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width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BL_Harleian_585_f_167r_Against_a_dwarf.png/330px-BL_Harleian_585_f_167r_Against_a_dwarf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/BL_Harleian_585_f_167r_Against_a_dwarf.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>First page of the XCIIIb charm, from the Lacnunga collection</figcaption></figure> <p>Three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Metrical_Charms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Metrical Charms">Anglo-Saxon metrical charms</a> "<b>Against a dwarf</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ƿið dƿeorh</i>) are contained within the <a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a>, which seek to heal an afflicted person by ridding them of a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarf</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charms">Charms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Charms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remedies_LXXXVIIc_and_LXXXVIIIc">Remedies LXXXVIIc and LXXXVIIIc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Remedies LXXXVIIc and LXXXVIIIc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The remedies LXXXVIIc and LXXXVIIIc consist of writing Christian symbols, such as crosses and both <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek letters">Greek letters</a>, along the arms of the sick person. This is then followed by mixing grated celandine<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with ale and invoking the names of saints, including the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Malo_(saint)" title="Malo (saint)">Saint Macutus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201938_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201938-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remedy_XCIIIb">Remedy XCIIIb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Remedy XCIIIb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_Harleian_585_f_167v_Against_a_dwarf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BL_Harleian_585_f_167v_Against_a_dwarf.png/200px-BL_Harleian_585_f_167v_Against_a_dwarf.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BL_Harleian_585_f_167v_Against_a_dwarf.png/300px-BL_Harleian_585_f_167v_Against_a_dwarf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/BL_Harleian_585_f_167v_Against_a_dwarf.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Second page of the XCIIIb charm, from the Lacnunga collection</figcaption></figure> <p>Remedy XCIIIb is the most detailed of the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ƿið Dƿeorh</i></span> charms, consisting of writing the names of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sleepers of Ephesus">Seven Sleepers of Ephesus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Communion wafers</a> before reciting a <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">galdor</a></i></span>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="ang" class="poem"> <p>Wið dweorh: man sceal niman .VII. lytle oflætan swylce man mid ofrað ⁊ wri[t]an þas naman on ælcre oflætan: maximianus malchus. iohannes. Martinianus. dionisius. con-stantinus. serafion. þænne eft þæt galdor þæt [man] her æfter cweð[eð] man sceal singan, ærest on þæt wynstre eare, þænne on þæt swiðre eare, þænne [b]ufan þæs mannes moldan; ⁊ ga þænne an mædenman to ⁊ ho hit on his sweoran, ⁊do man swa þry dagas. him bið sona sel.<br /> <br /> Her com ingangan inspiden wiht.<br /> Hæfde him his haman on handa; cwæð þæt þu his hæncgest wære.<br /> Leg[d]e þe his teage [o]n sweoran; ongunnan him of þæm lande liþan.<br /> Sona swa hy of þæm lande coman þa ongunnan him þa [leomu] colian.<br /> Þa com ingangan deores sweostar.<br /> Þa geændode heo ⁊ aðas swor<br /> ðæt næfre þis ðæm adlegan [egl]ian ne moste<br /> ne þæm þe þis galdor begytan mihte<br /> oððe þe þis galdor ongalan cuðe.<br /> Amen fia[t]. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Against dwarf: one must take seven small wafers such as are used for Communion, and write these names on each wafer: Maximianus, Malchus, Johannes, Martinianus, Diony-sius, Constantinus, Seraphion. Then, next, the spell that is quoted hereafter is to be sung, first in the left ear then in the right ear, then above the man’s head; and then let a virgin approach and hang it on his neck, and let this been done in this way for three days. It will go better with him directly.<br /> <br /> Here came to enter an inspiden <a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">creature</a>.<br /> He had his harness in his hand; said that you were his steed.<br /> Laid his reins upon your neck; they began then to depart from the land.<br /> As soon as they had come from the land then his [limbs] began to cool.<br /> Then there came to enter the sister of the beast.<br /> Then she made an end of it, and swore oaths,<br /> that never should this thing [afflict] the patient,<br /> or the one who was able to obtain this spell<br /> or who knows how to chant this spell.<br /> Amen, let it be'. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Hines Translation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It has been noted that several components of this charm suggest that it was old at the time of its recording, such as the use of the word "<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">inspiden</i></span>", which would have had no clear meaning at the time of writing, and a lack of an alliterating vowel where expected in line 5 of the galdor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201939_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201939-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_and_discussion">Interpretation and discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretation and discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ƿið Dƿeorh</i></span> charms form part of a wider <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tradition that links dwarfs to the onset of sickness, also attested in the 8th century CE <a href="/wiki/Ribe_skull_fragment" title="Ribe skull fragment">Ribe skull fragment</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Near_Fakenham_plaque" title="Near Fakenham plaque">lead plaque found near Fakenham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> dating to the 8th–11th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordström202120–21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordström202120–21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201940_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201940-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this cultural context, it has been argued that attempting to discriminate between the dwarf and the disease it is causing is not necessarily helpful, given that the banishing or killing of the harmful dwarf also is believed to lead to recovery from the sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2009206–207_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009206–207-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that the sickness in question is related to sleeping because of the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers" title="Seven Sleepers">Seven Sleepers</a> in the charm. According to one source, "The names of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus occur in various charms of the Middle Ages. They are usually, as might be expected, to secure sleep, but in some cases are to be employed against fever".