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<li id="toc-Crisis_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Crisis years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000:_Start_of_ISS_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000:_Start_of_ISS_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2000: Start of ISS cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000:_Start_of_ISS_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004–2006:_Improved_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004–2006:_Improved_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2004–2006: Improved situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004–2006:_Improved_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2006–2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013–2016:_Reorganization_of_the_Russian_space_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013–2016:_Reorganization_of_the_Russian_space_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2013–2016: Reorganization of the Russian space sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013–2016:_Reorganization_of_the_Russian_space_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017–2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017–2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2017–2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017–2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>2022-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Future plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISS_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISS_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ISS involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISS_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scientific programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Operational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Under development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_piloted_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_piloted_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>New piloted spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_piloted_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Space systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffa_Space_Observatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffa_Space_Observatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Suffa Space Observatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffa_Space_Observatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gecko_mating_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gecko_mating_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Gecko mating experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gecko_mating_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Launch control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsidiaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roscosmos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وكالة الفضاء الاتحادية الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكالة الفضاء الاتحادية الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axencia_Espacial_Federal_Rusa" title="Axencia Espacial Federal Rusa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Axencia Espacial Federal Rusa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya_Federal_Kosmik_Agentliyi" title="Rusiya Federal Kosmik Agentliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya Federal Kosmik Agentliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="রসকসমস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসকসমস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Раскосмас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раскосмас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерална космическа агенция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерална космическа агенция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_svemirska_agencija" title="Ruska svemirska agencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruska svemirska agencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8derale_Russiske_Rumfartsorganisation" title="Føderale Russiske Rumfartsorganisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Føderale Russiske Rumfartsorganisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_Espazio_Agentzia_Federala" title="Errusiako Espazio Agentzia Federala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako Espazio Agentzia Federala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روسکوسموس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسکوسموس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%ADomhaireacht_Sp%C3%A1is_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Gníomhaireacht Spáis na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gníomhaireacht Spáis na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="로스코스모스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로스코스모스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="रूसी संघीय अंतरिक्ष अभिकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी संघीय अंतरिक्ष अभिकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_svemirska_agencija" title="Ruska svemirska agencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska svemirska agencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="רוסקוסמוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסקוסמוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Ресей Федералды космос агенттігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей Федералды космос агенттігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_%C5%B0r%C3%BCgyn%C3%B6ks%C3%A9g" title="Orosz Szövetségi Űrügynökség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz Szövetségi Űrügynökség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="रॉसकॉसमॉस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉसकॉसमॉस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbadanan_Angkasa_Negara_Roscosmos" title="Perbadanan Angkasa Negara Roscosmos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perbadanan Angkasa Negara Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9" title="ロスコスモス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロスコスモス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Federal%C4%83_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_Rus%C4%83" title="Agenția Federală Spațială Rusă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agenția Federală Spațială Rusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="රොස්කොස්මොස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රොස්කොස්මොස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roscosmos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_vesoljska_agencija" title="Ruska vesoljska agencija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruska vesoljska agencija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دەزگای بۆشاییی ڕووسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەزگای بۆشاییی ڕووسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_svemirska_agencija" title="Ruska svemirska agencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska svemirska agencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_avaruusj%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="Venäjän avaruusjärjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän avaruusjärjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_rymdflygstyrelsen" title="Ryska rymdflygstyrelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska rymdflygstyrelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசிய நடுவண் விண்வெளி நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசிய நடுவண் விண்வெளி நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="รัฐวิสาหกิจรอสคอสมอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐวิสาหกิจรอสคอสมอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos" title="Roskosmos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roskosmos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роскосмос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роскосмос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_quan_V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_Li%C3%AAn_bang_Nga" title="Cơ quan Vũ trụ Liên bang Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ quan Vũ trụ Liên bang Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="俄罗斯国家航天集团 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄罗斯国家航天集团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="俄罗斯航天国家集团 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯航天国家集团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190795#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roscosmos&params=55_47_2_N_37_37_50_E_type:landmark_region:RU-MOW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°47′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.78389°N 37.63056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.78389; 37.63056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Space agency of Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Russian space program starting from 1992. For the history of earlier Russian spaceflight, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Roscosmos_logo_en.svg/200px-Roscosmos_logo_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Roscosmos_logo_en.svg/300px-Roscosmos_logo_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Roscosmos_logo_en.svg/400px-Roscosmos_logo_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Roscosmos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992-02-25</span>)</span> (as the Russian Space Agency)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> (1955–1991) (in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of General Machine-Building">Ministry of General Machine-Building</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">Space agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roscosmos&params=55_47_2_N_37_37_50_E_type:landmark_region:RU-MOW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°47′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.78389°N 37.63056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.78389; 37.63056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data">Russian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_Roscosmos" title="List of heads of Roscosmos">General Director</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yury_Borisov" title="Yury Borisov">Yury Borisov</a><sup id="cite_ref-AboutRoscosmos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutRoscosmos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Primary spaceports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">170,500 (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 154 billion <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-rbc.ru_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbc.ru-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411021412/http://www.roscosmos.ru/">roscosmos.ru</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(archived)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gosudarstvennaya korporatsiya po kosmicheskoy deyatel'nosti</i></span>), commonly known simply as <b>Roscosmos</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Роскосмос</span>), is a <a href="/wiki/State_corporation_(Russia)" title="State corporation (Russia)">state corporation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space flights</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space agencies">cosmonautics programs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originating from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. It initially began as the Russian Space Agency,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was established on 25 February 1992<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was merged with the <a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a>, a government corporation, to re-nationalize the <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">space industry of Russia</a>, leading to Roscosmos in its current form.