" data-component="Link">Privacy Policy</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="4" data-item-name="Cookie Policy" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="https://www.immediate.co.uk/cookies/" rel="" title="Cookie Policy" data-component="Link">Cookie Policy</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="5" data-item-name="Code of Conduct" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="http://www.immediate.co.uk/code-of-conduct/" rel="" title="Code of Conduct" data-component="Link">Code of Conduct</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="6" data-item-name="History Magazine Subscriptions" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="/subscribe/" rel="" title="History Magazine Subscriptions" data-component="Link">History Magazine Subscriptions</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="7" data-item-name="FAQ" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="/faqs/" rel="" title="FAQ" data-component="Link">FAQ</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="8" data-item-name="Contact Us" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="/contact-us/" rel="" title="Contact Us" data-component="Link">Contact Us</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="9" data-item-name="Vacancies" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="https://careers-immediatemedia.icims.com/jobs/" rel="" title="Vacancies" data-component="Link">Vacancies</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="10" data-item-name="Licensing" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="http://www.immediate.co.uk/service/" rel="" title="Licensing" data-component="Link">Licensing</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="11" data-item-name="Find Us" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="http://www.immediate.co.uk/contact-us/" rel="" title="Find Us" data-component="Link">Find Us</a></li><li data-component="MenuLink" data-index="12" data-item-name="Manage Privacy Settings" data-cmp="true" class="site-footer__menu-item list-item"><a class="link site-footer__menu-link link--inverted" href="#" title="Manage your privacy and consent settings" data-component="Link">Manage Privacy Settings</a></li></ul></div><div class="site-footer__flex-row container"><div class="site-footer__corporate-logo chromatic-ignore"><a class="link" href="https://www.immediate.co.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-component="Link"><div class="image chromatic-ignore image--fluid" style="max-width:3873px"><div class="image__container"><picture class="image__picture" width="3873" height="767"><source type="image/webp" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=100,20 100w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=200,40 200w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=300,59 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&webp=true&resize=400,79 400w"/><source sizes="100px" srcSet="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&resize=100,20 100w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&resize=200,40 200w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&resize=300,59 300w,https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&resize=400,79 400w"/><img class="image__img" src="https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png?quality=90&resize=3873,767" alt="Immediate company logo in white" data-item-name="Immediate company logo in white" title="Immediate logo" style="aspect-ratio:1 / 0.19803769687580686;object-fit:cover" loading="lazy" width="3873" height="767"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div class="site-footer__copyright-section"><small class="site-footer__copyright-text body-copy-small">History Extra is owned and published by Immediate Media Company Limited. BBC History Magazine is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios Distribution</small><small class="site-footer__copyright-text body-copy-small mt-xs">© Immediate 2025</small></div></div></section></div></div></footer><div class="default-layout__page-bottom-widget"></div><div class="piano-inline-template"></div></div><div><noscript><iframe title="gtm" src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K86F9FM" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){ w[l]=w[l]||[]; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K86F9FM'); </script></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"page":null,"callout":null,"client":"historyextra","entity":"page","postId":"275630","published":"October 22, 2024 at 3:08 PM","slug":"history-extra-home","uid":"history-extra-home","status":"published","isPrivate":false,"postType":"page","blocks":[{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Honeymooning with your mother-in-law? The truths of Regency romance","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"premium","id":"279887","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/membership/regency-romance-truths/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":5100,"width":3250,"alt":"An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","title":"An engraving of Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett for Jane Austen's novel 'Pride and Prejudice' (Photo by Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/01/GettyImages-566460067-1c02288.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"1","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Who was the patron saint of love and lovers?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"76131","label":{"text":"Roman","type":"category","url":"/period/roman/"},"kicker":"Saint Valentine","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/roman/valentine-day-history-saint-who-real-story-cured/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"An image depicting St Valentine","title":"St_Valentine_hearts","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/02/GettyImages-523848908-StValentine-WL-9eb2fa4.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 13, 2024 at 10:06 AM","authorName":"Professor Lisa Bitel"},{"title":"Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"211965","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":"Quiz of the week","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Weekly history quiz from the team at HistoryExtra","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 6, 2025 at 8:30 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"1","horizontal":true,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false}]},{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Did Catherine the Great really have sex with a horse?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"278464","label":{"text":"Georgian","type":"category","url":"/period/georgian/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/georgian/did-catherine-the-great-have-sex-with-a-horse-myth-rumour-debunked/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Queen Catherine the Great and (inset) a horse","title":"Catherine the Great was rumoured to have had relations with a horse (Photos via Getty)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Catherine-and-horse-WL-d00f193.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"},{"title":"Rome's most scandalous emperors","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279893","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/romes-scandalous-emperors-podcast-tom-holland/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Tom Holland - Caesars Suetonius WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Tom-Holland-Caesars-Suetonius-WL-0007dc4.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 7:00 AM","authorName":"Rob Attar"},{"title":"Do you know the correct date of Magna Carta? Here’s why you might be wrong","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279564","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/is-magna-carta-date-wrong/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes","title":"A c1300 depiction of a man paying taxes","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/CP1BMC-c752e4a-e1739281446642.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 11, 2025 at 4:17 PM","authorName":"Dr David Musgrove"},{"title":"The final years of the war | HistoryExtra Academy video lecture","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"video","theme":"premium","id":"279386","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"video","rating":null,"url":"/membership/the-final-years-of-the-war-historyextra-academy-video-lecture/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"YT Thumb Laurence Rees 6 WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/YT-Thumb-Laurence-Rees-6-WL-02351ed.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 4, 2025 at 5:17 PM","authorName":"Rachel Dinning"}],"columns":"2","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":true,"stretch":false},{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png","width":720,"height":374,"title":"Brandsite 720x374px","aspectRatio":0.5194444444444445,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/join/"},"alt":"Get access to HistoryExtra and the Academy for just 99p for 6 months!"},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Brandsite-720x374px-7b46a9e.png","width":720,"height":374,"title":"Brandsite 720x374px","aspectRatio":0.5194444444444445,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/join/"},"alt":"Get access to HistoryExtra and the Academy for just 99p for 6 months!"},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"War Plan Red: The secret US plan for war with Britain via Canada","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"278584","label":{"text":"20th Century","type":"category","url":"/period/20th-century/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/20th-century/war-plan-red-secret-invasion/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)","title":"The hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls, seen in 1890, would have been a key target for the US in War Plan Red (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1131246538-War-Plan-Red-2874959-e1737020460130.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 3, 2025 at 10:54 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"},{"title":"10 shocking torture methods from medieval history","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"273260","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":"Stretched, crushed and impaled","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/medieval-torture-methods/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":412,"width":620,"alt":"Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel.","title":"Hand-coloured engraving of someone being tortured on the wheel.","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/09/BFEF48-2903bf0-e1726061225112.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"September 11, 2024 at 2:39 PM","authorName":"Lauren Good"},{"title":"What was Jane Austen's cause of death?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"279360","label":{"text":"Georgian","type":"category","url":"/period/georgian/"},"kicker":"Lupus or murder?","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/georgian/jane-austen-death/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Jane Austen's grave.","title":"Jane Austen's grave.","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/AAFJNM-b7d26c8-e1738678151840.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 4, 2025 at 2:49 PM","authorName":"Hilary Mitchell"},{"title":"How did Dirty Bertie’s siège d’amour actually work?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"268993","label":{"text":"Edwardian","type":"category","url":"/period/edwardian/"},"kicker":"King Edward VII’s love chair","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/edwardian/king-edward-vii-love-chair/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":619,"alt":"Portrait of King Edward VII","title":"King Edward VII","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/GettyImages-3305467-f68aca9-e1719496287773.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"June 27, 2024 at 3:35 PM","authorName":null}],"columns":"4","title":"Most searched for","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"on-this-day-in-history-73491136\"\u003eOn this day in history\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat happened on this day in the past? We round up the landmark events, births, deaths and more...\u003c/p\u003e","backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"17 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"200257","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/17-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/81ece238e7513a9ae8a5","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink17","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink17-72382de.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 17, 2025 at 6:10 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"16 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"200254","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/16-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/a1246c27822b3f092d06","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink16","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink16-d4913a6.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 16, 2025 at 6:10 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"15 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"200253","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/15-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/79b5118c1da0bcac7190","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink15","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink15-71d542c.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 15, 2025 at 6:10 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"14 February","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"199618","label":{"text":"On This Day","type":"category","url":"/on-this-day/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/on-this-day/14-february-on-this-day-in-history/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/de94a754104577b43bff","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"On this day_Numbers_pink14","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/02/On-this-day_Numbers_pink14-def2470.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 14, 2025 at 5:06 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"4","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"dark","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"https://www.historyextra.com/on-this-day-today-in-history/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"More On This Day"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"historical-qas-6efe0c28\"\u003eHistorical Q\u0026amp;As\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did Spanish Flu get its name? When did our ancestors start using toilet paper? Why did the famous Crystal Palace burn down? And where was the WW1 Armistice signed? Here are the top questions about history, answered by historians and experts…\u003c/p\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Why was Mozart obsessed with poo?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272585","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/why-was-mozart-obsessed-with-poo/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/179542e198b1abb8ebef","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":414,"width":620,"alt":"Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score","title":"Vintage illustration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in profile, in front of a musical score","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-525373843-1b02d07-e1725048379989.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 31, 2024 at 8:14 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"},{"title":"What is Greek life?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272589","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/what-is-greek-life/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/32bf3c4fce586c3c4281","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952","title":"Women at Kappa Kappa Gamma and Gamma Phi Beta Houses of University of California at Los Angeles in 1952","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-1048253674-78c175b-e1725049658641.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 30, 2024 at 9:33 PM","authorName":null},{"title":"Where does the term ‘champagne socialist’ come from?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272214","label":{"text":"20th Century","type":"category","url":"/period/20th-century/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/20th-century/champagne-socialist-meaning-origin/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/e99e65b9ce5a7547959b","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk","title":"Former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald sitting behind a desk. He was described as a champagne socialist","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-613473652-6f36d2a-e1724430323460.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 25, 2024 at 9:27 AM","authorName":"Danny Bird"},{"title":"Why decimation was the most unfair punishment in the Roman Army","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"272207","label":{"text":"Roman","type":"category","url":"/period/roman/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/roman/decimation-roman-punishment-real/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/a38e84c6f56764d2c762","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column","title":"Roman soldiers on the detail of Trajan's Column","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/08/GettyImages-143076532-fa170c9-e1724427399568.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"August 24, 2024 at 8:47 AM","authorName":"Danny Bird"},{"title":"Where does the term ‘fifth column’ come from?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"268898","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":"Q\u0026A","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/fifth-column-meaning/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/3523b2aa1512e8307d50","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'","title":"Spanish republican propaganda referring to the term 'fifth column'.","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Fifth-Column-WL-b8ad84f.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"June 25, 2024 at 1:57 PM","authorName":"Danny Bird"},{"title":"The Grand Tour: a rite of passage for Europe’s elite","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"267343","label":{"text":"General Early Modern","type":"category","url":"/period/early-modern/"},"kicker":"Q\u0026A","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/early-modern/grand-tour-what-origins-itinerary/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0cdd200b6158aaa4f816","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":414,"width":620,"alt":"A Painting of The Grand Canal in Venice","title":"A View On The Grand Canal Venice","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/05/GettyImages-959874412-9b67df0-e1715874788483.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"May 16, 2024 at 5:18 PM","authorName":"Danny Bird"}],"columns":"3","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"/content-classification/qa/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Read more answers from the experts"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg","width":900,"height":374,"title":"FEB317-6issues-Homepage","aspectRatio":0.41555555555555557,"link":{"href":"https://www.buysubscriptions.com/print/bbc-history-magazine-subscription?promo=HTBP25\u0026amp;utm_medium=brandsite\u0026amp;utm_source=historyextra.com\u0026amp;utm_campaign=6issuesfor9.99_htbp25\u0026amp;utm_content=homepage-widget\u0026amp;style=brand"},"alt":"Try 6 issues for £9.