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conception of the dwarf in remedy XCIIIb has been proposed to link to the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a>, a harmful being in Germanic folklore that is the root of the word "<a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmare</a>" and has been equated with the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>. According to this theory, the dwarf in this charm is a manifestation of a night monster, as dwarfs were linked to the idea of harmful spirits and thought to be capable of causing physical harm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarity between the dwarf in XCIIIb and mares in medieval and later <a href="/wiki/Germanic_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic folklore">Germanic folklore</a> is further seen in the conception of both beings riding their victims, causing symptoms such as injury, hallucinations and fevers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2009207_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009207-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_charm" title="Canterbury charm">Canterbury charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvinneby_amulet" title="Kvinneby amulet">Kvinneby amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtuna_amulet_I" title="Sigtuna amulet I">Sigtuna amulet I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source does not specify whether this refers to <i><a href="/wiki/Chelidonium_majus" title="Chelidonium majus">chelidonium majus</a></i> (greater celandine) or <i><a href="/wiki/Ficaria_verna" title="Ficaria verna">ficaria verna</a></i> (lesser celandine), both of which are native to Europe and used in herbal remedies.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201938-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201938_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHines2019">Hines 2019</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201938–39_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHines2019">Hines 2019</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201939-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201939_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHines2019">Hines 2019</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordström202120–21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordström202120–21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordström2021">Nordström 2021</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201940-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHines201940_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHines2019">Hines 2019</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009206–207-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2009206–207_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2009">Hall 2009</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2008_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2008">Schmidt 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2005">Lewis 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2009207-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2009207_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2009">Hall 2009</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Alaric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asclepio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/asclepio/article/view/278">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Þur sarriþu þursa trutin": Monster-Fighting and Medicine in Early Medieval Scandinavia"</a>. <i>Asclepio</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2009.v61.i1.278">10.3989/asclepio.2009.v61.i1.278</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19753693">19753693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asclepio&rft.atitle=%22%C3%9Eur+sarri%C3%BEu+%C3%BEursa+trutin%22%3A+Monster-Fighting+and+Medicine+in+Early+Medieval+Scandinavia&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fasclepio.2009.v61.i1.278&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19753693&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasclepio.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fasclepio%2Farticle%2Fview%2F278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgainst+a+dwarf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHines2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hines, John (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110630961-003">"Anglo-Saxon Micro-Texts - Practical Runic Literacy in the Late Anglo-Saxon Period: Inscriptions on Lead Sheet"</a>. <i>Anglia Book Series</i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110630961-003">10.1515/9783110630961-003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165389048">165389048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglia+Book+Series&rft.atitle=Anglo-Saxon+Micro-Texts+-+Practical+Runic+Literacy+in+the+Late+Anglo-Saxon+Period%3A+Inscriptions+on+Lead+Sheet&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110630961-003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165389048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252F9783110630961-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgainst+a+dwarf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2005" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Matthew C. G. (thesis) (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724133237/http://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/11287/lewis_matthew_c_200905_ma.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Dreaming of Dwarves: Anglo-Saxon Dream Theory, Nightmares, and the Wið Dweorh Charm</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, University of Georgia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/11287/lewis_matthew_c_200905_ma.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 24, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreaming+of+Dwarves%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Dream+Theory%2C+Nightmares%2C+and+the+Wi%C3%B0+Dweorh+Charm&rft.place=University+of+Georgia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.+G.+%28thesis%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fathenaeum.libs.uga.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10724%2F11287%2Flewis_matthew_c_200905_ma.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgainst+a+dwarf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNordström2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nordström, Jackie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357888461">"Dvärgen på Ribekraniet"</a>. <i>Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi</i> (in Swedish). <b>136</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.atitle=Dv%C3%A4rgen+p%C3%A5+Ribekraniet&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Nordstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F357888461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgainst+a+dwarf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2008" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Claire (thesis) (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/5645/research.pdf?sequence=3"><i>Sleeping Toward Christianity: The Form and Function of the Seven Sleepers Legend in Medieval British Oral Tradition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, University of Missouri-Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleeping+Toward+Christianity%3A+The+Form+and+Function+of+the+Seven+Sleepers+Legend+in+Medieval+British+Oral+Tradition&rft.place=University+of+Missouri-Columbia&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Claire+%28thesis%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospace.umsystem.