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avaneesh_Pandey_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avaneesh_Pandey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-financialexpress.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financialexpress.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roscosmos is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, with its main <a href="/wiki/RKA_Mission_Control_Center" title="RKA Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> in the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Korolyov,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Korolyov, Moscow Oblast">Korolyov</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Star_City,_Russia" title="Star City, Russia">Star City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>. Its launch facilities include <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, the world's first and largest spaceport, and <a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a>, which is being built in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_Heads_of_Roscosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Heads of Roscosmos">director</a> since July 2022 is <a href="/wiki/Yury_Borisov" title="Yury Borisov">Yury Borisov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the main successor to the Soviet space program, Roscosmos' legacy includes the world's first satellite, the first human spaceflight, and the first space station (<a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a>). Its current activities include the International Space Station, wherein it is a major partner. On 22 February 2019, Roscosmos announced the construction of its new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Centre_(Moscow)" title="National Space Centre (Moscow)">National Space Centre</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos_Cosmonaut_Corps" title="Roscosmos Cosmonaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> is the first in the world's history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I8552-Russian-Space-Agency_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/I8552-Russian-Space-Agency_large.png/220px-I8552-Russian-Space-Agency_large.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/I8552-Russian-Space-Agency_large.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Patch of the Russian Space Agency, 1991–2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zal_raketnoi_techniki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zal_raketnoi_techniki.JPG/400px-Zal_raketnoi_techniki.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zal_raketnoi_techniki.JPG/600px-Zal_raketnoi_techniki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Zal_raketnoi_techniki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Hall of <a href="/wiki/Russian_space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian space program">Space Technology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics" title="Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics">Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics</a>, Kaluga, Russia. The exhibition includes the models and replicas of the following Russian/Soviet inventions:<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></i> (a ball under the ceiling);<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Spacesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesuit">spacesuits</a> (lower-left corner);<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> module, the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok 3KA</a> (center);<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a>-type satellite (upper right corner);<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">space rover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> (lower right);<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></i> (left);<br /> the first <a href="/wiki/Space_station#Modular" title="Space station">modular space station</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> (upper left).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> did not have central executive agencies. Instead, its organizational architecture was multi-centered; it was the design bureaus and the council of designers that had the most say, not the political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> into the Russian Federation was therefore a new development. The Russian Space Agency was formed on 25 February 1992, by a decree of President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Koptev" title="Yuri Koptev">Yuri Koptev</a>, who had previously worked with designing Mars landers at <a href="/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Lavochkin">NPO Lavochkin</a>, became the agency's first director.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years, the agency suffered from lack of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> as the powerful design bureaus fought to protect their own spheres of operation and to survive. For example, the decision to keep Mir in operation beyond 1999 was not made by the agency, but by the private shareholder board of the Energia design bureau. Another example is that the decision to develop the new <a href="/wiki/Angara_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Angara rocket">Angara rocket</a> was rather a function of <a href="/wiki/Khrunichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrunichev">Khrunichev</a>'s ability to attract resources than a conscious long-term decision by the agency.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_years">Crisis years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crisis years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990s saw serious financial problems due to the decreased cash flow, which encouraged the space agency to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in the agency's leading role in commercial satellite launches and <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, and although the agency had connections with the Russian aerospace forces, its budget was not part of Russia's defense budget; nevertheless, the agency managed to operate the <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> space station well past its planned lifespan, contributed to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, and continued to fly <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> missions. </p><p>In 1994, Roscosmos renewed the lease on its <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_cosmodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikonur cosmodrome">Baikonur cosmodrome</a> with the government of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eura1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eura1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000:_Start_of_ISS_cooperation">2000: Start of ISS cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2000: Start of ISS cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 October 2000, a Soyuz spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:53 a.m. Kazakhstan time. On board were Expedition One <a href="/wiki/William_Shepherd" title="William Shepherd">Commander William M. (Bill) Shepherd</a> of NASA and cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Krikalev" title="Sergei Krikalev">Sergei Krikalev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gidzenko" title="Yuri Gidzenko">Yuri Gidzenko</a> of Roscosmos. The trio arrived at the International Space Station on 2 November, marking the start of an uninterrupted human presence on the orbiting laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004–2006:_Improved_situation"><span id="2004.E2.80.932006:_Improved_situation"></span>2004–2006: Improved situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2004–2006: Improved situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2004, the agency's director <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Koptev" title="Yuri Koptev">Yuri Koptev</a> was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Perminov" title="Anatoly Perminov">Anatoly Perminov</a>, who had previously served as the first commander of the Space Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacecorp.ru_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecorp.ru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian economy">Russian economy</a> boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in the Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">rubles</a> (about US$11 billion) for the Space Agency from January 2006 until 2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about US$900 million), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10-year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5–10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roscosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches. It is around the time US-based <i><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></i> entered a partnership with Roscosmos. </p> <ul><li>New science missions: <a href="/wiki/Koronas_Foton" class="mw-redirect" title="Koronas Foton">Koronas Foton</a> (launched in January 2009, lost in April 2010), <a href="/wiki/Spektr_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektr R">Spektr R</a> (RadioAstron, launched in July 2011, retired in May 2019), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergelizond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intergelizond (page does not exist)">Intergelizond</a> (2011?), <a href="/wiki/Spectrum-X-Gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum-X-Gamma">Spektr RG</a> (Roentgen Gamma, launched 2019, one of two telescopes operational), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektr_UV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektr UV (page does not exist)">Spektr UV</a> (Ultra Violet, planned 2030), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektr_M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektr M (page does not exist)">Spektr M</a> (planned 2030),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celsta (page does not exist)">Celsta</a> (2018?) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terion (page does not exist)">Terion</a> (2018?)</li> <li>Resumption of <a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a> missions with <a href="/wiki/Bion-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Bion-M">Bion-M</a> (2013)</li> <li>New weather satellites <a href="/wiki/Elektro_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektro L">Elektro L</a> (launched in January 2011) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektro_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektro P (page does not exist)">Elektro P</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006–2012"><span id="2006.E2.80.932012"></span>2006–2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2006–2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg/220px-ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg/330px-ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg/440px-ISS-30_EVA_Anton_Shkaplerov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Anton_Shkaplerov" title="Anton Shkaplerov">Anton Shkaplerov</a> on EVA (February 2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>The federal space budget for the year 2009 was left unchanged despite the global economic crisis, standing at about 82 billion rubles ($2.4 billion).