CINXE.COM

Photonics Research

<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="tdm-reservation" content="1"/> <meta name="tdm-policy" content="https://opg.optica.org/policies/opg-tdm-policy.json"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" initial-scale="1"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><script> var __uzdbm_1 = "34c65f92-a6f6-10c0-5176-ce5a022df62a";var __uzdbm_2 ="ZDkxOTcwYjEtZDNoeS1mODZkLTcxNWQtNWY3OTE5OTU3MTlmJDguMjIyLjIwOC4xNDY="; (function(w, d, e, u, c, g, a, b){ w["SSJSConnectorObj"] = w["SSJSConnectorObj"] || {ss_cid : c, domain_info: "auto"}; w[g] = function(i, j){w["SSJSConnectorObj"][i] = j}; a = d.createElement(e); a.async = true; if(navigator.userAgent.indexOf('MSIE')!==-1 || navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Trident/') > -1){ u = u.replace("/advanced/", "/advanced/ie/"); } a.src = u; b = d.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; b.parentNode.insertBefore(a, b); })(window,document,"script","https://cdn.perfdrive.com/advanced/stormcaster.js","d3i0","ssConf"); ssConf("c1" , "https://cas.avalon.perfdrive.com"); </script> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <title>Photonics Research</title> <!--Cookie Consent config--> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){ dataLayer.push(arguments); } // Set default consent to 'denied' (before loading Google scripts) gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', 'functionality_storage': 'denied', 'personalization_storage': 'denied', 'security_storage': 'denied' }); </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5N7G55X');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico?v=2"> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/token-input-facebook.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/app.min.css?v=03252025"> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/search.css"> Second style redefines first in app.css --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/journal-colors.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/tools.css?v=09192021"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jqueryui/jquery-ui.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jqueryui/jquery-ui-1.10.3.custom.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/carrousel.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/orestbida/cookieconsent@3.1.0/dist/cookieconsent.css"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/vendor/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/vendor/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="/fonts/fa5pro/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600|Noto+Sans:700&amp;subset=latin,greek-ext' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/vendor/custom.modernizr.js"></script> </head> <body class="journal journal-home journal-prj"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5N7G55X" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="display: none;"> <symbol id="right-arrow" viewBox="0 0 7.7 8.89"> <defs> <style> .rarrow { stroke-miterlimit: 10; } </style> </defs> <title>Expand this Topic</title> <desc>clickable element to expand a topic</desc> <polygon class="rarrow" points="0.5 0.87 0.5 8.03 6.7 4.45 0.5 0.87" /> </symbol> </svg> <div class="site"> <nav class="primary--home navbar navbar-inverse hidden-xs p-0 mt-1" aria-label="Global Navigation"> <div class="container"> <div class="user-acct navbar-right d-lg-flex flex-row pt-2"> <div class="d-flex flex-column pt-1 position-relative"> <button id="header-search" class="btn text--right shadow-none" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#search-nav" aria-label="start search"> <div style="margin-top:-4px; width:30px; height:30px;border: 0; padding-top:6px;"> <i id="header-search-icon" class="fal fa-search text-white" style="font-size:1em;"></i> </div> </button> <div id="search-nav" class="header-search collapse position-absolute end-100 top-0" style="background-color: black; padding: 10px; z-index: 1000;"> <div class="search-bar input-group main-search"> <form name="nojs" action="/search_noscript.cfm" class="form-inline d-flex"> <input name="q" id="topSearchText" type="text" class="search-text-input form-control input-sm header-search_inputField" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search"> <div class="input-group-btn header-search_btnGroup d-flex"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-dropdown dropdown-toggle btn-topheader" type="button" id="dropdownMenuButton" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <span id="dropdownText">All Publications</span> <span class="caret"></span> </button> <ul id="dropdownDesktop" class="dropdown-menu z-index--1000" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton"> <!-- Options to change the button text --> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#" data-search-type="all">All Publications</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#" data-search-type="site">Site Search</a></li> </ul> </div> <button id="topSearch" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-search" aria-label="start search" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom" title="Enter a search term or choose options to see advanced search" data-bs-custom-class="custom-tooltip"> <div style="margin-top:-4px; width:30px; height:30px; padding-top:6px;"> <i class="fal fa-search text-white" style="font-size:0.8em;"></i> </div> </button> <button data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#advanced-search-popup" type="button" class="btn text-wrap text--right search-options-header p-0 p__1--xs">Advanced Search</button> </div> </form> </div> <form id="advanced-search-popup" class="collapse advanced-search-popup"> <div class="row avs-header"> <div class="col-sm-9" style="font-weight:bold;"> <i class="fal fa-filter"></i> SEARCH OPTIONS </div> <div class="col-sm-3 close-container"> <div class="close-top"><a href="#" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#advanced-search-popup" style="color:white;">Close <i class="fal fa-times"></i></a></div> </div> </div> <nav class="nav nav-tabs"> <li role="presentation" class="active"> <a href="#" id="OpgAdvancedSearch">Article Search</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a href="#" id="ImageBankAdvancedSearch">ImageBank Search</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a href="#" id="ContentAdvancedSearch">Site Search</a> </li> </nav> <div class="avs-content"> <div class="no-content-search"> <div class="avs_grayout"></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-2 avs-label" style="font-weight:bold;">KEYWORDS</div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <input name="" id="txtSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter search terms here" aria-label="Enter search terms here" /> <span class="opg-search-only"><input id="chkOtrResource" name="selectionChk" type="checkbox" value="" /> <span class="avs-inline-label-left"><label for="chkOtrResource" style="font-weight:normal;">Only if other supplemental resources are available</label></span></span> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 opg-search-only"> <div><input name="chkSearchIn" type="checkbox" id="chk-searchin-metadata" CHECKED /> <span class="avs-inline-label-left"><label for="chk-searchin-metadata" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">Title and Abstract</label></span></div> <div><input name="chkSearchIn" type="checkbox" id="chk-searchin-all"/> <span class="avs-inline-label-left"><label for="chk-searchin-all" style="font-weight:normal;">All text</label></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-sm-2 avs-label" style="font-weight:bold;">AUTHORS</div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <input type="text" id="authorSearch" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter author names here" aria-label="author names"/> <span class="small muted">&bull; Use these formats for best results: Smith or J Smith</span> <span class="small muted"><br>&bull; Use a comma to separate multiple people: J Smith, RL Jones, Macarthur</span> </div> <div class="col-sm-2"> <label for="chkAny" style="font-weight:normal;">Any :</label>&nbsp;<input id="chkAny" name="chkAnyAll" type="radio" value="any" checked="checked"/> <label for="chkAll" style="font-weight:normal;">All :</label>&nbsp;<input id="chkAll" name="chkAnyAll" type="radio" value="all"/> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"> <a class="avs-help-link" data-action='slide-toggle' data-target='#avsHint1' href="#" title="Help Link">?</a> <div id="avsHint1" class="avs-help-message"> <strong>Tips for preparing a search:</strong> <ul> <li>Keep it simple - don't use too many different parameters.</li> <li>Separate search groups with parentheses and Booleans. Note the Boolean sign must be in upper-case. <ul> <li>Example: (diode OR solid-state) AND laser [search contains "diode" or "solid-state" and laser]</li> <li>Example: (photons AND downconversion) - pump [search contains both "photons" and "downconversion" but not "pump"]</li> </ul> </li> <li>Improve efficiency in your search by using wildcards.</li> <ul> <li>Asterisk ( * ) -- Example: "elect*" retrieves documents containing "electron," "electronic," and "electricity"</li> <li>Question mark (?) -- Example: "gr?y" retrieves documents containing "grey" or "gray"</li> </ul> <li>Use quotation marks " " around specific phrases where you want the entire phrase only.</li> <li>For best results, use the separate Authors field to search for author names.</li> <li>Author name searching: <ul> <li>Use these formats for best results: Smith or J Smith</li> <li>Use a comma to separate multiple people: J Smith, RL Jones, Macarthur</li> <li>Note: Author names will be searched in the keywords field, also, but that may find papers where the person is mentioned, rather than papers they authored.