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<span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 73 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/14de_eeu_v.C." title="14de eeu v.C. – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="14de eeu v.C." data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_14_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="القرن 14 ق م – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 14 ق م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_14_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="القرن 14 ق م – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن 14 ق م" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XIV_e.C." title="Sieglu XIV e.C. – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XIV e.C." data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%C9%99._XIV_%C9%99sr" title="E.ə. XIV əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="E.ə. XIV əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-14_SM" title="Abad ka-14 SM – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-14 SM" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D." title="XIV стагоддзе да н.э. – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XIV стагоддзе да н.э." data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="14 век пр.н.е. – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="14 век пр.н.е." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._vijek_p._n._e." title="14. vijek p. n. e. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="14. vijek p. n. e." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XIV_aC" title="Segle XIV aC – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XIV aC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._stolet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l." title="14. století př. n. l. – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="14. století př. n. l." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%C4%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_XIV_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="Пирĕн эрăччен XIV ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пирĕн эрăччен XIV ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%A5rhundrede_f.Kr." title="14. århundrede f.Kr. – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="14. århundrede f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Jahrhundert_v._Chr." title="14. Jahrhundert v. Chr. – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="14. Jahrhundert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%80.%CE%A7." title="14ος αιώνας π.Χ. – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="14ος αιώνας π.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="14th century BC" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-a_jarcento_a.K." title="14-a jarcento a.K. – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="14-a jarcento a.K." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIV_a._C." title="Siglo XIV a. C. – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XIV a. C." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._sajand_eKr" title="14. sajand eKr – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="14. sajand eKr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.a._XIV._mendea" title="K.a. XIV. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="K.a. XIV. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B4_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="سده ۱۴ (پیش از میلاد) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده ۱۴ (پیش از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300-luku_eaa." title="1300-luku eaa. – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1300-luku eaa." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%B8ld_f.Kr." title="14. øld f.Kr. – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="14. øld f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/14e_iuw_f.Kr." title="14e iuw f.Kr. – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="14e iuw f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%C3%BA_haois_RC" title="14ú haois RC – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="14ú haois RC" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/14mh_linn_RC" title="14mh linn RC – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="14mh linn RC" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_-XIV" title="Século -XIV – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século -XIV" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-14_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1" title="המאה ה-14 לפנה"ס – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-14 לפנה"ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._stolje%C4%87e_pr._Kr." title="14. stoljeće pr. Kr. – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="14. stoljeće pr. Kr." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._e._14._sz%C3%A1zad" title="I. e. 14. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. e. 14. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%E2%80%A4%D5%A9%E2%80%A4%D5%A1%E2%80%A4_14-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մ․թ․ա․ 14-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մ․թ․ա․ 14-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-14_SM" title="Abad ke-14 SM – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-14 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/14ma_yarcento_aK" title="14ma yarcento aK – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="14ma yarcento aK" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%B6ldin_f.Kr." title="14. öldin f.Kr. – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="14. öldin f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_secolo_a.C." title="XIV secolo a.C. – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIV secolo a.C." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="紀元前14世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元前14世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._XIV_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ძვ. წ. XIV საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვ. წ. XIV საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%84_14%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="기원전 14세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원전 14세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_14_a.C.n." title="Saeculum 14 a.C.n. – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 14 a.C.n." data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Joerhonnert_v._Chr." title="14. Joerhonnert v. Chr. – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="14. Joerhonnert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_14_aec" title="Sentenio 14 aec – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 14 aec" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_am%C5%BEius_pr._m._e." title="XIV amžius pr. m. e. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIV amžius pr. m. e." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._gadsimts_p.m.%C4%93." title="14. gadsimts p.m.ē. – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="14. gadsimts p.m.ē." data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="14 век п.н.е. – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="14 век п.н.е." data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-14_SM" title="Abad ke-14 SM – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-14 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/14e_eeuw_v.Chr." title="14e eeuw v.Chr. – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="14e eeuw v.Chr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300-talet_fvt." title="1300-talet fvt. – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1300-talet fvt." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%A5rhundre_f.Kr." title="14. århundre f.Kr. – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="14. århundre f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIV_abC" title="Sègle XIV abC – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XIV abC" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_wiek_p.n.e." title="XIV wiek p.n.e. – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XIV wiek p.n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIV_a.C." title="Século XIV a.C. – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XIV a.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata_k%C3%B1" title="14 ñiqin pachakwata kñ – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="14 ñiqin pachakwata kñ" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XIV-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XIV-lea î.Hr. – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XIV-lea î.Hr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="XIV век до н. э. – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XIV век до н. э." data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._vijek_pne." title="14. vijek pne. – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="14. vijek pne." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._storo%C4%8Die_pred_Kr." title="14. storočie pred Kr. – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="14. storočie pred Kr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._stoletje_pr._n._%C5%A1t." title="14. stoletje pr. n. št. – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="14. stoletje pr. n. št." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XIV_p.e.s." title="Shekulli XIV p.e.s. – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XIV p.e.s." data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF._%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="14. век п. н. е. – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="14. век п. н. е." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300-talet_f.Kr." title="1300-talet f.Kr. – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1300-talet f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_14_KK" title="Karne ya 14 KK – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 14 KK" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XIV_%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Садаи XIV то мелод – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XIV то мелод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%96_14._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="MÖ 14. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MÖ 14. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%B1._%D1%8D._%D0%BA.)" title="XIV гасыр (б. э. к.) – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XIV гасыр (б. э. к.)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="XIV століття до н. е. – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XIV століття до н. е." data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="چودہویں صدی ق م – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چودہویں صدی ق م" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil._av._XIV_asr" title="Mil. av. XIV asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mil. av. XIV asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_14_TCN" title="Thế kỷ 14 TCN – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 14 TCN" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-14_nga_gatostuig_UC" title="Ika-14 nga gatostuig UC – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-14 nga gatostuig UC" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D14%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="前14世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="前14世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._XIV_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჯვ. წ. XIV ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვ. წ. XIV ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D14%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="前14世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前14世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="前14世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="前14世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180669#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <b><a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></b> | <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> </p> </center> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIXe siècle av. J.-C.">../..</a> | <a href="/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XVIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XVe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <b><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> | <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IXe siècle av. J.-C.">../..</a> </p> </center> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1390_av._J.-C." title="Années 1390 av. J.-C.">Années 1390 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1380_av._J.-C." title="Années 1380 av. J.-C.">Années 1380 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1370_av._J.-C." title="Années 1370 av. J.-C.">Années 1370 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1360_av._J.-C." title="Années 1360 av. J.-C.">Années 1360 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1350_av._J.-C." title="Années 1350 av. J.-C.">Années 1350 av. J.-C.</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1340_av._J.-C." title="Années 1340 av. J.-C.">Années 1340 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1330_av._J.-C." title="Années 1330 av. J.-C.">Années 1330 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1320_av._J.