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2011, the government spent 115 billion rubles ($3.8 bln) in the national space programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The proposed project core budget for 2013 to be around 128.3 billion rubles. The budget for the whole space program is 169.8 billion rubles. ($5.6 bln). By 2015, the amount of the budget can be increased to 199.2 billion rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecorp.ru_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecorp.ru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Priorities of the Russian space program include the new <a href="/wiki/Angara_rocket_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Angara rocket family">Angara rocket family</a> and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> global navigation satellite system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget. In 2007, GLONASS received 9.9 billion rubles ($360 million), and under the terms of a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Order of the Government of Russia">directive</a> signed by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</a> Vladimir Putin in 2008, an additional $2.6 billion will be allocated for its development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Space station funding issues</dt></dl> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> involvements, up to 50% of Russia's space budget is spent on the crewed space program as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. Some observers have pointed out that this has a detrimental effect on other aspects of space exploration, and that the other space powers spend much lesser proportions of their overall budgets on maintaining human presence in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the considerably improved budget,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> attention of legislative and executive authorities, positive media coverage and broad support among the population, the Russian space program continues to face several problems.<sup id="cite_ref-mdb_industry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdb_industry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wages in the space industry are low; the average age of employees is high (46 years in 2007),<sup id="cite_ref-mdb_industry_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdb_industry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of the equipment is obsolete.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the positive side, many companies in the sector have been able to profit from contracts and partnerships with foreign companies; several new systems such as new rocket upper stages have been developed in recent years; investments have been made to production lines, and companies have started to pay more attention to educating a new generation of engineers and technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>2011 New director</dt></dl> <p>On 29 April 2011, Perminov was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Popovkin" title="Vladimir Popovkin">Vladimir Popovkin</a> as the director of Roscosmos. The 65-year-old Perminov was over the legal age for state officials, and had received some criticism after a failed <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> launch in December 2010. Popovkin is a former commander of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russian Space Forces</a> and First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-mt_popovkin_appointment_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt_popovkin_appointment-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013–2016:_Reorganization_of_the_Russian_space_sector"><span id="2013.E2.80.932016:_Reorganization_of_the_Russian_space_sector"></span>2013–2016: Reorganization of the Russian space sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2013–2016: Reorganization of the Russian space sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png/220px-2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png/330px-2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png/440px-2022-roscosmos-logo-main-eng-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>2022 alternate logo of Roscosmos</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of a series of reliability problems, and proximate to the failure of a July 2013 <a href="/wiki/Proton_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton M">Proton M</a> launch, a major reorganization of the Russian space industry was undertaken. The <a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> was formed as a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock</a> corporation by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">government</a> in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">space</a> sector. Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Dmitry Rogozin</a> said "the failure-prone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems."<sup id="cite_ref-pa20130830_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa20130830-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days following the Proton M launch failure, the Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures" would be taken "and spell the end of the [Russian] space industry as we know it."<sup id="cite_ref-rbth20130703_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth20130703-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information indicated then that the government intended to reorganize in such a way as to "preserve and enhance the Roscosmos space agency."<sup id="cite_ref-pa20130830_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa20130830-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More detailed plans released in October 2013 called for a <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">re-nationalization</a> of the "troubled space industry", with sweeping reforms including a new "unified command structure and reducing redundant capabilities, acts that could lead to tens of thousands of layoffs."<sup id="cite_ref-pa20131009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa20131009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rogozin, the Russian space sector employs about 250,000 people, while the United States needs only 70,000 to achieve similar results. He said: "Russian space productivity is eight times lower than America's, with companies duplicating one another's work and operating at about 40 percent efficiency."<sup id="cite_ref-pa20131009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa20131009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the 2013 plan, Roscosmos was to "act as a federal executive body and contracting authority for programs to be implemented by the industry."<sup id="cite_ref-pa20130830_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa20130830-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/State_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="State agency">state agency</a> was dissolved and the Roscosmos brand moved to the <a href="/wiki/State_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="State corporation">state corporation</a>, which had been created in 2013 as the <a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a>, with the specific mission to renationalize the Russian space sector.<sup id="cite_ref-ti20151228_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti20151228-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017–2021"><span id="2017.E2.80.932021"></span>2017–2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2017–2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian</a> President Vladimir Putin said "it 'is necessary to drastically improve the quality and reliability of space and launch vehicles' ... to preserve Russia's increasingly threatened leadership in space."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2018 <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kudrin" title="Alexei Kudrin">Alexei Kudrin</a>, head of Russian financial audit agency, named Roscosmos as the public enterprise with "the highest losses" due to "irrational spending" and outright <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">corruption</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Komarov" title="Igor Komarov">Igor Komarov</a> who was terminated in May 2018 in favour of Rogozin. </p><p>In 2020 Roscosmos under Rogozin reneged on its participation in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>-led project that will see a lunar orbiter spaceport for the moon. It had previously signed an agreement in September 2017 with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-ars1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snews1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snews1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, Roscosmos signed a memorandum of cooperative construction of a lunar base called the <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> with the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that it will be departing the ISS program after 2024. In its place, it was announced that a new space station (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a>) will be constructed starting in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021 Rogozin complained that sanctions imposed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian annexation of Crimea">2014 Russian annexation of Crimea</a> were hurting Roscosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-bbg1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbg1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, Roscosmos announced its revenue and net income, losing 25 billion roubles and 1 billion roubles respectively in 2020, due to the reduction of profit from foreign contracts, an increase in show-up pay, stay-at-home days and personnel health expenses due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic. According to Roscosmos, these losses would also impact the corporation for the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, Roscosmos placed the tests of rocket engines in the engineering bureau of chemical automatics in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> on hold for one month to deliver 33 tons of oxygen to local medical centers, as part of aid for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a> confirmed determination of the agreement with Roscosmos for development of next-gen space systems, the document been provided for the officials in July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022-present">2022-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2022-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> on 24 February 2022, Roscosmos launched nine rockets in 2022 and 7 in the first half of 2023. </p><p>In early March 2022, Roscosmos under Rogozin suspended its participation in the ESA's <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, French Guiana spaceport in a tit-for-tat move over the sanctions imposed in the wake of the Russian invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-wired1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well Rogozin said he would suspend delivery of the <a href="/wiki/RD-181" class="mw-redirect" title="RD-181">RD-181</a> engine which is used for the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> space cargo delivery system.<sup id="cite_ref-wired1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) suspended cooperation with Roscosmos in the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars rover">ExoMars rover</a> mission because of the Russian invasion, and British satellite venture <a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb</a> signed contracts with <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> to launch its satellites after friction had developed "with Moscow" and Roscosmos, its previous orbit service provider.