BMWK - Fostering international trade and reducing barriers

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href="https://www.tiktok.com/@bmwk_habeck" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onmousedown="ET_Event.eventStart('SocialShare', '(47e9fb57-cb22-4031-9ecb-079839bc4227) Fostering international trade and reducing barriers', 'tiktok', '')" role="menuitem"> <span class="icon icon-tiktok"></span> <span class="sr-only">tiktok</span> </a> </li> <li role="none"> <a title="Share via email" class="sharing-menu-list-link-email" href="mailto:?subject=%5BEN%5DNeuer+Beitrag+auf+BMWK.de&body=https://www.bmwk.de/https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/trade-policy.html" role="menuitem"> <span class="link-icon icon icon-mail"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="headline headline-main"> <p class="topline"> <span class="topline-descriptor">Article</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <a class="nav-link tag leading-tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/handelspolitik.html"> <span class="link-label">Trade Policy</span> </a> </p> <h1 class="title"> Fostering international trade and reducing barriers </h1> <h2 class="sr-only">Introduction</h2> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p> For many years, Germany has been one of the leading nations in the international trade of goods and services. Free global trade and fair competition help boost economic growth and create jobs in our country. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action therefore advocates open markets that are guided by clear rules.</p> </div> </div> <div class="container main-content"> <div class="content-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="rich-text"> <p> Trade is important, not least for Germany – a country that accounts for 7.2% of global trade. Many sectors of the German economy are heavily dependent on exports. The same applies to employment. More than one in four jobs in Germany depends directly or indirectly on exports. The export ratio – the share of exports of goods and services in the gross domestic product (GDP) – fell slightly in 2019, to 46.9% (-0.5% compared with 2018).</p> <p> Countries that actively trade with others also prosper domestically. Free global trade generates a great deal of employment and economic growth in Germany. The Federal Government has therefore long been an advocate of open markets, fair international competition and trade liberalisation on the basis of clear, predictable and multilaterally coordinated rules. Further trade liberalisation is essential to secure Germany’s future as an industrial hub.</p> <h3 class=""> Fair rules for a globalised world</h3> <p> In addition to developing open markets, it is important to fight trade practices and subsidies of foreign countries that distort competition and to regularly update the trade-policy instruments of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> and the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>. Antidumping measures and common European rules on state-controlled direct investment aim to protect European companies and industrial centres more effectively from unfair competition.</p> <p> In view of the rising number and complexity of corporate acquisitions by investors from countries outside the European Union, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action advocates adequate scrutiny instruments also at national level. On 12 December 2018, the Federal Cabinet adopted improved rules on investment screening. You can find out more about the topic of investment screening <a class="link Basepage" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Foreign-Trade/investment-screening.html" title="Investment screening"><span class="link-label">here</span></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="idb2defbd3-0e39-44e4-8d63-058c2493e58d" class="timeline" role="listbox" data-slider-speed="1000"> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-image"> </div> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-homer"> <div class="container"> <h2 class="timeline-nav-title">Important events in the history of trade policy</h2> <div class="timeline-slider"> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">1</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">30/10/1947</span> <p class="timeline-title">The GATT agreement is signed</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">2</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">01/10/1951</span> <p class="timeline-title">Germany joins the GATT</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">3</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">01/01/1995</span> <p class="timeline-title">The World Trade Organization (WTO) is launched</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">4</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">09/11/2001</span> <p class="timeline-title">Beginning of the Doha Round</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">5</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">18/04/2007</span> <p class="timeline-title">The European Commission’s Market Access Strategy</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">6</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">17/06/2013</span> <p class="timeline-title">The EU and the US announce the beginning of negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">7</span> <span class="timeline-hr"></span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">25/10/2015</span> <p class="timeline-title">The EU presents its new strategy on trade</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-nav-content"> <p class="timeline-meta"> <span class="timeline-cipher">8</span> </p> <span class="timeline-date">25/10/2015</span> <p class="timeline-title">EU and Canada have signed the CETA free-trade agreement</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="timeline-slider-content"> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">The GATT agreement is signed <small>30/10/1947</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is an international treaty concluded in 1947 by its 23 founding members, including the US, the United Kingdom and Chile.</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">Germany joins the GATT <small>01/10/1951</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">Four years later, the Federal Republic of Germany joins the GATT – the predecessor organisation of the WTO.</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">The World Trade Organization (WTO) is launched <small>01/01/1995</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">The World Trade Organization (WTO) is established in 1995 and replaces the GATT Secretariat.</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">Beginning of the Doha Round <small>09/11/2001</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">The members of the WTO meet in Qatar to create a new multilateral group that has the aim to liberalise global trade. The negotiations started in 2001 are still ongoing.</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">The European Commission’s Market Access Strategy <small>18/04/2007</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">The European Commission aims to open up global markets even further and therefore strengthen the competitiveness of European companies. To this end, the European Commission released a new communication on its Market Access Strategy in April 2007.</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">The EU and the US announce the beginning of negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) <small>17/06/2013</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">TTIP aims to make rules and regulations for business in Europe and the US more compatible in the long term. The latest round of negotiations ended in Brussels on 15 June 2016.</p> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">The EU presents its new strategy on trade <small>25/10/2015</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">The European Commission presents a new strategy on trade, placing a particular focus on transparency, sustainability and global responsibility.</p> <a class="link timeline-link" tabindex="0" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/new-trade-strategy/index_en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onmousedown="ET_Event.link('http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/new-trade-strategy/index_en.htm', 'Trade for All - New EU Trade and Investment Strategy')"> <span class="link-icon icon icon-arrow-right icon-arrow-right-smart"></span> <span class="link-label">Learn more</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="timeline-slide"> <div class="timeline-content-box"> <h3 class="print-visible">EU and Canada have signed the CETA free-trade agreement <small>25/10/2015</small></h3> <p class="card-short-text">The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada will open up new opportunities for businesses and is the first FTA concluded by the EU to contain an ambitious chapter on sustainability as well as a modern investment protection mechanism whose design is based upon proposals made by Germany. Find out more.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ideae4ea65-3cb6-4820-8c77-59b9260fc390" tabindex="-1" class="container module-article"> <div class="article-head"> <div class="headline headline-article"> <p class="topline"> <span class="format">European trade policy</span> </p> <h2 class="title"> Working together to improve opportunities for trade </h2> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p> Responsibility for trade policy rests with the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>, not with the Member States. One of the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>’s most important tasks is to conclude international trade and partnership agreements – with individual countries and entire regions.</p> </div> <div class="boxData"> </div> </div> <div class="article-body"> <div class="article"> <div class="rich-text"> <p> The <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> has exclusive power in the area of trade in goods. When it comes to services and intellectual property, power is shared between the Commission and the Member States. Case law from the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> Court of Justice dictates that the European Commission and the European Member States work closely together in order to ensure that Europe speaks with one voice, particularly at the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>. So the European Commission organises trade policy in close coordination with the Member States. This coordination takes place on a weekly basis, at the meeting of the European Council’s trade policy committee.</p> <p> The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action is responsible for setting out Germany’s position on a number of trade policy issues and for representing the German government at European and international level.</p> <h3 class=""> “Trade for all” – the European Commission’s new strategy on trade</h3> <p> On 25 October 2015, the European Commission presented its new strategy on trade entitled “Trade for all”. With this strategy, the Commission revises and updates its “Global Europe” trade strategy from 2006 (which implemented the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>’s Market Access Strategy) and the trade policy elements included in its general economic policy strategy entitled “Europe 2020” from 2010.</p> <p> The strategy focuses on 5 points:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Trade and investment as driving forces for growth and employment:</strong><br/> The Commission notes that in the next 10 to 15 years, 90% of global growth will take place outside Europe. In order to benefit from this growth, the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> needs open markets.</li><li><strong>New trade policy issues:</strong> A stronger focus on services, digital trade, raw materials, innovation and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).</li><li><strong>Greater transparency in trade and investment policy:</strong><br/> This includes making <abbr title="Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership">TTIP</abbr> negotiations more transparent to the public and working more closely with other <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> institutions, the Member States and civil society. The European Commission also proposes regularly publishing the Council’s negotiating mandates.</li><li><strong>A trade and investment policy that is based on values:</strong><br/> The European Commission has presented its plans for reforming and redesigning the investment protection chapters in free trade agreements. A particular focus will be placed on whether trade policy upholds high sustainability, human rights and democracy standards.</li><li><strong>Trade policy as a tool to shape globalisation:</strong><br/> The European Commission stresses the importance it attaches to the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> and to taking a multilateral approach to trade policy. At the same time, it develops proposals for reviving multilateral negotiations.</li></ul> <p> Germany welcomes the fact that the European trade strategy is being revised. The latest communication identifies the opportunities and challenges that currently exist in trade policy, including growth, employment, transparency, investment protection reform and sustainability. The objectives set out in the strategy – particularly those of opening up markets and implementing a set of dependable, global rules on trade – must now be consistently pursued. This is the only way in which German and European businesses can improve their competitive edge on growth markets outside the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>.</p> <h3 class=""> Market Access Strategy</h3> <p> The European Commission aims to open up global markets even further and thus strengthen the competitiveness of European companies. It wants to eliminate barriers to market access, particularly non-tariff barriers, and assist European companies as they enter certain markets and industries around the world.