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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محكمة كنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محكمة كنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lez_an_Iliz" title="Lez an Iliz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lez an Iliz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrkevn%C3%AD_soud" title="Církevní soud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Církevní soud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchengericht" title="Kirchengericht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirchengericht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εκκλησιαστικό δικαστήριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκλησιαστικό δικαστήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_eclesi%C3%A1stico" title="Tribunal eclesiástico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tribunal eclesiástico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_eccl%C3%A9siastique" title="Tribunal ecclésiastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tribunal ecclésiastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90%EC%86%8C" title="교회재판소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교회재판소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crkveni_sud" title="Crkveni sud – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crkveni sud" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengadilan_gereja" title="Pengadilan gereja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengadilan gereja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvasinis_teismas" title="Dvasinis teismas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dvasinis teismas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkelijke_rechtbank" title="Kerkelijke rechtbank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerkelijke rechtbank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85d_ko%C5%9Bcielny" title="Sąd kościelny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sąd kościelny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_eclesi%C3%A1stico" title="Tribunal eclesiástico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tribunal eclesiástico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Церковный суд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Церковный суд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecclesiastical court" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Церковний суд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Церковний суд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1640717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>ecclesiastical court</b>, also called <b>court Christian</b> or <b>court spiritual</b>, is any of certain non-adversarial <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> conducted by church-approved officials having <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> mainly in spiritual or religious matters. Historically, they interpret or apply <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, a basis of which was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>, which is also considered the source of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal tradition. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, these courts had much wider powers in many areas of Europe than after the development of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>, including family law, equitable relief, probate, and cases involving priests or religious or public heretics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_courts">Medieval courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medieval courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secular courts in medieval times were numerous and decentralized: each secular division (king, prince, duke, lord, abbot or bishop as landholder, manor,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city, forest, market, etc.) could have their own courts, <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiffs</a> and gaols<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with arbitrary and unrecorded procedures, including in Northern Europe <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, and in England <a href="/wiki/History_of_trial_by_jury_in_England" title="History of trial by jury in England">trial by jury</a>. </p><p>Ecclesiastical courts generally followed the better regulated <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">inquisition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusation" title="Accusation">accusation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denunciation" title="Denunciation">denunciation</a> judicial procedures. In medieval times, they had a very wide jurisdiction including family law and <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> disputes,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>, defamation,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> failure to observe holy days,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cases involving priests and religious communities and individuals or public heretics. </p><p>In Britain, secular courts that took over the functions of the Ecclesiastic courts, e.g. in family law, are still known as <i>Courts Ecclesiastical</i> as distinct from <i>Courts Temporal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_Church_(Modern)"><span id="Catholic_Church_.28Modern.29"></span>Catholic Church (Modern)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catholic Church (Modern)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice,_canon_law.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scale of justice"><img alt="Scale of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Canon law of the Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the<br />Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><i>Ius vigens</i> (current law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_corde_Ecclesiae" title="Ex corde Ecclesiae">Ex corde Ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_Doctrina" title="Indulgentiarum Doctrina">Indulgentiarum Doctrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praedicate_evangelium" title="Praedicate evangelium">Praedicate evangelium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li>Documents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus">Christus Dominus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius">Optatam totius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium ecclesiarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis">Presbyterorum ordinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precepts_of_the_Church" title="Precepts of the Church">Precepts of the Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jus_antiquum" title="Jus antiquum">Jus antiquum</a></b></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 33</span>-1140) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">The Apostolic Constitutions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Canons of the Apostles</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_of_ancient_canons" title="Collections of ancient canons">Collections of ancient canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">Collectiones canonum Dionysianae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_quadripartita" title="Collectio canonum quadripartita">Collectio canonum quadripartita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Quesnelliana" title="Collectio canonum Quesnelliana">Collectio canonum Quesnelliana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Wigorniensis" title="Collectio canonum Wigorniensis">Collectio canonum Wigorniensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmachian_forgeries" title="Symmachian forgeries">Symmachian forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Lay investiture controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libertas_ecclesiae" title="Libertas ecclesiae">Libertas ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plenitudo_potestatis" title="Plenitudo potestatis">Plenitudo potestatis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i><b>Jus novum</b></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1140</span>-1563) </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Canonici" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Corpus Juris Canonici</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretist" title="Decretist">Decretist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaritae" title="Margaritae">Margaritae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">Jus commune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretales_Gregorii_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretales Gregorii IX">Decretals of Gregory IX</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretalist" title="Decretalist">Decretalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regul%C3%A6_Juris#Catholic_canonical_use" title="Regulæ Juris">Regulæ Juris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extravagantes" title="Extravagantes">Extravagantes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Septimus" title="Liber Septimus">Liber