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10355%2F5645%2Fresearch.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgainst+a+dwarf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Twelve_Extant_Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The Twelve Extant <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Anglo-Saxon metrical charms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Charms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Against a Dwarf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_a_Wen" title="Against a Wen">Against a Wen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Charm" title="A Journey Charm">A Journey Charm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_Swarm_of_Bees" title="For a Swarm of Bees">For a Swarm of Bees</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Loss_or_Theft_of_Cattle" title="For Loss or Theft of Cattle">For Loss or Theft of Cattle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Delayed_Birth" title="For Delayed Birth">For Delayed Birth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Water-Elf_Disease" title="For Water-Elf Disease">For Water-Elf Disease</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bald%27s_Leechbook" title="Bald's Leechbook">Bald's Leechbook</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft_in_Britain225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magic_and_Witchcraft_in_the_British_Isles" title="Template:Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magic_and_Witchcraft_in_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magic_and_Witchcraft_in_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft_in_Britain225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> in Britain</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk magic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Anglo-Saxon metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetia" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy,_the_Witch_of_Sible_Hedingham" title="Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham">Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murrell" title="James Murrell">James Murrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickingill" title="George Pickingill">George Pickingill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_et_Omega" title="Alpha et Omega">Alpha et Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Brotherhood_of_Luxor" title="Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor">Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">O∴A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Inner_Light" title="Society of the Inner Light">Society of the Inner Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Carroll" title="Peter J. Carroll">Peter J. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Chumbley" title="Andrew D. Chumbley">Andrew Chumbley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Hine" title="Phil Hine">Phil Hine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">James Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers" title="Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers">Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Montalban" title="Madeline Montalban">Madeline Montalban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Osman_Spare" title="Austin Osman Spare">Austin Osman Spare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">A. E. Waite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Early Modern<br /> witchcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft in early modern Scotland">In Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">In Wales</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Witches" title="Windsor Witches">Windsor Witches</a> <ul><li>1579</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Warboys" title="Witches of Warboys">Witches of Warboys</a> <ul><li>1589–1593</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a> <ul><li>1590</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_witch_trials_of_1596-1597" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen witch trials of 1596-1597">Aberdeen witch trials</a> <ul><li>1596–1597</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendle_witches" title="Pendle witches">Pendle witches</a> <ul><li>1612</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_witch_trials" title="Northamptonshire witch trials">Northamptonshire witch trials</a> <ul><li>1612</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samlesbury_witches" title="Samlesbury witches">Samlesbury witches</a> <ul><li>1612</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Belvoir" title="Witches of Belvoir">Witches of Belvoir</a> <ul><li>1619</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_witch_trials" title="Bury St Edmunds witch trials">Bury St Edmunds witch trials</a> <ul><li>1645, 1662, 1655, 1694</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloa_witches" title="Alloa witches">Alloa witches</a> <ul><li>1658</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford_witch_trial" title="Bideford witch trial">Bideford witch trial</a> <ul><li>1684</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_witches" title="Paisley witches">Paisley witches</a> <ul><li>1696</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittenweem_witches" title="Pittenweem witches">Pittenweem witches</a> <ul><li>1704</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandmagee_witch_trial" title="Islandmagee witch trial">Islandmagee witch trial</a> <ul><li>1711</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accused<br />witches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilias_Adie" title="Lilias Adie">Lilias Adie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aitken_(witch)" title="Margaret Aitken (witch)">Margaret Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Balfour" title="Allison Balfour">Allison Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bane" title="Margaret Bane">Margaret Bane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barclay" title="Margaret Barclay">Margaret Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_Blair" title="Magdalene Blair">Magdalene Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Boyman" title="Janet Boyman">Janet Boyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burges" title="Margaret Burges">Margaret Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Campbell_(accused_witch)" title="Katherine Campbell (accused witch)">Katherine Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Douglas,_Lady_Glamis" title="Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis">Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Dow" title="Meg