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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bulgarian views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danubian_Bulgar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danubian_Bulgar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Danubian Bulgar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Danubian_Bulgar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Danubian Bulgar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Danubian_Bulgar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volga_Bulgar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volga_Bulgar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Volga Bulgar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volga_Bulgar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulgar language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لغة البلغار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة البلغار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bulg%C3%A1ricu" title="Idioma bulgáricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma bulgáricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulqar_dili" title="Bulqar dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bulqar dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بولقار تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولقار تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Прабългарски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прабългарски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%91%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Пӑлхар чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пӑлхар чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarische_Sprache" title="Bolgarische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bolgarische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bulg%C3%A1rico" title="Idioma bulgárico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bulgárico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgara_lingvo" title="Bolgara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bolgara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-bulgare" title="Proto-bulgare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proto-bulgare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="불가르어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불가르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarski_jezik" title="Bolgarski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bolgarski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_proto-bulgara" title="Lingua proto-bulgara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua proto-bulgara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Бұлғар тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұлғар тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgar%C5%B3_kalba" title="Bolgarų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bolgarų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Прабугарски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прабугарски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ブルガール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルガール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarsk" title="Bolgarsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bolgarsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%CA%BBor_tili" title="Bulgʻor tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bulgʻor tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_protobu%C5%82garski" title="Język protobułgarski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język protobułgarski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bulg%C3%A1rica" title="Língua bulgárica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bulgárica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_tili" title="Bulgar tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bulgar tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_protobulgar%C4%83" title="Limba protobulgară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba protobulgară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Булгарский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Булгарский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bulgar language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%82garsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Bołgarskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bołgarskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgaarin_kieli" title="Bolgaarin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bolgaarin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C4%B1n%C4%9F%C4%B1_bol%C4%9Far_tele" title="Borınğı bolğar tele – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Borınğı bolğar tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0dil_Bulgarcas%C4%B1" title="İdil Bulgarcası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İdil Bulgarcası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Булгарська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Булгарська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Bulgar" title="Tiếng Bulgar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Bulgar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="保加尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保加尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="View the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Oghur Turkic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Bulgar</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">From <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">By the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bulgar</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xbo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xbo">xbo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xbo">xbo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bolg1250">bolg1250</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Bulgar</b> (also known as <b>Bulghar</b>, <b>Bolgar</b>, or <b>Bolghar</b>) is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>. </p><p>The name is derived from the Bulgars, a tribal association that established the Bulgar state known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a> in the mid-7th century, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Danubian Bulgaria</a> by the 680s.