Septimus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i><b>Jus novissimum</b></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1563</span>-1918) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_Deus_(Pius_IV)" title="Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)"><i>Benedictus Deus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_Sedis_moderationi" title="Apostolicae Sedis moderationi">Apostolicae Sedis moderationi</a></i></li></ul> <p><i><b>Jus codicis</b></i> (1918-present) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Sanctae" title="Ecclesiae Sanctae">Ecclesiae Sanctae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li></ul> <p>Other </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contractum_trinius" title="Contractum trinius">Contractum trinius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_judge-delegate" title="Papal judge-delegate">Papal judge-delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_Option" title="Right of Option">Right of option</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomocanon" title="Nomocanon">Nomocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Exarch">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">Latin Church <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">Mysterii Paschalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicam_sacram" title="Musicam sacram">Musicam sacram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scripturarum_thesaurus" title="Scripturarum thesaurus">Scripturarum thesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liturgiam_authenticam" title="Liturgiam authenticam">Liturgiam authenticam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mass" title="Red Mass">Red Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacramental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844"><i>Communicatio in sacris</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">Ex opere operato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments in the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Defect of birth">Defect of birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Nullity of Sacred Ordination</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimissorial_letters" title="Dimissorial letters">Dimissorial letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator#Catholic_Church" title="Consecrator">Episcopal consecrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approbation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Approbation (Catholic canon law)">Approbation (Catholic canon law)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Confession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_canons" title="Penitential canons">Penitential canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenitentiale_Theodori" title="Paenitentiale Theodori">Paenitentiale Theodori</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional in the Catholic Church">Seal of the Confessional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_and_external_forum_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal and external forum (Catholic canon law)">Internal and external forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_on_the_importance_of_the_internal_forum_and_the_inviolability_of_the_Sacramental_Seal" title="Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal">Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_penitentiary" title="Canon penitentiary">Canon penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_Poenitentiae" title="Sacramentum Poenitentiae">Sacramentum Poenitentiae</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebret" title="Celebret">Celebret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sacramental#Catholic" title="Sacramental">Sacramentals</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_doctrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgentiarum doctrina">Indulgentiarum doctrina</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Sacred places </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">Altars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">Minor basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)#Catholic_Church" title="Oratory (worship)">Oratory</a> (chapel)</li></ul> <p>Sacred times </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Fast days and abstinence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenitemini" title="Paenitemini">Paenitemini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimonial law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Canonical form (Latin Church) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ne_Temere" title="Ne Temere">Ne Temere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Declaration of Nullity</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetitum" title="Vetitum">Vetitum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediments to Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Clandestinity (Catholic canon law)">Clandestinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_of_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Impediment of crime">Impediment of crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparity_of_cult" title="Disparity of cult">Disparity of cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamen" title="Ligamen">Ligamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_propriety" title="Public propriety">Public propriety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimonial dispensation">Matrimonial dispensation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratum_sed_non_consummatum" title="Ratum sed non consummatum">Ratum sed non consummatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Validation_of_marriage" title="Validation of marriage">Sanatio in radice</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme authority, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular<br />churches</a>, and canonical structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><b>Supreme authority of the Church</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Conference of bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Churches <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui juris</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li>Local particular churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of bishops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Abbacy <i>nullius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicariate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese (Roman Catholic)">Diocese/Archdiocese</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeque_principaliter" title="Aeque principaliter">Aeque principaliter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_persona_episcopi" title="In persona episcopi">In persona episcopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Diocesan Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_chancery#Catholic_dioceses" title="Diocesan chancery">Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar forane">Vicar forane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)#Patriarchal_curia" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Eparchal curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">Mission <i>sui juris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic persons</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_of_priests_in_solidum" title="Team of priests in solidum">Team of priests <i>in solidum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeism" title="Trusteeism">Lay trusteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Pontifical council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_membership_of_Opus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of membership of Opus Dei">Types of membership of Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Association of the Christian faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquennial_visit_ad_limina" title="Quinquennial visit ad limina">Quinquennial visit ad limina</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Jurisprudence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_coronation" title="Canonical coronation">Canonical coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonically_crowned_images" title="List of canonically crowned images">Canonically crowned images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computation_of_time_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Computation of time (Catholic canon law)">Computation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delegata_potestas_non_potest_delegari" title="Delegata potestas non potest delegari">Delegata potestas non potest delegari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">Derogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Dispensation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxa_Innocentiana" title="Taxa Innocentiana">Taxa Innocentiana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indult" title="Indult">Indult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Donation (Catholic canon law)">Donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">Interpretation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obreption_and_subreption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Obreption