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12" style="font-weight:bold;"> SEARCH IN </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-sm-2"> <input name="selectionChk" id="chkJournals" type="checkbox" class="checkbox" CHECKED> <span class="avs-inline-label-left"><label for="chkJournals" style="font-weight:normal;">Journals</label></span> </div> <div class="col-sm-7"> <div class="input-collapse"> <input id="advsJournalsSelector" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All journals (type names or look up list)" aria-label="choose journals"> <div class="input-group-btn" name="journal"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle avs-modal-open" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-label="Expand"><span class="caret"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 avs-tiny"> <div class="avs-tiny_field"> <label for="volSearch" style="font-weight:normal;">Vol. </label><input id="volSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All" /> </div> <div class="avs-tiny_field"> <label for="issueSearch" style="font-weight:normal;">Issue </label><input id="issueSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All" /> </div> <div class="avs-tiny_field"> <label for="pageSearch" style="font-weight:normal;">Page </label><input id="pageSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top-lg opg-search-only"> <div class="col-sm-2"> <input id="chkConferences" type="checkbox" class="checkbox" CHECKED> <span class="avs-inline-label-left"><label for="chkConferences" style="font-weight:normal;">Conferences</label></span> </div> <div class="col-sm-7"> <div class="input-collapse"> <input type="text" id="advsProceedingSelector" class="form-control" placeholder="All conferences (type names or look up list)" aria-label="choose conferences"> <div class="input-group-btn" name="proceeding"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle avs-modal-open" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-label="Expand"><span class="caret"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 avs-tiny"> <div class="avs-tiny_field"> <label for="yearSearch" style="font-weight:normal;">Year </label><input id="yearSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All" /> </div> <div class="avs-tiny_field avs-tiny_field--expanded"> <label for="sessionPagerSearch" style="font-weight:normal;">Paper # </label><input id="sessionPagerSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top-lg opg-search-only"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <input id="chkReports" type="checkbox" class="checkbox" CHECKED> <span class="avs-inline-label-left"><label for="chkReports" style="font-weight:normal;">Industry Reports</label></span> </div> <div class="col-sm-6">&nbsp;</div> <div class="col-sm-3 avs-tiny"> <div class="avs-tiny_field avs-tiny_field--expanded"> <label for="reportYearSearch" style="font-weight:normal;">Report Year </label><input id="reportYearSearch" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="All" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-sm-3" style="font-weight:bold;">PUBLICATION YEARS</div> <div class="col-sm-5"> <div class="form-inline"> <div class="form-group"> <span class="avs-inline-label-right"><label for="startYear" style="font-weight:normal;">From</label></span> <input id="startYear" type="text" class="form-control year-inline" placeholder="1917" maxlength="4"/> <span class="avs-inline-label-left avs-inline-label-right"><label for="endYear" style="font-weight:normal;">To</label></span> <input id="endYear" type="text" class="form-control year-inline" placeholder="2025" maxlength="4"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div><small class="muted">Enter only one date to search</small></div> <div><small class="muted">After ("From") or Before ("To")</small></div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="avs_topics opg-search-only"> <div class="row space-top mbottom-10"> <div class="col-sm-3" style="font-weight:bold;">OPTICS &amp; PHOTONICS TOPICS</div> <div class="col-sm-9 input-collapse avs_topics-search"> <a id="browsetopicsbutton" href="#" class="btn btn-default avs_topics-browse-btn purple-border">Browse All Topics</a> <input type="text" id="advsTopicsSelector" class="form-control avs_topics-search-field" placeholder="Search All Topics" aria-label="Search All Topics"><br/> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top selectedtopicsadv mbottom-10"> <div class="col-md-2"><small class="muted">Selected topics</small></div> <div class="col-md-10" id="advTopicsSelectedList"></div> </div> <div class="row selectedtopicsadv mbottom-10"> <div class="col-md-2"></div> <div class="col-md-10 muted"> <input id="chkAnyTopic" name="chkAnyAllTopic" type="radio" value="any" checked="checked"/> <label for="chkAnyTopic" style="font-weight:normal;">Find articles with <strong>any</strong> selected topics</label> &nbsp;&nbsp;<input id="chkAllTopic" name="chkAnyAllTopic" type="radio" value="all"/> <label for="chkAllTopic" style="font-weight:normal;">Find articles with <strong>all</strong> selected topics</label> </div> </div> <div class="row hidden mbottom-20" id="pickTopicsBrowse"> <div class="col-md-12 mbottom-20 "> <strong>Browse All Topics</strong><br> Click the <svg class="selection-list_arrow"><use xlink:href="#right-arrow" /></svg> to reveal subtopics. Use the checkbox to select a topic to filter your search. </div> <div id="advBrowseTopics" class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"> <a class="avs-help-link" data-action='slide-toggle' data-target='#avsHint2' href="#" title="Help Link">?</a> <div id="avsHint2" class="avs-help-message"> <strong>About Optics &amp; Photonics Topics</strong> <br>Optica Publishing Group developed the Optics and Photonics Topics to help organize its diverse content more accurately by topic area. This topic browser contains over 2400 terms and is organized in a three-level hierarchy. <a href="/thesaurus/default.cfm" target="_blank">Read more.</a> <br><br>Topics can be refined further in the search results. The Topic facet will reveal the high-level topics associated with the articles returned in the search results. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top opg-search-only"> <div class="col-sm-2" style="font-weight:bold;">SPECIAL COLLECTIONS</div> <div class="col-sm-5 input-collapse"> <input id="specialcollections_ee" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="ee"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_ee">Energy and Environmental Optics Express</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_el" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="elnotes"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_el">Application Notes (formerly E&L Notes)</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_mem" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="memorandum" /> <label for="specialcollections_mem" class="avs-inline-label-left">Memoranda</label><br /> <input id="specialcollections_op" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="opinion" /> <label for="specialcollections_op" class="avs-inline-label-left">Opinions</label> </div> <div class="col-sm-5 input-collapse"> <input id="specialcollections_rev" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="review-article" /> <label for="specialcollections_rev" class="avs-inline-label-left">Reviews</label><br /> <input id="specialcollections_spt" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="spotlight"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_spt">Spotlight on Optics</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_tut" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="tutorial"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_tut">Tutorials</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_ret" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="retrospective"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_tut">Retrospectives</label> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top opg-search-only"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"><a id="clearFilters" href="#" class="btn btn-default purple-border">Clear my choices above</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6"><a id="cmdSearch" href="#" class="btn btn-primary pull-right"><strong class="fi-magnifying-glass"></strong>&nbsp; Search</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="contentSearchOnly" class="content-search-only d-none"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-2 avs-label" style="font-weight:bold;">KEYWORDS</div> <div class="col-sm-8"> <input name="" id="contentSearch" type="text" placeholder="Enter search terms here" aria-label="Enter search terms here" /> </div> <div class="col-sm-2"> <button id="submitContent" class="btn btn-primary">Search</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="origsearchstr" id="origsearchstr" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="facetsearchstr" id="facetsearchstr" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="facetavoidstr" id="facetavoidstr" value=""/> </form> </div> </div> <ul class="manage-user-acct nav navbar-nav d-flex flex-row"> <li class="nav-link pt-1"><a href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#userLogin" id="loginModal" class="p__1--md">LOGIN</a></li> <li class="nav-link pt-1"><a href="https://prism.optica.org" class="p__1--md">SUBMIT</a></li> </ul> </div> <script> function closePopup() { $.get('/util/close_announcement.cfm', function() { $('.osap-maintenance-alert').alert('close'); }) } </script> </div> </nav> <div style="background-color: black;"> <header class="masthead container"> <div> <div> <div class="mobile-header"> <a class="skip-nav" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="primary-branding col-sm-4 col-xs-7"> <a href="https://opg.optica.org" class="primary-brand"><img src="/images/Optica_logo_publishing_hz_rev_rgb.png" alt="Optica Publishing Group" /></a> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-toggle visible-xs col-xs-5"> <button type="button" class="mobile-nav-btn navbar-toggle" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#osaGlobalNav" aria-controls="osaGlobalNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <button type="button" class="mobile-search-btn navbar-toggle" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobile-search" aria-label="start search"> <span class="fal fa-search text-white"></span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="collapse" id="mobile-search"> <div class="header-search col-sm-9 col-xs-12 d-block d-md-none"> <div class="d-flex w-100"> <input id="topSearchTextMobile" type="text" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search" style="width:60%"> <div class="input-group-btn d-flex"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-dropdown dropdown-toggle btn-topheader" type="button" id="dropdownMenuButton" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <span id="dropdownTextMobile">All Publications</span> <span class="caret"></span> </button> <ul id="dropdownMobile" class="dropdown-menu z-index--1000" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton"> <!