</p> <p> To this end, the European Commission released a new communication on its Market Access Strategy on 18 April 2007 entitled <a onmousedown="ET_Event.link('http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/april/tradoc_134507.pdf', 'Richtext-Link')" class="link ExternalLink" href="http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/april/tradoc_134507.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Opens a new window."><span aria-hidden="true" class="link-icon icon icon-externallink"></span><span class="link-label">"Global Europe: A stronger Partnership to deliver Market Access for European Exporters"</span></a>. The main focus is on better dovetailing the work undertaken by the European Commission, the European Member States and the European business community.</p> <h3 class=""> Modernising trade-defence instruments</h3> <p> The <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> is currently working on a modernisation of its trade-defence instruments in order to afford more effective protection to Europe’s companies and industrial centres against distortions of competition in international trade and against unfair trading practices and subsidies in other countries. A trilogue agreement was reached in December 2017 between the European Commission, the European Council and the European Parliament.</p> <p> Further to this, the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>’s Council of Ministers approved a new methodology to calculate dumping in <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> anti-dumping procedures, sending out an important signal in particular for the manufacturing sectors in Germany and the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>, such as the steel industry. The new rules ensure that the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> will continue to be able to deploy an effective set of trade-defence instruments to counter unfair trading practices in future – particularly in the case of dumping by non-market economies.</p> <h3 class=""> The Trade Barriers Regulation</h3> <p> The Trade Barriers Regulation gives companies the right to submit a request to the Commission to ask for the investigation of a barrier to trade, and to do so without asking for permission from their association or a ministry. It the request is accepted, an investigation is started. During this investigation the Commission tries to find out whether the barrier that the company complained about actually exists and whether it negatively affects or impairs a particular industry in the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr>. If the complaint is confirmed and no amicable settlement can be reached, the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> can decide to start a formal procedure for settling the dispute as part of an international agreement that exists with the trading partner.</p> </div> </div> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="card-group"> <div class="card card-is-linked"> <div class="card card-basepage"> <figure class="picture card-picture">  <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Topics/Europe/brexit.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=270w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Topics/Europe/brexit.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=420w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Topics/Europe/brexit.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=570w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1040px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Topics/Europe/brexit.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=760w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Topics/Europe/brexit.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=760w" title="Flag symbolizes Brexit; Source: istockphoto.com/melis82" alt="Flag symbolizes Brexit; Source: istockphoto.com/melis82" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="card-block"> <p class="card-topline"> <span class="topline-descriptor">Article</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="format"> European Economic Policy </span> </p> <p class="card-title"> <span class="card-title-icon icon icon-themenseite"> <span class="card-title-icon-label">Article:</span> </span> <strong class="card-title-label">After the Brexit referendum: An overview of important information</strong> </p> <a class="card-link-overlay" title="Article" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Europe/after-the-brexit-referendum-an-overview-of-important-information.html"> <span class="sr-only">Open detail view</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card card-is-linked"> <div class="card card-publication"> <figure class="picture card-picture card-picture-portrait">  <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/facts-about-german-foreign-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=270w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/facts-about-german-foreign-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=420w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/facts-about-german-foreign-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=570w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1040px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/facts-about-german-foreign-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=760w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/facts-about-german-foreign-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=760w" title="Cover of brochure "Facts on German foreign trade"" alt="Cover of brochure "Facts on German foreign trade"" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="card-block"> <p class="card-topline"> <span class="date">30/09/2019</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="topline-descriptor">Publication</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="format"> Trade Policy </span> </p> <p class="card-title"> <span class="card-title-icon icon icon-publication"> <span class="card-title-icon-label">Publication:</span> </span> <strong class="card-title-label">Facts about German foreign trade</strong> </p> <p class="card-subtitle"> </p> <a class="card-link-overlay" title="Publication" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/facts-about-german-foreign-trade.html" > <span class="sr-only"> Opens PDF "Facts about German foreign trade" in a new window. </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div id="ide444e3a1-3e64-4649-a7a4-779faa0eca26" class="jumbotron jumbotron-facts jumbotron-carl"> <div class="container"> <h2 class="jumbotron-title"> <span class="title-label">Facts and figures on foreign trade</span> </h2> <div class="card-group-fly card-group-facts"> <div class="card card-fact"> <div class="percent"> <span class="percentage">7.2</span> <figure class="picture"> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Bilder/Icons/allgemein-deutschlandkarte.png?