and subreption (Catholic canon law)">Obreption & subreption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrogation" title="Obrogation">Obrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Resignation of the Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony#Catholic_Church" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacatio_legis" title="Vacatio legis">Vacatio legis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">Visitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Temporal goods (property)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefice#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Benefice">Benefice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Contract (Catholic canon law)">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altarage" title="Altarage">Stole fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporalities" title="Temporalities">Temporalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Person (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_act_of_defection_from_the_Catholic_Church" title="Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church">Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Canonical age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_emancipation" title="Ecclesiastical emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Exemption (Catholic canon law)">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy</a></li></ul> <p>Clerics </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">Regular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Clerics and public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">Incardination and excardination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (dispensation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Canonical faculties</a></li></ul> <p>Office </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_provision" title="Canonical provision">Canonical provision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_election" title="Canonical election">Canonical election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic and physical persons</a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">Jus patronatus</a></i></li></ul> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a> </p> <br /><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Canonical documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctae_Sedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Sanctae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Censor librorum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Notary (Catholic canon law)">Notary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">Decretal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">Motu proprio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(canon_law)#Catholic_Church" title="Ordinance (canon law)">Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">Papal brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">Penitential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_positive_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_rescripts" title="Papal rescripts">Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Penal law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1324" title="Canon 1324">Canon 1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1397_%C2%A72" title="Canon 1397 §2">Canon 1397 §2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Censure (Catholic canon law)">Censure (Catholic canon law)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_delictis_gravioribus" title="De delictis gravioribus">De delictis gravioribus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimen_sollicitationis" title="Crimen sollicitationis">Crimen sollicitationis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">Excommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excommunicable_offences_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church">List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cardinals_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (penal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae_and_ferendae_sententiae" title="Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae"><i>Latae sententiae</i> and <i>ferendae sententiae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_prayer_and_penance" title="Life of prayer and penance">Lifetime of prayer and penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_admonitions" title="Canonical admonitions">Canonical admonitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_prison" title="Ecclesiastical prison">Ecclesiastical prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Procedural law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><i>Pars statica</i> (tribunals & ministers/parties) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Roman_Catholic_Church">Tribunals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Tribunal of the Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ministers of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial Vicar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Procurator (Catholic canon law)">Procurator</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Pars dynamica</i> (trial procedure) </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i> (matrimonial causes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_as_from_an_abuse" title="Appeal as from an abuse">Appeal as from an abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Presumption (Catholic canon law)">Presumption</a></li> <li>Penal procedure <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Canonization#Catholic_Church" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate"><i>Advocatus Diaboli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oblatio_vitae" title="Oblatio vitae">Oblatio vitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Positio" title="Positio">Positio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification_and_canonization_process_in_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatification and canonization process in 1914">Beatification and canonization process in 1914</a></li></ul> <p>Election of the Roman Pontiff </p> <ul><li>Current law <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">Jus exclusivae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_appointment" title="Papal appointment">Papal appointment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quia_propter" title="Quia propter">Quia propter</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal practice and scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canon_law_legal_abbreviations_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canon law legal abbreviations (Catholic canon law)">List of legal abbreviations</a></li></ul> <p>Academic degrees </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">Doctor of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">Doctor of both laws</a></li></ul> <p>Journals and Professional Societies </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Law_Society_of_America" title="Canon Law Society of America">Canon Law Society of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jurist_(journal)" title="The Jurist (journal)">The Jurist</a></i></li></ul> <p>Faculties of canon law </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Canon Law">School of Canon Law</a></li></ul> <p>Canonists </p> <ul><li>Medieval <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Segusio" title="Henry of Segusio">Hostiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lemoine" title="Jean Lemoine">Jean Lemoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond of Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_(decretist)" title="Rufinus (decretist)">Rufinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke" title="Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke">Johannes Teutonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Trani" title="Geoffrey of Trani">Geoffrey of Trani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchard_of_Worms" title="Burchard of Worms">Burchard of Worms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocard_(law)" title="Brocard (law)">Brocard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Modern & Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Corecco" title="Eugenio Corecco">Eugenio Corecco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Faris" title="John D. Faris">John D. Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Orsy" title="Ladislas Orsy">Ladislas Orsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclaustration" title="Exclaustration">Exclaustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_Conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestation of Conscience">Manifestation of Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_erection_of_a_house_of_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical erection of a house of religious">Canonical erection of a house of religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">Pontifical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_diocesan_right" title="Congregation of diocesan right">Diocesan right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institute of consecrated life</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism#Roman_Catholicism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics regular">Clerics regular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_Sanctissimus" title="Cum Sanctissimus">Cum Sanctissimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primo_Feliciter" title="Primo Feliciter">Primo Feliciter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provida_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Provida Mater Ecclesia">Provida Mater Ecclesia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_laudis" title="Decretum laudis">Decretum laudis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #e30202; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Medieval Church-State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval Communalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Davila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez y Pelayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. 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title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a 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Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuara">Tacuara</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tribunals of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> are governed by the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> in the case of the Western Church (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> (Byzantine, Ukrainian, Maronite, Melkite, etc.). Both systems of canon law underwent general revisions in the late 20th century, resulting in the new code for the Latin Church in 1983, and the compilation for the first time of the Eastern Code in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_instance">First instance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First instance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This subsection <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ecclesiastical_court" title="Talk:Ecclesiastical court">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ecclesiastical+court%22">"Ecclesiastical court"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ecclesiastical+court%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ecclesiastical+court%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ecclesiastical+court%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ecclesiastical+court%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ecclesiastical+court%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cases normally originate in the tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a> (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchy</a>) of the parties to the case. This tribunal in canon law is called the <i>tribunal of first instance</i>. The bishop of the church possesses the power to judge for his church; however, since the bishop has many different duties in his diocese, most cases are handled by <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> whom he appoints, led by a priest known as the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">judicial vicar</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Officialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Officialis">officialis</a></i>. </p><p>A single judge can handle normal contentious and penal cases. A college of at least three judges, however, must try cases involving an excommunication, the dismissal of a <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">cleric</a>, or the annulment of the bond of marriage or of sacred ordination (can. 1425 §1). The bishop can assign up to five judges to a case that is very difficult or important (can. 1425 §2). Otherwise, the judicial vicar assigns cases to the judges and, in those cases which require three or more judges, presides over the panel or assigns one of his assistant judicial vicars to preside, if there are any. The judicial vicar and the assistant judicial vicars must be <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> with <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorates</a> or at least <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>. The other judges need only be <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a> with licentiates, but the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conference</a> can permit members of the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> with the same academic qualifications to serve as judges on a panel. </p><p>There are other officers of the tribunal. The promoter of justice, for instance, is a canon lawyer whose job is to represent the diocese as the prosecutor in penal cases and who also can intervene in contentious cases if they concern the "public good", acting as a watch dog for the people of the diocese. Another important officer is the defender of the bond, another canon lawyer whose job is to present reasons to the tribunal why a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> is valid in cases of alleged nullity and why an <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> is valid in the rare cases of alleged nullity of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a>. The tribunal also has notaries who swear in witnesses and commit their testimony to writing. Parties in a case have the right to appoint an advocate who can argue for them at the tribunal. If a person cannot afford an advocate, the tribunal can assign one to them free of charge. </p><p>Unlike courts of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> tradition, ecclesiastical tribunals do not follow the <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a>. Based on the same Roman <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> that is behind much European law, the procedure of a canonical court is more akin to the <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial system</a>, with the judges leading the investigation. As a general rule, the defendant has the favorable presumption of law, which means that the defendant will win by default unless a majority of the judges is convinced with moral certainty of the petitioner's case (can. 1608).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presumption also applies in penal cases (can. 1728). There are few exceptions to this rule; in those cases, the burden shifts to the defendant. </p><p>Some matters cannot be introduced at the diocesan level and can only be introduced before the following: </p> <ul><li>Appellate tribunal for the diocese: cases against the diocese itself or an institution represented by the diocesan bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a>: cases against the heads of religious orders, cases against dioceses or church institutions that are immediately subject to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and non-penal cases against bishops</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> himself: any case where a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Churches">Eastern rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is a defendant and any penal case involving a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal">Appeal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate tribunal</a> is known as the <i>tribunal of second instance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally the second instance tribunal is the tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a>. In the case where the appeal is from a first instance decision of the metropolitan's own tribunal, the appeal is taken to a court which the metropolitan designated with approval of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, usually another nearby metropolitan, thus ensuring that appeals from one diocese are never heard by the same diocese. As an example, a case in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Springfield_in_Massachusetts" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts">Diocese of Springfield, Massachusetts</a>, would be appealed to the tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Archdiocese of Boston</a>, but a case originating in the Archdiocese of Boston would be appealed to the tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Archdiocese of New York</a>, by agreement between the archbishops of New York and Boston. </p><p>Some cases are automatically appealed (for instance, when a <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">marriage is found to be null</a>). The appealing party does not need to appeal to the metropolitan; the party can instead appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, in which case the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> would hear the case in the second instance. If the case was before the Rota in the first instance, then a different panel of the Rota hears it in the second instance. </p><p>With the exception of cases regarding personal status, if the first instance and second instance tribunals agree on the result of the case, then the case becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Res_judicata" title="Res judicata">res