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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequencies_for_4G+_LTE_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequencies_for_4G+_LTE_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Frequencies for 4G+ LTE networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequencies_for_4G+_LTE_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMT-Advanced_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMT-Advanced_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>IMT-Advanced requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMT-Advanced_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>System standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IMT-2000_compliant_4G_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMT-2000_compliant_4G_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMT-2000_compliant_4G_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LTE_Advanced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LTE_Advanced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>LTE Advanced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LTE_Advanced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IEEE_802.16m_or_WirelessMAN-Advanced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEEE_802.16m_or_WirelessMAN-Advanced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEEE_802.16m_or_WirelessMAN-Advanced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forerunner_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunner_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Forerunner versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunner_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long_Term_Evolution_(LTE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_Term_Evolution_(LTE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Long Term Evolution (LTE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_Term_Evolution_(LTE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_WiMAX_(IEEE_802.16e)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_WiMAX_(IEEE_802.16e)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_WiMAX_(IEEE_802.16e)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TD-LTE_for_China_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TD-LTE_for_China_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>TD-LTE for China market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TD-LTE_for_China_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinued_candidate_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinued_candidate_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Discontinued candidate systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinued_candidate_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UMB_(formerly_EV-DO_Rev._C)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UMB_(formerly_EV-DO_Rev._C)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UMB_(formerly_EV-DO_Rev._C)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flash-OFDM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash-OFDM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Flash-OFDM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash-OFDM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iBurst_and_MBWA_(IEEE_802.20)_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iBurst_and_MBWA_(IEEE_802.20)_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iBurst_and_MBWA_(IEEE_802.20)_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_technologies_in_all_candidate_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_technologies_in_all_candidate_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Principal technologies in all candidate systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principal_technologies_in_all_candidate_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principal technologies in all candidate systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principal_technologies_in_all_candidate_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Key features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplexing_and_access_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplexing_and_access_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Multiplexing and access schemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplexing_and_access_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPv6_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPv6_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>IPv6 support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPv6_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_antenna_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_antenna_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Advanced antenna systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_antenna_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-wireless_Architecture_and_Software-defined_radio_(SDR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-wireless_Architecture_and_Software-defined_radio_(SDR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-wireless_Architecture_and_Software-defined_radio_(SDR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_4G_and_pre-4G_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_4G_and_pre-4G_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History of 4G and pre-4G technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_4G_and_pre-4G_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_4G_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_4G_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Beyond 4G research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_4G_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_future_of_4G" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_future_of_4G"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>The future of 4G</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_future_of_4G-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_4G_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_4G_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Past 4G networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_4G_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">4G</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="جيل رابع (شبكات اتصال) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيل رابع (شبكات اتصال)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="৪জি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="৪জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Mobile_Networks" title="Next Generation Mobile Networks – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Next Generation Mobile Networks" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G_telefonia_mugikor" title="4G telefonia mugikor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="4G telefonia mugikor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نسل چهارم شبکه مخابرات سیار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل چهارم شبکه مخابرات سیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon%C3%ADa_m%C3%B3bil_4G" title="Telefonía móbil 4G – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telefonía móbil 4G" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AB%AA%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="૪જી મોબાઇલ સેવા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="૪જી મોબાઇલ સેવા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="4세대 이동 통신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="4세대 이동 통신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="4ಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="4ಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_(4G_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Ұялы байланыстың төртінші буыны (4G технологиялары) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұялы байланыстың төртінші буыны (4G технологиялары)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="फोरजी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फोरजी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="4ജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="4ജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%AA%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="४जी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="४जी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="4G Технологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="4G Технологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="फोरजी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोरजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="第4世代移動通信システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第4世代移動通信システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF" title="4ஜி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="4ஜி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF" title="4జి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="4జి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5" title="4 จี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="4 จี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="4 جی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="4 جی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="4G" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79697#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/4G" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:4G" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Article is messy and contains out of date information..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broadband cellular network technology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mobile internet access standard. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_technologies" title="List of wireless network technologies">Wireless network technologies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/200px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/300px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/400px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Analog</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">1.5G</a>)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">2.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution"> 2.75G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000_1x" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA2000 1x">2.9G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">3.75G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">3.9G/3.95G</a>)</li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4G</a> (<a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">4G/4.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">4.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.9G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">5.25G</a>, <a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5.5G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Template:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Template talk:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>4G</b> refers to the fourth-generation of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a> technology, first introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Compared to preceding third-generation (<a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>) technologies, 4G has been designed to support <a href="/wiki/All-IP" class="mw-redirect" title="All-IP">all-IP</a> communications and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">broadband</a> services, and eliminates <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a> in voice telephony.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has considerably higher data bandwidth compared to 3G, enabling a variety of data-intensive applications<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">high-definition</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">media streaming</a> and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT) applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest deployed technologies marketed as "4G" were <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE), developed by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> group, and <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access</a> (Mobile WiMAX), based on <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provided significant enhancements over previous 3G and <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> standards such as <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a>. However, it had been debated whether these should be considered 4G;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) defined characteristics and specifications of 4G, including speed requirements, as <a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a>. <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (LTE-A) and Mobile WiMAX 2 were developed as enhanced technologies that were compliant with IMT Advanced<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence called "true" 4G, whereas their predecessors have been referred to as 3.9G/3.95G.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4G is not backward compatible with 3G due to significant differences in network architecture and technological advancements. </p><p>4G has enabled the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed wireless access">fixed wireless access</a>, and real-time data exchange for the Internet of Things (IoT), facilitating the growth of connected devices and smart systems. 4G has also significantly expanded the availability of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">mobile TV</a>, with numerous dedicated applications and services making it widely accessible to users. The improved network capacity and lower latency also support high-speed, low-latency applications, enhancing user experience in activities such as <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> and live <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasts</a>. As of 2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 4G technology accounted for 60 percent of all mobile connections worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was eventually succeeded by <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>, which introduced even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to support advanced use cases across various industries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview">Technical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">International Telecommunication Union-Radio communications sector</a> (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 <a href="/wiki/Megabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabits per second">megabits per second</a> (Mbit/s)(=12.5 megabytes per second) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">gigabit per second</a> (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).<sup id="cite_ref-IMT-Advanced-requirements_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMT-Advanced-requirements-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the first-release versions of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Term Evolution">LTE</a> support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed". Both the original LTE and WiMAX standards had previously sometimes been referred to as 3.9G/3.95G.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ITU's new definition for 4G also included <a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">Evolved High Speed Packet Access</a> (HSPA+).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX_Release_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX Release 2">Mobile WiMAX Release 2</a> (also known as <i>WirelessMAN-Advanced</i> or <i>IEEE 802.16m</i>) and <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. In January 2012, the ITU backtracked on its previous definition for 4G, claiming that Mobile WiMAX 2 and LTE Advanced are "true 4G" while their predecessors are "transitional" 3G-4G.