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CSS: fs **/</style> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-183 mega-menu-max-mega-menu-1"> <div id="art-main"> <header class="art-header"> <div class="art-shapes"> <div class="art-object325548477"></div> </div> <div class="art-headline"> <a href="https://einstein-website.de/en/">ALBERT EINSTEIN</a> </div> <div class="art-slogan">IN THE WORLD WIDE WEB</div> <a href="#" class="art-logo art-logo-1627948546"> <img src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/themes/einsteinwebsite_ohneNav/images/logo-1627948546.png" alt="" /> </a> </header> <div id="mega-menu-wrap-max_mega_menu_1" class="mega-menu-wrap"><div class="mega-menu-toggle"><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-left"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-center"><div class='mega-toggle-block mega-menu-toggle-animated-block mega-toggle-block-1' id='mega-toggle-block-1'><button aria-label="Toggle Menu" class="mega-toggle-animated mega-toggle-animated-slider" type="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span 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mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2260' id='mega-menu-item-2260'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Biography<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2277' id='mega-menu-item-2277'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/timeline/">● Timeline</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2275' id='mega-menu-item-2275'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-biography/">● Biography</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2276' id='mega-menu-item-2276'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/family-tree/">● Family tree</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2264' id='mega-menu-item-2264'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Germany ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2284' id='mega-menu-item-2284'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/ulm/">● Ulm</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2269' id='mega-menu-item-2269'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Berlin ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2662' id='mega-menu-item-2662'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/spandau-castle/">● "Spandau Castle"</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2287' id='mega-menu-item-2287'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/archenhold/">● Archenhold</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2286' id='mega-menu-item-2286'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/sound-document/">● Sound Document</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2283' id='mega-menu-item-2283'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/caputh/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Caputh ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2290' id='mega-menu-item-2290'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/guestbook/">● Guestbook</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2289' id='mega-menu-item-2289'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/tummler/">● "Tümmler"</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2288' id='mega-menu-item-2288'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/credo/">● Credo</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2879' id='mega-menu-item-2879'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/balticsea/">● Baltic Sea</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2265' id='mega-menu-item-2265'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Switzerland ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2268' id='mega-menu-item-2268'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Bern ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2731' id='mega-menu-item-2731'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/patent-office/">● Patent Office</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2282' id='mega-menu-item-2282'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/akademie-olympia/">● “Akademie Olympia”</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2281' id='mega-menu-item-2281'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/maschinchen/">● “Maschinchen”</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2279' id='mega-menu-item-2279'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/winterthur/">● Winterthur</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2278' id='mega-menu-item-2278'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/schaffhausen/">● Schaffhausen</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2266' id='mega-menu-item-2266'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Czech Republic ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2280' id='mega-menu-item-2280'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/prague/">● Prague</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2267' id='mega-menu-item-2267'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ USA ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2285' id='mega-menu-item-2285'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/princeton/">● Princeton</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2261' id='mega-menu-item-2261'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Information<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2291' id='mega-menu-item-2291'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/academies-and-societies/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Academies and societies ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2341' id='mega-menu-item-2341'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/society-for-natural-sciences-bern/">● Society for Natural Sciences, Bern</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2340' id='mega-menu-item-2340'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/physical-society-zurich/">● Physical Society Zurich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2339' id='mega-menu-item-2339'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/society-for-natural-sciences-zurich/">● Society for Natural Sciences, Zurich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2338' id='mega-menu-item-2338'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-scientific-society-gottingen/">● Royal Scientific Society, Göttingen</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2337' id='mega-menu-item-2337'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-danish-academy-of-sciences-and-letters/">● Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2336' id='mega-menu-item-2336'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-academy-of-sciences-in-amsterdam/">● Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2335' id='mega-menu-item-2335'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/national-academy-of-the-lincei-rom/">● National Academy of the Lincei, Rom</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2334' id='mega-menu-item-2334'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-madrid/">● Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Madrid</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2333' id='mega-menu-item-2333'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/bavarian-academy-of-sciences/">● Bavarian Academy of Sciences</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2332' id='mega-menu-item-2332'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/lmperial-german-academy-of-natural-scientists-in-halle-leopoldina/">● lmperial German Academy of Natural Scientists in Halle, Leopoldina</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2343' id='mega-menu-item-2343'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/scientific-publications/">● Scientific publications</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2296' id='mega-menu-item-2296'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/honours-prizes-awards/">● Honours, prizes, awards</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2270' id='mega-menu-item-2270'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Nobel Prize 1921 ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2300' id='mega-menu-item-2300'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/what-happened-to-the-nobel-prize-money/">● What happened to the Nobel Prize money?