-- Options to change the button text --> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#" data-search-type="all">All Publications</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#" data-search-type="site">Site Search</a></li> </ul> </div> <a id="topSearchMobile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm"><span class="fal fa-search text-white"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-nav-container col-lg-8 col-md-12"> <nav class="primary-site-nav collapse navbar-collapse" id="osaGlobalNav" aria-label="Osa Global Navigation"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-main d-sm-flex flex-sm-row" id="first-nav"> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="/about.cfm" class="dropdown-toggle hidden-xs navbar-main-header" id="select_journals">Journals </a> <a href="/about.cfm" class="dropdown-toggle visible-xs navbar-main-header" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-target="select_journals--mobile__menu" id="select_journals--mobile">Journals <span class="caret" style="color:#9475ff"></span></a> <div class="visible-xs"> <div id="select_journals--mobile__menu" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-one-col"> <ul> <li><a href="/aop">Advances in Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/ao">Applied Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/as">Applied Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/boe">Biomedical Optics Express</a></li> <li><a href="/col">Chinese Optics Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/copp">Current Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/jlt">Journal of Lightwave Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/jnirs">Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/jot">Journal of Optical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/jocn">Journal of Optical Communications and Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/josaa">Journal of the Optical Society of America A</a></li> <li><a href="/josab">Journal of the Optical Society of America B</a></li> <li><a href="/optica">Optica</a></li> <li><a href="/opticaq">Optica Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/ome">Optical Materials Express</a></li> <li><a href="/optcon">Optics Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/oe">Optics Express</a></li> <li><a href="/ol">Optics Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/prj">Photonics Research</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Legacy Journals</span></li> <li><a href="/jdt">Journal of Display Technology (2005-2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/josk">Journal of the Optical Society of Korea (1997-2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/jon">Journal of Optical Networking (2002-2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/josa">Journal of the Optical Society of America (1917-1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/on">Optics News (1975-1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/osac">OSA Continuum (2018-2021)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-two-col-lg dropdown-wide"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li><a href="/aop">Advances in Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/ao">Applied Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/as">Applied Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/boe">Biomedical Optics Express</a></li> <li><a href="/col">Chinese Optics Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/copp">Current Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/jlt">Journal of Lightwave Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/jnirs">Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/jot">Journal of Optical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/jocn">Journal of Optical Communications and Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/josaa">Journal of the Optical Society of America A</a></li> <li><a href="/josab">Journal of the Optical Society of America B</a></li> <li><a href="/optica">Optica</a></li> <li><a href="/opticaq">Optica Quantum</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li><a href="/ome">Optical Materials Express</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.optica-opn.org/home/" target="_blank">Optics and Photonics News <span class="fal fa-external-link"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/optcon">Optics Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/oe">Optics Express</a></li> <li><a href="/ol">Optics Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/prj">Photonics Research</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Legacy Journals</span></li> <li><a href="/jdt">Journal of Display Technology (2005-2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/josk">Journal of the Optical Society of Korea (1997-2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/jon">Journal of Optical Networking (2002-2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/josa">Journal of the Optical Society of America (1917-1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/on">Optics News (1975-1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/osac">OSA Continuum (2018-2021)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="/conferences.cfm" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-main-header" id="select_proceedings">Conferences </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-two-col-lg"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Find Conferences</span></li> <li><a href="/conferences.cfm">By Year</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences.cfm?findby=conference">By Name</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Featured</span></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=5">Optical Fiber Communication (OFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=124">Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO)</a></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=56">Frontiers in Optics (FiO)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Newly Published</span></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=327&yr=2024">British and Irish Conference on Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=117&yr=2024">Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=1&yr=2024">Advanced Solid State Lasers</a></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=102&yr=2024">Applications of Lasers for Sensing and Free Space Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/conference.cfm?meetingid=182&yr=2024">Laser Applications Conference</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="https://opticapreprints.figshare.com/" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-main-header" id="select_proceedings">Preprints </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-two-col-lg"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Optica Open</span></li> <li><a href="https://opticapreprints.figshare.com/" target="_blank">View preprints</a></li> <li><a href="https://opticaopen.org" target="_blank">Submit preprint</a></li> <li><a href="https://opticaopen.org/Home/Guidelines" target="_blank">Author instructions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt"></span></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt"></span></li> <li><a href="https://opticaopen.org/Home/About" target="_blank">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://opticaopen.org/Home/FAQ" target="_blank">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="#global-nav" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-main-header" id="select_other_resources" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-target="select_other-resources--mobile__menu">Other Resources </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-two-col-lg" id="select_other-resources--mobile__menu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Information For</span></li> <li><a href="/content/author/">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/content/reviewer/">Reviewers</a></li> <li><a href="/library/">Librarians</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Products and Services</span></li> <li><a href="/info/osadigitalarchive.cfm">Digital Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/content/collection/page/item/isp/">Interactive Science Publishing (ISP)</a></li> <li><a href="https://opticapreprints.figshare.com/" target="_blank">Optica Open <span class="fal fa-external-link"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/info/opticsimagebank.cfm">Optics ImageBank</a></li> <li><a href="/thesaurus/default.cfm">Optics and Photonics Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/spotlight">Spotlight on Optics</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Publications</span></li> <li><a href="/content/bookshelf/">Bookshelf</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/special-collections.cfm">Special Collections</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Regional Content</span></li> <li><a href="/content/newsItem/list/section/prj/">On The Cover: Photonics Research</a></li> <li><a href="/content/newsItem/list/section/col/">Spotlight: Chinese Optics Letters</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Open Access Information</span></li> <li><a href="/content/author/portal/item/review-open-access-policy-stat/">Open Access Statement and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/library/license_v2.cfm">Terms for Journal Article Reuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right navbar-secondary d-sm-flex flex-sm-row" id="second-nav"> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-secondary-header" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="my_favorites">My Favorites </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-one-col"> <ul> <li><a href="/user">Go to My Account</a></li> <li><a href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#userLogin">Login to access favorites</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-secondary-header" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="recent_pages">Recent Pages </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-one-col"> <ul class="recent-page-list"> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg manage-user-acct--mobile"> <li class="nav-link"><a href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#userLogin" id="loginModal"><img src="/images/icons/icon-my-account.png" alt="my account"> LOGIN <span class="muted">OR</span> CREATE ACCOUNT</a> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="content" role="main" class="content container journal-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="row journal-header"> <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-3"> <div style="padding: 5px 0px 0px 0px;"> <div class="journal-nav-item hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-sm"> <div class="mobile-journal-header p-0"> <a href="/prj/home.cfm"><h1>Photonics Research</h1> <p class="primary-editors">Siyuan Yu, Editor-in-Chief</p></a> </div> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item hidden-xs active"> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/home.cfm">Journal Home</a> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item "> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/journal/prj/about.cfm">About</a> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item "> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/upcomingissue.cfm">Issues in Progress</a> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item "> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/issue.cfm">Current Issue</a> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item "> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/browse.cfm">All Issues</a> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item "> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/upcoming.cfm">Early Posting</a> </div> <div class="journal-nav-item "> <a class="secondary-nav-item_link" href="/prj/feature.cfm">Feature Issues</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-7 col-sm-9"> <section> <div class="content-module journal-info"> <div class="journal-screen hidden-xs"> <a href="/prj"><img class="journal-thumbnail thumbnail-border" src="/images/osa-prj.jpg" alt="Photonics Research" style="max-height:240px"/></a> </div> <div class="journal-info-content hidden-xs"> <h1 class="container-title">Photonics Research</h1> <p class="primary-editors"> Siyuan Yu, Editor-in-Chief </p> <p class="editorial-board"> <a href="/prj/journal/prj/about.cfm#board" style="color:#eae3ff;">Editorial Board <i class="fal fa-angle-right"></i> </a> </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="sidebar col-md-3 col-sm-12" style="margin-top:16px;"> <section class="sidebar-module journal-search"> <h2 class="sidebar-section-title hidden-xs">Search this Journal</h2> <input type="hidden" id="journalSearchJournal" value="prj"> <div class="row controls-row hidden-xs"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <input id="journalSearchKeyword" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Keyword / Author" aria-label="keyword or author"/> </div> </div> <div class="controls-row hidden-xs"> <div class="col-xs-3 paddingless-input"> <label for="journalSearchVol">Volume</label> <input id="journalSearchVol" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="" /> </div> <div class="col-xs-3 paddingless-input"> <label for="journalSearchIss">Issue</label> <input id="journalSearchIss" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="" /> </div> <div class="col-xs-3 paddingless-input"> <label for="journalSearchPage">Page</label> <input id="journalSearchPage" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="" /> </div> <div class="col-xs-3 paddingless-input"> <div class="circle" style="width:30px; height:30px; border: 0; margin: 18px 0px 6px 6px; padding-top:2px; background-color:white;"> <button type="button" id="journalSearch" class="btn btn-sm btn-search" aria-label="start search"><span class="fal fa-search" style="color:#545454;cursor:pointer;font-size:0.8em;"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="sidebar-module journal-submit" style="margin-top:2em;"> <h3 class="sidebar-section-title submit-paper"><a href="https://prism.optica.org"><i class="fal fa-file-alt"></i>Submit a Paper</a></h3> <h3 class="sidebar-section-title mt-1 submit-paper"><a href="/user/toc_alerts_subscribe.cfm"><i class="fal fa-bell" style="width:12px;"></i>Sign Up For Alerts</a></h3> </section> </div> </div> <div class="content-wrapper row" style="padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;"> <div class="content-main col-md-9 col-sm-8"> <section class="content-module"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">Newest Articles<div style="float: right;"><a class="view-all-link" href="/prj/upcomingissue.cfm?sort=published">View All</a></div></h2> </header> <div class="scroller-container"> <div class="thumbnail-scroller frame"> <ul class="slidee"> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1094" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1094_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1094&x=1';"/></span> Plasmonic omni-directional reflective pads for enhanced... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1083" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1083_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1083&x=1';"/></span> Turn-key Voigt optical frequency standard </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1074" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1074_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1074&x=1';"/></span> Design of fast Rydberg blockade SWAP gates with synthetic... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1067" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1067_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1067&x=1';"/></span> On-chip superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1060" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1060_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1060&x=1';"/></span> Reverse Smith-Purcell radiation in photonic crystals </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1049" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1049_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1049&x=1';"/></span> Compact spectral-polarization-modulation method for rapid... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1038" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1038_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1038&x=1';"/></span> Picosecond regional delay mapping of arrayed VCSELs with a... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1028" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1028_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1028&x=1';"/></span> Tracking and manipulating ultrafast photocarrier dynamics... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1021" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1021_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1021&x=1';"/></span> Bilayer MoS2 nanoribbons: observation of optically inactive... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1010" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/1010_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-1010&x=1';"/></span> Reusable high-<i>Q</i> plasmonic metasurface </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-995" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/995_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-995&x=1';"/></span> Spin angular momentum engineering within highly localized... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-987" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/987_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-987&x=1';"/></span> Spin-momentum-mixing interactions with cavity-mediated... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-976" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/976_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-976&x=1';"/></span> High-efficiency multi-channel focusing and imaging enabled... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-968" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/968_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-968&x=1';"/></span> Observation of multiple quasi-bound states in the continuum... </a> </li> <li class="slide"> <a href="/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-960" class="link-block"> <span class="thumbnail" style="max-height: 100px"><img src="https://d3qoh5n5udjkx5.cloudfront.net/public/opg/prj/vol13/04/960_thumbnail.jpg" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" alt="article thumbnail" loading="lazy" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/getThumbnail.cfm?uri=prj-13-4-960&x=1';"/></span> All-fiber orbital-angular-momentum mode encoding system... </a> </li> </ul> </div> <a href="#" class="scroll-arrow-left" aria-label="scroll left"><div class="circle" style="margin-right:10px;font-size:0.7em;"><i class="fal fa-angle-left" style="margin-left:-2px;"></i></div></a> <a href="#" class="scroll-arrow-right" aria-label="scroll right"><div class="circle" style="margin-right:10px;font-size:0.7em;padding-left:2px;"><i class="fal fa-angle-right"></i></div></a> </div> </section> <div class="content-main-primary"> <section class="content-module hidden-xs"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">Feature Issues<div style="float: right;"><a class="view-all-link" href="feature.cfm">View All</a></div></h2> </header> <div class="col-md-4" style="padding-right:18px;padding-left:18px;"> <ul class="journal-main-article-list feature-issues-grid"> <li class="journal-main-list-item"> <a href="https://opg.optica.org/content/feature/announcement/item/prj-slnq" class="journal-link">Structured Light: From Nanophotonics to Quantum</a> <br><br><span class="submission-status"><strong>Status</strong><br>Submissions Open: 01 June 2025; Submission Deadline: 01 August 2025</span> <br><span class="journal-editors"><strong>Editors</strong><br>Andrew Forbes, Haoran Ren, Lixiang Chen, Yijie Shen, and Takashige Omatsu</span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="padding-right:18px;padding-left:18px;"> <ul class="journal-main-article-list feature-issues-grid"> <li class="journal-main-list-item"> <a href="https://opg.optica.org/content/feature/announcement/item/prj-ioss/" class="journal-link">Innovative Optical Sensor Systems</a> <br><br><span class="submission-status"><strong>Status</strong><br>Submissions Open: 15 January 2025; Submission Deadline: 30 April 2025</span> <br><span class="journal-editors"><strong>Editors</strong><br>Nunzio Cennamo, Olivier Soppera, Giuseppe D’Aguanno, and Yang Zhao</span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="padding-right:18px;padding-left:18px;"> <ul class="journal-main-article-list feature-issues-grid"> <li class="journal-main-list-item"> <a href="https://opg.optica.org/prj/virtual_issue.cfm?vid=597" class="journal-link">Advancing Integrated Photonics: From Device Innovation to System Integration</a> <br><br><span class="submission-status"><strong>Status</strong><br>Published</span> <br><span class="journal-editors"><strong>Editors</strong><br>Liang Feng, Junqiu Liu, and Cheng Wang</span> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content-main-primary col-md-6"> <section class="content-module hidden-xs"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">Journal News<div style="float: right;"><a class="view-all-link" href="morenews.cfm">View All</a></div></h2> </header> <div> <table> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1em; padding: 0px 12px 0px 0px;">04<br>FEB<br><span class="muted">2025</span></td> <td valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid #d7d7d7">Optica Publishing Group recognizes the International Year of Quantum with a new <a href="https://opg.optica.org/content/collection/page/item/quantum100years/">curated article collection</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1em; padding: 0px 12px 0px 0px;">07<br>JAN<br><span class="muted">2025</span></td> <td valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid #d7d7d7"><a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2025/optica_publishing_group_announces_new_editors-in-chief_for_two_journals/">Optica Publishing Group Announces New Editors-in-Chief for Two Journals</a> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> </table> </div> </section> <section class="content-module"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">Today's Top Downloads</h2> </header> <div style="width: 100%; margin-bottom:20px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><div class="circle circle-journal" style="margin-right:10px;" id="tdcircle1">1</div></td> <td valign="top"><a class="journal-link