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional <a href="/wiki/Circuit-switched" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit-switched">circuit-switched</a> telephony service, but instead relies on all-<a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) based communication such as <a href="/wiki/IP_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="IP telephony">IP telephony</a>. As seen below, the <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> radio technology used in 3G systems is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by <a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-carrier">multi-carrier</a> transmission and other <a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">frequency-domain equalization</a> (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multi-path radio propagation</a> (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by <a href="/wiki/Smart_antenna" title="Smart antenna">smart antenna</a> arrays for <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">multiple-input multiple-output</a> (MIMO) communications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of mobile communications, a "generation" generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher <a href="/wiki/System_spectral_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="System spectral efficiency">system spectral efficiency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a>/second/Hertz/site). </p><p>New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> transmission and a minimum peak bit rate of 200 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-IP <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet-switched</a> networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access. </p><p>While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, WiMAX Forum, and 3GPP. </p><p>In the mid-1990s, the <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> standardization organization released the <a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> systems, requiring 2000 kbit/s peak bit rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:65_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fastest 3G-based standard in the <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> family is the <a href="/wiki/HSPA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HSPA+">HSPA+</a> standard, which has been commercially available since 2009 and offers 21 Mbit/s downstream (11 Mbit/s upstream) without <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, i.e. with only one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either <a href="/wiki/Dual-Cell_HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-Cell HSDPA">DC-HSPA+</a> (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)<sup id="cite_ref-LteWorld_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LteWorld-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> family is the <a href="/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._B" class="mw-redirect" title="EV-DO Rev. B">EV-DO Rev. B</a>, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream. </p><p>In 2008, ITU-R specified the <a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequencies_for_4G+_LTE_networks"><span id="Frequencies_for_4G.2B_LTE_networks"></span>Frequencies for 4G+ LTE networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frequencies for 4G+ LTE networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See here: <a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE frequency bands</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IMT-Advanced_requirements">IMT-Advanced requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: IMT-Advanced requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced (<i>International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced</i>), as defined by <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>. An IMT-Advanced <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cellular system</a> must fulfill the following requirements:<sup id="cite_ref-Vilches,_J._2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilches,_J._2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.</li> <li>Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.<sup id="cite_ref-IMT-Advanced-requirements_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMT-Advanced-requirements-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.</li> <li>Use scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-IMT-Advanced-requirements_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMT-Advanced-requirements-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Have peak <a href="/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Link spectral efficiency">link spectral efficiency</a> of 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>bit/s·Hz in the downlink, and 6.75<span class="nowrap"> </span>bit/s·Hz in the up link (meaning that 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_spectral_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="System spectral efficiency">System spectral efficiency</a> is, in indoor cases, 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>bit/s·Hz·cell for downlink and 2.25<span class="nowrap"> </span>bit/s·Hz·cell for up link.<sup id="cite_ref-IMT-Advanced-requirements_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMT-Advanced-requirements-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.</li></ul> <p>In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basically all proposals are based on two technologies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> standardized by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.16m" class="mw-redirect" title="802.16m">802.16m</a> standardized by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></li></ul> <p>Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE were largely considered a stopgap solution that would offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m specification) and LTE Advanced was deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011. </p><p>The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LTE Advanced was standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. </p><p>Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s for mobile. </p><p>Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as 3.9G, which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R. <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Netherlands" title="Vodafone Netherlands">Vodafone Netherlands</a> for example, advertised LTE as 4G, while advertising LTE Advanced as their '4G+' service. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_standards">System standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: System standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMT-2000_compliant_4G_standards">IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_paves_way_for_next-generation_4G_mobile_technologies_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU_paves_way_for_next-generation_4G_mobile_technologies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (<a href="/wiki/IMT-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="IMT-Advanced">IMT-Advanced</a> program), which is focused on global communication systems that will be available several years from now. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LTE_Advanced">LTE Advanced</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LTE Advanced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for <a href="/wiki/IMT-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="IMT-Advanced">IMT-Advanced</a> standard, formally submitted by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and as of 2013 has been released to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Data speeds of LTE-Advanced </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>LTE Advanced </th></tr> <tr> <td>Peak download</td> <td>1000 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peak upload</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>500 Mbit/s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IEEE_802.16m_or_WirelessMAN-Advanced">IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16m" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.16m">IEEE 802.16m</a> or <a href="/wiki/WirelessMAN-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="WirelessMAN-Advanced">WirelessMAN-Advanced</a> (WiMAX 2) evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunner_versions">Forerunner versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forerunner versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_Term_Evolution_(LTE)"><span id="Long_Term_Evolution_.28LTE.29"></span>Long Term Evolution (LTE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Long Term Evolution (LTE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE (telecommunication)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/250px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/330px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/500px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">Telia</a>-branded Samsung LTE modem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/250px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/330px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/500px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>Huawei 4G+ Dual Band Modem</figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-4G <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">3GPP Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE) technology is often branded "4G – LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical <a href="/wiki/Net_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Net bit rate">net bit rate</a> capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if <a href="/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-input multiple-output">multiple-input multiple-output</a> (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used. </p><p>The physical radio interface was at an early stage named <i>High Speed <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> Packet Access</i> (HSOPA), now named <a href="/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access">Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access</a> (E-UTRA). The first <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> USB dongles do not support any other radio interface. </p><p>The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Solutions_and_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Solutions and Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> systems) and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.<sup id="cite_ref-deepak_kirdoliya_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deepak_kirdoliya-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by <a href="/wiki/MetroPCS" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroPCS">MetroPCS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MetroPCS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetroPCS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon Wireless</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VerizonLTE_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerizonLTE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Cellular" title="U.S. Cellular">U.S. Cellular</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-USCellular_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCellular-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SprintTE_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SprintTE-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile US</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T-MobileLTE_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-MobileLTE-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called <i>friendly user test</i>) on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012 and completed nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by <a href="/wiki/EE_(telecommunications)" title="EE (telecommunications)">EE</a> in October 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/O2_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="O2 (United Kingdom)">O2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_UK" title="Vodafone UK">Vodafone</a> in August 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Three_UK" title="Three UK">Three</a> in December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Data speeds of LTE<sup id="cite_ref-4g_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4g-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>LTE </th></tr> <tr> <td>Peak download</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>150 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peak upload</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>50 Mbit/s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_WiMAX_(IEEE_802.16e)"><span id="Mobile_WiMAX_.28IEEE_802.16e.29"></span>Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as <a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a> in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by <a href="/wiki/KT_(telecommunication_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KT (telecommunication company)">KT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfill the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access were offered by a Russian company <a href="/wiki/Scartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Scartel">Scartel</a>, and was also branded 4G, <a href="/wiki/Yota" title="Yota">Yota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Data speeds of WiMAX </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>WiMAX </th></tr> <tr> <td>Peak download</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>128 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peak upload</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>56 Mbit/s </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the latest version of the standard, WiMax 2.1, the standard has been updated to be not compatible with earlier WiMax standard, and is instead interchangeable with LTE-TDD system, effectively merging WiMax standard with LTE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TD-LTE_for_China_market">TD-LTE for China market</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: TD-LTE for China market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains original <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">synthesis</a>.</b> Source material should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:4G" title="Talk:4G">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Just as <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">Long-Term Evolution</a> (LTE) and WiMAX are being vigorously promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology and has quickly occupied the Chinese market. <a href="/wiki/TD-LTE" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-LTE">TD-LTE</a>, one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers are, one after the other turning to TD-LTE. </p><p>IBM's data shows that 67% of the operators are considering LTE because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirms IBM's statement that while only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX, WiMAX can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market and could challenge LTE. </p><p>TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator – <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinued_candidate_systems">Discontinued candidate systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Discontinued candidate systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UMB_(formerly_EV-DO_Rev._C)"><span id="UMB_.28formerly_EV-DO_Rev._C.29"></span>UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Mobile Broadband">Ultra Mobile Broadband</a></div> <p>UMB (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Mobile Broadband">Ultra Mobile Broadband</a>) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the <a href="/wiki/3GPP2" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP2">3GPP2</a> standardization group to improve the <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flash-OFDM">Flash-OFDM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flash-OFDM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At an early stage the <a href="/wiki/Flash-OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash-OFDM">Flash-OFDM</a> system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="iBurst_and_MBWA_(IEEE_802.20)_systems"><span