CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "commonslibrary.parliament.uk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e85bca9f9cda8c1',cH: 'xInGE3i9g1YEv2s_Hshrmz6d9xRePtyd0r.BXRhSVB8-1732580681-1.2.1.1-uqx960jYz7f235N4tioEobn3r64nO5BHeDzcFzKPVIa3qjAlqSC2a_jrCrS5zVRy',cUPMDTk: "\/privacy-policy\/?__cf_chl_tk=paYZXpRfsymYREudXcWOLsp2McoAGtao3yADnxZecPU-1732580681-1.0.1.1-hxOu5TL1SWbFGl4pek0bU_K7XLRdqSLJQqW0JXduAGM",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732580681',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/privacy-policy\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=paYZXpRfsymYREudXcWOLsp2McoAGtao3yADnxZecPU-1732580681-1.0.1.1-hxOu5TL1SWbFGl4pek0bU_K7XLRdqSLJQqW0JXduAGM",md: "CHO1o0NAqEbwR3kTvcVARP5v2nVKsDGOOixhh8ZlFo0-1732580681-1.2.1.1-e5bSRnOkF7oJQgxhBk6uOPQZCoKu9nHbhF4RiDNrxSoy4owBTaXhi6JNzWkZAdQJwzSk90aD.xkwsh4Jo8f.eJvV1EJi0cTnYlVjqoK70yR75KsPE19M.sWE0PqNM321XvMAjj46_KDtUPab7QfCszokEZGIAtzBwevRHZu2_GSN1b5KuxzREPXvtX._gAvcRJ_ECxKuMLLdfY40aK8rH8kwmQbPLbSplhifP_DCgNp93ZrHnDH6waGlff_LqNBXYLbu1pfVTe1bMUHyF3iM4DD3_j_zJMgHDv.ftL18735Q9WmWmvD3ruFh2fIyzNB7cJugLdGXtz41r7FcHrrzFEUG1t4DDZLnIM8NakDwU0WoCOtGl.3nW1tzRTHdDNbIL._8FQIpQihUgNLZ9Sdl.M6CVOURyWPYe0LKMjmGKQ3_F8bppujok5PMzJ3h6prI_FrMJ3xS.lchk6x9yjHKguVx4OQH.JfMXFrnzB62k30xYxVwTi95MqiD9Vz8mYE.__o3z2qdEs9dMm1MaTeDLT8_rBWRFReVTjCgR.WlTXKs9O8MJn_wXnYQme9Tgf6jbgr_E3BXEiF1BW10PDKUu4se7Yuh00xufeCDO6ynqKF5ULzIa0UeGJuQ5AR6reKYMisxB5PagqHF3H6sUxigxNzXU.f7EevYkUbgr3wLbg9KUcNUJfmlbuhmAYvpzTI2hoYQdTRgWykqGnZDlof9TKxkn5N35bnlAxYjPamnyKc2bmuon0BED.Iv4ejDWOcrVjEWAihXiKfpQxhQTm7BZIXVnssuFOZ4aZpFb949x22iWlNEWEi1.pgkC3QDw_IX6Ow_ms78ZwQDXucTbsbZQa4pfRN6ZDslvu3Cn4NYqvqTqAnzVdRlBg5nGqD0Iw9c.QW3l.TfNJR0DHweJCPe0GNJsbV8O3ODrQgNzOhqIVeWbEvCNV5Ndty6jz4_yMaqLrodDPR3_qhx9S_pcqCSSloCsUbVNK0L6bueSfLMZaMiILI.em8yp0jKd282Wi6rVWbKAhs1IEUjLEPkmwpn9NGre2jcfa2X_2bDti0moyKwtMd0zAXrN9LEIFdMuEhMdWYhGWwvhCdmuilYsiLEaP36RTjRcTkJZzUZk6AKs_PqFR3tHRD83CuobF687cTqLzcPT4DvDBhfpkvEskhQf7mZ1Kn5T6Ks38vfcTeeuGRO9E4Y.Yv7PVv9tAyhCkAABKWKhEeZyApNxajp5E.NZ_asho.YkYvpLJ_cyO1YshbXK0LEBiDJTmVVnqpVxSoTA5Nb6XAi0GwoExTrbMlH2t_zLpxTiTi7bgDLsJTn0i7VC6op59yXvk2yztZmDiPrluG1cuTiV6FJ2zHPUz4A3c0d9D_5YzoZvK6d5ptxN7h6ZhfPpr0c4jV5giTQ1Z8vbPCCwgQzkXyqeic6WXGeGjO6c7CowtxIsDKf0UlqFP_Mh9jmtDDobCT.dK0J3LyvSdQhhE.M6WNmAfCQZGbBLOixc2_X30ABmZtc3GYQO_DC0y8c9CFhk8Wy2fD3TqcmczDQtmwsCnWZWO2LSIcaIJ1PzJicEvDbPZNPMCiQgmlUh3r41X2c53Vcemvi0UMUbJmHiVrgSMmT7b4l751HPM28Kb_2HSDkHsN5tBmN4FzMDDfsdmXzn1R1Mi7V0DBdB7VYy1O4q68i6ev3Ol95GFdVFqhEyu0Utq0JTTdXeoKYBa6rDm7JFdb2dWgPVX_tjo1DNEqrL.DB0jyGP7UhNfAO0cuotRMDIShg5lc9Np5BgvhAdmXObuJG.ZtQ7fdEA9EbZsNX66IuSF8mzg65dKpZ58.UsHjfS7P7qdR3q3wAc.SuvCE4TG2A8BODUm_VrR06ldDN8stwAM8fE9TY4hMq7nY_V0.tj95b5U7CZhMybAMKYyo3Q70Ox2KGZ.yAEIhMkkxXjAPmfT3RIk4MsNqAKq9NSzbAlQE9peUOrOrljWAgJJCFjFJVo6k6nqRQI05_LkowTp_fg5FyktidDdrBEK6QFQhbVsl4gK4EcVG_ENJ9Jx17U9lYVvD3ZdPAuQvvN1JGS2.9eRAXgFgVTlLR7ReWanUkq4SmQoR1qUuwI0qWovppg1b1MU6o4Ysr1nv9xSyqqNuEtnigo7EmopMVAHxOEWGYx07g6gxuDeT.6POgSqmgtzEzYUpJUIhjvs1NhTriiZtE85rlNFvPlJ7HLqqqQpk3EergSpTM6M7hpd9n1XqBtpOdhpLVq.QszuAgQLX._FHAeJQa9Qle681rMRwWdrKVKvxsLVf_hW2wp.Jqmlp8I7GSiF0UTRZzsHUlk89IJMXFQa2UZjWYeDKWHO9ae4dZJJLD1NVQP.6SmL6nUvIRGxEDB.BPLOHcenAgC6An2qJ4rzEZpVeT3Hsos23cvk45g2MZ16ZUMyR8O86LGqyZ_BeaBhmioUvZbCpRcHsZimuk1ActI4vN1VqFODxT1HhzezLOCk.Pgni6LTs4IyDefJSWwd8q5V_9rCGpJs.0PzUcaf8T16Epjh12J3qRv0VPLbju49zXK9Y9YUwDnREq9JJrTd0DhMpOabaV8CzUWgT8ktNFdyVPxzxf2UO1BcCOgmSpYUBF4YBGkQ98Uy3Ap17lLpQRR2FrqFayB_3TjsAHMC7fq77ry4k5dZiMxJI6BYrda5AN.z7Vc66XOyIpzzrZDv1iT7q1usH1zrZHZZ59n8Apjf05wRpmuHjdHqNmAbEnmK5kr61cADbqjPjbLHuMxFRJBq1IvdiHsGIdF7jcaaUOHa5aXeQtga4Fhpz1ImjPm9uc.x_aqjOKRSwXy_VmudYb3ZUt0AZWgUOWhOAC3DlVZW5fdwJQm3ALKVnWf7mcuvRHtmBaFdZabYx1mWmYvyZ7LL1r2TPthGLx.E.ln_XJ3tKvokHR8E4lwv1yLbGlX36CX3qehLEVedZhLewlRnxcGUF7",mdrd: "nsLHlURMZ.oMm5Jtjj0A0FRpi7t5eCu0KxdtY.W0hP8-1732580681-1.2.1.1-9ykOx14I7LtneZWsI60mP_8_vTWeOoVeAUC_OeNiF2c8BTWiCOZ6W0iZSg0XvcgaBEaEXSJrDMSMkYG9ew4tRkstI8.B2b8QpraSUwnsjgQZQ.f3WVDCN.dpaaO3Nup8VDeM62Uc_jg9WNfJkyt2lIegwaWduMtwUBABjVJAUTrx0CyjxduyR41fe3VQBGlBn_gDF_6xy7Vq.Elw70LXiojFtebsM0YEv.2T4C4QPtnvKEhxZi.uWoIoSzXN1zR_PFfKeX.g_i1fzxrijhhli8uR2uplPiaOE2iTN4nx0LE1tSv_zIrHk9fBlWWS.aoq8jfygUDUauhCighfpCheAJj_lVOj1Np_j5J7yzqzcjOb1c0rgmQ6eernr31fCMkCvBwBrjGCgSIQvPsB.zV.iSLtRhmGgKTV2.STXVcnrurwI1aeM30mkLTGTc1jabogqgCQShjc_UmByuQlxY2XevKe36asWw7UYfYNHqAJFm9RKlUG1DIYjipQsPitw267QSadU0GZFJ9Ueyg6WfECydD5dV67_rXx7ytWWiAqgdpVKrQBCIXKNnz5mZu4548kGK_8Ult.QtGXI3Po0y_qapKsOy7YvBjSoMiJmITaO7x8fYkieDv0JtfRWtpqVXoaWHpQxHlY2gu.0L1w00iQ3rr3ueS8wbwJmW10lxSPEbhjO0tFhZ3lbSUyxFwclQuwT0xSR0WFgFsu45x3EyMsvdTC47sxnh0qxzGcrWmS_XercIdtpNfEsGHbM21bz2GuInSI.9R56Olywwzla1sPlMsPVsY6dDIv29eZlHgwPMcLLCCfPaguu3ECMZVwSIeCKb1lf421nEX23V6uHsFG2xAkjXpFV7NfRO04e29pL.GqPiFltkPDFioSVKCzzvMUbeLKXgSLw5pZGnhjTd1CO3LzXi6Wibs.icr4PGcAdValauIhmWIKzbX8PfsGbIIKPrjUWtpn3hTEu8OtrkvbjHB819fR4wUY4SsWHQNKY4nVbYBLn_EEhU_cubX5VdbolRgJDBl5ALJr_66T4jeSHGBXUfQ1VpKZv9EHWVlSQuvM1N6qRwAWH1RopUQgirMDPcCHB5EJEMof2SaTH2SVhZt_36WhSbaJqfDIuhmktKcY5jkiAfNzfyhOfJxOmLVspyDxPQLH18wLU9Mr8QYtDGXm16NiKEck1GIUohv6oaO6mdfUjrSCCXwKjH8hyst2pXFZXGbuALryKd3uchiLMb_lZ.SzqSd3zfOqV5wYy3JbeuufxcwuU5JlQZwvcwkTByZrG0dzOo4LWOxnhIzfd4OFgFCfFHfbASkO3ntTwkXmQeGzCM4nF6aekLGvJdjl7emjD9ZVsEIh_AHI8OOeJ1nXYffVDbA32YWkAzWUIbAJgtDEjOifA33GntmiqsltA3sHsUOocFYUU4lFsYmfbiPXTZG7CxQuoWf1iIlkgyyMGqwjjKubgudCsvBylGjkYpW.wfPt7C8AGzqa_zNdlAVq69050tJ3ArdKVVLT1Vmr1Hux2KdtiTQOBTVzv5LAxMmhnmIF1rfPux5zaCj_0hPSXiemibMpqiILK3OEG_3Kum.aESE1ODPmuZfamzDYKeOP0yuPEjpYTw2JG2Nm8yxtpr.ACVFSfH0o2FsW6VBX4ox9ALrdW6j_aYh6wNCiQ2yHqb4_pl66RzpKGMHFtUrlrTOYBp2wMiNYHEhfMoQJ4DBZSZolufK9iinrk329vg1HGF5ceIhYMRIyjh0wfpIRBXqCDE.lQ.HAxMjNECxcicXl0XGItQy4OWpcGQF7yniS.xSqKuhKG_hw4mAI0b561YY34Vr6xMmikCbd82fiLDQWABlMguQHdcrZUgFHHjY0Db0QsaN26.opXNskpMZ7PDu_Xg9Lkm05XLPfq_S9ueC2zF2BUPx5tytnzQkgTL5d5qW8PFGRHi.UADvoKLeA_2mokoErN6A_Cr0Xi9nT.EWePWmFCb4om3.RqU._73vkGIJ4fzcaAJoD_WXTrA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e85bca9f9cda8c1';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/privacy-policy\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=paYZXpRfsymYREudXcWOLsp2McoAGtao3yADnxZecPU-1732580681-1.0.1.1-hxOu5TL1SWbFGl4pek0bU_K7XLRdqSLJQqW0JXduAGM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>