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the language initially went extinct in Danubian Bulgaria (in favour of <a href="/wiki/Old_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a>), it persisted in <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>, but even there it was eventually replaced by the modern <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than Chuvash, Bulgar is the only language to be definitively classified as an Oghur Turkic language. </p><p>The inclusion of other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hunnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnish language">Hunnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a> within Oghur Turkic remains speculative owing to the paucity of historical records. Some scholars suggest <a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language">Hunnish</a> had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words, which are Indo-European in origin, and personal names. Thus, scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliation">Affiliation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainstream scholarship places Bulgar among the "Lir" branch of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> referred to as <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur Turkic</a>, Lir-Turkic or, indeed, "Bulgar Turkic", as opposed to the "Shaz"-type of Common Turkic. The "Lir" branch is characterized by sound correspondences such as Oghuric /r/ versus Common Turkic (or Shaz-Turkic) /z/ and Oghuric /l/ versus Common Turkic (Shaz-Turkic) /š/.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johanson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johanson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was stated by <a href="/wiki/Estakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Estakhri">Al-Istakhri</a> (Х c. AD), "<i>The language of the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazars</a> is different than the language of the Turks and the Persians, nor does a tongue of (any) group of humanity have anything in common with it and the language of the Bulgars is like the language of the Khazars, but the Burtas have another language.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only surviving language from this linguistic group is <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concludes that the language of the Bulgars was from the family of the <i>Hunnic languages</i>, as he calls the <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bulgarian Antoaneta Granberg, the Hunno-Bulgar linguistic situation is further complicated by the extensive migration of nomadic communities of <a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language">Hunnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a> peoples from East to West. This migration brought them into contact with a variety of different lands, neighbors, cultures, and languages, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Linguistic individuation of the Hunno-Bulgaric language family has yet to be conclusively established. A Hunno-Bulgar language is believed to have formed on the North-Western borders of China in the 3rd-5th c. BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgarian_views">Bulgarian views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bulgarian views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the other hand, some <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> scholars, who are not linguists, especially in recent decades, tried to link the Bulgar language to the <a href="/wiki/Iranic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic languages">Iranic language group</a> instead (more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir languages</a> are frequently mentioned), noting the presence of Iranian words in the modern Bulgarian language.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Detrez" title="Raymond Detrez">Raymond Detrez</a>, who is a specialist in Bulgarian history and language,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such views are based on <a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">anti-Turkish sentiments</a> and the presence of Iranian words in the modern Bulgarian is a result of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> linguistic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, other Bulgarian historians, especially older ones, only point out certain signs of Iranian influence in the Turkic base<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or indeed support the Turkic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Danubian_Bulgar">Danubian Bulgar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Danubian Bulgar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language of the Danube Bulgars (or <i>Danubian Bulgar</i>) is recorded in a small number of inscriptions, which are found in <a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a>, the first capital of <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, and in the rock churches near the town of <a href="/wiki/Murfatlar" title="Murfatlar">Murfatlar</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. Some of these inscriptions are written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek characters</a>, others in the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban alphabet">Kuban alphabet</a> which is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon script">Orkhon script</a>. Most of these appear to have been of a private character (oaths, dedications, inscriptions on grave stones) and some were court inventories. Although attempts at decipherment have been made, none of them has gained wide acceptance. These inscriptions in Danubian Bulgar are found along with other, official ones written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>; which was used as the official state language of the First Bulgarian Empire until the end of the ninth century, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Old_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a> (also called Old Church Slavonic, later <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonic language">Slavonic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language