id="iBurst_and_MBWA_.28IEEE_802.20.29_systems"></span>iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">iBurst</a> system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Wireless_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Broadband Wireless Access">Mobile Broadband Wireless Access</a> (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_technologies_in_all_candidate_systems">Principal technologies in all candidate systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Principal technologies in all candidate systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/4G" title="Special:EditPage/4G">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_features">Key features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Key features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies: </p> <ul><li>Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-WWRF_WG5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWRF_WG5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO</li> <li>Frequency-domain-equalization, for example <i>multi-carrier modulation</i> (<a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a>) in the downlink or <i>single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization</i> (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization</li> <li>Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (<a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a>) or (single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_code" title="Turbo code">Turbo principle</a> <a href="/wiki/Error-correcting_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correcting code">error-correcting codes</a>: To minimize the required <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">SNR</a> at the reception side</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel-dependent_scheduling" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel-dependent scheduling">Channel-dependent scheduling</a>: To use the time-varying channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_adaptation" title="Link adaptation">Link adaptation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive modulation">Adaptive modulation</a> and error-correcting codes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_IP" title="Mobile IP">Mobile IP</a> utilized for mobility</li> <li>IP-based <a href="/wiki/Femtocell" title="Femtocell">femtocells</a> (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)</li></ul> <p>As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lack <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft-handover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soft-handover (page does not exist)">soft-handover</a> support, also known as <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_wireless_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative wireless communications">cooperative relaying</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplexing_and_access_schemes">Multiplexing and access schemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multiplexing and access schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information <b>not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit">improve this section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Recently, new access schemes like <a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">Orthogonal FDMA</a> (OFDMA), <a href="/wiki/SC-FDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-FDMA">Single Carrier FDMA</a> (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and <a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access" title="Multi-carrier code-division multiple access">Multi-carrier CDMA</a> (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a> algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling. </p><p><a href="/wiki/WiMax" class="mw-redirect" title="WiMax">WiMax</a> is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE (telecommunication)</a>, OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, <a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">Single-carrier FDMA</a> is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the <a href="/wiki/Crest_factor" title="Crest factor">PAPR</a> related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the <a href="/wiki/802.20" class="mw-redirect" title="802.20">IEEE 802.20</a> standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved. </p><p>The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> environments since the <a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">spatial multiplexing</a> transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver. </p><p>In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved <a href="/wiki/Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a> techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">Phase-shift keying</a>, more efficient systems such as 64<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a> are being proposed for use with the <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">3GPP Long Term Evolution</a> standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPv6_support">IPv6 support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: IPv6 support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switched" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit switched">circuit switched</a> and <a href="/wiki/Packet_switched" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet switched">packet switched</a> network nodes, 4G is based on packet switching <i>only</i>. This requires <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">low-latency</a> data transmission. </p><p>As IPv4 addresses are (nearly) <a href="/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">exhausted</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> is essential to support the large number of wireless-enabled devices that communicate using IP. By increasing the number of <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> available, IPv6 removes the need for <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a> (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, which has <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation#Issues_and_limitations" title="Network address translation">a number of problems and limitations</a>. When using IPv6, some kind of NAT is still required for communication with legacy IPv4 devices that are not also IPv6-connected. </p><p>As of June 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon</a> has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_antenna_systems">Advanced antenna systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Advanced antenna systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO" title="Multi-user MIMO">Multi-user MIMO</a></div> <p>The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed <a href="/wiki/Smart_antenna" title="Smart antenna">smart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent antenna">intelligent antenna</a>. Recently, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_antenna_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple antenna research">multiple antenna technologies</a> are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">spatial multiplexing</a>, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> (as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent antenna">intelligent antenna</a>), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called <i>transmit</i> or <i>receive diversity</i>. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-wireless_Architecture_and_Software-defined_radio_(SDR)"><span id="Open-wireless_Architecture_and_Software-defined_radio_.28SDR.29"></span>Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an <a href="/wiki/Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a> platform. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">SDR</a> is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_4G_and_pre-4G_technologies">History of 4G and pre-4G technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History of 4G and pre-4G technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/WiLAN" title="WiLAN">WiLAN</a> founders Hatim Zaghloul and Michel Fattouche invented <a href="/wiki/Wideband" title="Wideband">wideband</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a> (WOFDM), the basis for wideband <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communication</a> applications,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 4G mobile communications.