<sup id="cite_ref-euron1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euron1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friction had developed over Rogozin's command that OneWeb needed to ditch its venture capital investment from the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-yah1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yah1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 May 2022, Rogozin announced that Roscosmos would terminate its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a> with 12 months' notice as stipulated in the international contract that governs the satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-indy1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed the 3 March 2022 announcement that Roscosmos would cease cooperation on scientific experiments at the Spacelab,<sup id="cite_ref-yah1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yah1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 25 March 2022 announcement by Rogozin that "cooperation with Europe is now impossible after sanctions over the Ukraine war."<sup id="cite_ref-itin1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itin1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rogozin was removed from his job as CEO in July 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-ft1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Yury_Borisov" title="Yury Borisov">Yury Borisov</a>, who seemed to stabilize the relationship with the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a> partners, especially NASA. One complaint against Rogozin was his risky words about terminating the ISS agreement over the war in Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-eura1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eura1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he broadcast as early as April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-sky1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euron1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euron1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point in time NASA had bought 71 return trips on <a href="/wiki/Soyuz" title="Soyuz">Soyuz</a> for almost $4 billion over six years.<sup id="cite_ref-eura1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eura1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global space-launch services market was valued at $12.4 billion in 2021 and was forecast to reach $38 billion by decade's end. An American academic wrote that in the wake of the Russian invasion, Roscosmos' share of that market was likely to decline in favour of new entrants such as Japan and India, as well as commercial entrants like <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-waro1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waro1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, Roscosmos held a campaign to recruit volunteers for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uran_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uran Battalion (page does not exist)">Uran Battalion</a>, a militia for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ft1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, Borisov announced the need for 150 billion rubles to build the Russian space station in the next three years. At completion in 2032, it will have absorbed 609 billion rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-ifx2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifx2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, at the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">AGM</a>, Borisov announced the loss of 180 billion rubles in export revenues, chiefly engine sales and launch services, because of the Western hostility to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-ifx1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifx1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roscosmos had lost 90% of its launch service contracts since the advent of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-nik1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nik1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eat1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eat1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roscosmos and Russia's space industry are facing significant challenges. The country is on track to conduct its fewest orbital launches since 1961. As of August 15, 2024, only nine launches had occurred, a sharp decline partly attributed to the loss of Western customers following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Roscosmos has reported financial losses of 180 billion rubles ($2.1 billion) due to canceled contracts. The agency's first deputy director indicated it may not achieve profitability until 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_plans">Future plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2024 on Roscosmos headquarters will be located in the new <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Centre_(Moscow)" title="National Space Centre (Moscow)">National Space Center</a> in the Moscow district of <a href="/wiki/Fili_(Moscow)" title="Fili (Moscow)">Fili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_programs">Current programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISS_involvement">ISS involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ISS involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg/220px-Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg/330px-Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg/440px-Zarya_from_STS-88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> module was the first module of the ISS, launched in 1998.</figcaption></figure><p>Roscosmos is one of the partners in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station program</a>. It contributed the core space modules <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda</a>, which were both launched by <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton rockets</a> and later were joined by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Unity_(ISS_module)" title="Unity (ISS module)">Unity Module</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rassvet_(ISS_module)" title="Rassvet (ISS module)">Rassvet module</a> was launched aboard <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. The <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka module</a> is the final planned component of the ISS, launch was postponed several times from the initially planned date in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-ria-20200523_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ria-20200523-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but attached to ISS in July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210729_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210729-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roscosmos is responsible for expedition crew launches by <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz-TMA</a> spacecraft and resupplies the space station with <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, Roscosmos and NASA, with the approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which Roscosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecraft for approximately $21 million per person each way, thus $42 million to and back from the ISS per person, as well as provide Progress transport flights, at $50 million per Progress as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">Exploration Systems Architecture Study</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roscosmos announced that according to this arrangement, crewed <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> flights would be doubled to 4 per year and <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> flights doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roscosmos has provided <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a> for fare-paying passengers to ISS through the <a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a> company. As of 2009, six space tourists have contracted with Roscosmos and have flown into space, each for an estimated fee of at least $20 million (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (July 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Continued international collaboration in ISS missions has been thrown into doubt by the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and related sanctions on Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although resupply missions continued in 2022 and 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_programs">Scientific programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Scientific research on the International Space Station">Scientific research on the International Space Station</a></div> <p>Roscosmos operates a number of programs for Earth science, communication, and scientific research on the International Space Station. Roscosmos operates one science satellite (<a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a>) and no interplanetary probes, as of 2024. Future projects include the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> successor, the <a href="/wiki/Prospective_Piloted_Transport_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospective Piloted Transport System">Prospective Piloted Transport System</a>, scientific robotic missions to one of the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> moons as well as an increase in Lunar orbit research satellites to one (<a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a>). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> Moon orbiters and landers, <a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> launched in 2023 crashed onto the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a> Venus lander, planned for 2029</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> Mars mission, lost in low Earth orbit in 2011 and crashed back to earth in 2012 <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> Mars mission, lost in low Earth orbit in 1996</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rockets">Rockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the <a href="/wiki/R-7_family" class="mw-redirect" title="R-7 family">R-7</a>, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO). The <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton rocket</a> (or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include <a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a> and other Stations. </p><p>Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, <a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angara (rocket)">Angara</a>, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2 (rocket)">Soyuz-2</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz-2-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz-2-3 (page does not exist)">Soyuz-2-3</a>. Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b have already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operational">Operational</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><b>Vehicle</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Manufacturer</b> </th> <th colspan="3"><b>Payload mass (kg)</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Maiden flight</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Total launches</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Notes</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">GTO</a></b> </th> <th><b>Other</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara 1.2</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev</a> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,400 to <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">SSO</a> </td> <td>9 July 2014 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara A5</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev</a> </td> <td>24,000 </td> <td>7,500 with <a href="/wiki/KVTK_(rocket_stage)" title="KVTK (rocket stage)">KVTK</a><br />5,400 with <a href="/wiki/Briz-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-M">Briz-M</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>23 December 2014 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev</a> </td> <td>23,000 </td> <td>6,920 </td> <td>3,250 to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">GSO</a> </td> <td>7 April 2001 </td> <td>115 </td> <td>To be replaced by the new Angara </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2#Soyuz-2.1a" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz 2.1a</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress</a> </td> <td>7,020 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8 November 2004 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>Capable of human spaceflight.