judicata</a></i> and there is no further appeal. If they disagree, then the case can be appealed to the Roman Rota, which serves as the <i>tribunal of third instance</i>. The Rota is a court of fifteen judges called <i>auditors</i> who take cases in panels of three and serve as the final arbiters of most cases. </p><p>There is no appeal from a court case that the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> has decided personally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tribunals">Other tribunals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other tribunals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> has two other tribunals which either deal with specialized cases or which do not deal with cases at all. The first is the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a>, a panel of five <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> which serves as the highest court in the Roman Catholic Church. Normal cases rarely reach the Signatura, the exception being if a party appeals to the Pope and he assigns the case to them or if the Pope on his own initiative pulls a case from another court and gives it to them. The court mainly handles cases regarding the use of administrative power, including penal cases which were decided using executive instead of judicial power, which is the usual case. It also handles disputes between <a href="/wiki/Dicasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicasteries">dicasteries</a> and other tribunals over jurisdiction, complaints that a Rotal decision is null and should be retried, and matters regarding advocates and inter-diocesan tribunals. </p><p>There is normally no right of appeal from the decision of the Apostolic Signatura (can. 1629 #1); however, laypersons and clerics have, on rare occasions, convinced the Pope to hear their case afterwards. This is usually reserved for cases where they are facing <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunication</a> or some other form of severe censure, such as the loss of the right to teach <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">theology</a> or to administer the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments</a>. Facing <a href="/wiki/Censure_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Censure (Catholic canon law)">censure</a>, a theologian and priest got <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> to hear his case and even asked the Pope to alter his own decision, though the Pope did not reverse the ruling in either case. </p><p>The other tribunal is the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a>. This tribunal has no jurisdiction in what is known as "the external forum", meaning cases and events which are publicly known, only matters of the "internal forum", which involve entirely confidential and secret matters, including (but not limited to) what is confessed in the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Sacrament of Penance</a>. It primarily deals with cases that arise only within the confessional and which by their nature are private, confidential or whose facts are secret. Such cases are normally brought before the court by a person's confessor, who writes up the relevant facts of the cases, but only what is absolutely necessary, using standardized Latin pseudonyms. The confidentiality of the person, and the priest's absolute obligation to preserve the secrecy of the Sacrament of Penance, are still in force in such cases. This court, under the authority of the Cardinal Major Penitentiary, who acts in the Pope's name, answers the confessor and empowers him to impose a penance and lift a penalty. For instance, the act of desecrating the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> is one which incurs an automatic excommunication for the person who so acts (an excommunication from the moment of the act, which no court need actually meet to impose), and the power to lift this excommunication is reserved by the Pope to himself. Should this person then approach a priest in confession, repentant, and explain his act and the fact that he acted in secret, the confessor would write to the tribunal laying out the simplest outline of facts, keeping the person's identity secret, and would most likely be empowered to lift the excommunication and impose some private act of penance on the person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_England">Church of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Church of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the ecclesiastical courts are a system of courts, held by authority of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a>, who is <i>ex officio</i> the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. The courts have jurisdiction over matters dealing with the rights and obligations of church members, now limited to controversies in areas of church property and ecclesiastical disciplinary proceedings. In England these courts, unlike common law courts, are based upon and operate along <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> procedures and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon law</a>-based jurisprudence. </p><p>The ecclesiastical courts formerly had jurisdiction over the <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal</a> <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)#Inheritance" title="Estate (law)">estates of deceased persons</a> to grant <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">administration</a>. This jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Courts was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate_Act_1857" title="Court of Probate Act 1857">Court of Probate Act 1857</a>. </p><p>Offences against ecclesiastical laws are dealt with differently based on whether the laws in question involve church doctrine. For non-doctrinal cases, the lowest level of the court is the <i><a href="/wiki/Archdeaconry_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeaconry Court">Archdeaconry Court</a></i>, which is presided over by the local archdeacon. The next court in the hierarchy is the bishop's court, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Diocese of Canterbury</a> called the <i><a href="/wiki/Commissary_Court" title="Commissary Court">Commissary Court</a></i> and in other dioceses the <i><a href="/wiki/Consistory_court" title="Consistory court">consistory court</a></i>. The Commissary Court is presided over by a commissary-general; a consistory Court is presided over by a chancellor. The chancellor or commissary-general must be thirty years old and either have a seven-year general qualification under the <a href="/wiki/Courts_and_Legal_Services_Act_1990" title="Courts and Legal Services Act 1990">Courts and Legal Services Act 1990</a> section 71 or have held high judicial office. </p><p>Specialist courts in the Province of Canterbury are the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Faculties" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Faculties">Court of Faculties</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Peculiars" title="Court of Peculiars">Court of Peculiars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Vicar-General_of_the_Province_of_Canterbury" title="Court of the Vicar-General of the Province of Canterbury">Court of the Vicar-General of the Province of Canterbury</a>. In the northern province there is the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Vicar-General_of_the_Province_of_York" title="Court of the Vicar-General of the Province of York">Court of the Vicar-General of the Province of York</a>. </p><p>The next court is the archbishop's court, which is in Canterbury called the <i><a href="/wiki/Arches_Court" title="Arches Court">Arches Court</a></i>, and in York the <i><a href="/wiki/Chancery_Court_of_York" title="Chancery Court of York">Chancery Court</a></i>. Each court includes five judges; one judge is common to both courts. The common judge is called the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean of Arches">Dean of Arches</a> in Canterbury and the Auditor in York; he or she is appointed jointly by both archbishops with the approval of the Crown, and must either hold a ten-year <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> qualification under the <a href="/wiki/Courts_and_Legal_Services_Act_1990" title="Courts and Legal Services Act 1990">Courts and Legal Services Act 1990</a>, s 71, or have held high judicial office. Two members of each court must be clergy appointed by the Prolocutor of the Lower House of the provincial convocation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two further members of each court are appointed by the Chairman of the House of Laity of the General Synod;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these must possess such legal qualifications as the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain</a> requires. </p><p>In cases involving church doctrine, ceremony or ritual, the aforementioned courts have no jurisdiction. Instead, the <i><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Ecclesiastical_Causes_Reserved" title="Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved">Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved</a></i> hears the