-C." title="Années 1320 av. J.-C.">Années 1320 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1310_av._J.-C." title="Années 1310 av. J.-C.">Années 1310 av. J.-C.</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1300_av._J.-C." title="Années 1300 av. J.-C.">Années 1300 av. J.-C.</a> </p> </center> <p>Voir aussi : <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="Liste des siècles">Liste des siècles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiffres_romains" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiffres romains">Chiffres romains</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1350-1250 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : phase Bajío du site de <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_(Veracruz)" title="San Lorenzo (Veracruz)">San Lorenzo</a> au <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> ; construction de grands bâtiments publics<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Développement du nomadisme pastoral dans les steppes de l'<a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a> ; le bétail est surveillé à cheval<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Proche-Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Proche-Orient"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:30%;"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="text-align: inherit;"> Échanges réguliers de biens précieux et rares entre les rois égyptiens, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">hittites</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Babylone" title="Babylone">Babylone</a>. Le commerce levantin joue un rôle important aux <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> et <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> siècles <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> Grâce aux archives de <a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Amarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell el-Amarna">Tell el-Amarna</a> et celles privées, d’<a href="/wiki/Ougarit" title="Ougarit">Ougarit</a> et d’<a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, nous avons des informations sur les biens qui circulaient, mais il est impossible d’évaluer l’importance quantitative de ce commerce. Les échanges portent d’abord sur les produits pondéreux : bois du <a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a> et de l’<a href="/wiki/Monts_Amanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monts Amanus">Amanus</a> vers l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a> et la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Mésopotamie">Mésopotamie</a>, lingots de <a href="/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a> de <a href="/wiki/Chypre_(pays)" title="Chypre (pays)">Chypre</a> ou de l’Égée en forme de peaux de bœuf vers l’Égypte et l’Orient, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tain" title="Étain">étain</a> venu d’<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taux_pr%C3%A9cieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Métaux précieux">métaux précieux</a>. De grandes quantités de céramiques mycéniennes ou chypriotes sont présentes sur tous les sites côtiers, parfois même assez loin à l’intérieur des terres (vallée du <a href="/wiki/Jourdain" title="Jourdain">Jourdain</a>), souvent utilisées comme mobilier funéraire mais aussi comme matériel domestique. Certaines ont servi à transporter des denrées plus ou moins précieuses (huiles, parfums et essences diverses), mais d’autres ont pu être échangées en raison de leurs qualités esthétiques. Tissus et objets manufacturés (chars envoyés à Chypre par les Égyptiens, bateaux demandés à <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> par un pharaon), chevaux élevés dans les pâturages de <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> pour l’exportation, moutons, objets et matériaux précieux (coffrets en bois précieux syriens, défenses d’éléphants syriens ou africains, ivoires d’hippopotames, lapis-lazuli d’<a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> prisé des Égyptiens et des <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) font également l’objet de ce commerce. Toute une collection de sceaux <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">kassites</a> a voyagé jusqu’à <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8bes_(Gr%C3%A8ce)" title="Thèbes (Grèce)">Thèbes</a> en <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9otie" title="Béotie">Béotie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Margueron_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margueron-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</div></div></div></div> <ul><li><b>1400-1250 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : apogée d’<a href="/wiki/Ougarit" title="Ougarit">Ougarit</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nicie" class="mw-redirect" title="Phénicie">Phénicie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Papin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papin-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ougaritique" title="Alphabet ougaritique">Écriture alphabétique</a> attestée par les textes d’Ougarit vers 1400-1200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les scribes utilisent l’écriture cunéiforme pour transcrire un alphabet de 30 signes, qui rendent les consonnes. Sous cette forme, le système ne survivra pas à la chute de la ville.</li> <li><b>Vers 1380-<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1330_av._J.-C." title="Années 1330 av. J.-C.">1336 av. J.-C.</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : règne de <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_Ier" title="Suppiluliuma Ier">Suppiluliuma <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, qui mène l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire hittite">Empire hittite</a> à son apogée<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Affaiblissement du royaume <a href="/wiki/Hourrites" title="Hourrites">hourrite</a> du <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> attaqué par le roi <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_Ier" title="Suppiluliuma Ier">Suppiluliuma <span class="petites_capitales" style="font-variant: small-caps;">i</span><sup>er</sup></a> dans la seconde moitié du siècle. Émancipation de l'<a href="/wiki/Assyrie" title="Assyrie">Assyrie</a> sous <a href="/wiki/Assur-uballit_Ier" title="Assur-uballit Ier">Assur-uballit <span class="petites_capitales" style="font-variant: small-caps;">i</span><sup>er</sup></a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Akhenaten,_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg/220px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg/330px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg/440px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Autel domestique avec Akhénaton, Néfertiti et trois de leurs filles.