topdl_link" href="https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?URI=prj-13-4-827" onmouseover="$('#tdcircle1').addClass('hovered'); return false;" onmouseout="$('#tdcircle1').removeClass('hovered'); return false;">Spatial&#x2013;spectral sparse deep learning combined with a freeform lens enables extreme depth-of-field hyperspectral imaging</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="width: 100%; margin-bottom:20px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><div class="circle circle-journal" style="margin-right:10px;" id="tdcircle2">2</div></td> <td valign="top"><a class="journal-link topdl_link" href="https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?URI=prj-9-8-1616" onmouseover="$('#tdcircle2').addClass('hovered'); return false;" onmouseout="$('#tdcircle2').removeClass('hovered'); return false;">Epsilon-near-zero photonics: infinite potentials</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="width: 100%; margin-bottom:20px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><div class="circle circle-journal" style="margin-right:10px;" id="tdcircle3">3</div></td> <td valign="top"><a class="journal-link topdl_link" href="https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?URI=prj-13-4-1067" onmouseover="$('#tdcircle3').addClass('hovered'); return false;" onmouseout="$('#tdcircle3').removeClass('hovered'); return false;">On-chip superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with pump rejection for entanglement characterization</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="width: 100%; margin-bottom:20px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><div class="circle circle-journal" style="margin-right:10px;" id="tdcircle4">4</div></td> <td valign="top"><a class="journal-link topdl_link" href="https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?URI=prj-13-4-1094" onmouseover="$('#tdcircle4').addClass('hovered'); return false;" onmouseout="$('#tdcircle4').removeClass('hovered'); return false;">Plasmonic omni-directional reflective pads for enhanced light extraction in sub-250&#x2009;&#x2009;nm deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="width: 100%; margin-bottom:20px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><div class="circle circle-journal" style="margin-right:10px;" id="tdcircle5">5</div></td> <td valign="top"><a class="journal-link topdl_link" href="https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?URI=prj-10-9-A106" onmouseover="$('#tdcircle5').addClass('hovered'); return false;" onmouseout="$('#tdcircle5').removeClass('hovered'); return false;">Silicon photonics for high-capacity data communications</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> </section> </div> <div class="content-main-secondary col-md-6"> <section class="content-module journal-main-topic-list"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">Topics in Current Issue</h2> </header> <div class="panel" style="background-color: transparent;"> <ul class="filter-set clearfix"> <li class="filter pull-left"><span class="fal fa-star obj-journal-color"></span> My Topics</li> <li class="filter pull-right">(<a href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#userLogin">Login to access My Topics</a>)</li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204640"><span class="toc-name">Image Processing and Image Analysis</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">1</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204641"><span class="toc-name">Imaging Systems, Microscopy, and Displays</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">3</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204642"><span class="toc-name">Instrumentation and Measurements</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">3</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204643"><span class="toc-name">Integrated Optics</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">3</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204644"><span class="toc-name">Medical Optics and Biotechnology</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">1</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204645"><span class="toc-name">Nanophotonics and Photonic Crystals</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">3</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204646"><span class="toc-name">Optical Devices</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">1</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204647"><span class="toc-name">Optoelectronics</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">2</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204648"><span class="toc-name">Physical Optics</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">2</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204649"><span class="toc-name">Quantum Optics</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">3</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204650"><span class="toc-name">Silicon Photonics</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">2</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204651"><span class="toc-name">Spectroscopy</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">2</span>) </li> <li> <a href="issue.cfm?volume=13&issue=4&tocid=1204652"><span class="toc-name">Surface Optics and Plasmonics</span></a> (<span class="toc-count">3</span>) </li> </ul> </section> <br/> <section class="content-module"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header"><em>Photonics Research</em> Videos</h2> </header> <p><p>Photonics Research Interviews feature prominent researchers discussing their career with the Journal's editors. <a href="/prj/journal/prj/webinars.cfm">View more episodes</a>.</p> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <video-js data-account="76009408001" data-player="kJ2uDQtNOV" data-embed="default" data-video-id="6344499201112" data-setup='{"techOrder": ["html5"]}' id="optica-video" class="vjs-fill video-js vjs-osap-skin embed-responsive-item" controls></video-js> <script src="https://players.brightcove.net/76009408001/kJ2uDQtNOV_default/index.min.js"></script> </div> </section> <br/> </div> </div> <div> <div class="col-md-12"> <section class="content-module hidden-xs"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">Spotlight on Optics<div style="float: right;"><a class="view-all-link" href="/spotlight/">Visit Spotlight on Optics</a></div></h2> </header> <div class="content-item spotlight-media-object"> <div class="spotlight-media-object__image"> <a href="/spotlight/summary.cfm?id=#article_id#" aria-label="View Spotlight Item"><img class="media-object" src="/images/spotlight-home-300x410.jpg" width="300" height="410" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" tabindex="-1" alt="spotlight thumbnail"></a> </div> <div class="spotlight-media-object__content"> <div class="spotlight-media-object__content--text"> <a href="/spotlight/summary.cfm?id=562031">III-V-on-Si3N4 widely tunable narrow-linewidth laser based on micro-transfer printing</a> <br><span class="muted">Summary by Yikai Su</span> <p class="mb-0">Widely tunable and narrow bandwidth lasers are promising for many applications such as coherent communications,...</p> </div> <div class="spotlight-media-object__content--text"> <a href="/spotlight/summary.cfm?id=567509">Microwave-resonator-enabled broadband on-chip electro-optic frequency comb generation</a> <br><span class="muted">Summary by Liu Liu</span> <p class="mb-0">Broadband electro-optical (EO) frequency comb using an ultra-low electrical power was recently demonstrated by...</p> </div> <div class="spotlight-media-object__content--text"> <a href="/spotlight/summary.cfm?id=560891">Mode-multiplexed photonic integrated vector dot-product core from inverse design</a> <br><span class="muted">Summary by Bicky Marquez</span> <p class="mb-0">This article introduces an ultra&#8208;compact photonic device that integrates the functionalities of a mode...</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <section class="content-module hidden-xs"> <header class="heading-block"> <h2 class="heading-block-header">On the Cover: Photonics Research<div style="float: right;"> <a class="view-all-link" href="/content/newsItem/list/section/prj">Read more</a></div></h2> </header> <div class="col-md-6" style="padding-left:0px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1.2em; padding: 0px 10px;"> 02<br>AUG<br> <span class="muted">2024</span></td> <td valign="top"><a style="color:black;" class="bhov" href="/content/newsItem/default/item/gasmi">Grating-free autofocus for single-pixel microscopic imaging</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1.2em; padding: 0px 10px;"> 02<br>AUG<br> <span class="muted">2024</span></td> <td valign="top"><a style="color:black;" class="bhov" href="/content/newsItem/default/item/fmavlcsbipmam">Flexible 2 × 2 multiple access visible light communication system based on an integrated parallel GaN/InGaN micro-photodetector array module</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1.2em; padding: 0px 10px;"> 02<br>AUG<br> <span class="muted">2024</span></td> <td valign="top"><a style="color:black;" class="bhov" href="/content/newsItem/default/item/spsmcw">Silicon photonic spectrometer with multiple customized wavelength-bands</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> </table> </div> <div class="col-md-6" style="padding-left:12px;"> <table> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1.2em; padding: 0px 10px;"> 14<br>MAY<br> <span class="muted">2024</span></td> <td valign="top"><a style="color:black;" class="bhov" href="/content/newsItem/default/item/dloaeeodasi">Deep Learning-based Optical Aberration Estimation Enables Offline Digital Adaptive Optics and Super-resolution Imaging</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1.2em; padding: 0px 10px;"> 13<br>MAY<br> <span class="muted">2024</span></td> <td valign="top"><a style="color:black;" class="bhov" href="/content/newsItem/default/item/ucocpc">Ultra-compact on-chip polarization controller</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="color:#7800cc; font-weight:600; font-size:1.2em; padding: 0px 10px;"> 10<br>MAY<br> <span class="muted">2024</span></td> <td valign="top"><a style="color:black;" class="bhov" href="/content/newsItem/default/item/nvlvcnftpdlw">Nanoscale vortex line visualization and chiral nanostructure fabrication via two-photon polymerization direct laser writing</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> </table> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar col-md-3 col-sm-4"> <section class="sidebar-module about-journal" id="mobile-aside"> <h3 class="sidebar-section-title">About this Journal</h3> <div class="about-journal-content"> <dl> <dt>2023 Impact Factor:</dt> <dd>6.6</dd> <dt>Google Scholar h5-index:</dt> <dd>69</dd> <dt>Time to Publication:</dt> <dd>145 days</dd> </dl> <a style="border-bottom:none;" href="/prj/journal-report.cfm">View more journal