<br />Greater load due to lower latitude </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2#Soyuz-2.1b" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz 2.1b</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress</a> </td> <td>8,200 </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td> </td> <td>27 December 2006 </td> <td>83 </td> <td>Capable of human spaceflight. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2#Soyuz-2.1v" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz 2.1v</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress</a> </td> <td>2,800 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>28 December 2013 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_development">Under development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Under development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Vehicle</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Manufacturer</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>Payload mass (kg)</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Planned maiden flight</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Notes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">GTO</a></b> </td> <td><b>Other</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amur_(launch_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur (launch vehicle)">Amur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Automatics_Design_Bureau" title="Chemical Automatics Design Bureau">KB Khimavtomatika</a> </td> <td>10.500 reusable <p>12.500 expendable </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>First reusable methalox Russian rocket </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh/Soyuz-5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress Rocket Space Centre</a> </td> <td>18.000 crewed <p>15.500 uncrewed </p> </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>Base of the SHLLV Yenisei </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_(rocket)" title="Yenisei (rocket)">Yenisei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energia_(corporation)" title="Energia (corporation)">RSC Energia</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress Rocket Space Centre</a> </p> </td> <td>103.000 </td> <td>26000 </td> <td>27000 to <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">TLI</a> </td> <td>2028 </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super-heavy launch vehicle</a> being developed by the Russian space industry since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the USSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_(rocket)#Design" title="Yenisei (rocket)">Don</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energia_(corporation)" title="Energia (corporation)">RSC Energia</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress Rocket Space Centre</a> </p> </td> <td>140.000 </td> <td>29500 </td> <td>33000 to TLI </td> <td>2032–2035 </td> <td>Based on the Yenisei launch vehicle, the Don launch vehicle (RN STK-2) is being developed by adding another stage </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_piloted_spacecraft">New piloted spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New piloted spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Roscosmos's projects that was widely covered in the media in 2005 was <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> reusable spacecraft. While Roscosmos had reached out to <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> and <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> as well as others to share development costs of the project, it also stated that it will go forward with the project even without the support of other space agencies. This statement was backed by the approval of its budget for 2006–2015, which includes the necessary funding of <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>. However, the Kliper program was cancelled in July 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-flightglobal_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flightglobal-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been replaced by the new <a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a> project. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no crafts were launched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_systems">Space systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Space systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg/300px-Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg/450px-Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg/600px-Galyonki_aerodrome_in_Primorsky_Krai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Galenki_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Galenki RT-70 radio telescope">Galenki RT-70 radio telescope</a>. It is among the largest single dish radio telescopes in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Resurs-P"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a series of Russian commercial <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a> capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery (resolution up to 1.0 m). The spacecraft is operated by Roscosmos as a replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> satellite. </p><p>Create HEO space system "Arctic" to address the hydrological and meteorological problems in the Arctic region and the northern areas of the Earth, with the help of two spacecraft "Arktika-M" and in the future within the system can create a communications satellite "Arktika-MS" and radar satellites "Arktika-R."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch of two satellites "Obzor-R" (Review-R) Remote Sensing of the Earth, with the AESA radar and four spacecraft "Obzor-O" (Review-O) to capture the Earth's surface in normal and infrared light in a broad swath of 80 km with a resolution of 10 meters. The first two satellites of the projects planned for launch in 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets</a>: Civilian low Earth orbit communication satellite system. On 2016, the system consists of 13 satellites (12 Gonets-M and 1 Gonets-D1).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffa_Space_Observatory">Suffa Space Observatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Suffa Space Observatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, Russia agreed to help build the Suffa observatory in Uzbekistan. The observatory was started in 1991, but stalled after the fall of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gecko_mating_experiment">Gecko mating experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gecko mating experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 July 2014, Roscosmos launched the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton-M4_satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton-M4 satellite (page does not exist)">Foton-M4 satellite</a> containing, among other animals and plants, a group of five <a href="/wiki/Geckos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geckos">geckos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five geckos, four females and one male, were used as a part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gecko-F4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gecko-F4 (page does not exist)">Gecko-F4</a> research program aimed at measuring the effects of weightlessness on the lizards' ability to procreate and develop in the harsh environment. However, soon after the spacecraft exited the atmosphere, mission control lost contact with the vessel which led to an attempt to reestablish communication that was only achieved later in the mission. When the satellite returned to Earth after its planned two-month mission had been cut short to 44 days, the <a href="/wiki/Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">space agency</a> researchers reported that all the geckos had perished during the flight. </p><p>The exact cause that led to the deaths of the geckos was declared unknown by the scientific team in charge of the project. Reports from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Medical_and_Biological_Problems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Medical and Biological Problems (page does not exist)">Institute of Medical and Biological Problems</a> in Russia have indicated that the lizards had been dead for at least a week prior to their return to Earth. A number of those connected to the mission have theorized that a failure in the vessel's heating system may have caused the cold blooded reptiles to freeze to death. </p><p>Included in the mission were a number of fruit flies, plants, and mushrooms which all survived the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_control">Launch control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Launch control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russian Space Forces</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russian Space Forces</a> is the military counterpart of the Roscosmos with similar mission objectives as of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>. The Russian branch was formed after the merging of the space components of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Aerospace Defense Forces</a> (VKO) in 2015. The Space Forces controls Russia's <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a> launch facility. Roscosmos and the Space Forces share control of the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>, where Roscosmos reimburses the VKO for the wages of many of the flight controllers during civilian launches. Roscosmos and the Space Forces also share control of the <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a>. It has been announced that Russia is to build another spaceport in <a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky,_Amur_Oblast" title="Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast">Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a> was scheduled to be finished by 2018 having launched its first rocket in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, Roscosmos had the following subsidiaries:<sup id="cite_ref-pravo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pravo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(corporation)" title="Energia (corporation)">Energia</a> (38.2%)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress Rocket Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Lavochkin">NPO Lavochkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategicheskiye_Punkty_Upravleniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategicheskiye Punkty Upravleniya (page does not exist)">Strategicheskiye Punkty Upravleniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavcosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavcosmos">Glavcosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salavat_Chemical_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salavat Chemical Plant (page does not exist)">Salavat Chemical Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbonasos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbonasos (page does not