</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2342' id='mega-menu-item-2342'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/favorite-foods/">● Favorite foods</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2298' id='mega-menu-item-2298'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/various-things/">● Various things</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2295' id='mega-menu-item-2295'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/faq/">● FAQ</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current_page_ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2331' id='mega-menu-item-2331'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/short-biographies/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">● Short biographies ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2271' id='mega-menu-item-2271'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Einstein family ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2319' id='mega-menu-item-2319'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-eduard/">● Einstein, Eduard</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2320' id='mega-menu-item-2320'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-elsa/">● Einstein, Elsa</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2322' id='mega-menu-item-2322'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-hans-albert/">● Einstein, Hans Albert</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2321' id='mega-menu-item-2321'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-hermann-2/">● Einstein, Hermann</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2323' id='mega-menu-item-2323'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-pauline-2/">● Einstein, Pauline</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2324' id='mega-menu-item-2324'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-maric-lieserl-2/">● Einstein-Maric, Lieserl</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2326' id='mega-menu-item-2326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-maric-mileva/">● Einstein-Maric, Mileva</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2325' id='mega-menu-item-2325'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/winteler-einstein-maria/">● Winteler-Einstein, Maria</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current-menu-parent mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2272' id='mega-menu-item-2272'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Scientists ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2318' id='mega-menu-item-2318'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/archenhold-friedrich/">● Archenhold, Friedrich</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2317' id='mega-menu-item-2317'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/haber-fritz/">● Haber, Fritz</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2316' id='mega-menu-item-2316'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/kepler-johannes/">● Kepler, Johannes</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-item mega-page_item mega-page-item-183 mega-current_page_item mega-menu-item-2315' id='mega-menu-item-2315'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/lenard-philipp/" aria-current="page">● Lenard, Philipp</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2314' id='mega-menu-item-2314'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/nernst-walther/">● Nernst, Walther</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2313' id='mega-menu-item-2313'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/stark-johannes/">● Stark, Johannes</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-2273' id='mega-menu-item-2273'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">○ Other ▸<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2312' id='mega-menu-item-2312'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/dukas-helen/">● Dukas, Helen</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2311' id='mega-menu-item-2311'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/fichte-johann-gottlieb-2/">● Fichte, Johann Gottlieb</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2310' id='mega-menu-item-2310'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/roosevelt-franklin-delano/">● Roosevelt, Franklin Delano</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2309' id='mega-menu-item-2309'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/schweitzer-albert/">● Schweitzer, Albert</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2308' id='mega-menu-item-2308'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/wachsmann-konrad/">● Wachsmann, Konrad</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2307' id='mega-menu-item-2307'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/weizmann-chaim/">● Weizmann, Chaim</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2292' id='mega-menu-item-2292'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/albert-einstein-archives-in-jerusalem/">● Albert Einstein Archives in Jerusalem</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2293' id='mega-menu-item-2293'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einstein-papers-project-in-pasadena/">● Einstein Papers Project in Pasadena</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2456' id='mega-menu-item-2456'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/initiativkreis_en/">● Initiativkreis Albert-Einstein-Haus Caputh</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2294' id='mega-menu-item-2294'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/einsteiniana/">● Einsteiniana</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2299' id='mega-menu-item-2299'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/external-links/">● External Links</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2297' id='mega-menu-item-2297'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/literature/">● Books</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2262' id='mega-menu-item-2262'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Einstein for Kids<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2327' id='mega-menu-item-2327'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/albert-einstein-biography/">● Biography</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2330' id='mega-menu-item-2330'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/matura-certificate/">● Matura certificate</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2328' id='mega-menu-item-2328'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/correspondence-with-kids/">● Correspondence with