<sup id="cite_ref-ergen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ergen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/310px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/465px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/620px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Cellular network standards and generation timeline.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 4G system was originally envisioned by the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (October 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a <a href="/wiki/Packet-switched_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-switched network">packet-switched network</a> is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched <a href="/wiki/Network_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Network node">network nodes</a>, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. </p> <ul><li>In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> designated as <a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a>—was laid out.</li> <li>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a> of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the <a href="/wiki/HSOPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSOPA">HSOPA</a> downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface <a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>.</li> <li>In November 2005, <a href="/wiki/KT_(telecommunication_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KT (telecommunication company)">KT Corporation</a> demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kt_demo_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt_demo-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2006, <a href="/wiki/KT_Corporation" title="KT Corporation">KT Corporation</a> started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In mid-2006, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> technology buildout over the next few years<sup id="cite_ref-sprint_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprint-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ($7.8 billion in <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">real</a> terms<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May 2008, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Communications" title="Imagine Communications">Imagine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bright_House_Networks" title="Bright House Networks">Bright House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its <a href="/wiki/Xohm" title="Xohm">Xohm</a> WiMAX division with <a href="/wiki/Clearwire" title="Clearwire">Clearwire</a> to form a company which will take the name "Clear".</li> <li>In February 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese company">Japanese company</a> <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a> tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> called <a href="/wiki/VSF-OFCDM" class="mw-redirect" title="VSF-OFCDM">VSF-OFCDM</a> at 100 <a href="/wiki/Mbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit">Mbit</a>/s while moving, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Gbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit">Gbit</a>/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.</li> <li>In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In January 2008, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_auction" title="Spectrum auction">spectrum auction</a> for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a>.</li> <li>In January 2008, EU commissioner <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a> suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.</li> <li>In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 November 2008, <a href="/wiki/High_Tech_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Tech Computer">HTC</a> announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the <a href="/wiki/Max_4G" class="mw-redirect" title="Max 4G">Max 4G</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 15 December 2008, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Corporation" title="San Miguel Corporation">San Miguel Corporation</a>, the largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (<a href="/wiki/Qtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Qtel">Qtel</a>) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time <a href="/wiki/Globe_Telecom" title="Globe Telecom">Globe Telecom</a> rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.</li> <li>On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" <a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">mobile WiMAX</a> network in Baltic states.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).<sup id="cite_ref-sprint4g_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprint4g-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> by the Swedish-Finnish network operator <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> and its Norwegian brandname <a href="/wiki/NetCom_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="NetCom (Norway)">NetCom (Norway)</a>. TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> (in Oslo) and <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallstreet_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallstreet-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer <a href="/wiki/Net_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Net bit rate">net bit rates</a> of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-dailymobile_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailymobile-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 4 June 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the <a href="/wiki/HTC_Evo_4G" title="HTC Evo 4G">HTC Evo 4G</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On November 4, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> Craft offered by <a href="/wiki/MetroPCS" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroPCS">MetroPCS</a> is the first commercially available LTE smartphone<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".<sup id="cite_ref-ITUSeminar_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITUSeminar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Claro_Argentina,_Paraguay_and_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Claro Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay">Claro</a> launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network in the country.</li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/True_Corporation" title="True Corporation">Truemove-H</a> launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network with nationwide availability.</li> <li>On March 17, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/HTC_Thunderbolt" class="mw-redirect" title="HTC Thunderbolt">HTC Thunderbolt</a> offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> demonstrated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://androroot.net/mobdro-tv-latest-version-download/">mobile-TV</a> over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service (enhanced <a href="/wiki/MBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBMS">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Since 2009, the LTE-Standard has strongly evolved over the years, resulting in many deployments by various operators across the globe. For an overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historic development see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks" title="List of LTE networks">List of LTE networks</a>. Among the vast range of deployments, many operators are considering the deployment and operation of LTE networks. A compilation of planned LTE deployments can be found at: List of planned LTE networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>4G introduces a potential inconvenience for those who travel internationally or wish to switch carriers. In order to make and receive 4G voice calls (<a href="/wiki/VoLTE" class="mw-redirect" title="VoLTE">VoLTE</a>), the subscriber handset must not only have a matching <a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">frequency band</a> (and in some cases require <a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">unlocking</a>), it must also have the matching enablement settings for the local carrier and/or country. While a phone purchased from a given carrier can be expected to work with that carrier, making 4G voice calls on another carrier's network (including international roaming) may be impossible without a software update specific to the local carrier and the phone model in question, which may or may not be available (although fallback to 2G/3G for voice calling may still be possible if a 2G/3G network is available with a matching frequency band).