metrics</a><br/> <br> <dl> <dt>ISSN:</dt> <dd>2327-9125</dd> <dt>Frequency:</dt> <dd>Article-at-a-time publication; monthly issues</dd> </dl> <a style="border-bottom:none;" href="/prj/journal/prj/about.cfm">Read more about this journal</a><br/> <br/><strong>Find Information For:</strong><br/> <table style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px;"> <tr> <td align="left" style="padding:10px 6px;"><div class="circle banner-color" style="height: 36px; width: 36px; border: 0; padding-top:6px;"><i class="fal fa-pen-fancy" style="font-size:20px;margin-top:2px;"></i></div></td> <td><a class="black-link" style="border-bottom:none;" href="/content/author/">Authors</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="padding:10px 6px;"><div class="circle banner-color" style="height: 36px; width: 36px; border: 0; padding-top:6px;"><i class="fal fa-user-check" style="font-size:20px;margin-top:2px;margin-left:2px;"></i></div></td> <td><a class="black-link" style="border-bottom:none;" href="/content/reviewer/">Reviewers</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="padding:10px 6px;"><div class="circle banner-color" style="height: 36px; width: 36px; border: 0; padding-top:6px;"><i class="fal fa-books" style="font-size:20px;margin-top:2px;margin-left:2px;"></i></div></td> <td><a class="black-link" style="border-bottom:none;" href="/library/">Librarians</a></td> </tr> </table> <div class="hidden-xs"> <p><strong>Topic Scope:</strong> The journal publishes fundamental and applied research progress in optics and photonics. Topics include, but are not limited to, lasers, LEDs and other light sources; fiber optics and optical communications; imaging, detectors and sensors; novel materials and engineered structures; optical data storage and displays; plasmonics; quantum optics; diffractive optics and guided optics; medical optics and biophotonics; ultraviolet and x-rays; terahertz technology. Photonics Research is a joint publishing effort of the Optica Publishing Group and Chinese Laser Press.</p> </div> </div> </section> <center><img src="/images/clp_logo.gif" class="hidden-xs hidden-sm" /></center> <section class="sidebar-module about-journal" id="mobile-aside"> <h3 class="sidebar-section-title">Special Collections</h3> <div style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <div style="padding-right:10px;padding-left:0px;padding-bottom:30px;background:white;padding-top:20px;"> <img style="width:90px;float:left;background:#fff;margin-top:-5px;" src="/images/anniversary/prj/PRJ10Anniv.png" /> <p style="font-size:12px;line-height:1.5em;margin-left:105px;"><em>Photonics Research</em> celebrated its <a href="/content/collection/page/item/prj10-top-cited-prj-papers/">10<sup>th</sup> Anniversary</a> in 2023. View the top-cited articles across ten years.</p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="formErrors" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="close"> <span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span> </button> <h4 class="modal-title">Field Error</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p id="formErrorsText"></p> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-primary" data-dismiss="modal">Ok</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="avsModal" class="avs-modal"> <div id="avsModalContent" class="avs-modal-content"> <strong>Select <span id="titleFiltersPopup"></span> as filters</strong> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <div class="input-collapse"> <input id="input-popup-selectize" type="text" class="form-control selectized" placeholder="(type names or look up list)" tabindex="-1" aria-label="type names or look up list"/> <div class="selectize-control form-control multi"></div> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <ul id="checkBoxList"></ul> <hr> <span id="avsModalSubmit" class="btn btn-primary">Select Topics</span> <span id="avsModalClose" class="cancel"> Cancel</span> </div> </div> <footer><div class="container ft-links"><a id="global-nav"></a> <nav aria-label="Back to top"><div class="top-button"><a href="#" style="color:white;"><span class="fi-arrow-up"> Top </span></a></div></nav> <div class="col-sm-3"> <ul class="ft-links-list"> <li><a href="/">Publishing Home</a></li> <li><a href="/about.cfm">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences.cfm">Conferences</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://opticapreprints.figshare.com/">Preprints (Optica Open) <span class="fal fa-external-link"></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="ft-links-list"> <li class="ft-links-header">Information for</li> <li><a href="/content/author/">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/content/reviewer/">Reviewers</a></li> <li><a href="/library/">Librarians</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <ul class="ft-links-list"> <li class="ft-links-header">Open Access Information</li> <li><a href="/content/author/portal/item/review-open-access-policy-stat/">Open Access Statement and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/library/license_v2.cfm">Terms for Journal Article Reuse</a></li> </ul> <ul class="ft-links-list"> <li class="ft-links-header">Other Resources</li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://opticapreprints.figshare.com/" >Optica Open <span class="fal fa-external-link"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/content/bookshelf/">Optica Publishing Group Bookshelf</a></li> <li><a href="/info/opticsimagebank.cfm">Optics ImageBank</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.optica-opn.org/home/" target="_blank">Optics &amp; Photonics News <span class="fal fa-external-link"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/spotlight/">Spotlight on Optics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.optica.org">Optica Home</a></li> </ul> <!-- mobile only regional sites link --> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <ul class="ft-links-list"> <li class="ft-links-header">About</li> <!--"INDUSTRY REPORTS" LINK TEMPORARILY DISABLED ON 3/3/2023 UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE FROM CORP DEPT.--> <!--li><a href="/industryreports.cfm">Industry Reports</a></li--> <li><a href="/about.cfm">About Optica Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/info/benefitslog.cfm">About My Account</a></li> <li><a href="/user/toc_alerts_subscribe.cfm">Sign up for Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/info/contactus.cfm">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick="popUpWindow('/submitFeedback.cfm?url='+escape(document.location.href),700,490); return false;">Send Us Feedback</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right navbar-ft hidden-sm hidden-xs d-flex flex-row"> <li class="dropdown" style="border:1px solid #6c6c6c; margin-right: 10px;"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-ft-header" data-bs-toggle="dropdown">My Favorites <strong class="caret"></strong></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu up"> <li><a href="/user">Go to My Account</a></li> <li><a href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#userLogin">Login to access favorites</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown" style="border:1px solid #6c6c6c;"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle navbar-ft-header" data-bs-toggle="dropdown">Recent Pages <strong class="caret"></strong></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu up recent-page-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3 col-md-offset-9 text-right" style="margin-top:-40px;"> <a class="ft-links-header purple-hover" href="https://www.twitter.com/OpticaPubsGroup" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow @OpticaPubsGroup on Twitter"> <span class="fab fa-2x fa-square-x-twitter">&nbsp;</span> </a> <a class="ft-links-header purple-hover" href="https://www.facebook.com/OpticaWorldwide" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook"> <span class="fab fa-2x fa-facebook-square">&nbsp;</span> </a> <a class="ft-links-header purple-hover" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/optica-worldwide/" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn"> <span class="fab fa-2x fa-linkedin">&nbsp;</span> </a> <a class="ft-links-header purple-hover" href="/toc_alerts_subscribe.cfm" target="_blank" aria-label="RSS Alerts"> <span class="fas fa-2x fa-rss-square">&nbsp;</span> </a> </div> </div></div> <div class="ft-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-sm-10"> &copy; Copyright 2025 | Optica Publishing Group. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies. </div> <div class="col-sm-2 ft-right"> <a class="footer-link" href="/content/info/portal/item/privacy">Privacy</a> | <a class="footer-link" href="/content/info/portal/item/termsofuse">Terms of Use</a> </div> </div> </div></footer> <div class="modal fade" id="userLogin" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog login-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header flex-row-reverse"> <button type="button" class="close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">&times;</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Login or <a href="https://account.optica.org/eweb/dynamicpage.aspx?sso=1&site=osac&webcode=loginrequired&url_success=https%3A%2F%2Fopg%2Eoptica%2Eorg%2Fprj%2Fhome%2Ecfm%3Frwjcode%3Dprj%26usertoken%3D%7Btoken%7D%26ca%3D1">Create Account</a></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <form class="form-horizontal" role="form"> <div class="alert alert-danger loginErr"></div> <div class="alert alert-warning loginLoading">Please wait...</div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="inputEmail" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Email</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <input type="email" class="form-control" id="inputEmail" placeholder="Email" autofocus> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="inputPassword" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Password</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <input type="password" class="form-control" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"> <span class="help-block"><a href="https://account.optica.org/eweb/Dynamicpage.aspx?webcode=forgotpassword&Site=osac">Forgot your password?