exist)">Turbonasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Thermal_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology">Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPK_Mashpribor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPK Mashpribor (page does not exist)">IPK Mashpribor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Iskra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPO Iskra (page does not exist)">NPO Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makeyev_Rocket_Design_Bureau" title="Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau">Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Scientific_Research_Institute_of_Electromechanics" title="All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics">All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Satellite_Systems_Reshetnev" title="Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev">Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Space_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Space Systems (page does not exist)">Russian Space Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemy_precizionnogo_priborostroenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemy precizionnogo priborostroenia (page does not exist)">Sistemy precizionnogo priborostroenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Automatics_Design_Bureau" title="Chemical Automatics Design Bureau">Chemical Automatics Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-PM" title="Proton-PM">Proton-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekhnicheskiy_Tsentr_Novator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr Novator (page does not exist)">Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr Novator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AO_EKHO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AO EKHO (page does not exist)">AO EKHO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NIIMP-K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NIIMP-K (page does not exist)">NIIMP-K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TSKB_Geofizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSKB Geofizika (page does not exist)">TSKB Geofizika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osoboye_Konstruktorskoye_Byuro_Protivopozharnoy_Tekhniki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osoboye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Protivopozharnoy Tekhniki (page does not exist)">Osoboye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Protivopozharnoy Tekhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsentralnoye_Konstruktorskoye_Byuro_Transportnogo_Mashinostroyeniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsentralnoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Transportnogo Mashinostroyeniya (page does not exist)">Tsentralnoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Transportnogo Mashinostroyeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NII_komandnykh_priborov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NII komandnykh priborov (page does not exist)">NII komandnykh priborov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Avtomatiki" title="NPO Avtomatiki">NPO Avtomatiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatoust_Machine-Building_Plant" title="Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant">Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Machine-Building_Plant" title="Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant">Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miass_Machine-Building_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miass Machine-Building Plant (page does not exist)">Miass Machine-Building Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskovskiy_zavod_elektromekhanicheskoy_apparatury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moskovskiy zavod elektromekhanicheskoy apparatury (page does not exist)">Moskovskiy zavod elektromekhanicheskoy apparatury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauchno-issledovatelskiy_Institut_Elektromekhaniki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauchno-issledovatelskiy Institut Elektromekhaniki (page does not exist)">Nauchno-issledovatelskiy Institut Elektromekhaniki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Novator_(Mirnyy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPO Novator (Mirnyy) (page does not exist)">NPO Novator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PKP_IRIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PKP IRIS (page does not exist)">PKP IRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPP_Geofizika-Kosmos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPP Geofizika-Kosmos (page does not exist)">NPP Geofizika-Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPP_Kvant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPP Kvant (page does not exist)">NPP Kvant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPP_Polyus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPP Polyus (page does not exist)">NPP Polyus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispytatelnyy_tekhnicheskiy_tsentr_%E2%80%93_NPO_PM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ispytatelnyy tekhnicheskiy tsentr – NPO PM (page does not exist)">Ispytatelnyy tekhnicheskiy tsentr – NPO PM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_PM_%E2%80%93_Maloye_Konstruktorskoye_Byuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPO PM – Maloye Konstruktorskoye Byuro (page does not exist)">NPO PM – Maloye Konstruktorskoye Byuro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_PM_%E2%80%93_Razvitiye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPO PM – Razvitiye (page does not exist)">NPO PM – Razvitiye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibpromproyekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibpromproyekt (page does not exist)">Sibpromproyekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Research_Institute_of_Precision_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Research Institute of Precision Instruments (page does not exist)">Scientific Research Institute of Precision Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NIIFI_(Penza)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NIIFI (Penza) (page does not exist)">NIIFI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Izmeritelnoy_Tekhniki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPO Izmeritelnoy Tekhniki (page does not exist)">NPO Izmeritelnoy Tekhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OKB_MEI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OKB MEI (page does not exist)">OKB MEI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=106_Experimental_Optical_and_Mechanical_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="106 Experimental Optical and Mechanical Plant (page does not exist)">106 Experimental Optical and Mechanical Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OAO_Bazalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OAO Bazalt (page does not exist)">OAO Bazalt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauchno-inzhenernyy_tsentr_elektrotekhnicheskogo_universiteta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauchno-inzhenernyy tsentr elektrotekhnicheskogo universiteta (page does not exist)">Nauchno-inzhenernyy tsentr elektrotekhnicheskogo universiteta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Tekhnomash" title="NPO Tekhnomash">NPO Tekhnomash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keldysh_Research_Center" title="Keldysh Research Center">Keldysh Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Design_Bureau" title="Arsenal Design Bureau">Arsenal Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOKB_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOKB Mars (page does not exist)">MOKB Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTTS_Okhrana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTTS Okhrana (page does not exist)">NTTS Okhrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NII_Mashinostroyeniya" class="mw-redirect" title="NII Mashinostroyeniya">NII Mashinostroyeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Production_Association_Of_Automation_And_Instrument-Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building">Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKB_Fakel" title="OKB Fakel">OKB Fakel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MNII_Agat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MNII Agat (page does not exist)">MNII Agat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TsNIIMash" title="TsNIIMash">TsNIIMash</a></li> <li>Centre for Operation of Space Ground-based Infrastructure (TsENKI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTTS_Zarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTTS Zarya (page does not exist)">NTTS Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NITs_RKP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NITs RKP (page does not exist)">NITs RKP</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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institute of the Russian aeronautics and space formed in 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_aerospace_engineers" title="List of Russian aerospace engineers">List of Russian aerospace engineers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_inventions_and_technology_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records">Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Olympics" title="International Space Olympics">International Space Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Merit_in_Space_Exploration%22" title="Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"">Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">List of government space agencies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Российское космическое агентство</span>, <i>Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo</i>, or RKA (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">РКА</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Российское авиационно-космическое агентство</span>, <i>Rossiyskoye aviatsionno-kosmicheskoye agentstvo</i>, commonly known as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Rosaviakosmos</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Росавиакосмос</span>), established on 25 May 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Федеральное космическое агентство</span> (Роскосмос), <i>Federalnoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo (Roskosmos)</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscosmos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AboutRoscosmos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AboutRoscosmos_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://government.ru/en/department/363/">"Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities - The Russian Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Roscosmos+State+Corporation+for+Space+Activities+-+The+Russian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovernment.ru%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2F363%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbc.ru-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rbc.ru_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/economics/02/10/2020/5f75be959a79477fa895076e">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Роскосмосу" разрешили не возвращать в бюджет часть доходов"</a>. 2 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222092234/https://www.rbc.ru/economics/02/10/2020/5f75be959a79477fa895076e">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%22+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Feconomics%2F02%2F10%2F2020%2F5f75be959a79477fa895076e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederation" class="citation web cs1">Federation, International Astronautical. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iafastro.org/membership/all-members/roscosmos.html">"IAF : ROSCOSMOS"</a>. <i>www.iafastro.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209090947/https://www.iafastro.org/membership/all-members/roscosmos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iafastro.org&rft.atitle=IAF+%3A+ROSCOSMOS&rft.aulast=Federation&rft.aufirst=International+Astronautical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iafastro.org%2Fmembership%2Fall-members%2Froscosmos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roscosmos.ru/9156/">"25 февраля 1992 года образовано Российское космическое агентство, в настоящее время – Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055958/https://www.roscosmos.ru/9156/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+1992+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roscosmos.ru%2F9156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20151228/1350445947.html">"Путин подписал указ об упразднении Федерального космического агентства"</a>. 28 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223195808/https://ria.ru/20151228/1350445947.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20151228%2F1350445947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avaneesh_Pandey-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avaneesh_Pandey_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvaneesh_Pandey2015" class="citation web cs1">Avaneesh Pandey (28 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/russias-federal-space-agency-dissolved-responsibilities-be-transferred-state-2240831">"Russia's Federal Space Agency Dissolved, Responsibilities To Be Transferred To State Corporation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908173504/http://www.ibtimes.com/russias-federal-space-agency-dissolved-responsibilities-be-transferred-state-2240831">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Federal+Space+Agency+Dissolved%2C+Responsibilities+To+Be+Transferred+To+State+Corporation&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.au=Avaneesh+Pandey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Frussias-federal-space-agency-dissolved-responsibilities-be-transferred-state-2240831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-financialexpress.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-financialexpress.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101123217/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/science/vladimir-putin-abolishes-russian-space-agency-roscosmos/184669/">"Vladimir Putin abolishes Russian space agency Roscosmos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a></i>. 28 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/science/vladimir-putin-abolishes-russian-space-agency-roscosmos/184669/">the original</a> on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Putin+abolishes+Russian+space+agency+Roscosmos&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Fscience%2Fvladimir-putin-abolishes-russian-space-agency-roscosmos%2F184669%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/07/as-rumors-swirl-about-his-future-russias-space-chief-darkens-his-rhetoric/">"Dmitry Rogozin has been dismissed as director general of Roscosmos"</a>. 15 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718195523/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/07/as-rumors-swirl-about-his-future-russias-space-chief-darkens-his-rhetoric/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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'impossible' over Ukraine"</a>. 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+space+chief+says+EU+cooperation+%27impossible%27+over+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnext%2F2022%2F03%2F25%2Frussia-s-space-chief-says-cooperation-with-europe-now-impossible-amid-ukraine-war-fallout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yah1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yah1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yah1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuenot2022" class="citation news cs1">Guenot, Marianne (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/russia-axed-joint-experiments-international-143552456.html">"Russia axed joint experiments on the International Space Station in response to crippling sanctions for its invasion of Ukraine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+axed+joint+experiments+on+the+International+Space+Station+in+response+to+crippling+sanctions+for+its+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Guenot&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.movies.yahoo.com%2Frussia-axed-joint-experiments-international-143552456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/02/russias-roscosmos-refusing-to-launch-oneweb-internet-satellites.html">"OneWeb's internet satellites caught in UK-Russia standoff days before launch"</a>. 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=OneWeb%27s+internet+satellites+caught+in+UK-Russia+standoff+days+before+launch&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F03%2F02%2Frussias-roscosmos-refusing-to-launch-oneweb-internet-satellites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indy1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/space/russia-sanctions-international-space-station-iss-b2069655.html">"Russia will reportedly leave International Space Station"</a>. 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+will+reportedly+leave+International+Space+Station&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fspace%2Frussia-sanctions-international-space-station-iss-b2069655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itin1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itin1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/cooperation-with-europe-now-impossible-says-russian-space-agency-chief-post-sanctions-1929416-2022-03-25">"Cooperation with Europe now impossible, says Russian space agency chief post-sanctions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cooperation+with+Europe+now+impossible%2C+says+Russian+space+agency+chief+post-sanctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fscience%2Fstory%2Fcooperation-with-europe-now-impossible-says-russian-space-agency-chief-post-sanctions-1929416-2022-03-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoscosmos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft1_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft1_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of the Russian Federation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#aaaadd;padding:1px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Offices subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="25" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Russia" title="Police of Russia">Police of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry for Affairs of Civil Defence,<br /> Emergencies and Disaster Relief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Fire_Service" title="Russian State Fire Service">Russian State Fire Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Affairs,_Compatriots_Living_Abroad,_and_International_Humanitarian_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation">Federal Agency for CIS Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_of_Military-Technical_Cooperation_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation (Russia)">Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Technical_and_Export_Control" title="Federal Service for Technical and Export Control">Federal Service for Technical and Export Control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Russia)">Ministry of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Penitentiary_Service" title="Federal Penitentiary Service">Federal Penitentiary Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bailiff_Service" title="Federal Bailiff Service">Federal Bailiff Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential Services <br />and Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Special Communications Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Courier_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Courier Service (Russia)">State Courier Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Special_Programs_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation">Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Federal Financial Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation">Directorate of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Russia" title="National Guard of Russia">National Guard of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Archival_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Archival Agency (Russia)">Federal Archival Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#aaaadd;padding:1px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Offices subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Health (Russia)">Ministry of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Surveillance_in_Healthcare" title="Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare">Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Culture (Russia)">Ministry of Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Education (Russia)">Ministry of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia)">Ministry of Natural Resources <br />and Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia">Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Natural_Resources" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources">Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_of_Water_Resources_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency of Water Resources (Russia)">Federal Agency of Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Mineral_Resources_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Mineral Resources (Russia)">Federal Agency for Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Forestry_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Forestry (Russia)">Federal Agency for Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Trade_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Industry and Trade (Russia)">Ministry of Industry and Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosstandart" title="Rosstandart">Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction,_Housing_and_Utilities_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities (Russia)">Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development<br />of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Development,_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Ministry of Digital Development, <br />Communications and Mass Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Communications Agency (Russia)">Federal Communications Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Press_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media (Russia)">Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media">Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Russia)">Ministry of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Veterinary_and_Phytosanitary_Supervision_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision (Russia)">Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Fishery_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Fishery (Russia)">Federal Agency for Fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Sport (Russia)">Ministry of Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Transport (Russia)">Ministry of Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Transport" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Transport">Federal Service for Supervision of Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Transport_Agency" title="Federal Air Transport Agency">Federal Air Transport Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Road_Agency" title="Federal Road Agency">Federal