Dow">Meg Dow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Duchill" title="Margaret Duchill">Margaret Duchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geillis_Duncan" title="Geillis Duncan">Geillis Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dunholm" title="Margaret Dunholm">Margaret Dunholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Dunlop_of_Lynn" title="Bessie Dunlop of Lynn">Bessie Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Elliot" title="Isobel Elliot">Isobel Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issobell_Fergussone" title="Issobell Fergussone">Issobell Fergussone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fian" title="John Fian">John Fian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Finnie" title="Agnes Finnie">Agnes Finnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Galt" title="Maud Galt">Maud Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormshuil_Mh%C3%B2r_na_Maighe" title="Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe">Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Gowdie" title="Isobel Gowdie">Isobel Gowdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Guthrie_(Accused_Witch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Guthrie (Accused Witch)">Helen Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_ferch_Ellis" title="Gwen ferch Ellis">Gwen ferch Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Horne" title="Janet Horne">Janet Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grissel_Jaffray" title="Grissel Jaffray">Grissel Jaffray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geillis_Johnstone" title="Geillis Johnstone">Geillis Johnstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hicks_(alleged_witch)" title="Mary Hicks (alleged witch)">Mary Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Lamont" title="Marie Lamont">Marie Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Leslie" title="Beatrix Leslie">Beatrix Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphame_MacCalzean" title="Euphame MacCalzean">Euphame MacCalzean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elspeth_McEwen" title="Elspeth McEwen">Elspeth McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Mar" title="Violet Mar">Violet Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Napier" title="Barbara Napier">Barbara Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Nutter_(alleged_witch)" title="Alice Nutter (alleged witch)">Alice Nutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pannal" title="Mary Pannal">Mary Pannal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Pearson_(accused_witch)" title="Alison Pearson (accused witch)">Alison Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_and_Lachlan_Rattray" title="George and Lachlan Rattray">George and Lachlan Rattray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elspeth_Reoch" title="Elspeth Reoch">Elspeth Reoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Sampson" title="Agnes Sampson">Agnes Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobell_Shyrie" title="Isobell Shyrie">Isobell Shyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Stivenson" title="Bessie Stivenson">Bessie Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Tait" title="Anna Tait">Anna Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaple_Thomsone" title="Annaple Thomsone">Annaple Thomsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marioun_Twedy" title="Marioun Twedy">Marioun Twedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issobell_Young" title="Issobell Young">Issobell Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Walker" title="Marion Walker">Marion Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Watsone" title="Beatrix Watsone">Beatrix Watsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Weir" title="Jane Weir">Jane Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weir" title="Thomas Weir">Major Thomas Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Wishart" title="Janet Wishart">Janet Wishart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Wright" title="Bessie Wright">Bessie Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witch hunters and<br />Witch-prickers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Caldwell" title="Christian Caldwell">Christian Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kincaid_(witch-pricker)" title="John Kincaid (witch-pricker)">John Kincaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neopagan<br />witches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Williamson" title="Cecil Williamson">Cecil Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />witchcraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Last_person_imprisoned_underthe_Witchcraft_Act_173559" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last person imprisoned under<br />the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments<br />and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Well,_Edinburgh" title="Witches' Well, Edinburgh">Witches' Well, Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Wall" title="Maggie Wall">Maggie Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_English_poetry67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_English_poetry" title="Template:Old English poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_English_poetry" title="Template talk:Old English poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_English_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old English poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_English_poetry67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature#Poetry" title="Old English literature">Old English poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nowell_Codex" title="Nowell Codex">Nowell Codex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judith_(poem)" title="Judith (poem)">Judith</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junius_manuscript" title="Junius manuscript">Junius MS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_A" title="Genesis A">Genesis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genesis_B" title="Genesis B">B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(Old_English_poem)" title="Daniel (Old English poem)">Daniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_Satan" title="Christ and Satan">Christ and Satan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vercelli_Book" title="Vercelli Book">Vercelli Book</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andreas_(poem)" title="Andreas (poem)">Andreas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fates_of_the_Apostles" title="The Fates of the Apostles">The Fates of the Apostles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soul_and_Body" title="Soul and Body">Soul and Body I</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of the Rood">Dream of the Rood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elene_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elene (poem)">Elene</a></i></li> <li>"Homiletic Fragment I"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book" title="Exeter Book">Exeter Book</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_I" title="Christ I">Christ I</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_II" title="Christ II">Christ II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_III" title="Christ III">Christ III</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Guthlac_poems_A_and_B" title="Guthlac poems A and B">Guthlac A, B</a>"</li> <li>"Azarias"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(Old_English_poem)" title="The Phoenix (Old English poem)">The Phoenix</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Juliana_(poem)" title="Juliana (poem)">Juliana</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Old_English_poem)" title="The Wanderer (Old English poem)">The Wanderer</a>"</li> <li>"The Gifts of Men"</li> <li>"Precepts"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Seafarer_(poem)" title="The Seafarer (poem)">The Seafarer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vainglory_(Old_English_poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vainglory (Old English poem)">Vainglory</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Men" title="The Fortunes of Men">The Fortunes of Men</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maxims_(Old_English_poems)" title="Maxims (Old English poems)">Maxims I</a>"</li> <li>"The Order of the World"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rhyming_Poem" title="The Rhyming Poem">The Rhyming Poem</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Panther_(Old_English_poem)" title="The Panther (Old English poem)">The Panther</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aspidochelone#In_The_Whale" title="Aspidochelone">The Whale</a>"</li> <li>"The Partridge"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soul_and_Body" title="Soul and Body">Soul and Body II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer" title="Wulf and Eadwacer">Wulf and Eadwacer</a>"</li> <li>Riddles <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_riddles" title="Anglo-Saxon riddles">1–59</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wife%27s_Lament" title="The Wife's Lament">The Wife's Lament</a>"</li> <li>"The Judgment Day I"</li> <li>"Resignation"</li> <li>"The Descent into Hell"</li> <li>"Alms-Giving"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_(Old_English_poem)" title="Pharaoh (Old English poem)">Pharaoh</a>"</li> <li>"The Lord's Prayer I"</li> <li>"Homiletic Fragment II"</li> <li>Riddle <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book_Riddle_30" title="Exeter Book Riddle 30">30b</a></li> <li>Riddle <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book_Riddle_60" title="Exeter Book Riddle 60">60</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Husband%27s_Message" title="The Husband's Message">The Husband's Message</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ruin" title="The Ruin">The Ruin</a>"</li> <li>Riddles <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_riddles" title="Anglo-Saxon riddles">61–95</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a>"</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Against a dwarf</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Against_a_Wen" title="Against a Wen">Against a Wen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Charm" title="A Journey Charm">A Journey Charm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_a_Swarm_of_Bees" title="For a Swarm of Bees">For a Swarm of Bees</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_Loss_or_Theft_of_Cattle" title="For Loss or Theft of Cattle">For Loss or Theft of Cattle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_Delayed_Birth" title="For Delayed Birth">For Delayed Birth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_Water-Elf_Disease" title="For Water-Elf Disease">For Water-Elf Disease</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Chronicle</a> poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">Battle of Brunanburh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Five_Boroughs" title="Capture of the Five Boroughs">Capture of the Five Boroughs</a>"</li> <li>"The Coronation of Edgar"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_King_Edgar" title="The Death of King Edgar">The Death of King Edgar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Alfred" title="The Death of Alfred">The Death of Alfred</a>"</li> <li>"The Death of Edward"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_King_William" title="The Rime of King William">The Rime of King William</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Old_English_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old English Boethius">Metres of Boethius</a>"</li> <li>"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnsburh Fragment</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere A, B</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Maldon" title="The Battle of Maldon">The Battle of Maldon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Durham_(poem)" title="Durham (poem)">Durham</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_English_rune_poem" title="Old English rune poem">Rune poem</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">Solomon and Saturn</a></i></li> <li>"The Menologium"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maxims_(Old_English_poems)" title="Maxims (Old English poems)">Maxims II</a>"</li> <li>"Proverb from Winfrid's time"</li> <li>"Judgment Day II"</li> <li>"An Exhortation to Christian Living"</li> <li>"A Summons to Prayer"</li> <li>"The Lord's Prayer II"</li> <li>"The Gloria I"</li> <li>"The Lord's Prayer III"</li> <li>"The Creed"</li> <li>"Old English Psalms" (fragments)</li> <li>"The Kentish Hymn"</li> <li>"Psalm 50"</li> <li>"The Gloria II"</li> <li>"A Prayer"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thureth" title="Thureth">Thureth</a>"</li> <li>"Aldhelm"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_for_Fasting" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seasons for Fasting">The Seasons for Fasting</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon%27s_Hymn" title="Cædmon's Hymn">Cædmon's "Hymn"</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bede%27s_Death_Song" title="Bede's Death Song">Bede's Death Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leiden_Riddle" title="Leiden Riddle">Leiden Riddle</a>"</li> <li>"Latin-English Proverbs"</li> <li>Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's <i>Hierdeboc</i></li> <li>Metrical Preface to <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rferth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wærferth">Wærferth</a>'s translation of the <i>Dialogues</i></li> <li>Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cross" title="Brussels Cross">Brussels Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross" title="Ruthwell Cross">Ruthwell Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynewulf" title="Cynewulf">Cynewulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasts_of_battle" title="Beasts of battle">Beasts of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennings">Kennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&oldid=1254701816">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_a_dwarf&oldid=1254701816</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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