case. The Court is composed of three diocesan bishops and two appellate judges; it has jurisdiction over both of the provinces of Canterbury and York. The Court, however, meets very rarely. </p><p>Appeal from the Arches Court and Chancery Court (in non-doctrinal cases) lies to the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>. In practice, the case is heard by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, which includes present and former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lords Chancellor</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Lords of Appeal</a> and other high judicial officers. The <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a> does not have jurisdiction over doctrinal cases from the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Ecclesiastical_Causes_Reserved" title="Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved">Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved</a>, which instead go to an <i>ad hoc</i> <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Review" title="Commission of Review">Commission of Review</a>, composed of two diocesan bishops and three Lords of Appeal (who are also members of the Judicial Committee). </p><p><b>Commissions of Convocation</b> are appointed by the Upper House of the <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">Convocation</a> of Canterbury or of York to try a bishop for an offence (except for an offence of doctrine). Both Convocations make the appointment if an archbishop is prosecuted. This would comprise four diocesan bishops and the Dean of the Arches. </p><p><b>The Ecclesiastical Courts Acts 1787 to 1860</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Collective_title" title="Collective title">collective title</a> of the following Acts:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Suits_Act_1787&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Suits Act 1787 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Suits Act 1787</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Geo. 3">27 Geo. 3</a>. c. 44) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1948" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1948">Statute Law Revision Act 1948</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_Act_1813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1813 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1813</a> (<a href="/wiki/53_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="53 Geo. 3">53 Geo. 3</a>. c. 127) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1971" title="Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1971">Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1971</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proctors_(Ireland)_Act_1814&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proctors (Ireland) Act 1814 (page does not exist)">Proctors (Ireland) Act 1814</a> (<a href="/wiki/54_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="54 Geo. 3">54 Geo. 3</a>. c. 68) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1954" title="Statute Law Revision Act (Northern Ireland) 1954">Statute Law Revision Act (Northern Ireland) 1954</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_Act_1829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1829 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1829</a> (<a href="/wiki/10_Geo._4" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Geo. 4">10 Geo. 4</a>. c. 53) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Measure_1963" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privy_Council_Appeals_Act_1832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privy Council Appeals Act 1832 (page does not exist)">Privy Council Appeals Act 1832</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 92) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Measure_1963" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_(Contempt)_Act_1832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts (Contempt) Act 1832 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts (Contempt) Act 1832</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 93) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Measure_1963" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_Act_1840&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1840 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1840</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Vict.">3 & 4 Vict.</a> c. 93) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Measure_1963" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_Act_1844&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1844 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1844</a> (<a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Vict.">7 & 8 Vict.</a> c. 68) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1959" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1959">Statute Law Revision Act 1959</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Act_1847&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Act 1847 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Act 1847</a> (<a href="/wiki/10_%26_11_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="10 & 11 Vict.">10 & 11 Vict.</a> c. 98) – repealed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_England_(Miscellaneous_Provisions)_Measure_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1992 (page does not exist)">Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1992</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_Act_1854&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1854 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1854</a> (<a href="/wiki/17_%26_18_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="17 & 18 Vict.">17 & 18 Vict.</a> c. 47) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Measure_1963" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Courts_Act_1855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1855 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1855</a> (<a href="/wiki/18_%26_19_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="18 & 19 Vict.">18 & 19 Vict.</a> c. 41) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Measure_1963" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Jurisdiction_Act_1858&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Act 1858 (page does not exist)">Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Act 1858</a> (<a href="/wiki/21_%26_22_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="21 & 22 Vict.">21 & 22 Vict.</a> c. 50) – repealed by <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1950" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1950">Statute Law Revision Act 1950</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Courts_Jurisdiction_Act_1860" title="Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860">Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860</a> (<a href="/wiki/23_%26_24_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="23 & 24 Vict.">23 & 24 Vict.</a> c. 32) – amended.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guernsey">Guernsey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Guernsey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey" title="Courts of Guernsey">Ecclesiastical Court in Guernsey</a> predates its first written evidence from the 13th Century. Its powers have been reduced over the centuries but it still meets weekly to prove wills and to grant marriage licences.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Episcopal Church in the United States of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecclesiastical courts in the American <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church</a> have jurisdiction only over disciplinary cases involving clergy and are divided into two separate systems: one for trials of bishops (at the level of the national Episcopal Church) and the other for trials of priests and deacons (at the level of the diocese for original jurisdiction and at the provincial level for appeals).<sup id="cite_ref-TECConstIX_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECConstIX-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (At least one diocese, however, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota">Diocese of Minnesota</a>, has provided in its canons for a court with broader jurisdiction over a wide range of canonical issues, although such a court has not yet been implemented by the convention of that diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesotacanon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesotacanon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In each disciplinary case, two courts are provided, one for trials and one for appeals. When a charge is first made, it is brought before an initial review committee (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> in secular criminal law) whose job is to determine when a case should be brought and to supervise the Church Attorney who acts as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TECCanonIV.3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECCanonIV.3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Courts and procedure for trials of bishops are provided for by the Canons of the <a href="/wiki/General_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="General Convention">General Convention</a> (the triennial legislative body of the national church).