of the Danubian Bulgars is also known from a small number of loanwords in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a> language, as well as terms occurring in Bulgar Greek-language inscriptions, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> texts,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later Slavonic Old Bulgarian texts. Most of these words designate titles and other concepts concerning the affairs of state, including the official <a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">12-year cyclic calendar</a> (as used in the <a href="/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans">Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans</a>). The language became extinct in Danubian Bulgaria in the ninth century as the Bulgar nobility became gradually <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicized</a> after the Old Bulgarian tongue was declared as official in 893. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Terms borrowed from Danube Bulgar by Old Church Slavonic<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Old Church Slavonic </th> <th>Chuvash </th> <th>Hungarian </th> <th>Common Turkic </th></tr> <tr> <td>token, trace </td> <td>БЕЛЕГ (beleg), БИЛЕГ (bileg) </td> <td>палӑк (palăk) </td> <td>bélyeg </td> <td>*belgü </td></tr> <tr> <td>bracelet </td> <td>БЕЛЬЧҮГ (bel'čug) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>*bileçüg </td></tr> <tr> <td>pillow </td> <td>ДОХЬТОРЬ (dox'tor') </td> <td>ҫытар (śïtar) </td> <td>– </td> <td>*yogtu </td></tr> <tr> <td>image, icon </td> <td>КАПЬ (kap') </td> <td>кап (kap) </td> <td>kép </td> <td>*kēp </td></tr> <tr> <td>honour </td> <td>САНЬ (san'), САМЬ (sam') </td> <td>сум (sum) </td> <td>szám </td> <td>*sān </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash, d'ization is seen in the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> sounds at the beginning of words. <a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A2t_Tekin" title="Talât Tekin">Talât Tekin</a> argues that this sound corresponds to the initial <i>gy</i> sound in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and is pronounced close to it.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of initial /j/<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Danube Bulgar /<br /> Old Church Slavonic </th> <th>Volga Bulgar </th> <th>Chuvash </th> <th>Common Turkic </th></tr> <tr> <td>snake </td> <td>ДИЛОМЬ (dilom') </td> <td>– </td> <td>ҫӗлен (śílen) </td> <td><i>*yï̄lan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pillow </td> <td>ДОХЬТОРЬ (dox'tor') </td> <td>– </td> <td>ҫытар (śytar) </td> <td><i>*yogdu</i> (Mongolian <i>зогдор</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>horse </td> <td>ΔΥΑΝ (dwan) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>*yunt</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>An ethnicity</i> </td> <td>ΔΟΥΑΡΗⲤ (dovaris) </td> <td>يوارى (yuwāri) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven </td> <td>ЧИТ (čit) </td> <td>جىَاتِ (čyeti) </td> <td>ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ) </td> <td><i>*yẹti</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volga_Bulgar">Volga Bulgar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Volga Bulgar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language spoken by the population of Volga Bulgaria is known as <i>Volga-Bulgar</i>. There are a number of surviving inscriptions in Volga-Bulgar, some of which are written with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic letters</a>, alongside the continuing use of <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon script">Orkhon script</a>. These are all largely decipherable. That language persisted until the 13th or the 14th century. In that region, it may have ultimately given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash language</a>, which is most closely related to it<sup id="cite_ref-clark_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which is classified as the only surviving member of a separate "<a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur-Turkic</a>" (or Lir-Turkic) branch of the Turkic languages, to which Bulgar is also considered to have belonged (see above).<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chuvash_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuvash-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the precise position of Chuvash within the <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur</a> family of languages is a matter of dispute among linguists. Since the comparative material attributable to the extinct members of <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a> and Bulgar) is scant, little is known about any precise interrelation of these languages and it is a matter of dispute whether Chuvash, the only "Lir"-type language with sufficient extant linguistic material, might be the daughter language of any of these or just a sister branch.<sup id="cite_ref-johanson_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johanson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Volga Bulgar – البلغَاڔِى </th> <th>Chuvash – Чӑвашла<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Proto-Turkic </th> <th> </th> <th>Volga Bulgar – البلغَاڔِى </th> <th>Chuvash – Чӑвашла </th> <th>Proto-Turkic </th></tr> <tr> <td>one </td> <td>بیر (bīr) </td> <td>пӗр (pĕr) </td> <td><i>*bīr</i> </td> <td>monument </td> <td>بَلُو (belüv) </td> <td>палӑк (palăk) </td> <td><i>*belig</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>two </td> <td>اَكِ (eki) </td> <td>иккӗ (ikkĕ) </td> <td><i>*ẹki</i> </td> <td>water </td> <td>شِو (šïv) </td> <td>шыв (šyv) </td> <td><i>*sub</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>three </td> <td>وج (v<sup>e</sup>č) </td> <td>виççӗ (viśśĕ) </td> <td><i>*üč</i> </td> <td>son </td> <td>اَول (av<sup>ï</sup>l) </td> <td>ывӑл (yvăl) </td> <td><i>*ogul</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>four </td> <td>تُوات (tüvet) </td> <td>тăваттă (tăvattă) </td> <td><i>*tȫrt</i> </td> <td>daughter </td> <td>هِير (hīr) </td> <td>хӗр (hĕr) </td> <td><i>*kï̄ŕ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>five </td> <td>بيال (b<sup>i</sup>yel) </td> <td>пиллӗк (pillĕk) </td> <td><i>*bẹ̄ĺ(k)</i> </td> <td>day </td> <td>كُوَان (küven <i>or</i> kön) </td> <td>кун (kun) </td> <td><i>*kün</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>six </td> <td>اَلطِ (altï) </td> <td>улттӑ (ulttă) </td> <td><i>*altï</i> </td> <td>week </td> <td>ايرنى (ērne) </td> <td>эрне (erne) </td> <td><i>(from Persian آدینه (âdine</i>)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven </td> <td>جیَاتِ (čyeti) </td> <td>ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ) </td> <td><i>*yẹti</i> </td> <td>month </td> <td>اَيخ (ay<sup>ï</sup>x) </td> <td>уйӑх (ujăh) </td> <td><i>*āń(k)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight </td> <td>سَكِر (sekir) </td> <td>саккӑр (sakkăr) </td> <td><i>*sekiŕ</i> </td> <td>year </td> <td>جال (čal) </td> <td>ҫул (śul) </td> <td><i>*yāĺ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine </td> <td>طُخِر (tuxïr) </td> <td>тӑххӑр (tăhhăr) </td> <td><i>*tokuŕ</i> </td> <td>history </td> <td>تَارِيخ (tārix) </td> <td>истори (istori) </td> <td><i>(from Arabic تَارِيخ (tārīḵ))</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten </td> <td>وان (van) </td> <td>вуннӑ (vunnă) </td> <td><i>*ōn</i> </td> <td>to become </td> <td>بَل (bal) </td> <td>пул (pul) </td> <td><i>*bōl-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty </td> <td>جِيِرم (čiyir<sup>i</sup>m) </td> <td>ҫирӗм (śirĕm) </td> <td><i>*yẹgirmi</i> </td> <td>to do, make </td> <td>طَن (ta-n) </td> <td>ту (tu) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>thirty </td> <td>وطر (v<sup>u</sup>t<sup>u</sup>r) </td> <td>вӑтӑр (vătăr) </td> <td><i>*otuŕ</i> </td> <td>to go </td> <td>بَر (bar) </td> <td>пыр (pyr) </td> <td><i>*bar-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>forty </td> <td>حرح (x<sup>ï</sup>r<sup>ï</sup>x) </td> <td>хӗрӗх (hĕrĕh) </td> <td><i>*kïrk</i> </td> <td>to love </td> <td>سَو (sev) </td> <td>сав (sav) </td> <td><i>*seb-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fifty </td> <td>الو (el<sup>lü</sup>v), اَلُّ (ellü) </td> <td>аллӑ (allă) </td> <td><i>*ellig</i> </td> <td>to die </td> <td>وَل (vel) </td> <td>вил (vil) </td> <td><i>*öl-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hundred </td> <td>جُور (čǖr) </td> <td>ҫӗр (śĕr) </td> <td><i>*yǖŕ</i> </td> <td>to migrate </td> <td>كُوَج (küveč <i>or</i> köč) </td> <td>куҫ (kuś) </td> <td><i>*köč-</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cases in Volga Bulgar<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Volga Bulgar </th> <th>Examples in words </th></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive </td> <td>-∅ <i>or</i> -(ı)n </td> <td><i>اَغَان (ağā-n), يغقوُتن (yaquut-ın)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative </td> <td>-ne/na </td> <td><i>مَسجِدسَمنَ (mesčidsem-ne)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative-locative </td> <td>-a/e <i>and</i> -ne/na </td> <td><i>اِشنَ (iš-ne), بَجنَ (bač-na), جَالَ (čāl-a)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative </td> <td>-ran, -ren; -tan, -ten </td> <td><i>دنيَارَان (d<sup>ö</sup>nyā-ran)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third person possessive </td> <td>-i, -ı; -si, -sı </td> <td>هِيرِ <i>(hīr-i), اِلغِجِسِ (ılğıčı-sı)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tenses and moods </th> <th>Volga Bulgar </th> <th>Examples in words </th></tr> <tr> <td>Past tense </td> <td>-ti/tı, -ri/rı </td> <td><i>وَلتِ (vel-ti)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past tense 2 </td> <td>-ruvı/rüvi (<*-dugı), -tuvı/tüvi (<*-tugı) </td> <td><i>كُوَجروُي (küveč-rüvi), بلطُوى (bal-tuvı)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjective form of verb </td> <td>-an/en </td> <td><i>طَنَان (tan-an), سَوَان (sev-en)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adverb form of verb </td> <td>-sa/se </td> <td><i>بَرسَ (bar-sa)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third person imperative </td> <td>-tur/tür </td> <td>طَنْطُرْ (tan-tur)<i></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyla_inscription" title="Buyla inscription">Buyla inscription</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica Online – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages"><i>Bolgar Turkic</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623115154/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages">Archived</a> 2008-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, George L. <i>Compendium of the World's Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeX-i2Ve0CgC&pg=RA2-PA274&dq=bulgar+language+turkic+danube&sig=djDXx0auQm9scuJKrQAOcJkWL0s"><i>page 274</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcantonio, Angela. <i>The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics</i>. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA25&dq=%22three+parts%22+bulgar+language+turkic&sig=EsfSon0NiB5cHYPxjoHzkIrpL80"><i>page 25</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarcantonio2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcantonio, Angela (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA167"><i>The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6"><bdi>0-631-23170-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+language+family%3A+facts%2C+myths+and+statistics&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-631-23170-6&rft.aulast=Marcantonio&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCp-tB08yd2EC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2000" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA88"><i>Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22039-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22039-9"><bdi>0-631-22039-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+languages+of+Europe&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-631-22039-9&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29BAeKHwvuoC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClauson2002" class="citation book cs1">Clauson, Gerard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ-7yFXRpiYC&pg=PA38"><i>Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29772-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29772-9"><bdi>0-415-29772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Turkic+and+Mongolic+linguistics&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-29772-9&rft.aulast=Clauson&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJ-7yFXRpiYC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Pritsak, Omeljan</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036005">"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan"</a>. <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>IV</b> (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>: 470. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-5570">0363-5570</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036005">41036005</a>. <q>The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Hunnic+Language+of+the+Attila+Clan&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=470&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-5570&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchived" class="citation journal cs1">Archived, Article. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/88411462">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" (pages 428, ..., 476), author: Omeljan Pritsak"</a>: 430. <q>I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22The+Hunnic+Language+of+the+Attila+Clan%22+%28pages+428%2C+...%2C+476%29%2C+author%3A+Omeljan+Pritsak&rft.pages=430&rft.aulast=Archived&rft.aufirst=Article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F88411462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamer" class="citation journal cs1">Ramer, Alexis Manaster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41975042">"Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven"</a>: 1 p. <q>Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Proto-Bulgarian%2FDanube+Bulgar%2FHunno-Bulgar+Bekven&rft.pages=1+p&rft.aulast=Ramer&rft.aufirst=Alexis+Manaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41975042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavelyev2020" class="citation book cs1">Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter-abstract/354239965?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false"><i>Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8"><bdi>978-0-19-880462-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuvash+and+the+Bulgharic+Languages&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880462-8&rft.aulast=Savelyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F41762%2Fchapter-abstract%2F354239965%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%26login%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <i>An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>. Turcologica. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 88 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2"><bdi>978-3-447-03274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+the+Turkic+peoples%3A+ethnogenesis+and+state-formation+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Turcologica&rft.pages=88+89&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03274-2&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRÓNA-TAS1999" class="citation book cs1">RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7829/j.ctv280b77f"><i>Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7829%2Fj.ctv280b77f">10.7829/j.ctv280b77f</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-572-9"><bdi>978-963-386-572-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarians+and+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7829%2Fj.ctv280b77f&rft.isbn=978-963-386-572-9&rft.aulast=R%C3%93NA-TAS&rft.aufirst=ANDR%C3%81S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7829%2Fj.ctv280b77f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1997" class="citation book cs1">Sinor, Denis (1997). <i>Studies in medieval inner Asia</i>. Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-632-0"><bdi>978-0-86078-632-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+medieval+inner+Asia&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hampshire&rft.series=Collected+studies+series&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-632-0&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johanson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johanson_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johanson_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. <i>The Turkic languages</i>. London: Routledge, pp. 81–125.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">"Turcologica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turcologica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiclanguages.com%2Fwww%2Fclassification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span>; Johanson, Lars. 2007. Chuvash. <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i>. Oxford: Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЗаходер1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Заходер, Б. Н. (1962). Беляев, Е.А. (ed.). <i>Каспийский свод сведений о Восточной Европе : Горган и Поволжье в IX-X вв</i> (in Russian). Vol. I. Москва: Восточная литература. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5+%3A+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%B2+IX-X+%D0%B2%D0%B2&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%91.+%D0%9D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213172602/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.iq.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fhuri%2Ffiles%2Fvvi_n4_dec1982.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Turks: Early ages, Vol. 1 , Cem Oğuz, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9756782552" title="Special:BookSources/9756782552">9756782552</a>, Author Murat Ocak, Redactors: Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, Publisher: Yeni Türkiye, 2002, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hunno-Bulgar language, Antoaneta Granberg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120184254/http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralasien.dk%2Fjoomla%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2FDSCA2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/b_lang/bl_oldwords.html">"Old Bulgar words from VI-X c. AD sources"</a>. <i>www.kroraina.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630114722/http://www.kroraina.com/b_lang/bl_oldwords.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kroraina.com&rft.atitle=Old+Bulgar+words+from+VI-X+c.