__blob=normal&v=1" title="Symbolicon für Deutschlandkarte" alt="Symbolicon für Deutschlandkarte" /> </figure> </div> <div class="card-short-text"> <p> <strong>percent is Germany’s share</strong><br/> of global trade. China accounts for 11.8%, the U.S. account for 10.9% (2018)</p> </div> </div> <div class="card card-fact"> <div class="percent"> <span class="percentage">1.59</span> <figure class="picture"> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Bilder/Icons/allgemein-geldscheine.png?__blob=normal&v=3" title="Symbolicon für Geldscheine" alt="Symbolicon für Geldscheine" /> </figure> </div> <div class="card-short-text"> <p> <strong>trillion euros </strong><br/> in goods and services were exported by Germany in 2018 alone. Imports reached 1.38 trillion euros.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card card-fact"> <div class="percent"> <span class="percentage">68,5</span> <figure class="picture"> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Bilder/Icons/allgemein-tortendiagramm.png?__blob=normal&v=1" title="Symbolicon für Tortendiagramm" alt="Symbolicon für Tortendiagramm" /> </figure> </div> <div class="card-short-text"> <p> <strong>percent of German exports</strong><br/> were sold to other European countries – 68.5 per cent of German imports come from Europe</p> </div> </div> <div class="card card-fact"> <div class="percent"> <span class="percentage">28</span> <figure class="picture"> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Bilder/Icons/buerokratieabbau-arbeiter.png?__blob=normal&v=1" title="Symbolicon für Arbeiter" alt="Symbolicon für Arbeiter" /> </figure> </div> <div class="card-short-text"> <p> <strong>percent of jobs</strong><br/> depended directly or indirectly on exports in 2018</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="id8c9f8350-e559-4ec7-9cc4-64901670f173" tabindex="-1" class="container module-article"> <div class="article-head"> <div class="headline headline-article"> <p class="topline"> <span class="format">Agreements and partnerships</span> </p> <h2 class="title"> Tools that promote open markets and free trade </h2> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p> European trade policy draws on and is based upon a wide range of different measures. Bilateral international agreements play a crucial role. But there are also unilateral measures that each country can take individually.</p> </div> <div class="boxData"> </div> </div> <div class="article-body"> <div class="article"> <div class="rich-text"> <p> First of all, there are multilateral agreements (between all members of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>), plurilateral agreements (between some <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> members), bilateral and regional trade agreements, and unilateral trade policy measures.</p> <h3 class=""> Multilateral agreements</h3> <p> As a member of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> tries to reduce barriers to trade and encourage free and fair global trade through multilateral negotiations and create a stable and transparent set of rules. The <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> advocates the modernisation of the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>.</p> <h3 class=""> Plurilateral agreements</h3> <p> Plurilateral trade agreements are concluded by several members of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>, without all <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> members having to join the agreement. The conclusion of such agreements makes particular sense when a large number of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> members want to lay down rules in a certain field, while others do not want to adopt these rules (yet).</p> <p> Plurilateral agreements have been around for quite some time. With the conclusion of the Uruguay Round in 1995, members of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> adopted a Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), In 1997, the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) – another plurilateral agreement within the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> – entered into force. The <abbr class="" title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> has signed both of these agreements.</p> <h3 class=""> Bilateral and regional trade agreements</h3> <p> The <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> has a large number of <a class="link Basepage" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Foreign-Trade/ongoing-negotiations-on-free-trade-agreements.html" title="Ongoing negotiations for free trade agreements"><span class="link-label">free trade agreements</span></a> with a host of different countries (in Eastern and Central Europe, the Mediterranean region, Turkey, Mexico). It also has Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with a wide range of countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific region (ACP countries) that are geared towards sustainable development and regional integration. These agreements are in line with <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> rules and designed in an asymmetric manner. The agreement that has been concluded with the Caribbean countries is the only one that is currently being applied. The negotiations on <abbr title="">EPAs</abbr> with West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa have been concluded, but these agreements have not yet been signed or ratified. These agreements make it easier for companies to trade with third countries and can also help pave the way for liberalising trade as part of a multilateral agreement.</p> <p> In addition to this, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> has a wide range of cooperation agreements and consultation mechanisms in place, including with many Asian countries, the <abbr class="" title="United States">US</abbr>, Canada and Latin America. The <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> has also launched <a class="link Basepage" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Foreign-Trade/ongoing-negotiations-on-free-trade-agreements.html" title="Ongoing negotiations for free trade agreements"><span class="link-label">negotiations on bilateral free trade agreements</span></a> with several Asian and Latin American countries. The <a class="link Basepage" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Foreign-Trade/free-trade-agreement-japan.html" title="The EU-Japan Free Trade Agreement"><span class="link-label"><abbr class="" title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr>-Japan free trade agreement</span></a> entered into force on 1 February 2019 and aims to strengthen economic and political relations between these two important trading areas and to give the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> a stronger role in the wider Asian region. To this end, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> is seeking to conclude further agreements with Australia, India, New Zealand, Latin America and <abbr class="" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</abbr> countries.