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>1372-1350 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Akhetaton" title="Akhetaton">Akhetaton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>) est l’éphémère capitale du pharaon <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton">Akhenaton</a> dédiée au dieu-soleil <a href="/wiki/Aton" title="Aton">Aton</a>, abandonnée quelques années après sa mort<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="/wiki/Art_amarnien" title="Art amarnien">art amarnien</a> révolutionne les canons artistiques classiques.</li> <li><b>Vers 1352 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : mort du jeune <a href="/wiki/Tout%C3%A2nkhamon" title="Toutânkhamon">Toutânkhamon</a>, enseveli dans une tombe richement fournie de la <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_des_rois" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallée des rois">vallée des rois</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1320-1295 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : naufrage de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pave_d%27Uluburun" title="Épave d'Uluburun">épave d'Uluburun</a> retrouvée au sud de <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9F" title="Kaş">Kaş</a> en <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> dans la <a href="/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Mer Méditerranée">Mer Méditerranée</a>, transportant des <a href="/wiki/Lingot_%C3%A0_peau_de_b%C5%93uf" title="Lingot à peau de bœuf">lingots de cuivre chypriote</a> et des lingots d'étain<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Raid des <a href="/wiki/Lycie" title="Lycie">Lukka</a> (pirates originaires du sud-ouest de l’<a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a>) sur le royaume d’<a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> de <a href="/wiki/Chypre_(pays)" title="Chypre (pays)">Chypre</a>. Ils sont employés comme mercenaires par les <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> et participent à la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Qadesh" title="Bataille de Qadesh">bataille de Qadesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Reliefs gravés ou sculptés d’<a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaca Hüyük">Alaca Hüyük</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a> : grands sphinx des montants des portes traités en protomés, bas-relief des orthostates traités en méplat selon le mode traditionnel hittite (<small><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">XIV<sup>e</sup></abbr></small>-<a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>). Relief du dieu guerrier gardien de la « porte du roi » à <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> (<small><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">XIV<sup>e</sup></abbr></small> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-Margueron_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margueron-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat%C3%A8re_(vaisselle)" title="Patère (vaisselle)">Patère</a> d’or d’<a href="/wiki/Ougarit" title="Ougarit">Ougarit</a> avec son décor repoussé en zones concentriques et ses scènes de chasse, révélant un niveau exceptionnel dans l’orfèvrerie (<small><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">XIV<sup>e</sup></abbr></small>-<a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1400-1300 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : poussée glaciaire attestée par la tourbière du glacier de Fernau (<a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La langue terminale du glacier, à 750 m en avant du maximum de <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a>, atteint sa plus grande extension de l’âge postglaciaire.</li></ul> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width:30%;"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="text-align: inherit;"> Les Mycéniens établissent des comptoirs commerciaux à <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Chypre" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de Chypre">Chypre</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Milet" title="Milet">Milet</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, sur les côtes asiatiques, africaines et européennes. Ils migrent en <a href="/wiki/Sicile" title="Sicile">Sicile</a>, en Sardaigne et dans les îles <a href="/wiki/Lipari_(%C3%AEle)" title="Lipari (île)">Lipari</a>, créent une colonie à <a href="/wiki/Tarente" title="Tarente">Tarente</a> qui commerce avec en <a href="/wiki/Mer_Adriatique" title="Mer Adriatique">Adriatique</a> et jusqu’à <a href="/wiki/Luni_sul_Mignone" title="Luni sul Mignone">Luni</a>, en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89trurie" title="Étrurie">Étrurie</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Sabine_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Sabine (région)">Sabine</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’économie mycénienne est très centralisée, fondée sur l’agriculture (huile, blé), l’élevage (laine) et la métallurgie. Les textes font état d’esclaves hommes et femmes dont le statut exact reste imprécis. Des impôts en nature sont perçus. La circulation des biens est contrôlée par un système de « scellés ». Les ateliers palatiaux mycéniens du continent (<a href="/wiki/Myc%C3%A8nes" title="Mycènes">Mycènes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8bes_(Gr%C3%A8ce)" title="Thèbes (Grèce)">Thèbes</a>) produisent des objets de luxe et de prestige (ivoire, orfèvrerie, pierres, céramique, vaisselle de bronze, armes)<sup id="cite_ref-Poursat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poursat-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_(3404330867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/220px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/330px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/440px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Tête de guerrier en ivoire portant un casque de défense des sanglier. Tombe mycénienne, XIV-XIIIe siècle.