</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"> <div class="checkbox"> <label> <input type="checkbox" id="rememberme"> Remember me on this computer </label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" id="loginButton">Login</button> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal" data-bs-target="#userLogin">Cancel</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <div class="col-xs-12" style="text-align: left"><a href="https://auth.optica.org/connect/authorize?client_id=osap&response_type=id_token token&scope=openid email profile affiliation&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fopg%2Eoptica%2Eorg%2Fdefault%2Ecfm&state=01FC3052-35D9-433A-8CEA23850E927501|https%3A%2F%2Fopg%2Eoptica%2Eorg%2Fhome%2Ecfm%3Frwjcode%3Dprj&nonce=01FC3052-35D9-433A-8CEA23850E927501&acr_values=idp:oa&response_mode=form_post">Institutional Login</a> (Optica Publishing Group participates in eduGAIN)</div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <div class="col-xs-12" style="text-align: left"><a href="https://auth.optica.org/connect/authorize?client_id=osap&response_type=id_token token&scope=openid email profile affiliation&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fopg%2Eoptica%2Eorg%2Fdefault%2Ecfm&state=01FC3052-35D9-433A-8CEA23850E927501|https%3A%2F%2Fopg%2Eoptica%2Eorg%2Fhome%2Ecfm%3Frwjcode%3Dprj&nonce=01FC3052-35D9-433A-8CEA23850E927501&acr_values=idp:oa&response_mode=form_post">China CARSI Member Access</a></div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <div class="col-xs-12" style="text-align: left"><a href="/openathens.cfm?entity=https%3A%2F%2Fpassport.escience.cn%2Fidp%2Fshibboleth">China CAoS Member Access</a></div> </div> <div class="modal-footer flex-nowrap"> <div class="col-xs-6" style="text-align: left"><a href="/info/privacy.cfm">Privacy Policy</a></div> <div class="col-xs-6"><a href="https://www.optica.org/help/">Need help?</a> <i class="fal fa-info-circle"></i></div> </div> </div><!-- /.modal-content --> </div><!-- /.modal-dialog --> </div><!-- /.modal --> </div> <!-- <script> document.write('<script src=' + ('__proto__' in {} ? 'js/vendor/zepto' : 'js/vendor/jquery') + '.js><\/script>') </script> --> <!--these are the concatenated scripts - when we're done with the JS, we should put together a cfif to serve these if it's not on development--> <!-- <script src="/js/libraries.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/js/app.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/js/full-search.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> --> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.1.js" integrity="sha256-eKhayi8LEQwp4NKxN+CfCh+3qOVUtJn3QNZ0TciWLP4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/js/vendor/jquery.autocomplete.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/vendor/selectize.js?v=11102021"></script> <script src="/js/vendor/selectize.custom.js"></script> <script src="/js/vendor/sly.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/jquery.tinysort.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/app.js?v=01162025"></script> <script src="/js/recentPages.js?v=11102021"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/purify.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha384-MrcW6ZMFYlzcLA8Nl+NtUVF0sA7MsXsP1UyJoMp4YLEuNSfAP+JcXn/tWtIaxVXM" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/js/quickpager.jquery.js"></script> <script src="/js/jquery.unveil.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.tokeninput.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.base64.js"></script> <script src="/js/search.js?v=12202024"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/underscore.js"></script> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.13.2/jquery-ui.js" integrity="sha256-xLD7nhI62fcsEZK2/v8LsBcb4lG7dgULkuXoXB/j91c=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/ApiClient.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Bus.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Config.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Constants.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Template.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Facet.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Pagination.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Results.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Search.js?v=12202024"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Topics.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Util.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search/Main.js?v=02082023"></script> <script type="module" src="/js/cookieconsent-config.js"></script> <!-- templates --> <script type="text/template" id="template-page-size-selector"> <%= selected %> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <%= unselected %> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="template-pagination-selected-page-size"> <a class="page_size_<%= size %> btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" href="#"> <%= size %> <span class="caret"></span> </a> </script> <script type="text/template" id="template-pagination-unselected-page-size"> <li><a class="page_size_<%= size %>" href="#"><%= size %></a></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-row"> <li class="sr-item"> <input type="checkbox" class="sri-select hidden-xs" name="articles" value="<%= documentUri %>" aria-label="<%= documentUri %> checkbox"/> <div class="sri-summary"> <p class="sri-title"><a href="<%= path %>abstract.cfm?uri=<%= documentUri %>&origin=search" target="_blank"><%= title %><%= videoIcon %></a></p> <span class="sri-authors"><%= authors %></span> <ul class="sri-details"> <li class="sri-year"><%= year %></li> <li class="sri-journal"><%= access%> <%= name %><strong>&nbsp; View: <%= htmlLinks %><%= pdfLinks %></strong><%= xinfo %></li> </ul> <div class="sri-toggle-extended fi-plus"> </div> </div> <div class="sri-extended"> <div class="d-flex"> <img src="<%= imgLink%>" class="sri-image" height="100" width="100" alt="" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 150px; height: auto;" onerror="this.parentNode.removeChild(this);" /> <div> <p class="sri-abstract"><%= abstract %></p> <ul class="sri-hits list-unstyled"> <%= searchHits %> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-image-result-row"> <li class="sr-item sr-item-image"> <div class="sri-summary"> <h3 class="sri-title"> <a href="<%= path %>" target="_blank"> <%= title %> </a> </h3> <span class="sri-authors"><%= authors %></span> <ul class="sri-details"> <li class="sri-year"><%= year %></li> <li class="sri-journal"><%= access %> <%= journalTitle %> <strong><%= volume %></strong>(<%= issue %>) <%=firstPage %>&nbsp; <strong>View:</strong> <a href="<%= path %>" target="_blank">Image</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sri-image-details"> <img src="<%= imgLink%>" class="sri-image" height="100" width="100" alt="<%=title%> thumbnail" loading="lazy" style="max-width: 150px; height: auto;"/> <p class="sri-abstract"> <strong>Caption:</strong>&nbsp;<%= figLabel %><%= caption %></p> </div> </li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-hit"> <li>&hellip;<%= hitText %>&hellip;</li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-snippet-highlighted"><strong><%= text %></strong></script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-snippet-xinfo"> [<%= xinfo %>]</script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-snippet-pdf"><a href="<%= pdfUri %>" target="_blank">PDF</a></script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-snippet-html"><a href="<%= htmlUri %>" target="_blank">HTML</a> | </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-element-visible">display:inline</script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-element-hidden">display:none</script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-element-nbsp">&nbsp;</script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet"> <h5 class="bg1"> <span class="float_l"> <input type="checkbox" name="chkAllFacet-<%= name %>"> <%= facetName %> </input> </span> <%= moreLink %> <a id="sortby-<%= name %>" class="sidebar_more white" href="#">Sort</a> </h5> <ul id="facet-values-<%= name %>"> <%= facetValues %> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-publications"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="publicationsAll" class="sf-select-all sf-list_input" type="checkbox" checked="checked" disabled="disabled"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="publicationsAll">All</label></li> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="facet-publications-journals" class="sf-list_input" type="checkbox" name="publications"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="facet-publications-journals">Journals <span class="facet-count">(<%= totalJournals %>)</span></label></li> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="facet-publications-proceedings" class="sf-list_input" type="checkbox" name="proceedings"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="facet-publications-proceedings">Conferences <span class="facet-count">(<%= totalProceedings %>)</span></label></li> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="facet-publications-reports" class="sf-list_input" type="checkbox" name="reports"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="facet-publications-reports">Industry Reports <span class="facet-count">(<%= totalReports %>)</span></label></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sf-module sf-journals"> <div class="row2"> <p id="facet-journal-show" class="sf-group-title collapsed" style="text-transform: none !important;">Journals</p> <div id="sortJournal" class="sf-sort"></div> </div> <div id="facet-journal-values"> </div> </div> <div class="sf-module sf-proceedings"> <div class="row2"> <p id="facet-proceeding-show" class="sf-group-title collapsed" style="text-transform: none !important;">Conferences</p> <div id="sortProceeding" class="sf-sort"></div> </div> <div id="facet-proceeding-values"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-basics"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-select-all"><input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" checked="checked" disabled="disabled"/> <label for="<%= allId %>">All</label></li> <%= values %> <li class="sf-expanded"> <a href="#" id="more-<%= allId %>" class="search-panel_more-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#modal-<%= allId %>">more <%=name%> &raquo;</a> <div class="modal full fade" id="modal-<%= allId %>"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content search"> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h3 class="modal-header search"><%= modalTitle %></h3> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-2"> <input id="input-<%= allId%>" type="text" class="form-control selectized" placeholder="(type names or look up list)" tabindex="-1" aria-label="type names or look up list"></input> <div class="selectize-control form-control multi"></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal_option-container mbottom-20 scrollable" id="moreUl-<%=allId%>"> </div> <hr> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="#" id="apply-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-primary mr-1" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Apply Filters</a> <a href="#" id="cancel-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-terms"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-select-all"> <input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" checked="checked" disabled="disabled"/> <label for="<%= allId %>">Remove all topic filters</label> </li> <%= values %> <li class="sf-expanded"> <a href="#" id="more-<%= allId %>" class="search-panel_more-link hidden-xs" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#modal-<%= allId %>">include more topics &raquo;</a> <div class="modal full fade" id="modal-<%= allId %>"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content search"> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h3 class="modal-header search">Optics &amp; Photonics Topics</h3> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-2"> <input id="input-<%= allId%>" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for a specific topic" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Search for a specific topic"></input> </div> </div> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-12"> <strong>Browse the topics:</strong> Click the <svg class="selection-list_arrow"><use xlink:href="#right-arrow" /></svg> to reveal subtopics. Use the checkbox to select a topic to filter your search. </div> </div> <div class="modal_option-container mbottom-20 scrollable" id="moreUl-<%=allId%>"> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <strong>Selected Topics</strong> </div> </div> <div id="moreSelectedList"></div> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12">&nbsp;<!