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra Academy"},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/FEB317-6issues-Homepage-424acd2.jpg","width":900,"height":374,"title":"FEB317-6issues-Homepage","aspectRatio":0.41555555555555557,"link":{"href":"https://www.buysubscriptions.com/print/bbc-history-magazine-subscription?promo=HTBP25\u0026amp;utm_medium=brandsite\u0026amp;utm_source=historyextra.com\u0026amp;utm_campaign=6issuesfor9.99_htbp25\u0026amp;utm_content=homepage-widget\u0026amp;style=brand"},"alt":"Try 6 issues for £9.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra Academy"},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"historyextra-podcast-5a9414e1\"\u003eHistoryExtra Podcast\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe latest episodes from the History Extra podcast\u003c/p\u003e","backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"Are we celebrating the wrong Magna Carta?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279572","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/wrong-magna-carta-date-podcast-david-carpenter/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/aa54ccfba19ec41c05c0","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"David Carpenter - Not the Magna Carta WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/David-Carpenter-Not-the-Magna-Carta-WL-e614e7b.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 11, 2025 at 7:00 AM","authorName":"Dr David Musgrove"}],"columns":"1","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"The forgotten JFK assassination plot","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279529","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/jfk-forgotten-assassination-podcast-brad-meltzer-josh-mensch/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/c01615743752df3128f7","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Brad Meltzer and Josh Mensch - The JFK Conspiracy WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Brad-Meltzer-and-Josh-Mensch-The-JFK-Conspiracy-WL-582f335.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 10, 2025 at 3:27 PM","authorName":null},{"title":"The Indian Rebellion of 1857: everything you wanted to know","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279517","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/indian-rebellion-podcast-saul-david/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0b1bbce2e7f1ad53f841","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Pod Saul David - EV Indian Mutiny WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Saul-David-EV-Indian-Mutiny-WL-c3e7a90.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 9, 2025 at 7:00 AM","authorName":"Spencer Mizen"}],"columns":"1","horizontal":true,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false}]},{"width":0.5,"blocks":[{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"From dinosaurs to Godzilla: a 15,000-year history of monsters","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279474","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/history-of-monsters-podcast-natalie-lawrence/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0422d4d6563a43822596","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":1721,"width":2583,"title":"Pod Natalie Lawrence - Enchanted creatures_WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Pod-Natalie-Lawrence-Enchanted-creaturesWL-99ed5ea.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"How monasteries powered medieval Europe","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279403","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/monasteries-medieval-europe-podcast-andrew-jotischky/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/7c8f8c0fbaff3fc77d99","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Andrew Jotischky - Monastic world WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Andrew-Jotischky-Monastic-world-WL-f9d5010.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 5, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":"Emily Briffett"},{"title":"Greenland, forest fires and presidential power: history behind the headlines","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279408","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/history-behind-the-headlines-february-25-podcast-hannah-skoda-rana-mitter/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/1a3c2e594686dfb70c19","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Pod Behind headlines WL (1)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/06/Pod-Behind-headlines-WL-1-81187da.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 4, 2025 at 9:00 AM","authorName":"Matt Elton"},{"title":"George Villiers: from royal favourite to enemy number one","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":true,"showOverlayIcon":true,"contentType":"audio","theme":"premium","id":"279326","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"audio","rating":null,"url":"/membership/george-villiers-podcast-lucy-hughes-hallett/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/32feac6e33ed42ece4fa","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Lucy Hughes Hallett - George Villiers (The Scapegoat) WL","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/Lucy-Hughes-Hallett-George-Villiers-The-Scapegoat-WL-6e72b68.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 3, 2025 at 7:30 AM","authorName":null}],"columns":"2","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":false}]}],"backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"dark","href":"/podcast/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"View all podcasts","marginBottom":true},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"The JFK assassination attempt you’ve never heard of","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279217","label":{"text":"20th Century","type":"category","url":"/period/20th-century/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/20th-century/jfk-assassination-attempt-richard-pavlick-why-failed/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/ff169a539bf9fcc57c65","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":826,"width":1240,"alt":"John F Kennedy in 1960 (left) and would-be assassin Richard Pavlick","title":"John F Kennedy and Richard Pavlick","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/Unknown-1-e65cfc6.jpeg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 10, 2025 at 9:55 AM","authorName":"Elinor Evans"},{"title":"10 things you need to know about medieval Bohemia before you play \u003cem\u003eKingdom Come: Deliverance 2\u003c/em\u003e","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279460","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/bohemia-facts-kingdom-come-deliverance-2/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/946bcda534f5d99d72f8","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"A farmer in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2.","title":"10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/10-things-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-3b3137b-e1738935578141.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 2:26 PM","authorName":"James Osborne"},{"title":"The real history behind Kuttenberg in \u003cem\u003eKingdom Come: Deliverance 2\u003c/em\u003e: how Kutná Hora became the silver crown of medieval Bohemia","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"279459","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/real-history-kuttenberg-kingdom-come-deliverance-2-how-kutna-hora-became-the-silver-crown-of-medieval-bohemia/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/2c599315cc9b8f22c843","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Kuttenberg as seen in Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2.","title":"kcd2-kuttenberg-square","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/02/kcd2-kuttenberg-square-e2c3608-e1738937632107.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 2:22 PM","authorName":"James Osborne"},{"title":"Why is a mythical catfish to blame for earthquakes in Japan?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":null,"id":"278612","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/namazu-japanese-earthquake-catfish/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"@type":"Image","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/bf3e1a5c865e0dc8d37c","aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","title":"A Japanese woodblock print, c1855, depicting the mythological giant catfish Namazu, and the god Takemikazuchi subduing it with the kaname-ishi stone (Photo by Pictures From History/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2025/01/GettyImages-1371486646namazu-50f39c7-e1737020709266.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 7, 2025 at 9:36 AM","authorName":"Jonny Wilkes"}],"columns":"4","title":"More of our latest articles","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"transparent","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/page/1/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"More of our latest articles"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"advert","index":1,"slotKey":"block-banner"},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"history-quizzes-e5e710ad\"\u003eHistory Quizzes\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow much do you know about history? Test out your knowledge with our quizzes...\u003c/p\u003e","backgroundColour":"dark","marginBottom":false},{"type":"card","items":[{"title":"How much do you know about the Vikings?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"115366","label":{"text":"Viking","type":"category","url":"/period/viking/"},"kicker":"Quiz","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/viking/vikings-quiz-test-knowledge-viking-questions/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":670,"width":1024,"alt":"How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)","title":"How much do you know about the Vikings? Test your knowledge with our quiz. This mid-19th century painting shows Viking ships on the River Thames. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/06/GettyImages-599982347-efda7b9.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"June 24, 2020 at 9:00 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"How much do you know about medieval history?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"48","label":{"text":"Medieval","type":"category","url":"/period/medieval/"},"kicker":"Quiz","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/medieval/medieval-quiz/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"alt":"Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets","title":"Flagellants or Brothers of the Cross in Netherlands scourging themselves as they walk through streets","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2017/10/Med-Quiz-GettyImages-113636752-WL-3a1587c.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"October 16, 2017 at 2:56 PM","authorName":null},{"title":"Who was the man that Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from, only to later decline?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"display","id":"211965","label":{"text":"General History","type":"category","url":"/period/general-history/"},"kicker":"Quiz of the week","postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/period/general-history/weekly-history-quiz/","isPremium":false,"subscriptionExperience":"default","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":413,"width":620,"title":"Weekly history quiz from the team at HistoryExtra","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2022/07/Weekly-Quiz-WL-7ab0a2a.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"February 6, 2025 at 8:30 AM","authorName":null},{"title":"History quiz: how much do you know about the Black Death?","headingStyledSize":4,"showTitleIcon":false,"showOverlayIcon":false,"contentType":null,"theme":"premium","id":"110741","label":{"text":"Membership","type":"category","url":"/membership/"},"kicker":null,"postFormat":"standard","rating":null,"url":"/membership/history-quiz-black-death/","isPremium":true,"subscriptionExperience":"paywall-subscribed-users","image":{"aspectRatio":"landscape_thumbnail","height":806,"width":1024,"alt":"The effects of the disease known as the Black Death","title":"The effects of the disease known as the Black Death are captured in this medieval miniature. (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2020/02/GettyImages-150615499-2cb3ab2.jpg"},"postType":"post","description":null,"published":"April 29, 2020 at 5:03 PM","authorName":null}],"columns":"4","horizontal":false,"backgroundColour":"dark","aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","button":{"type":"button","as":"a","href":"/quiz/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"View more quizzes"},"showAuthorName":false,"showDate":false,"marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"popular-historic-periods-2f4b308d\"\u003ePopular historic periods\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg","width":620,"height":413,"title":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","alt":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6661290322580645,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tudor_GettyImages-110121266-92d44b2-e1733743915145.jpg","width":620,"height":413,"title":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","alt":"Portrait of King Henry VIII, Jane Seymour and Prince Edward. (Photo by Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6661290322580645,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"tudor-4d40eae3\"\u003eTudor\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg","width":620,"height":411,"title":"Medieval - Getty Images","alt":"Illustrated Medieval scene from the Romance of Lancelot","aspectRatio":0.6629032258064517,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Medieval_GettyImages-463928389_crop-66e04c1-e1733743157725.jpg","width":620,"height":411,"title":"Medieval - Getty Images","alt":"Illustrated Medieval scene from the Romance of Lancelot","aspectRatio":0.6629032258064517,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"medieval-fba0c064\"\u003eMedieval\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Victorian - Getty Images","alt":"Victorian - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Victorian_GettyImages-71054791-4618663-e1733744024213.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Victorian - Getty Images","alt":"Victorian - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"victorian-90196bb4\"\u003eVictorian\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"20th Century - Getty Images","alt":"20th Century - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/20th-Century_GettyImages-90776007-35b421b-e1733740755710.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"20th Century - Getty Images","alt":"20th Century - Getty Images","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"20th-century-acabcbd9\"\u003e20th Century\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"transparent","href":"/period","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Explore more historic periods","marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"popular-people-from-history-a3503d6c\"\u003ePopular people from history\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Henry VIII - Getty Images","alt":"Painting of Henry VIII","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/henry-viii/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Henry-VIII_GettyImages-53313077-995ecdb-e1733753410700.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Henry VIII - Getty Images","alt":"Painting of Henry VIII","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/henry-viii/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"henry-viii-3188a2e6\"\u003eHenry VIII\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Queen Victoria - Getty Images","alt":"Portrait of Queen Victoria","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/queen-victoria/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Queen-Victoria_GettyImages-463979939-795c2e2-e1733754992339.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Queen Victoria - Getty Images","alt":"Portrait of Queen Victoria","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/queen-victoria/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"queen-victoria-1e14c8fc\"\u003eQueen Victoria\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","alt":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/winston-churchill/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Winston-Churchil_GettyImages-102165893-4ec740d-e1733755992325.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","alt":"Winston Churchill gives his famous v-sign as he opens the new headquarters of 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron of the RAAF (Royal Auxiliary Air Force) at Croydon, 1948. (Photo by Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/winston-churchill/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"winston-churchill-3470d5f6\"\u003eWinston Churchill\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","alt":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/tutankhamun/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Tutankhamun_GettyImages-122221653-fe09ad0-e1733755438184.jpg","width":619,"height":413,"title":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","alt":"Golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with lapis lazuli, obsidian and turquoise. (Photo By DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)","aspectRatio":0.6672051696284329,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/people/tutankhamun/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"tutankhamun-f38876b3\"\u003eTutankhamun\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"transparent","href":"/people/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Explore more people from history","marginBottom":true},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"popular-historic-topics-bee2b4d6\"\u003ePopular historic topics\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true},{"type":"column","columns":[{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Social history - Getty Images","alt":"Dockers unloading wine barrels","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/social-history/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Social-History_GettyImages-3269863-d72bd2c-e1733761213616.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Social history - Getty Images","alt":"Dockers unloading wine barrels","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/social-history/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"social-history-ec7b944a\"\u003eSocial history\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg","width":619,"height":411,"title":"Women's history - Getty Images","alt":"Photo of Mabel Capper and Patricia Woodlock advertising a meeting, Manchester, Lancashire, July 1908","aspectRatio":0.6639741518578353,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/womens-history/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Womens-History_GettyImages-464468289_crop-bca48a2-e1733761666363.jpg","width":619,"height":411,"title":"Women's history - Getty Images","alt":"Photo of Mabel Capper and Patricia Woodlock advertising a meeting, Manchester, Lancashire, July 1908","aspectRatio":0.6639741518578353,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/womens-history/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"womens-history-692dd5ab\"\u003eWomen's history\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Sex and love - Getty Images","alt":"Illustration of a couple","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/sex-and-love/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Sex-and-love_GettyImages-148795401_crop-66ed4be-e1733761214275.