</p> <h3 class=""> Unilateral policy measures</h3> <p> In the event of dumping or of subsidies which contravene <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> rules by third countries, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> can employ unilateral measures and introduce antidumping tariffs or countervailing duties in order to guard against distortions of competition on the international market and ensure that the European economy is not negatively affected.</p> <p> In order to make a contribution to development, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> has introduced its Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). Under this system, it grants reduced tariffs to developing countries or asks for no tariffs at all when it comes to importing various finished or semi-finished industrial products or processed agricultural products. This is to give developing countries preferential access to the European market.</p> <h3 class=""> Economic Partnership Agreements</h3> <p> In 2014, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> concluded a number of regional agreements with West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa. Back in 2007, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> concluded a regional Economic Partnership Agreement or <abbr title="">EPA</abbr> with the Caribbean region represented by CARIFORUM (Caribbean Forum of ACP States).</p> <p> As the original preferences granted by the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> to the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP states) were only permissible under a temporary exemption granted by the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> until 2007, the <abbr class="" title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> concluded bilateral interim trade agreements with these countries. The goal is to transform these interim agreements into more comprehensive regional agreements that cover all countries of a particular region if possible. Following the conclusion of the agreement with CARIFORUM, negotiations with West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa were concluded.</p> <p> The Cotonou agreement signed on 23 June 2000 serves as the basis for this. In this agreement, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> and the <abbr title="">ACP</abbr> countries agreed to conclude an Economic Partnership Agreement in line with <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> rules. The agreements are to help gradually reduce barriers to trade that exist between the parties, improve cooperation in all areas that are relevant for trade and promote sustainable development, and promote regional integration.</p> </div> </div> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="card-group"> <div class="card card-is-linked"> <div class="card card-publication"> <figure class="picture card-picture card-picture-portrait">  <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2024/cover-flyer-deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.jpg?__blob=normal&v=3&size=270w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2024/cover-flyer-deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.jpg?__blob=normal&v=3&size=420w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2024/cover-flyer-deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.jpg?__blob=normal&v=3&size=570w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1040px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2024/cover-flyer-deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.jpg?__blob=normal&v=3&size=760w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2024/cover-flyer-deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.jpg?__blob=normal&v=3&size=760w" title="Cover des Flyers Deutsch-Amerikanischer Handel" alt="Cover des Flyers Deutsch-Amerikanischer Handel" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="card-block"> <p class="card-topline"> <span class="date">01/08/2023</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="topline-descriptor">Publication</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="format"> Trade Policy </span> </p> <p class="card-title"> <span class="card-title-icon icon icon-publication"> <span class="card-title-icon-label">Publication:</span> </span> <strong class="card-title-label">German companies – drivers of investment and well-paid jobs in the U.S.</strong> </p> <p class="card-subtitle"> Facts and figures on German-American trade and investment relations - barrier-free </p> <a class="card-link-overlay" title="Publication" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/Aussenwirtschaft/deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.html" > <span class="sr-only"> Opens PDF "German companies – drivers of investment and well-paid jobs in the U.S." in a new window. </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card card-is-linked"> <div class="card card-publication"> <figure class="picture card-picture card-picture-portrait">  <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/german-current-account-in-the-context-of-us-german-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=270w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/german-current-account-in-the-context-of-us-german-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=420w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/german-current-account-in-the-context-of-us-german-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=570w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1040px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/german-current-account-in-the-context-of-us-german-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=760w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Publikationen/2014-2022/german-current-account-in-the-context-of-us-german-trade.jpg?__blob=normal&v=1&size=760w" title="Cover "The German current account in the context of US-German trade"" alt="Cover "The German current account in the context of US-German trade"" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="card-block"> <p class="card-topline"> <span class="date">21/06/2018</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="topline-descriptor">PDF</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="format"> Trade Policy </span> </p> <p class="card-title"> <span class="card-title-icon icon icon-download"> <span class="card-title-icon-label">Publication:</span> </span> <strong class="card-title-label">The German current account in the context of US-German trade</strong> </p> <p class="card-subtitle"> </p> <p class="card-meta"> <span class="file-format">PDF,</span> <span class="file-size">101 KB</span> </p> <a class="card-link-overlay" title="Publication" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/german-current-account-in-the-context-of-us-german-trade.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="sr-only"> Opens PDF "The German current account in the context of US-German trade" in a new window. </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div id="idefd62310-81ae-4294-bdeb-7bc3b7184b8e" tabindex="-1" class="container module-article"> <div class="article-head"> <div class="headline headline-article"> <p class="topline"> <span class="format">Spotlight on: Free trade agreements </span> </p> <h2 class="title"> Strengthening competitiveness and growth in Europe </h2> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p> The European Commission aims to negotiate balanced and modern free trade agreements with important international markets and high-growth regions. This is to strengthen the competitiveness of the European economy and boost growth and employment in Europe.