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Vers 1400-1300 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze">bronze récent</a> III A en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des contacts avec la civilisation mycénienne sont établis à <a href="/wiki/Thapsos" title="Thapsos">Thapsos</a>, au large de <a href="/wiki/Syracuse" title="Syracuse">Syracuse</a>, à Scoglio del Tonno dans le <a href="/wiki/Golfe_de_Tarente" title="Golfe de Tarente">golfe de Tarente</a>, en Sardaigne au <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> et à <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_d%27Ischia" title="Île d'Ischia">Ischia</a> sur la côte Tyrrhénienne<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <ul><li><b>1400–1370 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Helladique" title="Helladique">Helladique</a> Récent III A1 en Grèce<sup id="cite_ref-Feuer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuer-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Construction des palais de <a href="/wiki/Tirynthe" title="Tirynthe">Tirynthe</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Pylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylos">Pylos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Poursat_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poursat-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’écriture <a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_B" title="Linéaire B">linéaire B</a>, qui transcrit une <a href="/wiki/Myc%C3%A9nien" title="Mycénien">forme archaïque de grec</a>, apparait en Crète, dans le palais de Cnossos à la fin du <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_minoenne" title="Civilisation minoenne">Minoen récent III A1</a> (1400–1350 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>). Des tablettes en linéaire B datant de la seconde moitié, soit 120 à 170 ans plus tard du <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> sont découvertes dans les palais de Mycènes, Pylos, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8bes_(Gr%C3%A8ce)" title="Thèbes (Grèce)">Thèbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirynthe" title="Tirynthe">Tirynthe</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1370–1340 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Helladique" title="Helladique">Helladique</a> Récent III A2 en Grèce<sup id="cite_ref-Feuer_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuer-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Apogée de la <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_myc%C3%A9nienne" title="Civilisation mycénienne">civilisation mycénienne</a>.</li> <li><b>1340–1190 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Helladique" title="Helladique">Helladique</a> Récent III B en Grèce<sup id="cite_ref-Feuer_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuer-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Tombe <a href="/wiki/Tholos" title="Tholos">tholos</a>, de type mycénien, en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pire" title="Épire">Épire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parga" class="mw-redirect" title="Parga">Parga</a>) et en <a href="/wiki/Thessalie" title="Thessalie">Thessalie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volos" class="mw-redirect" title="Volos">Volos</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Construction d’un palais à <a href="/wiki/Ath%C3%A8nes" title="Athènes">Athènes</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>1380-1120 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : sanctuaire mycénien des <a href="/wiki/Phylakopi" title="Phylakopi">Phylakopi</a> de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9los" class="mw-redirect" title="Mélos">Mélos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Poursat_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poursat-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1370 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Sarcophage_d%27Aghia_Triada" title="Sarcophage d'Aghia Triada">sarcophage d'Aghia Triada</a> en Crète<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1350-1330 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : reconstruction du palais et enceinte cyclopéenne à <a href="/wiki/Myc%C3%A8nes" title="Mycènes">Mycènes</a>, alors à son apogée, sous le règne du roi légendaire <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e" title="Persée">Persée</a>, époux d’<a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_(mythologie)" title="Andromède (mythologie)">Andromède</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BrickerSabloff2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Victoria_BrickerJeremy_A._Sabloff2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Victoria Bricker et Jeremy A. Sabloff, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians : Archaeology</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Austin, University of Texas Press, <time>2012</time>, 463 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-292-74441-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-292-74441-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-292-74441-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=BRktCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+the+Handbook+of+Middle+American+Indians&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.stitle=Archaeology&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Jeremy+A.+Sabloff&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=463&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74441-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Beaumont2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hervé_Beaumont2008">Hervé <span class="nom_auteur">Beaumont</span>, <cite class="italique">Asie centrale : le guide des civilisations de la route de la soie</cite>, Paris, Editions Marcus, <time>2008</time>, 634 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7131-0228-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7131-0228-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7131-0228-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=AYQM8yb4uRAC&pg=PA101">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asie+centrale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Marcus&rft.stitle=le+guide+des+civilisations+de+la+route+de+la+soie&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=634&rft.isbn=978-2-7131-0228-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margueron-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Margueron_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Margueron_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Margueron2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Claude_Margueron2012">Jean-Claude Margueron, <cite class="italique">Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques</cite>, Hachette Éducation Technique, <time>2012</time>, 416 