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Sex and love - Getty Images","alt":"Illustration of a couple","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/sex-and-love/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"sex-and-love-2fc0755d\"\u003eSex and love\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]},{"width":0.25,"blocks":[{"type":"responsiveImage","desktop":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Military history - Getty Images","alt":"The charge of the light, battle illustration","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/military-history/"}},"mobile":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2018/01/Military-History_GettyImages-50691729-875e251-e1733760798137.jpg","width":619,"height":412,"title":"Military history - Getty Images","alt":"The charge of the light, battle illustration","aspectRatio":0.6655896607431341,"link":{"href":"https://www.historyextra.com/topic/military-history/"}},"backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":false},{"type":"html","value":"\u003ch3 id=\"military-history-16e8770e\"\u003eMilitary history\u003c/h3\u003e","backgroundColour":"transparent","marginBottom":true}]}],"marginBottom":false,"stretch":false},{"type":"button","as":"a","backgroundColour":"transparent","href":"/topic/","isCentered":true,"target":null,"text":"Explore more historic topics","marginBottom":true}],"breadcrumbs":null,"seoMetadata":{"title":"History Extra Home","description":null,"metaTitle":"HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website","metaDescription":"Thousands of historical articles on both British and world history for all levels of knowledge and interest.","type":"article","robots":"","canonicalUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"speedCurveLux":{"label":"page","data":{"layout-variant":"headline"}},"pageUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/","canonicalUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/","permutiveModel":{"category":[],"subcategory":["page"],"title":"History Extra Home","article":{"id":"275630","description":null,"type":"page","tags":[]}},"socialShare":{"platforms":["facebook","twitter","whatsapp","email"],"emailSubject":"I saw this on HistoryExtra.com and thought of you","emailBody":"I found this article on HistoryExtra.com and thought you might be interested:","twitterHandle":"HistoryExtra","fbAuthorizeCode":"","title":"History%20Extra%20Home","tweet":"History%20Extra%20Home","disabled":false,"url":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"schema":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.historyextra.com/#WebPage","@type":"WebPage","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.historyextra.com/"},"name":"HistoryExtra | BBC History Magazine's Official Website","url":"https://www.historyextra.com/","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Michael Walker","url":"https://www.historyextra.com/author/michaelwalker"}],"dateModified":"2025-02-14T13:53:59+00:00","datePublished":"2024-10-22T15:08:00+01:00","headline":"History Extra Home","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"HistoryExtra","url":"https://www.historyextra.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png?resize=800,207","width":800,"height":207}},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".js-piano-locked-content"},"description":"Thousands of historical articles on both British and world history for all levels of knowledge and interest."},"targeting":{"gtm":{"cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page","publish_date":"2024-10-22T14:08:00+00:00","template":"page"},"dfp":{"configuration":"live","cat":["homepage"],"channel":"home","format":"standard","pageid":"275630","primary_cat":"homepage","subcat":"page"},"piano":[{"key":"premiumContent","value":false},{"key":"subscriptionExperience","value":"default"},{"key":"postType","value":"page"}]},"postPreview":2,"affiliateMessage":null,"image":null,"ediplayer":null,"onnetworkplayer":null,"greenVideo":null,"hideBreadcrumbs":false,"suppression":{"@type":"Suppression","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/5ded9f7651b56ca2d7ba","disableAboveFooter":false,"disableAdsOnPictures":false,"disableAllAds":false,"disableBelowHeader":false,"disableBurdaffiInText":false,"disableBurdaffiWidgets":false,"disableEdiplayerAds":false,"disableEdiplayerAutoplay":false,"disableEdiplayerInjection":false,"disableEdiplayerPlaylist":false,"disableInTextAds":false,"disableRtbAds":false,"hidePromoLogoInHeader":false},"layout":"headline","taxonomies":[{"@type":"Taxonomy","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/b5b29d45f04cfded2df8","display":"Subscription Experiences","terms":[{"@type":"Term","@id":"/v5/.well-known/genid/0a04fe548474384a0113","slug":"default","display":"Default","taxonomy":"subscription-experience"}]}],"table":null,"postFormat":"standard","showHeroImageOverlayIcon":false,"gemius":null,"c2cVars":null,"relatedEdiPlayer":null,"sponsorTracking":null,"postMeta":{"client":"historyextra","schemaId":"https://www.historyextra.com/#WebPage","entity":"page","source":"content-api","clientId":"275630"},"recommendedCards":null,"adSettings":{"unitName":"/176986657/Historyextra.com","headerBidder":"prebid","headerBidderUrl":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","headerBidderTimeout":3500,"adRefresh":{"enabled":true,"excludedOrderIds":[2754193328,2728546557,2777270073,476475177,2740501331],"durationInView":20,"percentageInView":50},"targets":{"configuration":["live"]},"lazyLoading":{"enabled":false,"renderMarginPercent":1000,"mobileScaling":0},"stitcher":{},"enableAdvertBeforeBodyOfContent":{"article":false,"recipe":false},"nativeAdvertiser":"nova","promoPlacementId":"","permutiveConfig":{"permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com"}},"currentPage":1,"pockets":{"pageBottom":[],"aboveFooter":[{"componentId":"newsletterSignup","props":{"data":{"title":"Sign up for the weekly HistoryExtra newsletter","description":"By entering your details, you are agreeing to site title terms and conditions and privacy policy. You can unsubscribe at any time.","layout":"horizontal","environment":"live-like","newsletter":"nl_he_weekly--658","endpoint":"","loggedInBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedInSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedInPreferencesHyperlinkText":"Edit your newsletter preferences","loggedOutBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedOutSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedOutSignInMessage":"Already have an account with us? Sign in to manage your newsletter preferences"},"widgetArea":"aboveFooter"}}]},"promoPostTeaser":null,"hasData":true},"siteConfig":{"adSettings":{"unitName":"/176986657/Historyextra.com","headerBidder":"prebid","headerBidderUrl":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","headerBidderTimeout":3500,"adRefresh":{"enabled":true,"excludedOrderIds":[2754193328,2728546557,2777270073,476475177,2740501331],"durationInView":20,"percentageInView":50},"targets":{"configuration":["live"]},"lazyLoading":{"enabled":false,"renderMarginPercent":1000,"mobileScaling":0},"stitcher":{},"enableAdvertBeforeBodyOfContent":{"article":false,"recipe":false},"nativeAdvertiser":"nova","promoPlacementId":"","permutiveConfig":{"permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com"}},"settings":{"@context":"/v1/settings/contexts/Client","@id":"/v1/settings/clients/historyextra","@type":"Client","slug":"historyextra","advertisement":{"@id":"/v1/settings/advertisements","@type":"Advertisement","dfpBaseName":"/176986657/Historyextra.com","dfpEnvironmentName":"live","dfpTaxonomies":["post_tag","person","topic","historyweek","location","magazineissue","mission","content-classification"],"enableGrapeshot":false,"skimlinksId":"71026X1535947","headerBidder":"prebid","preBidUrl":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","headerBidderTimeout":3500,"indexExchangeUrl":"//js-sec.indexww.com/ht/p/184306-109269617413354.js","ampBannerId":null,"ampTopMpuId":null,"ampBottomMpuId":null,"adRefreshEnabled":true,"adRefreshExcludedOrderIds":"2754193328,2728546557,2777270073,476475177,2740501331","adRefreshDurationInView":20,"adRefreshPercentageInView":50,"enableLazyLoading":false,"renderMarginPercent":1000,"mbScalingMultiplier":0,"ampLazyLoadFloatMargin":null,"ampAdRefreshEnabled":false,"ampAdRefreshInterval":null,"homepagePlacementId":null,"articlePlacementId":null,"forumPlacementId":null,"nativeAdvertiser":"nova","promoPlacementId":""},"affiliateLinks":{"@id":"/v1/settings/affiliate_linkss","@type":"AffiliateLinks","amazonLinkLocale":true,"groupId":"114623"},"appConfig":{"@id":"/v1/settings/app_configs","@type":"AppConfig","homeScreen":{"@id":"/v1/settings/remote_resources","@type":"RemoteResource","client":"historyextra","source":"content-api","entity":"appScreen","clientId":"202033"},"alternateHomeScreens":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/home_screen_configs","@type":"HomeScreenConfig","name":"HistoryExtra Academy","slug":"historyextra_academy","location":{"@id":"/v1/settings/remote_resources","@type":"RemoteResource","client":"historyextra","source":"content-api","entity":"appScreen","clientId":"259438"},"taxonomies":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/home_screen_configs","@type":"HomeScreenConfig","name":"Podcast series","slug":"podcast_series","location":{"@id":"/v1/settings/remote_resources","@type":"RemoteResource","client":"historyextra","source":"content-api","entity":"appScreen","clientId":"237891"},"taxonomies":[]}]},"cdp":{"@id":"/v1/settings/cdps","@type":"Cdp","enabled":true,"segmentWriteKey":"aNIZJAgVmFvKWEofdrBQv4ZOcFmHJnen","webTracking":"logged-in"},"domainNavigationOverride":[],"editorialRatings":{"@id":"/v1/settings/editorial_ratingss","@type":"EditorialRatings","ratingType":"expanded","applyTo":["reviews"],"summaryHeadingCopy":"Our review","positivesHeadingCopy":"Pros","negativesHeadingCopy":"Cons"},"footerNavigation":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"footer-menu","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/aboutus/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"About Us","xfn":"","label":"About Us","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/terms-and-conditions/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","xfn":"","label":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/privacy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Privacy Policy","xfn":"","label":"Privacy Policy","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/cookies/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Cookie Policy","xfn":"","label":"Cookie Policy","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/code-of-conduct/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Code of Conduct","xfn":"","label":"Code of Conduct","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/subscribe/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"History Magazine Subscriptions","xfn":"","label":"History Magazine Subscriptions","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/faqs/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"FAQ","xfn":"","label":"FAQ","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/contact-us/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Contact Us","xfn":"","label":"Contact Us","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://careers-immediatemedia.icims.com/jobs/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Vacancies","xfn":"","label":"Vacancies","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/service/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Licensing","xfn":"","label":"Licensing","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/contact-us/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Find Us","xfn":"","label":"Find Us","children":[]}]},"mainNavigation":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"main-menu","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Period","xfn":"","label":"Period","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/ancient-egypt/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Ancient Egypt","xfn":"","label":"Ancient Egypt","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/roman/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Roman","xfn":"","label":"Roman","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/viking/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Viking","xfn":"","label":"Viking","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/anglo-saxon/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Anglo-Saxon","xfn":"","label":"Anglo-Saxon","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/medieval/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Medieval","xfn":"","label":"Medieval","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/tudor/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Tudor","xfn":"","label":"Tudor","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/elizabethan/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabethan","xfn":"","label":"Elizabethan","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/georgian/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Georgian","xfn":"","label":"Georgian","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/victorian/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Victorian","xfn":"","label":"Victorian","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/second-world-war/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Second World War","xfn":"","label":"Second World War","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all periods","xfn":"","label":"Browse all periods","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"People","xfn":"","label":"People","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/tutankhamun/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Tutankhamun","xfn":"","label":"Tutankhamun","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/richard-iii/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Richard III","xfn":"","label":"Richard III","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/henry-viii/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Henry VIII","xfn":"","label":"Henry VIII","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/elizabeth-i/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabeth I","xfn":"","label":"Elizabeth I","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/queen-victoria/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Queen Victoria","xfn":"","label":"Queen Victoria","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/winston-churchill/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Winston Churchill","xfn":"","label":"Winston Churchill","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/cleopatra/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Cleopatra","xfn":"","label":"Cleopatra","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/napoleon-bonaparte/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Napoleon Bonaparte","xfn":"","label":"Napoleon Bonaparte","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all people","xfn":"","label":"Browse all people","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Topics","xfn":"","label":"Topics","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/kings-and-queens/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Kings and queens","xfn":"","label":"Kings and queens","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/weird-wonderful-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Weird and wonderful","xfn":"","label":"Weird and wonderful","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/sex-and-love/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Sex and love","xfn":"","label":"Sex and love","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/social-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Social history","xfn":"","label":"Social history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/religion/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Religious history","xfn":"","label":"Religious history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/womens-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Women's history","xfn":"","label":"Women's history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/content-classification/qa/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical Q\u0026As","xfn":"","label":"Historical Q\u0026As","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/heritage-visits/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Heritage visits","xfn":"","label":"Heritage visits","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/tag/my-history-hero/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"History hero","xfn":"","label":"History hero","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/tag/recipes/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical recipes","xfn":"","label":"Historical recipes","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/turning-points-british-history-series/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Turning points in British History","xfn":"","label":"Turning points in British History","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all topics","xfn":"","label":"Browse all topics","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/video/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Video","xfn":"","label":"Video","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/podcast/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Podcast","xfn":"","label":"Podcast","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/podcast-series/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Podcast series","xfn":"","label":"Podcast series","children":[]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/quiz/","relativeUrl":null,"color":1,"title":"Quizzes","xfn":"","label":"Quizzes","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/","relativeUrl":null,"color":2,"title":"Membership","xfn":"","label":"Membership","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Membership area","xfn":"","label":"Membership area","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/membership-discounts/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Member discounts","xfn":"","label":"Member discounts","children":[]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/join","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Join HistoryExtra","xfn":"","label":"Join HistoryExtra","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"BBC History Mag","xfn":"","label":"BBC History Mag","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Academy","xfn":"","label":"Academy","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/nazigermany","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Nazi Germany","xfn":"","label":"Nazi