</p> </div> <div class="boxData"> </div> </div> <div class="article-body"> <div class="article"> <div class="rich-text"> <p> The development of multilateral trading relations and a successful conclusion of the Doha Round are a priority for both Germany and the European Union. In light of the bilateral <abbr title="">FTAs</abbr> that are being concluded by some of Europe’s important trading partners, such as the <abbr title="United States">US</abbr> and Japan, and which could jeopardise the competitiveness of European companies on the global markets, the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr>’s position on bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) has evolved since 2007.</p> <p> The new generation of free trade agreements that the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> aims to conclude with other countries is broad-based and covers a wide range of different aspects. These agreements not only touch upon the issue of tariffs (e.g. customs duties, export subsidies) but also set out rules for services, the elimination of non-tariff barriers to trade and other trade-related aspects such as investment and competition. As the scope of these agreement is wider than the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> agenda, they are often referred to as ‘<abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>+ agreements’.</p> <p> To find out more about the status of the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr>’s ongoing negotiations click <a class="link Basepage" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Foreign-Trade/ongoing-negotiations-on-free-trade-agreements.html" title="Ongoing negotiations for free trade agreements"><span class="link-label">here</span></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="idbaed5b74-2c2d-4aa0-9a13-58a9ebc1d7b3" role="listbox" data-slider-speed="10000" data-slider-speed-auto="1000" class="hero-slider hero-slider-slim"> <div class="hero-slide"> <figure class="hero-picture"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/ceta.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=530w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/ceta.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=768w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/ceta.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1024w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1311px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/ceta.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1260w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1312px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/ceta.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1900w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/ceta.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1900w" title="The freight port of Vancouver, serving as a symbol of the free trade agreement" alt="The freight port of Vancouver, serving as a symbol of the free trade agreement" /> </picture> <figcaption class="caption"> <p class="source"> © istockphoto.com/ Volodymyr Kyrylyuk </p> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="container"> <div class="hero-slider-content"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/ceta.html" class="link hero-slider-title-link"> <h2 class="hero-slider-title"><abbr class="" title="Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement">CETA</abbr> – The European-Canadian Economic and Trade Agreement </h2> </a> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/ceta.html" class="link hero-slider-link"> <span class="link-icon icon icon-arrow-right icon-arrow-right-smart"></span> <span class="link-label">Go to Article</span> </a> <div class="hero-slider-controls"> <button class="btn-link prev" title="[EN]Zurück Blättern"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-left"></span> <span class="sr-only">[EN]Zurück Blättern</span> </button> <button class="btn-link play" title="play"> <span class="icon icon-play"></span> <span class="sr-only">play</span> </button> <button class="btn-link pause" title="Pause"> <span class="icon icon-pause"></span> <span class="sr-only">Pause</span> </button> <button class="btn-link next" title="[EN]Vorwärts Blättern"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-right"></span> <span class="sr-only">[EN]Vorwärts Blättern</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="id57985640-8250-4c23-a18f-d2a5f70c4e50" tabindex="-1" class="container module-article"> <div class="article-head"> <div class="headline headline-article"> <p class="topline"> <span class="format">World Trade Organization</span> </p> <h2 class="title"> A central framework for world trade </h2> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p> Established in Geneva in 1995, the World Trade Organization (<abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>) succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The aim: to reduce trade barriers and shape trade relations.</p> </div> <div class="boxData"> </div> </div> <div class="article-body"> <div class="article"> <div class="rich-text"> <p> The <abbr title="Gernal Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">GATT</abbr> – which was introduced in 1947 – was the key element for the regulation of world trade for close to half a century. The <abbr title="Gernal Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">GATT</abbr> aimed to substantially reduce tariffs and other barriers to trade, and protect and ensure free and unrestricted trade between countries.</p> <p> The conclusion of the ‘Uruguay Round’ (1986 to 1994) and the establishment of the WTO helped extend international cooperation on trade policy to new areas. The WTO not only lays down rules for trade in goods (GATT), but also for trade in services (GATS), individual property rights (TRIPS) – to some extent at least –, state aid and, as part of a plurilateral agreement, procurement (GPA).</p> <h3 class=""> Members and agreement</h3> <p> The <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> currently has 164 members. Its newest member, Afghanistan, joined the Organization on 29 July 2016. Negotiations with 21 other countries – including Somalia, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina – are currently ongoing. Germany was a founding member of the <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> in 1995.</p> <p> The members of the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> have concluded a large number of important agreements in order to set down rules for global trade. These cover, for example, trade in services, agriculture and anti-dumping provisions.