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-140096-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-140096-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-01-140096-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=sju7HyZjbIoC&pg=PA296">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Proche-Orient+et+l%27%C3%89gypte+antiques&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation+Technique&rft.aulast=Margueron&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=416&rft.isbn=978-2-01-140096-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Papin_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denis_Papin1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Denis_Papin1998">Yves Denis Papin, <cite class="italique">Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne</cite>, Éditions Jean-paul Gisserot, <time>1998</time>, 126 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87747-346-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87747-346-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87747-346-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3K-nOHQEWJcC&pg=PA12">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+de+l%27histoire+ancienne&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-paul+Gisserot&rft.au=Yves+Denis+Papin&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=126&rft.isbn=978-2-87747-346-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lalou2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frank_Lalou2016">Frank Lalou, <cite class="italique">Les 22 clés de l'alphabet hébraïque : Les connaître pour mieux se connaître</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Descl%C3%A9e_de_Brouwer" title="Éditions Desclée de Brouwer">Desclée De Brouwer</a>, <time>2016</time>, 332 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-220-02025-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-220-02025-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-220-02025-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=l3BFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT38">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+22+cl%C3%A9s+de+l%27alphabet+h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque&rft.pub=Descl%C3%A9e+De+Brouwer&rft.stitle=Les+conna%C3%AEtre+pour+mieux+se+conna%C3%AEtre&rft.aulast=Lalou&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=332&rft.isbn=978-2-220-02025-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronologie-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Selon la chronologie moyenne qui place le règne d'<a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> entre 1792 et 1750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRoux-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_7-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roux1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Roux1995">Georges Roux, <cite class="italique">La Mésopotamie</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a>, <time>1995</time>, 600 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-02-008632-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-02-008632-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-02-008632-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=CBItAQAAIAAJ&dq=1380&pg=PA559">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+M%C3%A9sopotamie&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=600&rft.isbn=978-2-02-008632-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FreuMazoyer2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_FreuMichel_Mazoyer2008">Jacques <span class="nom_auteur">Freu</span> et Michel <span class="nom_auteur">Mazoyer</span>, <cite class="italique">L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite : Les Hittites et leur histoire</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/L%27Harmattan" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Kubaba », <time>2008</time>, 436 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-21119-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-21119-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-21119-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=XGnENpZO0_sC&pg=PA13">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27apog%C3%A9e+du+nouvel+empire+hittite&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=Les+Hittites+et+leur+histoire&rft.aulast=Freu&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Mazoyer%2C+Michel&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=436&rft.isbn=978-2-296-21119-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kelly_Simpson1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Kelly_Simpson1998"><a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">William Kelly Simpson</a>, <cite class="italique">The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <time>1998</time>, 296 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-300-07747-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-300-07747-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-300-07747-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=zJYMRcibM_QC&pg=PA181">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.au=William+Kelly+Simpson&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=296&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07747-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FokkensHarding2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Harry_FokkensAnthony_Harding2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Harry Fokkens et Anthony Harding, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age</cite>, Oxford, OUP Oxford, <time>2013</time>, 984 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-957286-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-957286-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-957286-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=6ZQeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA383">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+European+Bronze+Age&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.aulast=Fokkens&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Anthony+Harding&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957286-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Demand2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nancy_H._Demand2011">Nancy H. Demand, <cite class="italique">The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History</cite>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <time>2011</time>, 328 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4443-4234-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4443-4234-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4443-4234-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YVSg-DOHzJMC&pg=PA206">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Context+of+Early+Greek+History&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.aulast=Demand&rft.aufirst=Nancy+H.