-- spacing row --></div></div> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="#" id="apply-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-primary mr-1" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Add Selected Topic Filters</a> <a href="#" id="cancel-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-journal-proceedings"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-select-all"><input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" checked> <label for="<%= allId %>">All</label></li> <%= values %> <li class="sf-expanded"> <a href="#" id="more-<%= allId %>" class="search-panel_more-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#modal-<%= allId %>" class="sf-expanded-toggle">more <%=name%> &raquo;</a> <div class="modal full fade" id="modal-<%= allId %>"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content search"> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h3 class="modal-header search"><%= modalTitle%></h3> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-2"> <input id="input-<%= allId%>" type="text" class="form-control selectized" placeholder="(type names or look up list)" tabindex="-1" aria-label="type names or look up list"></input> <div class="selectize-control form-control multi"></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal_option-container mbottom-20 scrollable" id="moreUl-<%=allId%>"> </div> <hr> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="#" id="apply-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-primary mr-1" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Apply Filters</a> <a href="#" id="cancel-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-content"> <ul class="sf-list"> <%= values %> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-more-new-content"> <div class="more-columns_container"> <div class="more-columns_column"><ul class="selection-list"><%= val1%></ul></div> <div class="more-columns_column"><ul class="selection-list"><%= val2%></ul></div> <div class="more-columns_column"><ul class="selection-list"><%= val3%></ul></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-more-terms-div"> <div class="more-columns_container"> <div class="more-columns_column" id="<%= name%>-col1"><%= val%></div> <div class="more-columns_column" id="<%= name%>-col2"></div> <div class="more-columns_column" id="<%= name%>-col3"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-more-terms-list"> <ul class="selection-list"><%= val%></ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-more"> <a id="more-<%= name %>" href="#" class="sidebar_more white">More</a> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-detail"> <a href="#" id="details-link-<%= id %>" class="sidebar_more black">details</a> <ul id="details-container-<%= id %>" class="list-unstyled" style="display:none;" data-value="<%= valName %>"></ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-value"> <li class="sf-list_list-item <%= rowclass %>" style="<%= display %>"> <input type="checkbox" class="sf-list_input <%= boxstyle %>" name="chkFacet-<%= name %>" value="<%= code %>" aria-label="<%= dataValue %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" id="<%= id %>" <%= checked %> acronym="<%= acronym %>" /> <% if (hasCloseButton === true) { %> <div <% if (isbold != '') { %> class="sf-list_label sf-authors-bold" <% } else { %> class="sf-list_label" style="margin-bottom:5px"<% } %>><%= valName %><span class="facet-count"><%= valCount %></span> <span class="fal fa-times-circle facet-value_toggle purple-color"></span></div> <%= detail%> <% } else { %> <label <%= title%> for="<%= id %>" <% if (isbold != '') { %> class="sf-list_label sf-authors-bold" <% } else { %> class="sf-list_label" <% } %>><%= valName %> <span class="facet-count"><%= valCount %></span></label> <%= detail%> <% } %> </li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-term-facet-value"> <li class="selection-list_list-item" style="<%= display %>"> <input id="<%= labelid %>" class="selection-list_checkbox" type="checkbox" name="<%= name %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" <%= checked %> <%= boxstyle %>/><div class="selection-list_link" name="text-<%= name %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" <%= clazz %>><label for="<%= labelid %>" style="font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0px;"><%= valName %><% if (valCount != "") { %> <span class="more-facet-count"><%= valCount %></span><% } %></label></div><% if (isx === true) { %><a href="#" aria-label="selection expander" class="selection-list_expander <%= inputname%>-expandin"><svg class="selection-list_arrow"><use xlink:href="#right-arrow" /></svg></a><% } %> </li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-term-selected"> <div class="selected-facet" data-topic="<%= finalTopic %>"> <%= val %> <a href="#" name="selected-x" aria-label="<%= dataValue %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" count="<%= cnt %>" class="selected-facet_close" ><span class="fal fa-times-circle purple-color"></span></a> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-class"> class="" </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-style-normal"> style="font-weight:normal" </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-sort-popup"> <p> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:item-order:ascending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:item-order:ascending' > <label for='<%= name %>:item-order:ascending'><%= label %> ascending</label><br> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:item-order:descending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:item-order:descending' > <label for='<%= name %>:item-order:descending'><%= label %> descending</label><br> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:frequency-order:ascending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:frequency-order:ascending' > <label for='<%= name %>:frequency-order:ascending'>Frequency ascending</label><br> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:frequency-order:descending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:frequency-order:descending'> <label for='<%= name %>:frequency-order:descending'>Frequency descending</label> </p> </script> <script type="text/template" id="filter-selected"> <li class="label filter-tag filter-tag--<%= filterType %>"> <%= filterValue %> <a class="inline-dismiss"><span name="filterSelected" id="<%= filterId %>" class="fal fa-times purple-color" data-value="<%= filterValue %>"></span></a></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="filter-search"> <li class="filter-search label filter-tag filter-tag--<%= filterType %>"> <%= filterLabel %> <a class="inline-dismiss"><span name="filterSelected" id="<%= filterId %>" class="fal fa-times purple-color" data-value="<%= filterValue %>"></span></a></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="publication-sort-template"> <button class="sf-sort-toggle"><i class="fas fa-sort"></i><span class="sr-only">sort</span></button> <div class="sf-sort-popup"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:frequency-order:descending">Article Count</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:ascending">Alphabetical A>Z</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:descending">Alphabetical Z>A</a></li> </ul> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="author-topic-sort-template"> <button class="sf-sort-toggle"><i class="fas fa-sort"></i><span class="sr-only">sort</span></button> <div class="sf-sort-popup"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:frequency-order:descending">Article Count</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:ascending">Alphabetical A>Z</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:descending">Alphabetical Z>A</a></li> </ul> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="year-sort-template"> <button class="sf-sort-toggle"><i class="fas fa-sort"></i><span class="sr-only">sort</span></button> <div class="sf-sort-popup"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#" name="sort-year" data-value="year:item-order:descending">Newest date first</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-year" data-value="year:item-order:ascending">Oldest date first</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-year" data-value="year:frequency-order:descending">Article Count</a></li> </ul> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-pop-up-template"> <%= values%> </script> <script type="text/template" id="loading-gif-template"> <li><img style="position:center; display:none;" src="../images/ajax-loader.gif"/></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="all-plus-separator-template"> <li class="sf-select-all"><input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" > <label for="<%= allId %>">All</label></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-topic-column-header"> <div class="selection-list_header"><%= name %></div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="loader"> <div class="progress"> <div class="progress-bar progress-bar-striped active" role="progress-bar" id="progress-<%= allId %>"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $.get('/checkjs.cfm?s=SQG8MEH'); populateRecentPages(); $("img").removeClass("lazyimg").unveil(100); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaAcct = "UA-1200622-15"; function downloadJSAtOnload() { var element = document.createElement("script"); element.src = "/js/loadJS.js"; document.body.appendChild(element); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", downloadJSAtOnload, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", downloadJSAtOnload); else window.onload = downloadJSAtOnload; </script> <!-- OSAP1906 --> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10