<sup id="cite_ref-TECCanonIV.5-6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECCanonIV.5-6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is one Court for the Trial of a bishop, composed of nine bishops (though there have been proposals to include lay persons and lower clergy in this court). Appeals are heard by the Court of Review for the Trial of a bishop, also comprising nine bishops. The Constitution of the national Episcopal Church provides that this court must be composed only of bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-TECConstIX_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECConstIX-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For priests and deacons, initial trial is held by an ecclesiastical court established by the diocese in which the cleric is canonically resident.<sup id="cite_ref-TECCanonIV.4.(A)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECCanonIV.4.(A)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeals are taken to the Court of Review for the Trial of a Priest or Deacon, one of which is established in each of the nine provinces of the Episcopal Church (a province is a geographic combination of dioceses).<sup id="cite_ref-TECCanonIV.4.(B)_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECCanonIV.4.(B)-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioceses have some discretion about the procedure and membership for the ecclesiastical court, but most rules and procedure are established church-wide by the national canons. Trial courts are made up of lay persons and of priests or deacons, with the clergy to have a majority by one. The various courts of review comprise one bishop, three priests or deacons, and three lay persons. </p><p>Since the 18th century the Constitution of the national Episcopal Church has permitted the creation of a national Court of Appeal, which would be "solely for the review of the determination of any Court of Review on questions of Doctrine, Faith, or Worship".<sup id="cite_ref-TECConstIX_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECConstIX-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No such court has ever been created, though proposals have occasionally been made to establish the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bishops" title="House of Bishops">House of Bishops</a> itself as such a court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_denominations">Other denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox_churches">Eastern Orthodox churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dioceses of many Eastern Orthodox denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, have their own ecclesiastical courts. In addition, the Russian Orthodox Church has a General Ecclesiastical Court with jurisdiction throughout the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as the Court of the Bishops’ Council which serves as the court of final appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Russian Orthodox ecclesiastical courts held jurisdiction over cases of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">blasphemy</a>. They also held responsibility for divorce, which could only be obtained in cases of adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek Eastern Orthodox churches have ecclesiastical courts. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain</a> under the spiritual jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> has such courts for determining whether to grant divorce after the State has.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Methodist_Church">United Methodist Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Methodist Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Judicial Council is the highest court in the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a> for an eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every four years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Judicial Council interprets the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">Book of Discipline</a></i> between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference. The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law. The Council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The Judicial Council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presbyterian_Church_USA">Presbyterian Church USA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presbyterian Church USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)</a> has Permanent Judicial Commissions for each synod, presbytery and the <a href="/wiki/General_assembly_(Presbyterian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="General assembly (Presbyterian church)">General Assembly</a> of the denomination, all of which are elected by members and are composed of ministers and elders subject to its jurisdiction. The PJC of the General Assembly consists of one member from each of the sixteen synods which compose the denomination and the PJC has original jurisdiction over remedial cases and appeals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_membership_council" title="Church membership council">Church membership council</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, church courts are formally known as <a href="/wiki/Church_membership_council" title="Church membership council">church membership councils</a>. Church courts consider possible membership withdrawal or restriction based on a member's violation of church standards. Any <a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">stake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">ward</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)" title="Mission (LDS Church)">mission</a> of the church may convene a church court. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_Council_of_the_Church" title="Common Council of the Church">Common Council of the Church</a>—which has only been convened twice—is a church court which has the authority to remove a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">president of the church</a> or one of his counselors in the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> for misbehavior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Curiae" title="Acta Curiae">Acta Curiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_crime" title="Ecclesiastical crime">Ecclesiastical crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical ordinances">Ecclesiastical ordinances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_prison" title="Ecclesiastical prison">Ecclesiastical prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">Trial by ordeal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Medieval England was legally plural: there were not just many jurisdictions, but many different <i>kinds</i> of jurisdiction in co-existence."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, centuries of rewarding special rights to favorites by royal charter or papal dispensation complicated matters. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish courts were recognized in some places, especially for family law issues.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canterbury and York each have a bicameral Convocation, made up of the Upper House (composed of bishops) and the Lower House (composed of representatives of the clergy).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The General Synod, a tricameral body, is the highest governing body of the Church. The House of Bishops is composed of the Upper Houses of the two convocations; the House of Clergy is composed of the Lower Houses of the two convocations; the House of Laity includes representatives of lay members of the Church.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBriggsSchofield2020" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Chris; Schofield, Phillipp R. (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.aber.ac.uk/ws/files/31009508/Evolution_of_Manor_Courts_Briggs_and_Schofield_JLH_.pdf">"The Evolution of Manor Courts in Medieval England, c. 1250–1350: The Evidence of the Personal Actions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2020.1731189">10.1080/01440365.2020.1731189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Manor+Courts+in+Medieval+England%2C+c.+1250%E2%80%931350%3A+The+Evidence+of+the+Personal+Actions&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2020.1731189&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Phillipp+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.aber.