kids</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-2329' id='mega-menu-item-2329'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://einstein-website.de/en/kids-paint-albert-einstein/">● Kids paint Albert Einstein</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-2263' id='mega-menu-item-2263'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">About Einstein-Website<span 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<div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:9%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-large"><img decoding="async" width="56" height="56" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/ic_hd_information.png" alt="" class="wp-image-778"/></figure></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:80%"> <p>Information</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:11%"><a href="https://einstein-website.de/lenard-philipp/" title="DEUTSCH"><img decoding="async" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/multisite-language-switcher/flags/de.png" alt="de_DE"/> DEUTSCH</a></div> </div> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>“Our old fights were sure victorious; only few obstinate people are still grouping around the Captain of Koepenick. The youth however clearly knows about German physics and Jewish physics;…”</p></blockquote> <p class="has-text-align-right">Philipp Lenard in a greeting card to his colleague Ernst Gehrcke, June/July 1937</p> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Short life history: Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard</h2> <p>* June 7, 1862 Preßburg, † May 20, 1947 Messelhausen</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>After his study of science in Budapest and Vienna and physics in Berlin and Heidelberg, Lenard obtained a doctorate in Heidelberg in 1886. He went to Breslau in 1890 as assistant and a year later to Bonn to <strong>Heinrich Hertz</strong> (1857–1894) where he also qualified as university lecturer. Then he changed to Aachen, Heidelberg and Kiel. Back in Heidelberg in 1907 he became head of the Physical Institute there. From 1909 he was leading the Radiological Institute at the University of Heidelberg which was also founded by him. He stayed at the University of Heidelberg until he conferred emeritus status (1931). After the war Lenard moved to Messelhausen (Badenia).</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="193" height="284" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/Lenard1930.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-551" /><figcaption>1 Philipp Lenard, ca. 1930</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Quite a few of his basic works dealt with the phosphorescence and experiments concerning the photoelectric effect (theoretical interpretation by Albert Einstein in 1905). Furthermore he developed a model of an atom (dynamids model) which is said to be the predecessor of the model of an atom by Ernest Rutherford. In addition he worked in the area of conductivity of metals and the electricity of waterfalls. For the year 1905 he received “… for his work on the cathode rays…” the Nobel Prize for physics. In these works he examined, among other things, both the electrostatic properties of cathode rays and their magnetic deflection.</p> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <p>With the beginning of the 20ies he became one of the most inveterate foes of Einstein’s theories of relativity. This rejection, founded on an excessive nationalism in connection with a strong anti-Semitism, became stronger as time passed by and reached its critical stage after the national socialist seizing of power (1933). One of his followers was the physicist and Nobel Prize laureate <strong>Johannes Stark</strong> (1874–1957).</p> <p>In Lenard’s four-volume work of 1936/37 “Deutsche Physik” (German Physics), written on the basis of classical physics of the 19th century and with the accentuation on experimental physics, the theoretical i.e. Jewish physics was almost completely rejected.</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Philipp Lenard: <strong>“Deutsche Physik”</strong> (German Physics)</p> <p>Volume 1: <br><em>Einleitung und Mechanik</em> (Introduction and mechanics)<br>Volume 2:<br><em>Akustik und Wärmelehre</em> (Acoustics and thermodynamics)<br>Volume 3:<br><em>Optik, Elektrostatik und Anfänge der Elektrodynamik</em> (Optics, electrostatics and beginnings of electrodynamics)<br>Volume 4:<br><em>Magnetismus, Elektrodynamik und Anfänge von Weiterem</em> (Magnetism, electrodynamics and beginnings of further physics)</p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="175" height="38" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/Lenard1937.gif" alt="" class="wp-image-553" /></figure></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="285" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/12/DeutschePhysik_Bd2_k-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-554" /><figcaption>2 Cover Volume 2, “Deutsche Physik” (German Physics), Philipp Lenard, 1936/1937</figcaption></figure></div> </div> </div> <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">Illustrations Credits:</span></strong><br>Courtesy of the Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landesbibliothek Kiel: 1<br>Archives of the author: 2</p> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="art-footer"> <div class="art-footer-inner"><div class="art-footer-text"> <div class="art-content-layout-wrapper layout-item-0"> <div class="art-content-layout"> <div class="art-content-layout-row"> <div class="art-layout-cell layout-item-1" style="width: 100%"><div class="art-widget widget widget_block widget_text" id="block-7" ><div class="art-widget-content"> <p>Copyright © 2000-2024 Hans-Josef Küpper | All rights reserved | <a href="/en/imprint/">Imprint</a> | <a href="/en/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="wp-footer"> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpfront-scroll-top-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpfront_scroll_top_data = {"data":{"css":"#wpfront-scroll-top-container{display:none;position:fixed;cursor:pointer;z-index:9999;opacity:0}#wpfront-scroll-top-container div.text-holder{padding:3px 10px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5);-moz-box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5);box-shadow:4px 4px 5px 0 rgba(50,50,50,.5)}#wpfront-scroll-top-container a{outline-style:none;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}#wpfront-scroll-top-container {right: 0px;bottom: 0px;} #wpfront-scroll-top-container img {\n width: auto;\n height: auto;\n }\n ","html":"<div id=\"wpfront-scroll-top-container\"><img src=\"https:\/\/einstein-website.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/02\/50.png\" alt=\"arrow to top\" title=\"\" \/><\/div>","data":{"hide_iframe":false,"button_fade_duration":200,"auto_hide":false,"auto_hide_after":2,"scroll_offset":100,"button_opacity":0.8,"button_action":"top","button_action_element_selector":"","button_action_container_selector":"html, body","button_action_element_offset":"0","scroll_duration":400}}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/wpfront-scroll-top/js/wpfront-scroll-top.min.js?ver=2.2.10081" id="wpfront-scroll-top-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="megamenu-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var megamenu = {"timeout":"300","interval":"100"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://einstein-website.de/en/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.3.1.2" id="megamenu-js"></script>  </div> </body> </html>