Germany","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/victorian-life","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman","xfn":"","label":"Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/medieval-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Late-medieval England course","xfn":"","label":"Late-medieval England course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/roman-britain-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Roman Britain course","xfn":"","label":"Roman Britain course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/historyextra-academy-d-day-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"D-Day course","xfn":"","label":"D-Day course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/witchcraft-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Witchcraft course","xfn":"","label":"Witchcraft course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/elizabethans-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabethans course","xfn":"","label":"Elizabethans course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/hex-academy-vikings-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Vikings course","xfn":"","label":"Vikings course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/hex-academy-regency-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Regency course","xfn":"","label":"Regency course","children":[]}]}]}]},"eyebrowNavigation":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"quick-link-menu","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/subscribe","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Subscribe","xfn":"","label":"Subscribe","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/newsletters/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Newsletter sign up","xfn":"","label":"Newsletter sign up","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/the-historyextra-app/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Download app","xfn":"","label":"Download app","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/academy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Join our Academy","xfn":"","label":"Join our Academy","children":[]}]},"footerMenuDeepLinks1":null,"footerMenuDeepLinks2":null,"accountNavigation":null,"glossaryNavigation":null,"footer":{"@id":"/v1/settings/footers","@type":"Footer","companyLogo":{"@id":"/v1/settings/images","@type":"Image","alt":"Immediate company logo in white","aspectRatio":0.19803769687580686,"caption":null,"crop":[],"height":767,"title":"Immediate logo","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png","width":3873},"companyName":"Immediate","companyUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk","copyright":"History Extra is owned and published by Immediate Media Company Limited. BBC History Magazine is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios Distribution","copyrightPartnerLogo":null,"logo":"secondary"},"socialNetwork":{"@id":"/v1/settings/social_networks","@type":"SocialNetwork","rssFeed":"/feed/atom/","twitterHandle":"HistoryExtra","facebookProfile":"HistoryExtra","pinterestProfile":"","youtubeChannel":"historyextra","instagramProfile":"historyextra","tiktokProfile":""},"sponsor":{"@id":"/v1/settings/sponsors","@type":"Sponsor","sponsoredCardLabel":"Promoted by","sponsoredBrandLabel":"Promoted by","nativeTrueCardLabel":"Partnered content","nativeTrueImageLabel":"In partnership with","nativeTrueBrandLabel":"In partnership with","nativeAdCardLabel":"Advertisement feature","nativeAdImageLabel":"Advertisement feature","nativeAdBrandLabel":"Advertisement feature from","recipeContentBanner":"This recipe has been produced and tested in partnership with","postTypeDefaults":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/post_type_defaults","@type":"PostTypeDefault","postType":"offer","sponsor":{"@id":"/v1/settings/sponsor_stubs","@type":"SponsorStub","displayName":"Try something new this year and get your first 6 copies of BBC History Magazine for just £9.99 + FREE HistoryExtra and Academy access ","sponsorType":"promotional-link","url":"https://www.buysubscriptions.com/print/bbc-history-magazine-subscription?promo=HTBP25\u0026amp;utm_medium=brandsite\u0026amp;utm_source=historyextra.com\u0026amp;utm_campaign=6issuesfor9.99_htbp25\u0026amp;utm_content=promotional-link\u0026amp;style=brand"}}]},"siteConfig":{"@id":"/v1/settings/site_configs","@type":"SiteConfig","canonicalBaseURL":"https://www.historyextra.com","search":{"@id":"/v1/settings/searches","@type":"Search","siteSearchListLayout":false,"siteSearchUrl":"/search","siteSearchQueryParameter":"q"},"verification":{"@id":"/v1/settings/verifications","@type":"Verification","googleSiteVerification":"QzW_9Zd_q9L4zm5i7RLScelZzKJXsJ6olOcrxerMrfg","pinterest":""},"category":{"@id":"/v1/settings/categories","@type":"Category","maintainCategoryHierarchy":true},"affiliate":{"@id":"/v1/settings/affiliates","@type":"Affiliate","affiliateLinkMessaging":"\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #b83c2f;\"\u003e❚\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eAll products were chosen independently by our editorial team. This article contains affiliate links and we may receive a commission for purchases made. Please read our \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyextra.com/aboutus/affiliate-links/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eaffiliates FAQ page\u003c/a\u003e to find out more.\u003c/em\u003e"},"postInlineImageSize":"landscape_thumbnail_plus_full","defaultImageCropping":"fit","socialShare":{"@id":"/v1/settings/social_shares","@type":"SocialShare","facebook":true,"twitter":true,"pinterest":false,"whatsApp":true,"reddit":false,"blogger":false,"tumblr":false,"vkontakt":false,"email":true,"twitterHandle":"HistoryExtra","fbAuthorizeCode":"","emailSubjectPrefix":"I saw this on HistoryExtra.com and thought of you","emailBodyPrefix":"I found this article on HistoryExtra.com and thought you might be interested:"},"videoFacade":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/video_facade_configs","@type":"VideoFacadeConfig","type":"green-video","value":true}]},"media":{"@id":"/v1/settings/medias","@type":"Media","brightcove":{"@id":"/v1/settings/brightcoves","@type":"Brightcove","accountId":"6209817320001","playerId":"92UVgBOQ6"}},"header":{"logo":null,"eyebrowLogo":"secondary","eyebrowColour":"dark","strapline":"The official website for BBC History Magazine","@id":"/v1/settings/headers","@type":"Header","backgroundTexture":null,"enableEyebrow":true,"enableSearch":true,"enableSearchAutocomplete":false,"searchPlaceholder":null,"subscriberBackgroundTexture":null,"brandedSectionBackgroundImage":null,"mobileEyebrowBackgroundImage":null,"logoAlignment":null,"desktopPromoLogoImage":null,"desktopPromoLogoAlignment":null,"desktopPromoLogoShowXIcon":false,"mobilePromoLogoImage":null,"promoLogoUrl":null,"sponsorTrackingActive":false,"sponsorTrackingExpiration":"","sponsorTrackingPixels":[]},"hub":{"@id":"/v1/settings/hubs","@type":"Hub","enabled":true,"header":"My HistoryExtra","items":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/hub_items","@type":"HubItem","key":"saved_items","singularLabel":"Saved Article","pluralLabel":"Saved Articles","buttonLabel":"VIEW MORE","href":"saved-items/","emptyTitle":"Saved Articles","emptyDescription":"If you're a subscriber you can start saving content today!","emptyBtnText":"Start browsing","emptyHref":"/","searchFilter":{"@id":"/v1/settings/search_filters","@type":"SearchFilter","enabled":false,"label":"","emptyResultTitle":"","emptyResultDescription":"","emptyResultBtnText":"","emptyResultBtnHRef":"","emptyPageResultTitle":"","emptyPageResultDescription":""}},{"@id":"/v1/settings/hub_items","@type":"HubItem","key":"collections","singularLabel":"My Collection ","pluralLabel":"My Collections","buttonLabel":"VIEW MORE","href":"collections/","emptyTitle":"My Collections","emptyDescription":"Subscribe today to start saving content and creating collections","emptyBtnText":"Subscribe","emptyHref":"/join/","searchFilter":{"@id":"/v1/settings/search_filters","@type":"SearchFilter","enabled":false,"label":"","emptyResultTitle":"","emptyResultDescription":"","emptyResultBtnText":"","emptyResultBtnHRef":"","emptyPageResultTitle":"","emptyPageResultDescription":""}}],"ugc":{"@id":"/v1/settings/hub_ugcs","@type":"HubUgc","enabled":false,"label":"","href":"","emptyTitle":"","emptyDescription":"","searchFilter":{"@id":"/v1/settings/search_filters","@type":"SearchFilter","enabled":false,"label":"","emptyResultTitle":"","emptyResultDescription":"","emptyResultBtnText":"","emptyResultBtnHRef":"","emptyPageResultTitle":"","emptyPageResultDescription":""}},"recommendations":{"@id":"/v1/settings/hub_recommendationss","@type":"HubRecommendations","title":"Looking for more inspiration?","maxDisplayCount":0,"collections":[],"buttonLabel":"VIEW MORE","enabled":false,"showCardLabels":false,"type":"","btnHref":"","btnEnabled":false,"pinnedItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/pinned_items","@type":"PinnedItem","clientId":0,"entity":"","source":""},{"@id":"/v1/settings/pinned_items","@type":"PinnedItem","clientId":0,"entity":"","source":""},{"@id":"/v1/settings/pinned_items","@type":"PinnedItem","clientId":0,"entity":"","source":""}]},"saveablePostTypes":["post"],"account":{"details":{"label":"Settings","href":"/user-settings"}}},"greenVideo":{"@id":"/v1/settings/green_videos","@type":"GreenVideo","licenceKey":"109d53fbc575f6c20b69603a6584f531c18babec","playerId":"67n8mz30","loaderUrl":"https://cdn.greenvideo.io/players/gv.js","podcastPlayerId":"uiTF3sZ2","podcastLoaderUrl":"https://cdn.greenvideo.io/podcast/gp.js","carouselPlayerId":"","carouselLoaderUrl":"https://cdn.greenvideo.io/carousel/gfc.js"},"amp":null,"carousel":null,"widgetAreas":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"eyebrow_widget","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"openid-user","data":null}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"article_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":false,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"recipe_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"article_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may like","limit":2,"showCardLabels":false,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":true,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im-featured-terms","data":{"title":"","text":"","max":"","taxonomies":[]}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"above_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"newsletter-sign-up","data":{"title":"Sign up for the weekly HistoryExtra newsletter","description":"By entering your details, you are agreeing to site title terms and conditions and privacy policy. You can unsubscribe at any time.","layout":"horizontal","environment":"live-like","newsletter":"nl_he_weekly--658","endpoint":"","loggedInBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedInSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedInPreferencesHyperlinkText":"Edit your newsletter preferences","loggedOutBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedOutSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedOutSignInMessage":"Already have an account with us? Sign in to manage your newsletter preferences"}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"search_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"Latest","limit":4,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"list_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"Latest","limit":2,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"glossary-item_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"Latest","limit":2,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"glossary-item_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"sxs-recipe_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"Latest","limit":2,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"landscape","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"venue_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may like","limit":2,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":true,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"venue_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":false,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":true,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":true,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"competition_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":false,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"competition_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"Latest","limit":2,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":false,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"how_to_sidebar","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"Latest","limit":2,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"vertical","hideOnMobile":true,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":false,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"how_to_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":false,"displayCarousel":false}}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/widget_areas","@type":"WidgetArea","name":"reviews_footer","widgets":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/widgets","@type":"Widget","type":"im_dynamic_related_content_widget","data":{"title":"You may also like","limit":4,"showCardLabels":null,"layout":"horizontal","hideOnMobile":false,"smallCardTitles":false,"categories":[],"type":[],"contentType":[],"aspectRatioOverride":"square","hidePublishDateOnCards":false,"hideAuthorNameOnCards":false,"displayCarousel":false}}]}],"reading":{"@id":"/v1/settings/readings","@type":"Reading","custom404Page":{"@id":"/v1/settings/remote_resources","@type":"RemoteResource","client":"historyextra","source":"search-api","entity":"page","clientId":"253489"},"homePage":{"@id":"/v1/settings/home_pages","@type":"HomePage","type":"static","remoteResource":{"@id":"/v1/settings/remote_resources","@type":"RemoteResource","client":"historyextra","source":"search-api","entity":"page","clientId":"275630"}},"searchEngineVisibility":true},"general":{"@id":"/v1/settings/generals","@type":"General","siteTitle":"HistoryExtra","dateFormat":"F j, Y","timeFormat":"g:i a","timeZone":"Europe/London"},"riddle":{"@id":"/v1/settings/riddles","@type":"Riddle","apiToken":"fXau^UV/_bU2aS*p\"dvLmEssHwkPro)h","apiKey":"5og.Xidb?HWZZY6N^tmTgiEjd](b6Z.S"},"tracking":{"@id":"/v1/settings/trackings","@type":"Tracking","gtmId":"GTM-K86F9FM","permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com","performanceMonitoring":true,"gemiusId":"","gemiusUrl":"","speedCurveId":"430481854"},"cardSettings":{"@id":"/v1/settings/card_settingss","@type":"CardSettings","audioIcon":true,"audioOverlay":true,"videoIcon":false,"videoOverlay":true,"galleryIcon":false,"galleryOverlay":true,"highlightedDisplayLabel":null,"showUserRatings":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"post","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"glossary","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"editorialList","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"live-blog","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"offer","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"recipe","display":false}],"useSmallTitle":false,"showHalfStars":true,"thumbnailImageSize":"landscape_thumbnail","displayCategoryLabel":true,"useMediaHighlight":false,"cardShowPublishDatePostTypes":[]},"heroImageSettings":{"@id":"/v1/settings/hero_image_settingss","@type":"HeroImageSettings","audioOverlay":false,"videoOverlay":false,"galleryOverlay":false},"burdaffiSettings":null,"adultContentSettings":null,"ugcConfig":null,"piano":{"@id":"/v1/settings/pianos","@type":"Piano","applicationId":"tGdZ34Gcpu","composerSiteId":"1140862806177409831","enabled":true,"production":true,"postPreview":2},"posts":{"@id":"/v1/settings/postss","@type":"Posts","lightboxImagesOn":false,"layout":"headline","imageLedOptions":null,"publishedDateShow":true,"authorNameShow":true,"authorBioShow":true},"monetizer101":{"@id":"/v1/settings/monetizer101s","@type":"Monetizer101","shopId":"1305","sourceUrl":"historyextra.com/pricecomparison","legalMessaging":true,"template":"eiecygbdhp","priceDelta":30,"resultLimit":3,"position":"both","hideDealsTitle":false,"dealsTitle":"","backgroundColour":"","fontColour":"000000","optionalWidgetText":""},"openIdConnect":{"@id":"/v1/settings/open_id_connects","@type":"OpenIdConnect","tenant":"HistoryExtra","environment":"production","hasHeadlessAuthFlow":true,"hasVanityUrls":true,"hasAutoLogin":true},"newsletterAdestra":{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletter_adestras","@type":"NewsletterAdestra","hasBbcOptin":true,"bbcOptinDisclaimer":"\u003cb\u003eOffers from BBC Studios\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\r\nWould you like to receive offers, news and events from BBC Studios?","hasFirstpartyOptin":true,"firstpartyDisclaimer":"Yes, I would like to receive emails.","firstpartyImOptinDisclaimer":"\u003cb\u003eOffers from HistoryExtra\u003c/b\u003e\r\n\r\nWould you like to receive offers from our publisher, Immediate Media, and carefully selected partners?","enableQuickSignup":true,"disableSigninRegister":false,"newsletters":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_weekly","unsubListId":"658","title":"HistoryExtra weekly newsletter","description":"Receive free weekly updates"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_podcast","unsubListId":"882","title":"Podcast newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest podcast news"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_medieval","unsubListId":"838","title":"Medieval newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest Medieval content"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_modern","unsubListId":"883","title":"Modern newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest Modern content"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_royal","unsubListId":"878","title":"Royal newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest Royal content"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_tudor","unsubListId":"881","title":"Tudor newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest Tudor content"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_victorian","unsubListId":"884","title":"Victorian newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest Victorian content"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_ancient","unsubListId":"1133","title":"Ancient newsletter","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest Ancient content"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/newsletters","@type":"Newsletter","identityClaim":"nl_he_tv_film","unsubListId":"1186","title":"TV \u0026 Film","description":"Stay up-to-date with the latest history films \u0026 TV shows"}]},"optimizely":{"@id":"/v1/settings/optimizelies","@type":"Optimizely","optimizelyId":"25801250808"},"permalinkStructure":{"@id":"/v1/settings/permalink_structures","@type":"PermalinkStructure","default":"/%category%/%postname%/","postTypes":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/permalink_post_types","@type":"PermalinkPostType","postType":"glossary","permalinkStructure":"/%category%/%postname%/"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/permalink_post_types","@type":"PermalinkPostType","postType":"editorialList","permalinkStructure":"/%category%/%postname%/"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/permalink_post_types","@type":"PermalinkPostType","postType":"liveBlog","permalinkStructure":"/%category%/%postname%/"},{"@id":"/v1/settings/permalink_post_types","@type":"PermalinkPostType","postType":"recipe","permalinkStructure":"/%category%/%postname%/"}]},"reactions":null,"searchV5Config":null,"siteIdentity":{"logo":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png","alt":"History