<sup id="cite_ref-VOLTE_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOLTE-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_4G_research">Beyond 4G research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Beyond 4G research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></div> <p>A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by <a href="/wiki/Macro-diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-diversity">macro-diversity</a> techniques, also known as <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_diversity" title="Cooperative diversity">group cooperative relay</a>, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervasive network">Pervasive networks</a> are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See <a href="/wiki/Vertical_handoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical handoff">vertical handoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">IEEE 802.21</a>). These access technologies can be <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">UMTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a>, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">mesh routing</a> protocols to create a pervasive network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_future_of_4G">The future of 4G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The future of 4G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023, many countries and regions have started the transition from 4G to 5G, the next generation of cellular technology. 5G promises even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect a vast number of devices simultaneously. </p><p>4G networks are expected to coexist with 5G networks for several years, providing coverage in areas where 5G is not available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Past_4G_networks">Past 4G networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Past 4G networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> & <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> network shutdowns. For shutdowns of <a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> (<a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>) networks that are sometimes labeled as 4G, see <a href="/wiki/3G#Phase-out" title="3G">3G § Phase-out</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Network </th> <th>Shutdown date </th> <th>Standard </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xplore_Inc." title="Xplore Inc.">Xplore Mobile</a> </td> <td>2022-08-31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Xplore_Mobile_CA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xplore_Mobile_CA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a> </td> <td>2018-10-31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Digicel_JM_WiMAX_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicel_JM_WiMAX-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YTL_Communications" title="YTL Communications">Yes 4G </a> </td> <td>2019-10-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Yes_4G_WiMAX_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yes_4G_WiMAX-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yes_4G_WiMAX_shutdown_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yes_4G_WiMAX_shutdown-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Telecom</a> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><b>2021-12-??</b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-NTC_WiMAX_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTC_WiMAX-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/40px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/60px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blink_bmobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blink bmobile">Blink bmobile</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/TSTT" class="mw-redirect" title="TSTT">TSTT</a>)</small> </td> <td>2015-03-03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-TSTT_WiMAX_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSTT_WiMAX-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> </td> <td>2016-03-31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Sprint_WiMAX_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprint_WiMAX-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sprint_WiMAX_2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprint_WiMAX_2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile</a> (Sprint) </td> <td>2022-06-30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-T-Mobile_Shutdowns_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-Mobile_Shutdowns-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sprint_4G_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprint_4G-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G-LTE_filter" title="4G-LTE filter">4G-LTE filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of mobile phone standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of wireless data standards">Comparison of wireless data standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact exhaustion status is difficult to determine, as it is unknown how many unused addresses exist at ISPs, and how many of the addresses that are permanently unused by their owners can still be freed and transferred to others.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RCR+Wireless&rft.atitle=Today+is+the+last+day+of+Sprint+WiMAX+service&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcrwireless.com%2F20160331%2Fnetwork-infrastructure%2Ftoday-last-day-sprint-wimax-service-tag17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4G" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T-Mobile_Shutdowns-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T-Mobile_Shutdowns_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.t-mobile.com/support/coverage/t-mobile-network-evolution">"T-Mobile Network Evolution"</a>. <i>T-Mobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T-Mobile&rft.atitle=T-Mobile+Network+Evolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-mobile.com%2Fsupport%2Fcoverage%2Ft-mobile-network-evolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4G" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDano" class="citation news cs1">Dano, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightreading.com/5g/t-mobile-to-shutter-sprints-lte-network-on-june-30-2022/d/d-id/771269">"T-Mobile to shutter Sprint's LTE network on June 30, 2022"</a>. <i>Light Reading</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Light+Reading&rft.atitle=T-Mobile+to+shutter+Sprint%27s+LTE+network+on+June+30%2C+2022&rft.aulast=Dano&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightreading.com%2F5g%2Ft-mobile-to-shutter-sprints-lte-network-on-june-30-2022%2Fd%2Fd-id%2F771269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4G" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprint_4G-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sprint_4G_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/07/04/sprint-reaches-the-finishing-line-legacy-lte-networks-switched-off-by-t-mobile/">"Sprint reaches the finishing line: legacy LTE networks switched off by T-Mobile"</a>. <i>TeleGeography</i>. July 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TeleGeography&rft.atitle=Sprint+reaches+the+finishing+line%3A+legacy+LTE+networks+switched+off+by+T-Mobile&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commsupdate.com%2Farticles%2F2022%2F07%2F04%2Fsprint-reaches-the-finishing-line-legacy-lte-networks-switched-off-by-t-mobile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4G" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4G&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/">3GPP LTE Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3g4g.co.uk/LteA/LteA_WP_0807_Nomor.pdf">Nomor Research: Progress on "LTE Advanced" – the new 4G standard</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoerner2001" class="citation conference cs1">Woerner, Brian (June 20–22, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106004823/http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wetice/2001/1269/00/12690060.pdf">"Research Directions for Fourth Generation Wireless"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 01)</i>. 