Road Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Rail_Transport_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Rail Transport Agency (Russia)">Federal Rail Transport Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Agency_for_Maritime_and_River_Transportation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation (page does not exist)">Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Labour_and_Employment_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Labour and Employment (Russia)">Federal Service for Labour and Employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Russia)">Ministry of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_State_Property_Management" title="Federal Agency for State Property Management">Federal Agency for State Property Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Customs_Service_of_Russia" title="Federal Customs Service of Russia">Federal Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Alcohol_Market_Regulation" title="Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation">Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Tax_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Tax Service (Russia)">Federal Tax Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Treasury" title="Federal Treasury">Federal Treasury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)">Ministry of Economic <br />Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Accreditation_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Accreditation Service (Russia)">Federal Accreditation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Intellectual_Property_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russia)">Federal Service for Intellectual Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Energy (Russia)">Ministry of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Agency_(Russia)" title="Federal Energy Agency (Russia)">Federal Energy Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)">Ministry of Science and Higher Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental committees,<br />services and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Medical-Biological_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Medical-Biological Agency (Russia)">Federal Medical-Biological Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Antimonopoly_Service" title="Federal Antimonopoly Service">Federal Antimonopoly Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Ethnic_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs (Russia)">Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_State_Reserves_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for State Reserves (Russia)">Federal Agency for State Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Youth_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Russia)">Federal Agency for Youth Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Surveillance_on_Consumer_Rights_Protection_and_Human_Wellbeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing">Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostekhnadzor" title="Rostekhnadzor">Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosreestr" title="Rosreestr">Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_in_Education_and_Science_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science (Russia)">Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African<br />and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America<br />and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roscosmos_subsidiaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roscosmos" title="Template:Roscosmos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roscosmos" title="Template talk:Roscosmos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roscosmos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roscosmos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roscosmos_subsidiaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a> subsidiaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Scientific_Research_Institute_of_Electromechanics" title="All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics">All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Design_Bureau" title="Arsenal Design Bureau">Arsenal Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Automatics_Design_Bureau" title="Chemical Automatics Design Bureau">Chemical Automatics Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavcosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavcosmos">Glavcosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Satellite_Systems_Reshetnev" title="Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev">Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keldysh_Research_Center" title="Keldysh Research Center">Keldysh Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Machine-Building_Plant" title="Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant">Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makeyev_Rocket_Design_Bureau" title="Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau">Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Thermal_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology">Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Development_Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineering" title="Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering">Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Avtomatiki" title="NPO Avtomatiki">NPO Avtomatiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Tekhnomash" title="NPO Tekhnomash">NPO Tekhnomash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKB_Fakel" title="OKB Fakel">OKB Fakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">Progress Rocket Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-PM" title="Proton-PM">Proton-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Production_Association_Of_Automation_And_Instrument-Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building">Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TsNIIMash" title="TsNIIMash">TsNIIMash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatoust_Machine-Building_Plant" title="Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant">Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_space_observatories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_observatories" title="Template:Russian space observatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_observatories" title="Template talk:Russian space observatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_observatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space observatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_space_observatories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Russian <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space observatories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-400&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-400 (page does not exist)">Gamma-400</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-400" class="extiw" title="ru:Гамма-400">ru</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OZIRIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OZIRIS (page does not exist)">OZIRIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_launch_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_launch_systems" title="Template:Russian launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Russian launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_launch_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">UR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket family)">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_(rocket)" title="Yenisei (rocket)">Yenisei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">UR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled (no launch attempts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-4" title="Tsyklon-4">Tsyklon-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton Medium">Medium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <small> (joint) </small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <small> (joint) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a> <small> (joint) </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Moon: </i> <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1.2FL3_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><i>Interplanetary: </i> <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li><i>Spaceplanes: </i> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, <a href="/wiki/LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li> <li><i>Capsules: </i> <a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><i>Space Stations: </i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template talk:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li>Asteroid impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Cold War space race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese<br />space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Shenzhou</span></span> program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Tiangong</span></span> program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Policy Institute (page does not exist)">European Space Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li>Mars and beyond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-<i>Newton</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a> <ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li> <li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European<br /> initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British<br />space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation#History" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">WS-117L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 NASA Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">2005 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration#Space_policy_speech_at_Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">2010 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">2014 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet<br /> space<br /> program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (1986–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li> <li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng_program" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng program">North Korean space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental<br /> or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">International Space Exploration Coordination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG standards</a></li> <li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces,<br /> units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">AJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">IRGC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/15px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/23px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/30px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">NATO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/15px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/23px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/30px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African<br />and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America<br />and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190795#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190795#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190795#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106148522">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159232886">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10053284-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94017513">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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