Extra logo","width":800,"height":207},"secondaryLogo":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png","alt":"History Extra logo","width":800,"height":207},"defaultLogo":"primary"},"sourcepoint":{"@id":"/v1/settings/sourcepoints","@type":"Sourcepoint","accountId":"1742","enabled":true,"baseEndpoint":"https://consent.historyextra.com","settingsUiId":"542566"},"squirrel":{"@id":"/v1/settings/squirrels","@type":"Squirrel","brandId":5,"scriptUrl":"https://draco-live.getsquirrel.co/scripts/27d86fc35ae4f979ab03ff8ab52413a5.js","enabled":true,"littleSquirrelBaseUrl":"https://draco-little.getsquirrel.co"},"stitcher":null,"ediplayerSettings":null,"archivePageConfig":{"author":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"author","label":"Authors","url":"/author/","enabled":true},"content-classification":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"content-classification","label":"Content Classification","url":"/content-classification/","enabled":true},"cuisine":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"cuisine","label":"Cuisines","url":"/cuisine/","enabled":false},"diet":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"diet","label":"Diets","url":"/diet/","enabled":false},"difficulty":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"difficulty","label":"Difficulties","url":"/difficulty/","enabled":false},"post_format":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"post_format","label":"Formats","url":"/post_format/","enabled":false},"history-week":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"history-week","label":"History Weeks","url":"/history-week/","enabled":true},"ingredient":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"ingredient","label":"Ingredients","url":"/ingredient/","enabled":false},"location":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"location","label":"Locations","url":"/location/","enabled":true},"magazine-issue":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"magazine-issue","label":"Magazine Issues","url":"/magazine-issue/","enabled":true},"meal-type":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"meal-type","label":"Meal types","url":"/meal-type/","enabled":false},"nutrition":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"nutrition","label":"Nutrition","url":"/nutrition/","enabled":false},"occasion":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"occasion","label":"Occasions","url":"/occasion/","enabled":false},"person":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"person","label":"People","url":"/people/","enabled":true},"planning":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"planning","label":"Planning","url":"/planning/","enabled":false},"post_tag":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"post_tag","label":"Tags","url":"/tag/","enabled":true},"topic":{"@id":"/v1/settings/archive_page_config_items","@type":"ArchivePageConfigItem","slug":"topic","label":"Topics","url":"/topic/","enabled":true}},"openWebSettings":null,"relatedApps":{"@id":"/v1/settings/related_appss","@type":"RelatedApps","iOSAppStoreId":"1608050088","iTunesAffiliateId":"","googleApplicationId":"com.immediatemedia.historyextrarn"},"auth0Settings":null,"syndicationSettings":null,"termNavigation":{"bbc-history-magazine-issue":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"bbc-history-magazine-issue","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/2023-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2023","xfn":"","label":"2023","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/2022-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2022","xfn":"","label":"2022","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/2021-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2021","xfn":"","label":"2021","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/2020-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2020","xfn":"","label":"2020","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/2019-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2019","xfn":"","label":"2019","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2018-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2018","xfn":"","label":"2018","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2017-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2017","xfn":"","label":"2017","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2016-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2016","xfn":"","label":"2016","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2015-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2015","xfn":"","label":"2015","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2014-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2014","xfn":"","label":"2014","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2013-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2013","xfn":"","label":"2013","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2012-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2012","xfn":"","label":"2012","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2011-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2011","xfn":"","label":"2011","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2010-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2010","xfn":"","label":"2010","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2009-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2009","xfn":"","label":"2009","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2008-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2008","xfn":"","label":"2008","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2007-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2007","xfn":"","label":"2007","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2006-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2006","xfn":"","label":"2006","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2005-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2005","xfn":"","label":"2005","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/bbc-history-magazine/2004-issues/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"2004","xfn":"","label":"2004","children":[]}]},"eyebrow-navigation":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"eyebrow-navigation","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/join/?utm_term=eyebrow-menu","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Subscribe","xfn":"","label":"Subscribe","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/history-columnists-voices-opinions/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Columnists","xfn":"","label":"Columnists","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/newsletters/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Newsletters","xfn":"","label":"Newsletters","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/real-history-behind-historical-movies-film-tv-shows-programmes/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical TV and Film","xfn":"","label":"Historical TV and Film","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/on-this-day-today-in-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Today in history","xfn":"","label":"Today in history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://historyextra.onelink.me/MJpt?af_xp=custom\u0026pid=web\u0026is_retargeting=true\u0026c=hex_nav_menu","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Download our app","xfn":"","label":"Download our app","children":[]}]},"footer-navigation":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"footer-navigation","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/aboutus/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"About Us","xfn":"","label":"About Us","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/terms-and-conditions/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","xfn":"","label":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/privacy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Privacy Policy","xfn":"","label":"Privacy Policy","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/cookies/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Cookie Policy","xfn":"","label":"Cookie Policy","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/code-of-conduct/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Code of Conduct","xfn":"","label":"Code of Conduct","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/subscribe/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"History Magazine Subscriptions","xfn":"","label":"History Magazine Subscriptions","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/faqs/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"FAQ","xfn":"","label":"FAQ","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/contact-us/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Contact Us","xfn":"","label":"Contact Us","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://careers-immediatemedia.icims.com/jobs/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Vacancies","xfn":"","label":"Vacancies","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/service/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Licensing","xfn":"","label":"Licensing","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/contact-us/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Find Us","xfn":"","label":"Find Us","children":[]}]},"main-navigation-search-header":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"main-navigation-search-header","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Period","xfn":"","label":"Period","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/ancient-egypt/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Ancient Egypt","xfn":"","label":"Ancient Egypt","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/roman/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Roman","xfn":"","label":"Roman","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/viking/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Viking","xfn":"","label":"Viking","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/anglo-saxon/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Anglo-Saxon","xfn":"","label":"Anglo-Saxon","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/medieval/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Medieval","xfn":"","label":"Medieval","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/tudor/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Tudor","xfn":"","label":"Tudor","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/elizabethan/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabethan","xfn":"","label":"Elizabethan","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/georgian/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Georgian","xfn":"","label":"Georgian","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/victorian/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Victorian","xfn":"","label":"Victorian","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/second-world-war/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Second World War","xfn":"","label":"Second World War","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all periods","xfn":"","label":"Browse all periods","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"People","xfn":"","label":"People","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/tutankhamun/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Tutankhamun","xfn":"","label":"Tutankhamun","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/richard-iii/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Richard III","xfn":"","label":"Richard III","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/henry-viii/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Henry VIII","xfn":"","label":"Henry VIII","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/elizabeth-i/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabeth I","xfn":"","label":"Elizabeth I","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/queen-victoria/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Queen Victoria","xfn":"","label":"Queen Victoria","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/winston-churchill/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Winston Churchill","xfn":"","label":"Winston Churchill","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/cleopatra/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Cleopatra","xfn":"","label":"Cleopatra","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/napoleon-bonaparte/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Napoleon Bonaparte","xfn":"","label":"Napoleon Bonaparte","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all people","xfn":"","label":"Browse all people","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Topics","xfn":"","label":"Topics","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/kings-and-queens/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Kings and queens","xfn":"","label":"Kings and queens","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/weird-wonderful-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Weird and wonderful","xfn":"","label":"Weird and wonderful","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/sex-and-love/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Sex and love","xfn":"","label":"Sex and love","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/social-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Social history","xfn":"","label":"Social history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/religion/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Religious history","xfn":"","label":"Religious history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/womens-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Women's history","xfn":"","label":"Women's history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/content-classification/qa/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical Q\u0026As","xfn":"","label":"Historical Q\u0026As","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/heritage-visits/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Heritage visits","xfn":"","label":"Heritage visits","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/tag/my-history-hero/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"History hero","xfn":"","label":"History hero","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/tag/recipes/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical recipes","xfn":"","label":"Historical recipes","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/turning-points-british-history-series/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Turning points in British History","xfn":"","label":"Turning points in British History","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all topics","xfn":"","label":"Browse all topics","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/video/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Video","xfn":"","label":"Video","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/podcast/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Podcast","xfn":"","label":"Podcast","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/podcast-series/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Podcast series","xfn":"","label":"Podcast series","children":[]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/quiz/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Quizzes","xfn":"","label":"Quizzes","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Membership","xfn":"","label":"Membership","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Membership area","xfn":"","label":"Membership area","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/membership-discounts/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Member discounts","xfn":"","label":"Member discounts","children":[]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/join","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Join HistoryExtra","xfn":"","label":"Join HistoryExtra","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"BBC History Mag","xfn":"","label":"BBC History Mag","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Academy","xfn":"","label":"Academy","children":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/nazigermany","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Nazi Germany","xfn":"","label":"Nazi Germany","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/victorian-life","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman","xfn":"","label":"Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/medieval-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Late-medieval England course","xfn":"","label":"Late-medieval England course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/roman-britain-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Roman Britain course","xfn":"","label":"Roman Britain course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/historyextra-academy-d-day-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"D-Day course","xfn":"","label":"D-Day course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/witchcraft-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Witchcraft course","xfn":"","label":"Witchcraft course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/elizabethans-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabethans course","xfn":"","label":"Elizabethans course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/hex-academy-vikings-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Vikings course","xfn":"","label":"Vikings course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/hex-academy-regency-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Regency course","xfn":"","label":"Regency course","children":[]}]}]}]},"search-header-quick-links":{"@id":"/v1/settings/menus","@type":"Menu","name":"search-header-quick-links","menuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/subscribe","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Subscribe","xfn":"","label":"Subscribe","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/newsletters/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Newsletter sign up","xfn":"","label":"Newsletter sign up","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/the-historyextra-app/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Download app","xfn":"","label":"Download app","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/academy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Join our Academy","xfn":"","label":"Join our