</p> <h3 class=""> <abbr class="" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> milestones</h3> <p> In November 2001, the members of the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> met in Qatar to establish a new multilateral group that aims to liberalise world trade. The negotiations launched back then are still ongoing and are called the “Doha Round” or Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The goal is to facilitate trade across the board, particularly in the areas of industry, agricultural products and services (GATS).</p> <p> Another important milestone was the 9th <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> Ministerial Conference in Bali in December 2013, at which the then 160 <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> members adopted the Agreement on Trade Facilitation. The agreement entered into force on 22 February 2017. Some of the goals of the agreement have already been achieved: The participating countries agreed on measures to improve food security for the poorest parts of the population in the least developed countries (LDCs). These countries will also be granted easier access to the services market. Furthermore, guidelines will be implemented that simplify the rules of origin for preferential market access and for further reducing tariffs and the domestic support measures for cotton.</p> <p> At the 10th <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> Ministerial Conference, which was held in Nairobi in December 2015, the participating countries agreed to reduce export subsidies in the agricultural sector and to tighten rules for export credits, state trading companies and food aid. In addition, another “development package” focusing on the least developed countries was adopted. Furthermore, the participating countries agreed on preferential rules of origin and preferences for <abbr title="">LDCs</abbr> in the services sector (<abbr title="Least Developed Countries">LDC</abbr> waiver). These agreements seek to facilitate and improve the integration of these countries into the multilateral trading system.</p> <p> One major success of the Nairobi Conference was that the countries agreed to reform the agreement on exempting <abbr title="Information Technology">IT</abbr> technology and medical technology products (ITA II) from tariffs and set draft schedules which 53 <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> members adhere to. It is the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>’s first agreement for 18 years that sets out specific tariff reduction commitments for state-of-the-art products.</p> <h3 class=""> Dispute settlement</h3> <p> The Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) that sets out rules and procedures for the settlement of disputes was agreed on in the Uruguay Round and is seen as the key element of the multilateral trading system. The <abbr title="Dispute Settlement Understanding">DSU</abbr> aims to make the multilateral trading system more secure and predictable.</p> <h3 class=""> Monitoring of national trade policies</h3> <p> The <a onmousedown="ET_Event.link('http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm', 'Richtext-Link')" class="link ExternalLink" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Opens a new window."><span aria-hidden="true" class="link-icon icon icon-externallink"></span><span class="link-label">Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)</span></a> was enshrined in the rulebook for international trade in 1994 and is one of the main instruments of the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>. It aims to make national trade policies more transparent and understandable and ensure that our complex trading system runs smoothly.</p> <h3 class=""> Modernisation of the World Trade Organization</h3> <p> More than 20 years have passed since the founding of the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> in 1995. In order to equip the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr> for the challenges of the 21st century, the European Commission presented a concept paper in September 2018 with corresponding proposals. These cover all three pillars of the <abbr title="World Trade Organization">WTO</abbr>: rulemaking, monitoring and dispute settlement. The Federal Government fully supports the Commission’s initiative.<br/> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="id9d7bc24b-0038-4695-81ec-2278593ec4d6" role="listbox" data-slider-speed="10000" data-slider-speed-auto="1000" class="hero-slider hero-slider-slim"> <div class="hero-slide"> <figure class="hero-picture"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/aussenwirtschaftsfoerderung.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=530w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/aussenwirtschaftsfoerderung.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=768w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/aussenwirtschaftsfoerderung.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1024w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1311px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/aussenwirtschaftsfoerderung.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1260w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1312px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/aussenwirtschaftsfoerderung.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1900w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/aussenwirtschaftsfoerderung.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1900w" title="Worker in front of containers symbolizes Promotion of foreign trade and investment; Source: Getty Images/Yur_Arcurs" alt="Worker in front of containers symbolizes Promotion of foreign trade and investment; Source: Getty Images/Yur_Arcurs" /> </picture> <figcaption class="caption"> <p class="source"> © iStock.com/Yur_Arcurs </p> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="container"> <div class="hero-slider-content"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/promotion-of-foreign-trade-and-investment.html" class="link hero-slider-title-link"> <h2 class="hero-slider-title">Promotion of foreign trade and investment </h2> </a> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/promotion-of-foreign-trade-and-investment.html" class="link hero-slider-link"> <span class="link-icon icon icon-arrow-right icon-arrow-right-smart"></span> <span class="link-label">Go to Article</span> </a> <div class="hero-slider-controls"> <button class="btn-link prev" title="[EN]Zurück Blättern"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-left"></span> <span class="sr-only">[EN]Zurück Blättern</span> </button> <button class="btn-link play" title="play"> <span class="icon icon-play"></span> <span class="sr-only">play</span> </button> <button class="btn-link pause" title="Pause"> <span class="icon icon-pause"></span> <span class="sr-only">Pause</span> </button> <button class="btn-link next" title="[EN]Vorwärts Blättern"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-right"></span> <span class="sr-only">[EN]Vorwärts Blättern</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="id38d30e65-b118-419c-b54a-af418bc89ce1" tabindex="-1" class="container module-article"> <div class="article-head"> <div class="headline headline-article"> <p class="topline"> <span class="format">Customs procedures</span> </p> <h2 class="title"> Tariff suspension as a trade policy tool </h2> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p> In order to make European companies more competitive and boost economic activity within the Union, the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> can, under certain conditions, suspend or reduce the tariffs these companies have to pay.