+AD+sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fb_lang%2Fbl_oldwords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Бакалов, Георги. Малко известни факти от историята на древните българи <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protobulgarians.com/Statii%20ot%20drugi%20avtori/Bakalov-1.htm">Част 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083545/http://www.protobulgarians.com/Statii%20ot%20drugi%20avtori/Bakalov-1.htm">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protobulgarians.com/Statii%20ot%20drugi%20avtori/Bakalov-2.htm">част 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201163333/http://www.protobulgarians.com/Statii%20ot%20drugi%20avtori/Bakalov-2.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Димитров, Божидар, 2005. 12 мита в българската история</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Милчева, Христина. Българите са с древно-ирански произход. Научна конференция "Средновековна Рус, Волжка България и северното Черноморие в контекста на руските източни връзки", Казан, Русия, 15.10.2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chapters.scarecrowpress.com/08/108/0810849011ch1.pdf">Detrez has specialisized Bulgarian philology at Sofia University and is author of several books treating Bulgarian history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150256/http://chapters.scarecrowpress.com/08/108/0810849011ch1.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrezPlasLang2005" class="citation book cs1">Detrez, Raymond; Plas, Pieter; Lang, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C&pg=PA29"><i>Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5201-297-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5201-297-0"><bdi>90-5201-297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+cultural+identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+convergence+vs+divergence&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-5201-297-0&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Plas%2C+Pieter&rft.au=Lang%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRttHdXjP14C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Бешевлиев, Веселин. Ирански елементи у първобългарите. Античное Общество, Труды Конференции по изучению проблем античности, стр. 237–247, Издательство "Наука", Москва 1967, АН СССР, Отделение Истории.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Йорданов, Стефан. Славяни, тюрки и индо-иранци в ранното средновековие: езикови проблеми на българския етногенезис. В: Българистични проучвания. 8. Актуални проблеми на българистиката и славистиката. Седма международна научна сесия. Велико Търново, 22–23 август 2001 г. Велико Търново, 2002, 275–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Съпоставително езикознание, Том 30, Софийски университет "Климент Охридски", 2005, стр. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Исторически преглед, Том 62, Броеве 3–4, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoria (Bŭlgarska akademia na naukite) 2006, стр. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palaeobulgarica: Starobŭlgaristika, Том 24, Tsentŭr za bŭlgaristika (Bŭlgarska akademiia na naukite), 2000, стр. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/da_2_2.htm">"Образуване на българската народност. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, "Векове", София, 1971) стр. 117"</a>. <i>kroraina.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528064248/http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/da_2_2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kroraina.com&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%22%2C+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+1971%29+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80.+117.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fda%2Fda_2_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/pp2/pp_1_2_1.htm">"Образуване на българската държава, Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981) стр. 94"</a>. <i>kroraina.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183747/http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/pp2/pp_1_2_1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kroraina.com&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+1981%29+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80.+94.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fpp2%2Fpp_1_2_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarloukovski" class="citation web cs1">Karloukovski, Vassil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html">"V. Zlatarski – Istorija 1A – a 1"</a>. <i>www.kroraina.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726204047/http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kroraina.com&rft.atitle=V.+Zlatarski+%E2%80%93+Istorija+1A+%E2%80%93+a+1&rft.aulast=Karloukovski&rft.aufirst=Vassil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fvz1a%2Fvz1a_a_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/iv_gumno/iv_gumno_1.htm">"Медното гумно на прабългарите, Ivan Benedikov, (College "Thrace" publishing house, I edition 1983, II. reworked edition, Stara Zagora 1995, pp. 16–19"</a>. <i>kroraina.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620185833/http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/iv_gumno/iv_gumno_1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kroraina.com&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%2C+Ivan+Benedikov%2C+%28College+%22Thrace%22+publishing+house%2C+I+edition+1983%2C+II.+reworked+edition%2C+Stara+Zagora+1995%2C+pp.+16%E2%80%9319.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fiv_gumno%2Fiv_gumno_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtaKovalev2008" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA189"><i>The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans</i></a>. Brill. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163898" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163898"><bdi>978-9004163898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Avars%2C+Bulgars%2C+Khazars+and+Cumans&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004163898&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Kovalev%2C+Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-G1L-9Zec0C%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rance, Philip,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/71038780/_Photios_and_the_Bulgar_Language_%CF%84%E1%BF%B6%CE%B3%CE%B1_tu%C4%9F_Byzantinoslavica_79_2021_41_58">"Photios and the Bulgar Language (τῶγα, tuğ)"</a> <i>Byzantinoslavica</i> 79 (2021) 41–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekin1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tekin, Talât (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kutuphane.akmb.gov.tr/opac/details?id=42364&materialType=BK&query=%22tekin%2C+talat%22"><i>Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri</i></a> (in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuna+Bulgarlar%C4%B1+ve+Dilleri&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Tekin&rft.aufirst=Tal%C3%A2t&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkutuphane.akmb.gov.tr%2Fopac%2Fdetails%3Fid%3D42364%26materialType%3DBK%26query%3D%2522tekin%252C%2Btalat%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Larry. 1998. "Chuvash." In: Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. <i>The Turkic languages</i>. London: Routledge, p.434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chuvash-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chuvash_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023541/https://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./86/3743/1046/1053">"Формирование болгарской (древнечувашской) народности"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./86/3743/1046/1053">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%28%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%29+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.cap.ru%2Fhierarhy_cap.asp%3Fpage%3D.%2F86%2F3743%2F1046%2F1053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">HAKIMZJANOV, F. S. "NEW VOLGA BULGARIAN INSCRIPTIONS." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 40, no. 1, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986, pp. 173–77, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23657681">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekin1988" class="citation book cs1">Tekin, Talât (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kutuphane.akmb.gov.tr/opac/details?id=46293&materialType=BK&query=Volga+Bulgar+Kitabeleri+ve+Volga+Bulgarcas%C4%B1"><i>Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası</i></a>. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. pp. 30–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-751600-660" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-751600-660"><bdi>978-9-751600-660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volga+Bulgar+kitabeleri+ve+Volga+Bulgarcas%C4%B1&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=30-38&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-9-751600-660&rft.aulast=Tekin&rft.aufirst=Tal%C3%A2t&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkutuphane.akmb.gov.tr%2Fopac%2Fdetails%3Fid%3D46293%26materialType%3DBK%26query%3DVolga%2BBulgar%2BKitabeleri%2Bve%2BVolga%2BBulgarcas%25C4%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unpublished Volga Bulgarian inscriptions A. H. Khalikov and J. G. Muhametshin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulgarizdat.ru/index.php/book1/article1-1">"Закиев М. З. Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар"</a>. <i>bulgarizdat.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bulgarizdat.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%9C.+%D0%97.+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80+%E2%80%94+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulgarizdat.ru%2Findex.php%2Fbook1%2Farticle1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bulgar_numerals">"Category:Bulgar numerals – Wiktionary"</a>. <i>en.wiktionary.org</i>. 31 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wiktionary.org&rft.atitle=Category%3ABulgar+numerals+%E2%80%93+Wiktionary&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3ABulgar_numerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic/History_of_Proto-Turkic_language">"Proto-Turkic/History of Proto-Turkic language – Wikibooks, open books for an open world"</a>. <i>en.wikibooks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikibooks.org&rft.atitle=Proto-Turkic%2FHistory+of+Proto-Turkic+language+%E2%80%93+Wikibooks%2C+open+books+for+an+open+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FProto-Turkic%2FHistory_of_Proto-Turkic_language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/chuvash.htm">"Numbers in Chuvash"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Numbers+in+Chuvash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Flanguage%2Fnumbers%2Fchuvash.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bulgar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Bulgar">Bulgar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Bulgar language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bulgar_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Bulgar language"><i><b>Bulgar language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages">Britannica Online</a> – The article describes the position of Bulgar and Chuvash in the classification of the Turkic languages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/bulgar.pdf">"Sergei Starostin's <i>Tower of Babel</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sergei+Starostin%27s+Tower+of+Babel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2FTexts%2Fbulgar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgar+language" class="Z3988"></span> – A Russian Turkologist's take on Danube Bulgar inscriptions and the Bulgar calendar, in Russian. The article contains a tentative decipherment of inscriptions based on the Turkic hypothesis. <span style="font-size:85%;">(350 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718213232/http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/rashev.html">Rashev, Rasho. 1992. On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians. p. 23–33 in: Studia protobulgarica et mediaevalia europensia. In honour of Prof. V. Beshevliev, Veliko Tarnovo</a> – A Bulgarian archeologist's proposal. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Argu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages"><i>Argu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> 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