Academy","children":[]}]}},"id":"historyextra","site":"historyextra","cards":{"@id":"/v1/settings/card_settingss","@type":"CardSettings","audioIcon":true,"audioOverlay":true,"videoIcon":false,"videoOverlay":true,"galleryIcon":false,"galleryOverlay":true,"highlightedDisplayLabel":null,"showUserRatings":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"post","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"glossary","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"editorialList","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"live-blog","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"offer","display":false},{"@id":"/v1/settings/show_user_ratingss","@type":"ShowUserRatings","postType":"recipe","display":false}],"useSmallTitle":false,"showHalfStars":true,"thumbnailImageSize":"landscape_thumbnail","displayCategoryLabel":true,"useMediaHighlight":false,"cardShowPublishDatePostTypes":[]},"accountSettings":{"enabled":true,"subscriptionsEnabled":true,"supportEmail":"support@historyextra.com"},"recaptcha":{"isNewsletterRecaptchaEnabled":true,"recaptchaSiteKey":"6LdaS8IUAAAAAGO1ZgmveW8ekLnAYgUiUWCEQx44"}},"config":{"theme":"im-historyextra-theme","domain":"historyextra.com","adobeFontsId":"jgm6vxd","business":"immediate"},"context":{"env":"production","siteKey":"historyextra","apiBaseURLs":{"collections":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/collections","content":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/content","entitlements":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/entitlements","reactions":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/reactions","search":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/search","settings":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/settings","ugr":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/ugr","userAccounts":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/userAccounts","webhooks":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/webhooks","broadcast":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/broadcast","preference":"https://www.historyextra.com:443/api/editorial/services/preference"},"featureFlags":{"FEATURE_RECIPE_MASTHEAD_M2_SITE_KEYS":false,"FEATURE_GOODFOOD_RETHEME":false,"FEATURE_ACCOUNT_SETTINGS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":true,"FEATURE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":true,"FEATURE_NEW_MASTHEAD":false,"FEATURE_AUTH0_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":false}}},"defaultLayoutProps":{"mainNavMenuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Period","xfn":"","label":"Period","children":[{"label":"Main menu","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/ancient-egypt/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Ancient Egypt","xfn":"","label":"Ancient Egypt","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/roman/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Roman","xfn":"","label":"Roman","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/viking/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Viking","xfn":"","label":"Viking","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/anglo-saxon/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Anglo-Saxon","xfn":"","label":"Anglo-Saxon","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/medieval/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Medieval","xfn":"","label":"Medieval","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/tudor/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Tudor","xfn":"","label":"Tudor","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/elizabethan/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabethan","xfn":"","label":"Elizabethan","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/georgian/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Georgian","xfn":"","label":"Georgian","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/victorian/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Victorian","xfn":"","label":"Victorian","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/second-world-war/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Second World War","xfn":"","label":"Second World War","children":[{"label":"Period","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/period/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all periods","xfn":"","label":"Browse all periods","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"People","xfn":"","label":"People","children":[{"label":"Main menu","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/tutankhamun/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Tutankhamun","xfn":"","label":"Tutankhamun","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/richard-iii/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Richard III","xfn":"","label":"Richard III","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/henry-viii/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Henry VIII","xfn":"","label":"Henry VIII","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/elizabeth-i/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabeth I","xfn":"","label":"Elizabeth I","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/queen-victoria/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Queen Victoria","xfn":"","label":"Queen Victoria","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/winston-churchill/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Winston Churchill","xfn":"","label":"Winston Churchill","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/cleopatra/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Cleopatra","xfn":"","label":"Cleopatra","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/napoleon-bonaparte/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Napoleon Bonaparte","xfn":"","label":"Napoleon Bonaparte","children":[{"label":"People","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/people/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all people","xfn":"","label":"Browse all people","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Topics","xfn":"","label":"Topics","children":[{"label":"Main menu","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/kings-and-queens/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Kings and queens","xfn":"","label":"Kings and queens","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/weird-wonderful-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Weird and wonderful","xfn":"","label":"Weird and wonderful","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/sex-and-love/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Sex and love","xfn":"","label":"Sex and love","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/social-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Social history","xfn":"","label":"Social history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/religion/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Religious history","xfn":"","label":"Religious history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/womens-history/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Women's history","xfn":"","label":"Women's history","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/content-classification/qa/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical Q\u0026As","xfn":"","label":"Historical Q\u0026As","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/heritage-visits/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Heritage visits","xfn":"","label":"Heritage visits","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/tag/my-history-hero/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"History hero","xfn":"","label":"History hero","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/tag/recipes/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Historical recipes","xfn":"","label":"Historical recipes","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/turning-points-british-history-series/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Turning points in British History","xfn":"","label":"Turning points in British History","children":[{"label":"Topics","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/topic/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Browse all topics","xfn":"","label":"Browse all topics","children":[]}]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/video/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Video","xfn":"","label":"Video","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/podcast/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Podcast","xfn":"","label":"Podcast","children":[{"label":"Main menu","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/podcast-series/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Podcast series","xfn":"","label":"Podcast series","children":[]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/quiz/","relativeUrl":null,"color":1,"title":"Quizzes","xfn":"","label":"Quizzes","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/","relativeUrl":null,"color":2,"title":"Membership","xfn":"","label":"Membership","children":[{"label":"Main menu","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Membership area","xfn":"","label":"Membership area","children":[{"label":"Membership","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/membership/membership-discounts/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Member discounts","xfn":"","label":"Member discounts","children":[]}]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/join","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Join HistoryExtra","xfn":"","label":"Join HistoryExtra","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/bbc-history-magazine/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"BBC History Mag","xfn":"","label":"BBC History Mag","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Academy","xfn":"","label":"Academy","children":[{"label":"Membership","backLink":true},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/nazigermany","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Nazi Germany","xfn":"","label":"Nazi Germany","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/victorian-life","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman","xfn":"","label":"Victorian Life with Ruth Goodman","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/medieval-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Late-medieval England course","xfn":"","label":"Late-medieval England course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/roman-britain-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Roman Britain course","xfn":"","label":"Roman Britain course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/historyextra-academy-d-day-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"D-Day course","xfn":"","label":"D-Day course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/witchcraft-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Witchcraft course","xfn":"","label":"Witchcraft course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/elizabethans-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Elizabethans course","xfn":"","label":"Elizabethans course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/hex-academy-vikings-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Vikings course","xfn":"","label":"Vikings course","children":[]},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/academy/hex-academy-regency-course/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Regency course","xfn":"","label":"Regency course","children":[]}]}]}],"eyebrowEnabled":true,"eyebrowMenuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/subscribe","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Subscribe","xfn":"","label":"Subscribe","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/newsletters/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Newsletter sign up","xfn":"","label":"Newsletter sign up","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/the-historyextra-app/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Download app","xfn":"","label":"Download app","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/academy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Join our Academy","xfn":"","label":"Join our Academy","children":null}],"footerMenuItems":[{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/aboutus/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"About Us","xfn":"","label":"About Us","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/terms-and-conditions/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","xfn":"","label":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/privacy/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Privacy Policy","xfn":"","label":"Privacy Policy","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://www.immediate.co.uk/cookies/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Cookie Policy","xfn":"","label":"Cookie Policy","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/code-of-conduct/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Code of Conduct","xfn":"","label":"Code of Conduct","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/subscribe/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"History Magazine Subscriptions","xfn":"","label":"History Magazine Subscriptions","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/faqs/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"FAQ","xfn":"","label":"FAQ","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"/contact-us/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Contact Us","xfn":"","label":"Contact Us","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"https://careers-immediatemedia.icims.com/jobs/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Vacancies","xfn":"","label":"Vacancies","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/service/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Licensing","xfn":"","label":"Licensing","children":null},{"@id":"/v1/settings/menu_items","@type":"MenuItem","absoluteUrl":"http://www.immediate.co.uk/contact-us/","relativeUrl":null,"color":null,"title":"Find Us","xfn":"","label":"Find Us","children":null}],"footerBrandLogo":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png","alt":"History Extra logo","width":800,"height":207},"footerCompany":{"logo":{"@id":"/v1/settings/images","@type":"Image","alt":"Immediate company logo in white","aspectRatio":0.19803769687580686,"caption":null,"crop":[],"height":767,"title":"Immediate logo","url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2024/03/ImmediateLogoRGBWhite-6a0625f.png","width":3873},"url":"https://www.immediate.co.uk","name":"Immediate"},"partnerLogo":null,"brandedSectionLogo":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-dark-b2d1ee8.png","alt":"History Extra logo","width":800,"height":207},"brandedSectionLogoAlignment":null,"eyebrowLogo":{"url":"https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/7/2021/09/HeX-logo-light-9329121.png","alt":"History Extra logo","width":800,"height":207},"footerCopyrightText":"History Extra is owned and published by Immediate Media Company Limited. BBC History Magazine is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios Distribution","logoUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com","socialFollow":{"@id":"/v1/settings/social_networks","@type":"SocialNetwork","rssFeed":"/feed/atom/","twitterHandle":"HistoryExtra","facebookProfile":"HistoryExtra","pinterestProfile":"","youtubeChannel":"historyextra","instagramProfile":"historyextra","tiktokProfile":""},"search":{"url":"/search","query":"q","placeholder":null,"isAutocomplete":false},"tracking":{"@id":"/v1/settings/trackings","@type":"Tracking","gtmId":"GTM-K86F9FM","permutiveProjectId":"99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19","permutiveApiKey":"db07e0f0-8bb8-46c8-b714-291f2768d746","permutiveDomain":"permutive.historyextra.com","performanceMonitoring":true,"gemiusId":"","gemiusUrl":"","speedCurveId":"430481854"},"sourcepoint":{"@id":"/v1/settings/sourcepoints","@type":"Sourcepoint","accountId":"1742","enabled":true,"baseEndpoint":"https://consent.historyextra.com","settingsUiId":"542566"},"brandedSectionStrapline":"The official website for BBC History Magazine","brandedSectionBackgroundImage":null,"mobileEyebrowBackgroundImage":null,"footerDeepLinksTop":[],"footerDeepLinksBottom":[],"showAccountNav":true,"mobilePromoLogoImage":null,"desktopPromoLogoImage":null,"desktopPromoLogoAlignment":null,"desktopPromoLogoShowXIcon":false,"promoLogoUrl":null,"sponsorTracking":null},"pockets":{"belowHeader":[],"pageBottom":[],"aboveFooter":[{"componentId":"newsletterSignup","props":{"data":{"title":"Sign up for the weekly HistoryExtra newsletter","description":"By entering your details, you are agreeing to site title terms and conditions and privacy policy. You can unsubscribe at any time.","layout":"horizontal","environment":"live-like","newsletter":"nl_he_weekly--658","endpoint":"","loggedInBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedInSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedInPreferencesHyperlinkText":"Edit your newsletter preferences","loggedOutBodyCopy":"Sign up to receive our newsletter!","loggedOutSuccessMessage":"Thanks! You're now subscribed to our newsletter.","loggedOutSignInMessage":"Already have an account with us? Sign in to manage your newsletter preferences"},"widgetArea":"aboveFooter"}}]},"pagePaths":[],"iconsEmbedManifest":null,"initialUrl":"https://www.historyextra.com/","publicRuntimeConfig":{"dynamicRelatedApiUrl":"https://related-content-production.headless.imdserve.com","serviceConfig":{"name":"editorial","resourceName":"editorial-frontend","backendBasePath":"/api/editorial","port":7795,"app":{"script":"/usr/src/app/bin/run.js"}},"datadogClientToken":"pubfa1f639573266853fc10c94409de62e6","manifestLambdaConfig":{"authManifest":true,"manifestLambdaUrl":"https://gzbge4y6j3nmiaxjsffwpgodae0vzqct.lambda-url.eu-west-1.on.aws/stitcher-assets/manifest.json"},"FEATURE_NEWSLETTER_SIGNUP_RECAPTCHA_ENABLED":"1","FEATURE_WEB_BFF_LOCAL_CACHE_CONFIG":"{\"cacheDurationMs\":10000,\"enabledForSiteKeys\":[\"slate\",\"bbcgoodfood\",\"radiotimes\",\"olivemagazine\",\"historyextra\",\"gardenersworld\",\"madeformums\",\"glamour\",\"varimerychle\",\"national-geographic-pl\",\"kobieta\",\"viva\",\"wizaz\",\"radiotimesmoney\",\"saveurs\",\"mamotoja\",\"party\",\"polki\",\"elle-pl\",\"platosricos\"]}","FEATURE_GOODFOOD_RETHEME":"0","FEATURE_RECIPE_MASTHEAD_M2_SITE_KEYS":"[]","FEATURE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":"[\"historyextra\",\"gardenersworld\"]","FEATURE_AUTH0_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":"[]","FEATURE_NEW_MASTHEAD":"[]","FEATURE_ACCOUNT_SETTINGS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":"[\"bbcgoodfood\",\"gardenersworld\",\"historyextra\",\"madeformums\",\"olivemagazine\",\"radiotimes\"]","FEATURE_TENANT_VALIDATION":"0"},"i18NextConfig":{"useSuspense":false,"interpolation":{"escapeValue":false},"compatibilityJSON":"v3","lng":"en","ns":["frontendServices","patchwork","pockets"],"fallbackNS":["patchwork","pockets"],"fallbackLng":"en","supportedLngs":["en"],"load":"languageOnly","resources":{"en":{"frontendServices":{"authentication":{"components":{"forgottenPassword":{"backButtonText":"Back"},"login":{"emailAccount":{"backButtonText":"Back"},"newPasswordRequired":{"passwordPolicy":{"copy":"We've updated our password policy to improve account security. Your account is still safe but a new password is required."},"instructionsLineOne":"You'll receive an email to set a new password.","instructionsLineTwo":"Please be sure to check all folders in your inbox, including spam.","resendEmailCopy":"Didn't receive the email? ","resendEmailButtonText":"Click to resend"}},"registration":{"contactPreferences":{"skipButtonText":"Skip this step"},"createAccount":{"backButtonText":"Back"}}},"hooks":{"useAccountLogin":{"error":{"submissionError":{"message":"Your email and/or password are incorrect. Please try again, or select Forgot Password."}}},"useAuthPageProps":{"landing":{"heading":"Create an account.","title":"Create an account"},"loginLanding":{"heading":"Log in.","title":"Log in"},"loginForm":{"heading":"Log in.","title":"Log in"},"loginVerifyAccount":{"heading":"Your account is not yet verified.","title":"Verification required"},"createAccount":{"heading":"Create an account.","title":"Create an account"},"resetPassword":{"heading":"Create a new password.","title":"Create a new password"},"changeEmailConfirmation":{"heading":"Enter your password.","title":"Enter your password"},"contactPreferences":{"heading":"Keep in contact.","title":"Keep in contact"},"forgottenPassword":{"default":{"heading":"Forgot your password?","title":"Forgot your password?"