</p> </div> <div class="boxData"> </div> </div> <div class="article-body"> <div class="article"> <div class="rich-text"> <p> For example, companies that produce within the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> can buy raw materials, semi-finished products or components that are not available in the <abbr title="Europäische Union">EU</abbr> from other countries without having to pay the amount of tariffs that would usually apply for this. The European Member States and the European Commission have adopted guidelines setting out how these tariff suspensions (autonomous tariff suspensions or tariff quotas) will be applied.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="container jumbotron jumbotron-ralph"> <div class="container"> <h2 class="jumbotron-title"> Further information </h2> <div class="jumbotron-block"> <ul class="card-list"> <li class="card-list-item"> <div class="card card-publication"> <div class="card-block"> <p class="card-topline"> <span class="date">01/08/2023</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="topline-descriptor">Publication</span> <span class="sr-only"> - </span> <span class="format"> Trade Policy </span> </p> <p class="card-title"> <span class="card-title-icon icon icon-publication"> <span class="card-title-icon-label">Publication:</span> </span> <strong class="card-title-label">German companies – drivers of investment and well-paid jobs in the U.S.</strong> </p> <p class="card-subtitle"> Facts and figures on German-American trade and investment relations - barrier-free </p> <a class="card-link-overlay" title="Publication" href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/Aussenwirtschaft/deutsch-amerikanischer-handel.html" > <span class="sr-only"> Opens PDF "German companies – drivers of investment and well-paid jobs in the U.S." in a new window. </span> </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-image"> <figure class="picture size-poster"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 480px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/handelspolitik.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=530w"/> <source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/handelspolitik.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=768w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1039px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/handelspolitik.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1024w"/> <source media="(max-width: 1311px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/handelspolitik.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1260w"/> <source media="(min-width: 1312px)" srcset="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/handelspolitik.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1900w"/> <img src="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilder/Dossier/handelspolitik.jpg?__blob=wide&v=1&size=1900w" title="Freight depot; Quelle: Getty Images/querbeet" alt="Freight depot; Quelle: Getty Images/querbeet" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </main> <div class="container jumbotron jumbotron-ralph themen"> <div class="container"> <h2 class="jumbotron-title">Related topics</h2> <div class="jumbotron-block"> <nav class="tags"> <ul class="nav tag-list"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/europaeische-wirtschaftspolitik.html"><span class="link-label">European Economic Policy</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/freihandelsabkommen.html"><span class="link-label">Free Trade Agreements</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/ceta.html"><span class="link-label">CETA</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/ttip.html"><span class="link-label">TTIP</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/tisa.html"><span class="link-label">TiSA</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/internationale-beziehungen.html"><span class="link-label">International Cooperation</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/außenwirtschaftsfoerderung.html"><span class="link-label">Promotion of Foreign Trade and Investment</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/außenwirtschaftsrecht.html"><span class="link-label">Foreign Trade and Investment Law</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/wirtschaftspolitik.html"><span class="link-label">Economic Policy</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/wirtschaftliche-entwicklung.html"><span class="link-label">Economic Situation and Cyclical Development</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/eu-kommission.html"><span class="link-label">European Commission</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link tag" href="/Navigation/EN/Topic/investitionsschutz.html"><span class="link-label">Investment Protection</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a data-target=".tag-list" data-toggle="parent" class="nav-link tag-toggle-link" href="#"> <span class="link-icon icon"></span> <span class="link-label">show more</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> <h1 class="sr-only">Service menu</h1> <nav class="navbar navbar-footer"> <div class="container"> <ul class="nav nav-footer navbar-nav" id="servicenavigation"> <li class="nav-item"> <span class=""><strong>© 2024</strong> German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav nav-footer navbar-nav"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/SiteGlobals/BMWI/Forms/Listen/EN/Medienraum/Medienraum_Formular.html" class="nav-link"> <span class="link-label">Media room</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Service/Contact/contact.html" class="nav-link"> <span class="link-label">Contact</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Service/legal-notice.html" class="nav-link"> <span class="link-label">Legal Notice</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Service/Accessibility/accessibility.html" class="nav-link"> <span class="link-label">Accessibility</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Service/Privacy-Policy/privacy-policy.html" class="nav-link"> <span class="link-label">Privacy policy</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="javascript:BMWI.JsCookieBanner.show()" class="nav-link"> <span class="link-label">Tracking Consent</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="to-top"> <a class="link uplink" title="Back to top" href="#"> <span class="link-label sr-only">Back to top</span> <span class="link-icon icon icon-to-top"></span> </a> </div> </footer> <script src="/cae/frontend/BMWi/js/production.min.js"></script>  </body> </html>

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