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F31009508%2FEvolution_of_Manor_Courts_Briggs_and_Schofield_JLH_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Tom (1 November 2017). "The Tree and the Rod: Jurisdiction in Late Medieval England*". <i>Past & Present</i> (237): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtx051">10.1093/pastj/gtx051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Tree+and+the+Rod%3A+Jurisdiction+in+Late+Medieval+England%2A&rft.issue=237&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtx051&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Pinchas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48698359">"Jewish Courts in Medieval England"</a>. <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>31</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-017-9279-8">10.1007/s10835-017-9279-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-701X">0334-701X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48698359">48698359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Jewish+Courts+in+Medieval+England&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0334-701X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48698359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10835-017-9279-8&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Pinchas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48698359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Frederik (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3091683">"Review of Lower Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in Late-Medieval England: The Courts of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln, 1336-1349 and the Deanery of Wisbech, 1458-1484"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 564. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3091683">3091683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Lower+Ecclesiastical+Jurisdiction+in+Late-Medieval+England%3A+The+Courts+of+the+Dean+and+Chapter+of+Lincoln%2C+1336-1349+and+the+Deanery+of+Wisbech%2C+1458-1484&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=564&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3091683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3091683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkland2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkland, Justin Scott (25 June 2020). "Failing to observe holy days: The evaluation of defense arguments in late medieval English ecclesiastical courts". <i>Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis</i>. <b>88</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718190-00880A02">10.1163/15718190-00880A02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Rechtsgeschiedenis&rft.atitle=Failing+to+observe+holy+days%3A+The+evaluation+of+defense+arguments+in+late+medieval+English+ecclesiastical+courts&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718190-00880A02&rft.aulast=Kirkland&rft.aufirst=Justin+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1857-02-10/debates/03b17a48-6338-4288-a07a-9b8c4580da1c/TheEcclesiasticalCourts">"The Ecclesiastical Courts - Hansard - UK Parliament"</a>. <i>hansard.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hansard.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Courts+-+Hansard+-+UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FLords%2F1857-02-10%2Fdebates%2F03b17a48-6338-4288-a07a-9b8c4580da1c%2FTheEcclesiasticalCourts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2019" class="citation web cs1">Waters, Ian (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-catholic-church-is-investigating-george-pells-case-what-does-that-mean-113187">"The Catholic Church is investigating George Pell's case. What does that mean?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+is+investigating+George+Pell%27s+case.+What+does+that+mean%3F&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-catholic-church-is-investigating-george-pells-case-what-does-that-mean-113187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoe2013" class="citation book cs1">Doe, Norman (2013-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=narqAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22appellate%22+%22second+instance%22+%22Ecclesiastical+court%22&pg=PA166"><i>Christian Law: Contemporary Principles</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-46986-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-46986-0"><bdi>978-1-107-46986-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Law%3A+Contemporary+Principles&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-107-46986-0&rft.aulast=Doe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnarqAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522appellate%2522%2B%2522second%2Binstance%2522%2B%2522Ecclesiastical%2Bcourt%2522%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>, section 2(1) and Schedule 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guernseyroyalcourt.gg/article/3187/The-Ecclesiastical-Court">"Ecclesiastical Court"</a>. Guernsey Royal Court. 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+Court&rft.pub=Guernsey+Royal+Court&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guernseyroyalcourt.gg%2Farticle%2F3187%2FThe-Ecclesiastical-Court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TECConstIX-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TECConstIX_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TECConstIX_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TECConstIX_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution and Canons of The Episcopal Church revised 2006, Article IX, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnesotacanon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minnesotacanon_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canons of the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, revised 31 October 2009, Canon 401: Consistory Court, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TECCanonIV.3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TECCanonIV.3_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution and Canons of The Episcopal Church revised 2006, Canon IV.3, pp. 124-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TECCanonIV.5-6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TECCanonIV.5-6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution and Canons of The Episcopal Church revised 2006, Canon IV.5-IV.6, pp. 144-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TECCanonIV.4.(A)-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TECCanonIV.4.(A)_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution and Canons of The Episcopal Church revised 2006, Canon IV.4.(A), pp. 136-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TECCanonIV.4.(B)-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TECCanonIV.4.(B)_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution and Canons of The Episcopal Church revised 2006, Canon IV.4.(B), pp. 139-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mospat.ru/en/documents/ustav/vii/">"Statute of the Russian Orthodox Church, VII. The Ecclesiastical Court"</a>. Russian Orthodox Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statute+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church%2C+VII.+The+Ecclesiastical+Court&rft.pub=Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mospat.ru%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fustav%2Fvii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1996" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1996). <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04162-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04162-2"><bdi>0-224-04162-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35657827">35657827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution%2C+1891-1924&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35657827&rft.isbn=0-224-04162-2&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thyateira.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=102&Itemid=119">"Archdiocese of Thyateira & Great Britain"</a>. <i>www.thyateira.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thyateira.org.uk&rft.atitle=Archdiocese+of+Thyateira+%26+Great+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thyateira.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D102%26Itemid%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630101214/http://www.firstumc.org/about_structure.asp">"First United Methodist Church"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstumc.org/about_structure.asp">the original</a> on 30 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstumc.org%2Fabout_structure.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=4217">"UMC.org Archives"</a>. <i>archives.umc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.umc.org&rft.atitle=UMC.org+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D1%26mid%3D4217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_court&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04447a.htm">Catholic history of court</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062238/http://legal-directory.net/english-law/ecclesiastical-courts.htm">Courts of the Church of England (brief)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626050134/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/churchlawlegis/canons/07g157-165.pdf">Courts of the Church of England, detailed (archive link)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130926105924/http://archives.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=Arches">Archives of the Court of Arches at Lambeth Palace Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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