}},"emailSentConfirmation":{"verifyAccount":{"heading":"Let's verify your account.","title":"Verify your account"},"resetPassword":{"heading":"Check your inbox.","title":"Check your inbox"}},"newPasswordRequired":{"default":{"heading":"Check your inbox.","title":"Check your inbox"}},"success":{"default":{"heading":"You're all set up and ready to go!","title":"You're all set up and ready to go!"},"accountAlreadyVerified":{"heading":"Your account is already verified.","title":"Your account is already verified"},"changeEmail":{"heading":"You're all set up and ready to go!","title":"You're all set up and ready to go!"},"loginAccountVerified":{"heading":"Your account is now verified.","title":"Your account is now verified"},"resetPassword":{"heading":"Your password has been changed.","title":"Your password has been changed"}},"error":{"default":{"heading":"Create an account.","title":"Something didn't go quite right"},"errorWithRetrySignUp":{"heading":"Something didn't go quite right.","title":"Something didn't go quite right"},"errorWithResendEmail":{"heading":"Something went wrong at our end.","title":"Something went wrong at our end"},"linkExpiredWithResendEmail":{"heading":"Verification link expired.","title":"Verification link expired"},"loginGeneralError":{"heading":"Log in.","title":"Something didn't go quite right"},"loginVerificationErrorWithResendEmail":{"heading":"Something went wrong at our end.","title":"Something went wrong at our end"},"loginVerificationErrorWithRetry":{"heading":"Something didn't go quite right.","title":"Something didn't go quite right"},"loginVerificationLinkExpiredWithResendEmail":{"heading":"Verification link expired.","title":"Verification link expired"},"passwordResetTokenExpired":{"heading":"Password link expired.","title":"Password link expired"},"changeEmailVerifyLinkGeneralError":{"heading":"Sorry, something went wrong.","title":"Sorry, something went wrong"},"changeEmailVerifyLinkInvalid":{"heading":"Your email address hasn't changed.","title":"Your email address hasn't changed"}}},"useAuthStatusProps":{"success":{"changeEmail":{"buttonText":"Take me back to where I started","heading":"Success!","subheading":"You're all set! Let's get you back on your journey."},"login":{"accountVerified":{"buttonText":"Log in","heading":"Success!"}},"registration":{"buttonText":"Take me back to where I started","buttonTextLogin":"Click here to login","heading":"Success!","subheading":"Logged in as:"},"resetPassword":{"buttonText":"Log into your account","loggedInButtonText":"Done","contentPartOne":"You can change your password at any time by going to your","contentPartTwo":"account settings"}},"error":{"changeEmailVerifyLinkGeneralError":{"buttonText":"Go to My Account","content":"Any changes you made may not be saved, please go back to My Account and try again."},"changeEmailVerifyLinkInvalid":{"buttonText":"Resend email","content":"Sorry, that didn't work. Please click below to send a new link."},"login":{"generalLoginError":{"heading":"Something didn't go quite right","subheading":"Please try logging in again later","buttonText":"Try again"},"verificationErrorWithResendEmail":{"buttonText":"Resend verification email","content":"Sorry about that! Try clicking below to send a new verification email."},"verificationErrorWithRetry":{"buttonText":"Retry","content":"We've encountered an issue while attempting to verify your account. Please try logging in again and we'll send you a new verification email. Alternatively, contact support at the address below."},"verificationLinkExpiredWithResendEmail":{"buttonText":"Resend verification email","content":"The link we sent you is no longer valid, we do this to keep your account secure. Click below to send a new verification email."},"verificationRequired":{"buttonText":"Resend verification email","content":"We recently sent you a link to verify your account. This is to keep your account secure. This link may have expired, please click below to send a new link."}},"registration":{"buttonText":"Try again","heading":"Something didn't go quite right","subheading":"Try creating an account again."},"resetPassword":{"withRetry":{"buttonText":"Retry","content":"Click below to retry."},"withResendEmail":{"buttonText":"Resend email","content":"Sorry about that! Try clicking below to send a new verification email."},"tokenExpired":{"buttonText":"Resend email","content":"The link we sent you is no longer valid, we do this to keep your account secure. Click below to send a new forgotten password email."}}}},"useChangeEmailConfirmation":{"error":{"submissionError":{"incorrectPassword":"Sorry, your password is incorrect"}}},"useStepperProps":{"steps":{"first":"Sign up","second":"Preferences","third":"Complete"}}},"toastNotifications":{"success":{"genericEmailReSent":"Email has been re-sent.","verificationEmailReSent":"Verification email has been re-sent."},"error":{"genericErrorMessage":"Something went wrong. Please try again.","verificationEmailFailed":"Failed to send verification email."}}},"myHub":{"collection":{"calloutText":"Save items and create collections with a free account","errorMessage":"Could not load next items. Please try again later.","loadNext":"Load next","taglineItem_one":"item","taglineItem_few":"items","taglineItem_many":"items","taglineItem_other":"items","taglineItem":"item","taglineItem_plural":"items","taglineItem_0":"item","taglineItem_1":"items","taglineItem_2":"items"},"collections":{"taglineSaved":"saved","createButtonText":"Create a new collection","loadErrorMessage":"Could not load next items. Please try again later.","loadNext":"Load next","tagline_one":"collection","tagline_few":"collections","tagline_many":"collections","tagline_other":"collections","tagline":"collection","tagline_plural":"collections","tagline_0":"collection","tagline_1":"collections","tagline_2":"collections","title":"My Collections"},"components":{"accountSettings":{"banner":{"changeEmailCheckInbox":{"text1":"We have sent an email to {{email}}","text2":"Please click the link in your email to change your email address."},"error":{"text1":"Oops, something went wrong!","text2":"Any changes you made may not be saved.","text3":"Please try again later or contact us if the problem persists at {{supportEmail}}"},"contactPreferences":{"text1":"Here is a list of emails you are subscribed to. We won't send you anything that you haven't selected.","text2":"For more information about how Immediate Media uses your personal information, and the rights you have in relation to that information, please see our {{privacyPolicy}}.","privacyPolicy":"Privacy Policy"},"loadingError":{"text1":"We ran into a problem trying to load your contact preferences. Please try again later or contact us if the problem persists at {{supportEmail}}","text2":"Rest assured your data is safe and we will never send you anything that you haven't selected."}},"myDetails":{"layoutTitle":"Account Settings","layoutSubtitle":"My Details","basicInfoSection":{"title":"Basic info","editButtonLabel":"Click here to edit"},"accountManagementSection":{"title":"Account management"}},"contactPreferences":{"layoutTitle":"Account Settings","layoutSubtitle":"Contact Preferences"},"mySubscriptions":{"layoutTitle":"Account Settings","layoutSubtitle":"My Subscriptions"}},"savedItem":{"card":{"ariaLabel":{"save":"Save","unsave":"Unsave"}}},"searchFilter":{"ariaLabel":{"searchButton":"search"},"filteredResultsHeading":"Showing results for:","sr":{"filteredItemsResults_one":"result","filteredItemsResults_few":"results","filteredItemsResults_many":"results","filteredItemsResults_other":"results","filteredItemsResults":"result","filteredItemsResults_plural":"results","filteredItemsResults_0":"result","filteredItemsResults_1":"results","filteredItemsResults_2":"results"}}},"contactPreferences":{"title":"Contact Preferences"},"hooks":{"useResponseCodes":{"firstName":{"tooLong":"First name must be no longer than 100 characters"},"lastName":{"tooLong":"Last name must be no longer than 100 characters"},"screenName":{"notUnique":"This screen name has already been taken","tooLong":"Screen name must be no longer than 100 characters"},"email":{"invalid":"Please enter a valid email address","notUnique":"This email address has already been taken","tooLong":"Email address must be no longer than 100 characters"},"oldPassword":{"incorrectPassword":"Your password is incorrect"},"newPassword":{"isSameAsOldPassword":"New password cannot be the same as your current password"}}},"myDetails":{"title":"My Details"},"mySubscriptions":{"title":"My Subscriptions"},"overview":{"createButtonText":"Create a new collection","defaultTitle":"My Hub","title":"Overview","ugcButtonLabel":"View more","ugcCreateButtonText":"Add a recipe"},"ownItems":{"createButtonText":"Add a new recipe","loadErrorMessage":"Could not load next items. Please try again later.","loadNext":"Load next","tabData":{"all":"All","published":"Published","unpublished":"Unpublished"},"tabFilterError":"There was a problem filtering your recipes. We have returned all recipes instead.","title":"Own Items"},"savedItems":{"collectionTaglineItem_one":"item","collectionTaglineItem_few":"items","collectionTaglineItem_many":"items","collectionTaglineItem_other":"items","collectionTaglineItem":"item","collectionTaglineItem_plural":"items","collectionTaglineItem_0":"item","collectionTaglineItem_1":"items","collectionTaglineItem_2":"items","collectionTaglineSaved":"saved","loadErrorMessage":"Could not load next items. Please try again later.","loadNext":"Load next","title":"Saved Items"}},"nextCore":{"signIn":{"errorLineOne":"Looking for something specific?","errorLineTwo":"Try","errorLineThree":"signing in","errorLineFour":"to see this page.","errorLineFive":"Not signed up for your free account?","errorLineSix":"Join us here"}},"postCreator":{"confirmation":{"metaTitle":"Create a Recipe - Thank you","newRecipeButtonText":"New Recipe","ownRecipeButtonText":"Own Recipes"},"create":{"metaTitle":"Create a Recipe"},"edit":{"editFormTitle":"Edit Recipe","metaTitle":"Edit Recipe"},"recipeDetails":{"dropDownOptions":{"hours":"hours","mins":"mins"},"heading":"Recipe Details","label":{"cookTime":"Cook Time (approx.)","difficulty":"Difficulty level","extraTime":"Any Extra Time (Optional)","image":"Image","prepTime":"Prep Time (approx.)","servings":"Servings","shortIntro":"Short Intro (10-15 words)","title":"Recipe Title (keep it short and descriptive)"},"placeholder":{"extraTime":"e.g. plus resting","makes":"e.g. 8 Pieces","serves":"e.g. 4","shortIntro":"Tell us about your recipe","title":"e.g. Momma's apple pie"},"servingsButton":{"makes":"Makes","serves":"Serves"},"skillLevel":{"dropDownOptions":{"challenge":"A challenge","defaultText":"(Please select one)","easy":"Easy","moreEffort":"More effort"}}},"recipeForm":{"defaultFeedback":{"error":"Oops! Something went wrong","info":"Please save your image before submitting"},"links":{"back":"Back to my recipes","preview":"Preview","saveDraft":"Save draft"}},"recipeIngredients":{"heading":"Ingredients","information":{"lineOne":"Please use metric if possible (we have a handy","lineTwo":"conversion guide","lineThree":"to help)","lineFour":"You can split your ingredients into groups, e.g. sauce, filling etc."},"ingredient":{"buttonText":"Add next ingredient","label":"Ingredient","placeholder":"500g chicken thighs, diced"},"ingredientGroup":{"buttonText":"Add group heading","heading":"Heading","placeholder":"For the sauce"}},"recipeMethodSteps":{"heading":"Method","method":{"buttonText":"Add next step","label":"Step","placeholder":"First, boil the rice"}},"statusFeedback":{"createLinkeText":"create a new recipe","info":{"approved":"Your recipe has been approved","default":"Oops, something went wrong","draft":"Your recipe has not been submitted yet","pending":"Your recipe is awaiting approval","rejected":"Your recipe was not approved"},"submissionChoice":{"approved":"view your recipe","default":"go back to your recipe hub","draft":"continue editing your recipe","heading":"Perhaps you would like to"},"submittedText":"Your recipe has been submitted for approval and can no longer be updated."},"submit":{"formValidation":{"defaultMessage":"Please confirm you have read our terms and conditions"},"informationLineOne":"Please note that you should only upload your own recipes.","informationLineTwo":"For copyright reasons we will not be able to publish any recipes uploaded","informationLineThree":"by our users that were originally written by any other source. You can read our","informationLineFour":"terms and conditions","informationLineFive":"for more information before submitting your recipe.","metaTitle":"Create a Recipe - Terms and Conditions","previewButtonText":"Preview","publishButtonText":"Publish","termsLabel":"Tick to confirm you have read our terms and conditions"}}},"patchwork":{"atoms":{"facebookEmbed":{"lang":"en_GB"},"adSlot":{"adLabel":"Ad"},"accountToggleField":{"leftLabel":{"default":"No"},"rightLabel":{"default":"Yes"}},"authSupportCopy":{"copy":"Need any further assistance? We can help.","action":"Email us at"},"premiumIdentifier":{"iconText":"Premium"},"recaptchaCopy":{"agreeLineOne":"This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google","agreeLineTwo":"Privacy Policy","agreeLineThree":"and","agreeLineFour":"Terms of Service","agreeLineFive":"apply.","ariaLabel":{"privacy":"privacy policy","terms":"terms of service"}},"termsAndConditions":{"agreeLineOne":"By creating an account, you agree to the","agreeLineTwo":"terms","agreeLineThree":"and","agreeLineFour":"privacy policy","agreeLineFive":"of Immediate Media Company Limited. You can opt out from emails at any time.","ariaLabel":{"privacy":"privacy policy","terms":"terms and conditions"}},"time":{"conjunction":"and","formatTimeHours_one":"{{hours}} hr","formatTimeHours_few":"{{hours}} hrs","formatTimeHours_many":"{{hours}} hrs","formatTimeHours_other":"{{hours}} hrs","formatTimeHours":"{{hours}} hr","formatTimeHours_plural":"{{hours}} hrs","formatTimeHours_0":"{{hours}} hr","formatTimeHours_1":"{{hours}} hrs","formatTimeHours_2":"{{hours}} hrs","formatTimeMins_one":"{{minutes}} min","formatTimeMins_few":"{{minutes}} mins","formatTimeMins_many":"{{minutes}} mins","formatTimeMins_other":"{{minutes}} mins","formatTimeMins":"{{minutes}} min","formatTimeMins_plural":"{{minutes}} mins","formatTimeMins_0":"{{minutes}} min","formatTimeMins_1":"{{minutes}} mins","formatTimeMins_2":"{{minutes}} mins"},"instagramEmbed":{"viewPostOnInstagram":"View post on Instagram"}},"hoc":{"withAccessibleMenu":{"backButtonText":"Main menu"}},"molecules":{"accountNav":{"defaultLabel":"My Account","registerText":"Register","signInText":"Sign in","ariaLabel":{"account":"Account"}},"adBanner":{"ariaLabel":{"dismissText":"Dismiss ad banner"}},"ageVerificationModal":{"title":"Age Verification","intro":"This site contains content intended for adults only","deny":"I'm not over {{ageLimit}}","confirm":"I'm over {{ageLimit}}","moreInfo":"More information","remember":"Remember me."},"authDropDown":{"registerText":"Register","signInText":"Sign in"},"batchedGrid":{"showingItemsText":"Showing items 1 to {{nItemsShown}} of {{nItems}}","viewMoreButtonText":"View more","showMoreButtonsText":"Show more"},"cookAndPrepTime":{"sr":{"timeRange":"Preparation and cooking time"},"timeRange":{"cook":"Cook:","prep":"Prep:","total":"Total time"}},"eyebrowNav":{"ariaLabel":{"quickLinks":"Quick links"}},"formAutoComplete":{"ariaLabel":{"noResult":"No result","search":"Search"}},"formImageUpload":{"button":{"loadPrompt":"Tap or click to add photo","loadPromptRequired":"required","loadPromptOptional":"optional","ownImage":"*Please ensure this is your own image","remove":"Remove","rotateLeft":"Rotate left","rotateRight":"Rotate right","save":"Save"},"error":{"maxFileSize":"Filesize is too large, please upload an image smaller than {{maxFileSize}}MB","minHeight":"Image does not meet the minimum height requirement of {{minDimensions}}px","minWidth":"Image does not meet the minimum width requirement of {{minDimensions}}px"}},"formMultiSelect":{"ariaLabel":{"formInput":"Filter {{label}}"},"filterOptions":{"noResult":"No results","selectAllLabel":"Select All","inputPlaceholderSelect":"Select...","inputPlaceholderSelected":"selected"},"sr":{"optionsButton":"Toggle options display"}},"formSortableInputs":{"ariaLabel":{"deleteInput":"Delete","grab":"Grab to move input"}},"formSubmitButton":{"button":{"savedText":"Saved","savingText":"Saving"}},"gallery":{"ariaLabel":{"fullScreen":"open gallery in fullscreen"},"imgCountText":"{{slideCount}} of {{images}}"},"glossaryNav":{"ariaLabel":{"nav":"glossary"}},"heightClamper":{"button":{"expandTextMore":"Show more","expandTextLess":"Show less"}},"ingredientsList":{"heading":"Ingredients"},"inlineGallery":{"imageCount":"{{imageCount}} of {{totalImages}}"},"keyValueBlocks":{"keyHeader":"Key","prefixHeader":"Highlight","valueHeader":"Value"},"lightBox":{"ariaLabel":{"close":"close"}},"loadingIcon":{"sr":{"icon":"Loading"}},"loadingState":{"default":{"heading":"One moment please..."},"createAccount":{"heading":"Hold on tight!","subHeading":"We're setting up your account"},"logout":{"heading":"One moment please...","subHeading":"Just logging you out."}},"methodList":{"methodLabel":"Method","counterPrefix":"STEP"},"modal":{"ariaLabel":{"close":"Close modal"}},"numericPaginator":{"icon":{"prev":"Prev","next":"Next"},"sr":{"icon":"Page","nav":"You're currently on page {{page}}"}},"nutritionList":{"heading":"Nutrition"},"passwordCriteria":{"ariaLabel":{"notSatisfied":"is not satisfied","satisfied":"is satisfied"},"config":{"bothCase":"Lowercase and uppercase letters","lowerCase":"Lowercase letters","minLength_one":"At least {{minLength}} character","minLength_few":"At least {{minLength}} characters","minLength_many":"At least {{minLength}} characters","minLength_other":"At least {{minLength}} characters","minLength":"At least {{minLength}} character","minLength_plural":"At least {{minLength}} characters","minLength_0":"At least {{minLength}} character","minLength_1":"At least {{minLength}} characters","minLength_2":"At least {{minLength}} characters","requireDigit":"A number (i.e. 0–9)","symbol":"A symbol (e.g. !, ?, @)","upperCase":"Uppercase letters"},"passwordContain":{"text":"Your password must contain"},"sr":{"passwordContain":"Your password must contain:"}},"passwordInput":{"buttonText":{"hide":"HIDE","show":"SHOW"},"formLabels":{"currentPassword":"Current password","currentPasswordPlaceholder":"Enter your current password","newPassword":"New password","newPasswordPlaceholder":"Enter your new password","password":"Password"},"placeholder":"Enter your password","sr":{"strength":"Password strength is {{passwordStrength}}","visibility":{"hidden":"Password hidden","shown":"Password shown"}}},"plantOverview":{"averageYield":"Average Yield:","depth":"Depth:","size":"Plant size:","spacing":"Spacing:","spacingApart":"{{spacingApart}} apart","spacingBetween":"{{spacingBetweenRows}} between rows"},"popupToggleButton":{"ariaLabel":{"toggle":"Toggle {{popup}} popup"}},"postContentStream":{"ariaMessage":{"itemsAdded":"New items added at","singleItemAdded":"New item added at"}},"postTeaser":{"readMore":"Read more","publishDate":"Published: {{published}}"},"rate":{"sr":{"legend":"What is your star rating out of {{bestRating}}?","outOf":"out of","star_one":"star","star_few":"stars","star_many":"stars","star_other":"stars","star":"star","star_plural":"stars","star_0":"star","star_1":"stars","star_2":"stars"}},"rating":{"ariaLabel":{"rating":"rating"},"countText":"{{count}} {{label}}","types":{"rating_one":"rating","rating_few":"ratings","rating_many":"ratings","rating_other":"ratings","rating":"rating","rating_plural":"ratings","rating_0":"rating","rating_1":"ratings","rating_2":"ratings","review_one":"review","review_few":"reviews","review_many":"reviews","review_other":"reviews","review":"review","review_plural":"reviews","review_0":"review","review_1":"reviews","review_2":"reviews"},"inlineRateText":"Rate","skeletonRateText":"Rate"},"ratingsCriteria":{"overallLabel":"Overall Rating"},"searchForm":{"ariaLabel":{"performSearch":"Perform search","resetButton":"Reset input"}},"sideBarNav":{"ariaLabel":{"settings":"My settings","verticalNav":"Side"}},"socialShare":{"sr":{"iconEmail":"Email to a friend","iconShare":"Share on {{platform}}"}},"socialSignInButton":{"signUpWithButtonText":"Sign up with","continueWithButtonText":"Continue with"},"tableClamper":{"collapseButtonText":"Show less","expandButtonText":"Show more"},"truncatedIcons":{"tooltipLabel":"more"},"accountDetails":{"copy":{"lineOne":"We need your first name and last name so we can personalise correspondence.","lineTwo":"Your screen name is public and may be seen by other members if you post on our site."