&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=328&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4234-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ottinger2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bénédicte_Ottinger2002">Bénédicte Ottinger, <cite class="italique">L'art et la chasse : histoire culturelle et artistique de la chasse</cite>, Renaissance Du Livre, <time>2002</time>, 217 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8046-0679-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8046-0679-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8046-0679-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RmcrGs-rQeUC&pg=PA12">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27art+et+la+chasse&rft.pub=Renaissance+Du+Livre&rft.stitle=histoire+culturelle+et+artistique+de+la+chasse&rft.aulast=Ottinger&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=217&rft.isbn=978-2-8046-0679-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vivian2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Vivian2005">Robert Vivian, <cite class="italique">Les glaciers du Mont-Blanc</cite>, La Fontaine de Siloë, <time>2005</time>, 315 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84206-285-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84206-285-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84206-285-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=wRYW5Rth6aIC&pg=PAPT20">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+glaciers+du+Mont-Blanc&rft.pub=La+Fontaine+de+Silo%C3%AB&rft.aulast=Vivian&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=2005&rft.tpages=315&rft.isbn=978-2-84206-285-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Poucet1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_Poucet1985">Jacques Poucet, <cite class="italique">Les origines de Rome : tradition et histoire</cite>, Publications Fac St Louis, <time>1985</time>, 360 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8028-0043-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8028-0043-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8028-0043-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gWpGTF_Vt54C&pg=PA129">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+de+Rome&rft.pub=Publications+Fac+St+Louis&rft.stitle=tradition+et+histoire&rft.aulast=Poucet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.date=1985&rft.tpages=360&rft.isbn=978-2-8028-0043-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lefèvre2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Lefèvre2012">François Lefèvre, <cite class="italique">Histoire du monde grec antique : Inédit</cite>, Le Livre de Poche, <time>2012</time>, 640 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-253-15905-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-253-15905-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-253-15905-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=M9HfZIca28cC&pg=PAPT45">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+monde+grec+antique&rft.pub=Le+Livre+de+Poche&rft.stitle=In%C3%A9dit&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=640&rft.isbn=978-2-253-15905-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poursat-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Poursat_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poursat_16-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Poursat_16-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Poursat2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Claude_Poursat2014">Jean-Claude Poursat, <cite class="italique">La Grèce préclassique : Des origines à la fin du VIe siècle</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Points" title="Éditions Points">Points</a>, <time>2014</time>, 225 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7578-4500-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7578-4500-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7578-4500-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=eKsbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT49">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Gr%C3%A8ce+pr%C3%A9classique&rft.pub=Points&rft.stitle=Des+origines+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+VIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.aulast=Poursat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=225&rft.isbn=978-2-7578-4500-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baurain1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claude_Baurain1997">Claude Baurain, <cite class="italique">Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=uo4iAQAAIAAJ&dq=Bronze&pg=PA60">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grecs+et+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+orientale+%3A+des+si%C3%A8cles+%22obscurs%22+%C3%A0+la+fin+de+l%27%C3%A9poque+archa%C3%AFque&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Baurain&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MosséSchnapp-Gourbeillon2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claude_MosséAnnie_Schnapp-Gourbeillon2009">Claude Mossé et Annie Schnapp-Gourbeillon, <cite class="italique">Précis d'histoire grecque</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>, <time>2009</time>, 376 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-200-28392-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-200-28392-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-200-28392-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YkYWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT69">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9cis+d%27histoire+grecque&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Moss%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Annie+Schnapp-Gourbeillon&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=376&rft.isbn=978-2-200-28392-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MacIntosh_Turfa2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_MacIntosh_Turfa2014">Jean MacIntosh Turfa, <cite class="italique">The Etruscan World</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2014</time>, 1216 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-134-05523-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-134-05523-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-134-05523-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=2Ofa_0Y5Iu8C&pg=PA198">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.au=Jean+MacIntosh+Turfa&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=1216&rft.isbn=978-1-134-05523-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuer-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feuer_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feuer_20-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Feuer_20-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Feuer2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bryan_Feuer2004">Bryan Feuer, <cite class="italique">Mycenaean Civilization : An Annotated Bibliography through 2002, rev. ed.