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 01). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wetice/2001/1269/00/12690060.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Research+Directions+for+Fourth+Generation+Wireless&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+10th+International+Workshops+on+Enabling+Technologies%3A+Infrastructure+for+Collaborative+Enterprises+%28WET+ICE+01%29&rft.place=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.date=2001-06-20%2F2001-06-22&rft.aulast=Woerner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsdl2.computer.org%2Fcomp%2Fproceedings%2Fwetice%2F2001%2F1269%2F00%2F12690060.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4G" class="Z3988"></span> (118kb)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115074637/http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/4g/">Information on 4G mobile services in the UK – Ofcom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omgroup.edu.in/downloads/files/n57c52e9922d56.pdf">The Scope of 4G Technology: A Review</a> – OM Institute of Technology & Management</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3rd Generation (3G)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile Telephony Generations</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5th Generation (5G)</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/20px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/40px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cellular_network_standards736" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cellular_network_standards" title="Template:Cellular network standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cellular_network_standards" title="Template talk:Cellular network standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cellular_network_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cellular network standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cellular_network_standards736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">List of mobile phone generations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio telephones</a> (1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Mobile Telephone Service">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Improved Mobile Telephone Service">IMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLT_(mobile_network)" title="OLT (mobile network)">OLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Telephone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Telephone System">AMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotel" title="Autotel">Autotel (PALM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiopuhelin" title="Autoradiopuhelin">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Netz" title="B-Netz">B-Netz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_radiotelephone_network_(Czechoslovakia)" title="AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia)">AMR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS - N-AMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_System" title="Total Access Communication System">TACS - ETACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Netz" title="C-Netz">C-450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicap" title="Hicap">Hicap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobitex" title="Mobitex">Mobitex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataTAC" title="DataTAC">DataTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT1" title="CT1">CT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTMI" title="RTMI">RTMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">CSD - HSCSD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project_2" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project 2">3GPP2</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne (IS-95)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data" title="Cellular digital packet data">CDPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEN" title="IDEN">iDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular" title="Personal Digital Cellular">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">PHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT2" title="CT2">CT2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G#Evolution" title="2G">2G transitional<br />(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X_Advanced" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X Advanced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="WiDEN">WiDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> (2001)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0</a> (TIA/IS-856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G#Evolution" title="3G">3G transitional<br />(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access">HSDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Uplink Packet Access">HSUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CDMA2000 <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">1xEV-DO Revision A</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision B</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing#FLASH-OFDM" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Flash-OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">iBurst (IEEE 802.20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiperMAN" title="HiperMAN">HiperMAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4G</a> (2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> (2013)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a> (4.5G/4.9G)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">IEEE family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16m</a>) <ul><li>WiMax 2.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> (2018)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> (2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</a> (5.5G)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NR-IIoT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NR-IIoT (page does not exist)">NR-IIoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowband_IoT" title="Narrowband IoT">NB-IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECT-5G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECT-5G (page does not exist)">DECT-5G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">SSMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequency bands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA_frequency_bands" title="CDMA frequency bands">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Mobile_Networks" title="Next Generation Mobile Networks">NGMN Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">VoLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_over_LTE" title="Video over LTE">ViLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">VoNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_over_NR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video over NR (page does not exist)">ViNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">Wi-Fi Calling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmocom" title="Osmocom">Osmocom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a>   <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" 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