},"firstNameLabel":"First name (optional)","lastNameLabel":"Last name (optional)","screenNameLabel":"Screen name (public)","screenNamePlaceholder":"Screen name","emailLabel":"Email address","formLegend":"Account details form","inputErrorMessages":{"firstName":{"tooLong":"First name must be no longer than 100 characters"},"lastName":{"tooLong":"Last name must be no longer than 100 characters"},"email":{"tooLong":"Email address must be no longer than 100 characters","typeMismatch":"Please enter a valid email address","valueMissing":"Please enter an email address"},"screenName":{"tooLong":"Screen name must be no longer than 100 characters","valueMissing":"Please enter a screen name"}},"saveButtonText":{"default":"Save changes","saving":"Saving","saved":"Saved"}},"accountManagement":{"changePassword":{"readOnly":{"copy":"This information is hidden","label":"Password"},"edit":{"cancelButtonText":"Cancel","currentPasswordLabel":"Current password","label":"Change password","newPasswordLabel":"New password","submitButtonText":"Save changes"}},"deleteAccount":{"label":"Delete account","copy":"To request permanent deletion of your account please click","copyLink":"here"},"formLegend":"Account management form"},"commentsLink":{"text_one":"{{count}} comment","text_few":"{{count}} comments","text_many":"{{count}} comments","text_other":"{{count}} comments","text":"{{count}} comment","text_plural":"{{count}} comments","text_0":"{{count}} comment","text_1":"{{count}} comments","text_2":"{{count}} comments"}},"organisms":{"emailSentConfirmation":{"accountVerificationHeading":"We have sent a verification email to ","passwordResetHeading":"If you have an account, you'll receive an email to reset your password.","resendEmailCopy":"Didn't receive the email? ","bodyCopy":"Please be sure to check all folders in your inbox, including spam.","resendEmailButton":"Click to resend","supportEmailSubject":"I need help with verifying my account."},"cardBuilder":{"ariaLabel":{"mediaImage":"View {{title}}"},"offerCodeText":"use code: {{offerCode}}"},"cardCarouselSection":{"errorMessage":"Uh oh, something went wrong while loading the data. Please try another option.","formLabel":"Options","infoMessage":"Sorry, there are no data available.","slidesToShowItems":"Showing items {{currentSlide}} to {{nextSlides}} of {{allSlides}}","slidesToShowItem":"Showing item {{currentSlide}} of {{allSlides}}"},"carousel":{"sr":{"iconStack":"{{direction}} item","paging":"Page {{pageNumber}}"}},"changeEmailConfirmation":{"bodyCopy":"For your security, please enter your password to continue","submitButton":"Go to my account"},"resetPasswordForm":{"bodyCopy":"Enter a password for","submitButton":"Submit password"},"collection":{"ariaLabel":{"edit":"Edit","registerButton":"Register","share":"Share","signinButton":"Sign in"},"author":"{{author}}","signinLinkText":"Sign in","signInLinkTitle":"Sign in","signInPromptLineOne":"Is this your collection?","signInPromptLineTwo":"to edit"},"dynamicAccordian":{"nextLabel_one":"Show next {{count}} item","nextLabel_few":"Show next {{count}} items","nextLabel_many":"Show next {{count}} items","nextLabel_other":"Show next {{count}} items","nextLabel":"Show next {{count}} item","nextLabel_plural":"Show next {{count}} items","nextLabel_0":"Show next {{count}} item","nextLabel_1":"Show next {{count}} items","nextLabel_2":"Show next {{count}} items","previousLabel_one":"Show previous {{count}} item","previousLabel_few":"Show previous {{count}} items","previousLabel_many":"Show previous {{count}} items","previousLabel_other":"Show previous {{count}} items","previousLabel":"Show previous {{count}} item","previousLabel_plural":"Show previous {{count}} items","previousLabel_0":"Show previous {{count}} item","previousLabel_1":"Show previous {{count}} items","previousLabel_2":"Show previous {{count}} items"},"embeddedPost":{"ariaLabel":{"viewArticle":"View {{title}}"}},"filters":{"ariaLabel":{"activeFilters":"Active filters","closeFilters":"Close filters sidebar","refine":"Refine","showMoreFilters":"Show more filters","clearFiltersText":"Clear all filters"},"button":{"clearFiltersText":"Clear","refineText":"Refine","showMoreFiltersText":"More filters","closeText":"Close"},"clearAll":"Clear all","refineText":"Refine your results","yourFilters":"Your filters:","sr":{"closeFilters":"Close filters sidebar"}},"listPage":{"showMoreButtonsText":"Load more"},"liveBlog":{"errorMessage":"Sorry, something went wrong while loading more items, please try again.","isLiveUpdatedText":"LIVE updated {{duration}}","liveIconTitle":"live","liveKickerTitle":"Live","loadMoreButtonText":"Load more","notLiveUpdatedText":"Updated {{duration}}","statusText":"Live coverage of this event has now concluded","time":{"lessThanOneHour_one":"{{count}} minute ago","lessThanOneHour_few":"{{count}} minutes ago","lessThanOneHour_many":"{{count}} minutes ago","lessThanOneHour_other":"{{count}} minutes ago","lessThanOneHour":"{{count}} minute ago","lessThanOneHour_plural":"{{count}} minutes ago","lessThanOneHour_0":"{{count}} minute ago","lessThanOneHour_1":"{{count}} minutes ago","lessThanOneHour_2":"{{count}} minutes ago","lessThanOneMinute":"less than 1 minute ago","moreThanHour_one":"{{count}} hour ago","moreThanHour_few":"{{count}} hours ago","moreThanHour_many":"{{count}} hours ago","moreThanHour_other":"{{count}} hours ago","moreThanHour":"{{count}} hour ago","moreThanHour_plural":"{{count}} hours ago","moreThanHour_0":"{{count}} hour ago","moreThanHour_1":"{{count}} hours ago","moreThanHour_2":"{{count}} hours ago"}},"loginLanding":{"button":{"loginText":"Log in with your email"},"link":{"createAccountText":"Create an account"},"dividerText":"OR","newHereText":"New here?","loginHeaderText":"Hello again. You've been missed, we're glad you're back."},"loginForm":{"emailLabel":"Email","emailPlaceholder":"Enter your email","loginFormHeaderText":"Enter your details to log in to your account","button":{"loginText":"Log in"},"link":{"forgotPasswordText":"Forgot Password?"}},"mainNav":{"ariaLabel":{"main":"Main"},"sr":{"tierThreeBack":"Back to","tierTwoBack":"Back to"}},"marketingPreferencesForm":{"button":{"saveMyPreferencesText":"Save my preferences"},"checkbox":{"label":"Yes, sign me up"},"heading":"Would you like to receive offers from {{brand}} and its publisher Immediate Media Company Limited?","notification":{"error":"We've been unable to save your preferences. Please visit My Account and update your settings."}},"newsletterSignUp":{"disclaimer":{"privacyPolicy":"privacy policy","termsAndConditions":"terms and conditions","text":"By entering your details you are agreeing to our {{termsAndConditionsLink}} and {{privacyPolicyLink}}. You can unsubscribe at any time."},"input":{"emailErrorMessage":"Please enter a valid email address","emailPlaceholder":"Email address"},"recaptcha":{"errorMessage":"Something went wrong, please try again later"},"submitButton":"Sign Up","successView":{"accountPrompt":"Already have an account?","registerButton":"Register","signInLinkText":"Sign in here"}},"post":{"ariaLabel":{"calloutButtonEdit":"Edit","calloutButtonPublish":"Publish"},"productSpec":{"collapseButtonText":"Fewer details","expandButtonText":"More details","headline":"Product Specifications","skip":"Skip to view product specifications"},"recipe":{"skipLink":"Skip to ingredients"},"sr":{"sponsoredHeading":"Sponsored content"}},"postHeader":{"button":{"dealsText":"Skip to view deals","print":"Print"},"itemCount":{"items_one":"item","items_few":"items","items_many":"items","items_other":"items","items":"item","items_plural":"items","items_0":"item","items_1":"items","items_2":"items"},"ourRatingText":"Our Rating","publishDate":"Published: {{published}}"},"reaction":{"ariaLabel":{"delete":"Delete"},"button":{"replyText":"Reply","reportText":"Report"},"removedText":"This has been removed"},"registrationForm":{"createText":"Create an account","emailPlaceholder":"Enter your email","srButton":"button.","emailLabel":"Email"},"registrationLanding":{"ariaLabel":{"signUpText":"Click here to sign up with your email"},"button":{"signUpText":"Sign up with your email"},"link":{"loginText":"Log in"},"dividerText":"OR","alreadyRegisteredText":"Already registered?","registrationHeaderText":"Create your {{brand}} account and receive our exclusive email newsletters."},"forgottenPasswordForm":{"formCopy":"Enter your registered email address and we'll help you reset your password.","emailLabel":"Email","emailPlaceholder":"Enter your email","resetPasswordButtonText":"Reset Password"},"reviewSummary":{"heading":"What we tested"},"roastCalculator":{"button":{"resetText":"Reset"},"imperialLabel":"Imperial","metricLabel":"Metric","sr":{"imperialValueOunces":"Imperial value in ounces","imperialValuePounds":"Imperial value in pounds","metricConverterLabel":"Metric value in {{unit}}","metricConverterUnit":"{{converter}} unit","selectMeat":"Select meat"},"meat":{"beefMedium":"Beef (medium)","beefRare":"Beef (rare)","beefWellDone":"Beef (well done)","chicken":"Chicken","duck":"Duck","goose":"Goose","lambMedium":"Lamb (medium)","lambRare":"Lamb (rare)","lambWellDone":"Lamb (well done)","pork":"Pork","turkey":"Turkey","venisonMedium":"Venison (medium)","venisonRare":"Venison (rare)","venisonWellDone":"Venison (well done)"}},"searchResults":{"button":{"loadPrevious":"Load previous","loadNext":"Load next"},"showingItems":"Showing {{from}} to {{to}} of {{total}} results","noResults":"Sorry, something went wrong while loading the search results, please try again."},"siteFooter":{"privacyItemLabel":"Manage Privacy Settings","privacyItemTitle":"Manage your privacy and consent settings"},"verificationError":{"errorWithRetrySignUpCopy":"We've encountered an issue when attempting to verify your account. Try registering again or contact support.","errorWithResendEmailCopy":"Sorry about that! Try clicking below to send a new verification email.","linkExpiredWithResendEmailCopy":"The link we sent you is no longer valid, we do this to keep your account secure. Click below to send a new verification email.","supportEmailSubject":"I need help with verifying my account."},"weightVolumeConverter":{"ariaLabel":{"imperialValue":"Imperial value in {{units}}","imperialValueOther":"Imperial value in {{units}}","metricUnitText":"metric unit selection","metricValueText":"Metric value"},"sr":{"imperialValue":"Imperial value in {{units}}","imperialValueOther":"Imperial value in {{units}}","metricUnitText":"Metric unit","metricValueText":"Metric value"},"volumeText":"Volume","weightText":"Weight"}},"templates":{"searchPage":{"title":"Your search results","noResults":"Sorry we couldn't find any results. Please try updating your search term.","error":"Sorry, there was an issue loading the search results.","sort":"Sort"}}},"pockets":{"pocketHooks":{"useAccountSettings":{"accountMenu":{"accountSettings":"Account Settings","contactPreferences":"Contact Preferences","myDetails":"My Details","mySubscriptions":"My Subscriptions","overview":"Overview","signOut":"Sign out"},"accountNavOptions":{"label":"My Account"}}}}}}},"currentDomain":"www.historyextra.com","adAssetManifest":{"scripts":[{"fetchPriority":"high","loadStrategy":"async","preload":true,"url":"/stitcher-assets/historyextra/ad-manager.js"},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"high","loadStrategy":"async","preload":true,"url":"/unified/wrapperMessagingWithoutDetection.js","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"high","loadStrategy":"async","preload":true,"url":"/stitcher-assets/gpt/tag/js/gpt.js","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"high","loadStrategy":"async","preload":true,"url":"//micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/7959.js","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"high","loadStrategy":"async","preload":true,"url":"/aax2/apstag.js","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"auto","loadStrategy":"defer","preload":false,"url":"/stitcher-assets/permutive/99db7a95-b06a-4ea9-857c-f73ba0a25c19-web.js","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"auto","loadStrategy":"async","preload":false,"url":"//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K86F9FM","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"type":"script","fetchPriority":"auto","loadStrategy":"defer","preload":false,"url":"//cdn.geni.us/snippet.min.js","consent":{"required":false},"strapiStage":{"data":null}}],"resourceHints":[{"as":null,"type":"preconnect","url":"https://prebid-server.rubiconproject.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"preconnect","url":"https://ads.rubiconproject.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"preconnect","url":"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"preconnect","url":"https://fastlane.rubiconproject.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"preconnect","url":"https://api.permutive.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://api.edkt.io","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://adservice.google.co.uk","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://cdn.doubleverify.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://region1.google-analytics.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"preconnect","url":"https://use.typekit.net","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://cdn.speedcurve.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://www.google-analytics.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://www.googletagmanager.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://ib.adnxs.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://tlx.3lift.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://htlb.casalemedia.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://g2.gumgum.com","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://a.teads.tv","strapiStage":{"data":null}},{"as":null,"type":"dns-prefetch","url":"https://grid.bidswitch.net","strapiStage":{"data":null}}]},"tokens":{"colors":{"highlightLight":"rgba(231, 116, 116, 1)","highlightRegular":"rgba(184, 60, 47, 1)","highlightDark":"rgba(168, 46, 46, 1)","clickableLight":"rgba(111, 148, 206, 1)","clickableRegular":"rgba(52, 106, 193, 1)","clickableDark":"rgba(32, 68, 125, 1)","interactiveLight":"rgba(248, 127, 69, 1)","interactiveRegular":"rgba(205, 68, 2, 1)","interactiveDark":"rgba(154, 52, 2, 1)","commercialLight":"rgba(94, 165, 159, 1)","commercialRegular":"rgba(61, 120, 115, 1)","commercialDark":"rgba(52, 105, 101, 1)","displayLight":null,"displayRegular":null,"displayDark":null,"baseWhite":"rgba(249, 249, 249, 1)","baseGrey":"rgba(6, 24, 36, 1)","baseBlack":"rgba(4, 24, 70, 1)","backgroundExtraLight":"rgba(254, 251, 246, 1)","backgroundLight":"rgba(245, 241, 233, 1)","backgroundRegular":"rgba(235, 229, 217, 1)","backgroundDark":"rgba(216, 202, 180, 1)","backgroundExtraDark":"rgba(120, 118, 111, 1)","socialApple":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)","socialFacebook":"rgba(59, 89, 153, 1)","socialTwitter":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)","socialPinterest":"rgba(189, 8, 28, 1)","socialInstagram":"rgba(225, 48, 108, 1)","socialGoogleBorder":"rgba(136, 136, 136, 1)","socialTumblr":"rgba(53, 70, 92, 1)","socialReddit":"rgba(95, 153, 207, 1)","socialBlogger":"rgba(245, 125, 0, 1)","socialVkontakt":"rgba(69, 102, 142, 1)","socialWhatsapp":"rgba(18, 140, 126, 1)","socialYoutube":"rgba(255, 0, 0, 1)","socialRss":"rgba(242, 101, 34, 1)","socialEmail":"rgba(214, 61, 43, 1)","formFocus":"rgba(33, 157, 255, 1)","formWarningRegular":"rgba(204, 0, 0, 1)","formWarningLight":"rgba(249, 229, 229, 1)","formWarningReversed":"rgba(252, 111, 111, 1)","formSuccessRegular":"rgba(25, 105, 54, 1)","formSuccessLight":"rgba(227, 244, 227, 1)","formInfoRegular":"rgba(49, 112, 143, 1)","formInfoLight":"rgba(217, 237, 247, 1)","formReactionsDark":"rgba(218, 167, 13, 1)","swatchBlack":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)","swatchBlue":"rgba(151, 203, 251, 1)","swatchGreen":"rgba(119, 194, 61, 1)","swatchOrange":"rgba(246, 135, 0, 1)","swatchPeach":"rgba(255, 176, 124, 1)","swatchPink":"rgba(245, 127, 175, 1)","swatchPurple":"rgba(187, 99, 250, 1)","swatchRed":"rgba(249, 70, 70, 1)","swatchWhite":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)","swatchYellow":"rgba(255, 232, 29, 1)","swatchBlueGreen":"rgba(80, 227, 194, 1)","swatchBronze":"rgba(187, 119, 33, 1)","swatchGolden":"rgba(225, 176, 58, 1)","swatchSilver":"rgba(186, 186, 186, 1)","swatchVariegation":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)","starLight":"rgba(255, 218, 65, 1)","starRegular":"rgba(244, 191, 31, 1)","starDark":"rgba(218, 167, 13, 1)"},"spacingUnits":{"xxs":"5px","xs":"10px","sm":"15px","md":"20px","lg":"30px","xl":"40px","xxl":"60px"},"grid":{"xs":0,"sm":544,"md":768,"lg":992}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/editorial/page/[slug]","query":{"slug":"history-extra-home"},"buildId":"82f365bb9f2d3eab0a96be408a416118fd9034b4-editorial","runtimeConfig":{"dynamicRelatedApiUrl":"https://related-content-production.headless.imdserve.com","serviceConfig":{"name":"editorial","resourceName":"editorial-frontend","backendBasePath":"/api/editorial","port":7795,"app":{"script":"/usr/src/app/bin/run.js"}},"datadogClientToken":"pubfa1f639573266853fc10c94409de62e6","manifestLambdaConfig":{"authManifest":true,"manifestLambdaUrl":"https://gzbge4y6j3nmiaxjsffwpgodae0vzqct.lambda-url.eu-west-1.on.aws/stitcher-assets/manifest.json"},"FEATURE_NEWSLETTER_SIGNUP_RECAPTCHA_ENABLED":"1","FEATURE_WEB_BFF_LOCAL_CACHE_CONFIG":"{\"cacheDurationMs\":10000,\"enabledForSiteKeys\":[\"slate\",\"bbcgoodfood\",\"radiotimes\",\"olivemagazine\",\"historyextra\",\"gardenersworld\",\"madeformums\",\"glamour\",\"varimerychle\",\"national-geographic-pl\",\"kobieta\",\"viva\",\"wizaz\",\"radiotimesmoney\",\"saveurs\",\"mamotoja\",\"party\",\"polki\",\"elle-pl\",\"platosricos\"]}","FEATURE_GOODFOOD_RETHEME":"0","FEATURE_RECIPE_MASTHEAD_M2_SITE_KEYS":"[]","FEATURE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":"[\"historyextra\",\"gardenersworld\"]","FEATURE_AUTH0_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":"[]","FEATURE_NEW_MASTHEAD":"[]","FEATURE_ACCOUNT_SETTINGS_ENABLED_SITE_KEYS":"[\"bbcgoodfood\",\"gardenersworld\",\"historyextra\",\"madeformums\",\"olivemagazine\",\"radiotimes\"]","FEATURE_TENANT_VALIDATION":"0"},"isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"appGip":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script><script async="" src="/static/piano/piano-114543fd6dad65552651.js"></script></body></html>