</cite>, <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>, <time>2004</time>, 387 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7864-2698-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7864-2698-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7864-2698-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=4OGoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Civilization&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.stitle=An+Annotated+Bibliography+through+2002%2C+rev.+ed.&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=387&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2698-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Viers2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rina_Viers2000">Rina Viers, <cite class="italique">Des signes pictographiques à l'alphabet : la communication écrite en Méditerranée : actes du colloque, 14 et 15 mai 1996, Villa grecque Kérylos, Fondation Théodore Reinach (Beaulieu-sur-mer)</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Karthala" title="Éditions Karthala">Karthala</a>, <time>2000</time>, 376 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-996-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-996-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86537-996-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=-evH4EItPaIC&pg=PA219">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+signes+pictographiques+%C3%A0+l%27alphabet+%3A+la+communication+%C3%A9crite+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+%3A+actes+du+colloque%2C+14+et+15+mai+1996%2C+Villa+grecque+K%C3%A9rylos%2C+Fondation+Th%C3%A9odore+Reinach+%28Beaulieu-sur-mer%29&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Viers&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=376&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-996-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Platon,_Béatrice_de_Tournay1981"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolas_Platon,_Béatrice_de_Tournay1981">Nicolas Platon, Béatrice de Tournay, <cite class="italique">La Civilisation égéenne : Le Bronze récent et la civilisation mycénienne</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, <time>1981</time>, 484 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-226-22522-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-226-22522-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-226-22522-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bNyzxZWyzv4C&pg=PA382">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Civilisation+%C3%A9g%C3%A9enne+%3A+Le+Bronze+r%C3%A9cent+et+la+civilisation+myc%C3%A9nienne&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.au=Nicolas+Platon%2C+B%C3%A9atrice+de+Tournay&rft.date=1981&rft.volume=2&rft.tpages=484&rft.isbn=978-2-226-22522-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Étienne2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roland_Étienne2004">Roland Étienne, <cite class="italique">Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire : Des origines à la fin du IIIe siècle ap. J.C.</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Livre" title="Hachette Livre">Hachette Éducation</a>, <time>2004</time>, 256 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-181444-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-181444-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-01-181444-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=e8PYhgSY1t4C&pg=PAPT22">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ath%C3%A8nes%2C+espaces+urbains+et+histoire&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation&rft.stitle=Des+origines+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+IIIe+si%C3%A8cle+ap.+J.C.&rft.aulast=%C3%89tienne&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=256&rft.isbn=978-2-01-181444-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Suter2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ann_Suter2008">Ann Suter, <cite class="italique">Lament : Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2008</time>, 304 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-971427-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-971427-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-971427-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Et8vAK1wn7IC&pg=PA77">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.stitle=Studies+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean+and+Beyond&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=304&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971427-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Faure1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Faure1991"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Faure_(arch%C3%A9ologue)" title="Paul Faure (archéologue)">Paul Faure</a>, Marie-Jeanne Gaignerot, <cite class="italique">Guide grec antique</cite>, Hachette Éducation Technique, <time>1991</time>, 328 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-181766-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-181766-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-01-181766-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=xgoSYS61sRwC&pg=PAPT65">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+grec+antique&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation+Technique&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.date=1991&rft.tpages=328&rft.isbn=978-2-01-181766-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Temps" title="Portail du temps"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Circle-icons-hourglass.svg/24px-Circle-icons-hourglass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Circle-icons-hourglass.svg/36px-Circle-icons-hourglass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Circle-icons-hourglass.svg/48px-Circle-icons-hourglass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Temps" title="Portail:Temps">Portail du temps</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail de l’histoire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/27px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/40px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail:Histoire">Portail de l’histoire</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail du monde antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/32px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/48px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/64px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail:Monde antique">Portail du monde antique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    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