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Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC" title="إثنولوج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إثنولوج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97" title="এথনোলগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এথনোলগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97" title="एथनोलॉग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एथनोलॉग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Етнолог (издание) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етнолог (издание)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="اتنولوگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتنولوگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue,_Languages_of_the_World" title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%EB%86%80%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8" title="에스놀로그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스놀로그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97" title="ऍथनोलॉग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍथनोलॉग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_(%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8)" title="אתנולוג (מאגר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתנולוג (מאגר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97" title="एथ्नोलग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एथ्नोलग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="エスノローグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスノローグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%97" title="ਐਥਨੋਲੌਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਥਨੋਲੌਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="ایتھنولوگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایتھنولوگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB" title="اېتنولوګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېتنولوګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolog" title="Etnolog – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Etnolog" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="ايٿنولوگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايٿنولوگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="எத்னொலோக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எத்னொலோக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="เอทโนล็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอทโนล็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="ایتھنولوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایتھنولوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="民族语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民族语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ethnologue" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="民族語 – Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ethnologue</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnologue.com_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ethnologue's logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ethnologue.com_logo.svg/220px-Ethnologue.com_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ethnologue.com_logo.svg/330px-Ethnologue.com_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ethnologue.com_logo.svg/440px-Ethnologue.com_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="42" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Language database</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline;" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></div>, <div style="display:inline;" class="country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard S. Pittman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>David M. Eberhard</li><li>Gary F. Simons</li><li>Charles D. Fennig</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/">www.ethnologue.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14790#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Required to access most content since 2019<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1946-9675">1946-9675</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43349556">43349556 </a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the <a href="/wiki/Living_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Living language">living languages</a> of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It was first issued in 1951, and is now published by <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Parachurch_organization" title="Parachurch organization">Christian non-profit organization</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_content">Overview and content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and content">edit</a>]</div> Ethnologue has been published by SIL Global (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> service organization with an international office in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas. The organization studies numerous minority languages to facilitate language development, and to work with speakers of such language communities in translating portions of the Bible into their languages.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-3">[3]</a> Despite the Christian orientation of its publisher, Ethnologue is not ideologically or theologically biased.<a href="#cite_note-Collin2010-4">[4]</a> Ethnologue includes alternative names and <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonyms</a>, the number of L1 and L2 speakers, <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">language prestige</a>, domains of use, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy rates</a>, locations, dialects, <a href="/wiki/Language_classification" title="Language classification">language classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">linguistic affiliations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typology</a>, language maps, country maps, publication and use in media, availability of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in each language and dialect described, <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious affiliations</a> of speakers, a cursory description of revitalization efforts where reported, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">intelligibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> with other dialects and languages, writing scripts, an estimate of language viability using the <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale" title="Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale">Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale</a> (EGIDS), and bibliographic resources.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pricing-9">[9]</a> Coverage varies depending on languages.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> For instance, as of 2008, information on <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> was present for 15% of entries while religious affiliations were mentioned for 38% of languages.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> "language maps are highly valuable" and most country maps are of high quality and user-friendly.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> Ethnologue gathers information from SIL's thousands of <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field linguists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> surveys done by linguists and literacy specialists, observations of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourced</a> contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> SIL's field linguists use an online collaborative research system to review current data, update it, or request its removal.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> SIL has a team of editors by geographical area who prepare reports to Ethnologue's general editor. These reports combine opinions from SIL area experts and feedback solicited from non-SIL linguists. Editors have to find compromises when opinions differ.<a href="#cite_note-Hammarström2005-12">[12]</a> Most of SIL's linguists have taken three to four semesters of graduate linguistics courses, and half of them have a master's degree. They're trained by 300 PhD linguists in SIL.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The determination of what characteristics define a single language depends upon <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a> evaluation by various scholars; as the preface to Ethnologue states, "Not all scholars share the same set of criteria for what constitutes a 'language' and what features define a '<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> The criteria used by Ethnologue are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> and the existence or absence of a common literature or ethnolinguistic identity.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammarström2005-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The number of languages identified has been steadily increasing, from 5,445 in the 10th edition (in 1984) to 6,909 in the 16th (in 2009), partly due to governments according designation as languages to mutually intelligible varieties and partly due to SIL establishing new Bible translation teams.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Ethnologue codes were used as the base to create the new <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> international standard. Since 2007, Ethnologue relies only on this standard, <a href="/wiki/Registration_authority" title="Registration authority">administered</a> by SIL International,<a href="#cite_note-iso_sil-16">[16]</a> to determine what is listed as a language.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> In addition to choosing a primary name for a language, Ethnologue provides listings of other name(s) for the language and any dialects that are used by its speakers, government, foreigners and neighbors. Also included are any names that have been commonly referenced historically, regardless of whether a name is considered official, politically correct or offensive; this allows more complete historic research to be done. These lists of names are not necessarily complete. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Ethnologue was founded in 1951 by Richard S. Pittman and was initially focused on minority languages, to share information on Bible translation needs.<a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a> The first edition included information on 46 languages.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> Hand-drawn maps were introduced in the fourth edition (1953).<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a> The seventh edition (1969) listed 4,493 languages.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> In 1971, Ethnologue expanded its coverage to all known languages of the world.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> Ethnologue database was created in 1971 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> under a grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a> In 1974 the database was moved to <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> Since 2000, the database has been maintained by SIL International in their Dallas headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> In 1997 (13th edition), the website became the primary means of access.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> In 1984, Ethnologue released a three-letter coding system, called an 'SIL code', to identify each language that it described. This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of other existing standards, e.g. <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveraertMusgraveDimitriadis2009204-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> The 14th edition, published in 2000, included 7,148 language codes. In 2002, Ethnologue was asked to work with the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) to integrate its codes into a draft international standard. Ethnologue codes have then been adopted by ISO as the international standard, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammarström2005-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> The 15th edition of Ethnologue was the first edition to use this standard. This standard is now administered separately from Ethnologue. SIL International is the <a href="/wiki/Registration_authority" title="Registration authority">registration authority</a> for languages names and codes,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> according to rules established by ISO.<a href="#cite_note-iso_sil-16">[16]</a> Since then Ethnologue relies on the standard to determine what is listed as a language.<a href="#cite_note-ELL-17">[17]</a> In only one case, Ethnologue and the ISO standards treat languages slightly differently. ISO 639-3 considers <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage" title="ISO 639 macrolanguage">macrolanguage</a> consisting of two distinct languages, <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a>, whereas Ethnologue considers Twi and Fante to be dialects of a single language (Akan), since they are mutually intelligible. This anomaly resulted because the ISO 639-2 standard has separate codes for Twi and Fante, which have separate literary traditions, and all 639-2 codes for individual languages are automatically part of 639-3, even though 639-3 would not normally assign them separate codes. In 2014, with the 17th edition, Ethnologue introduced a numerical code for language status using a framework called <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS)">EGIDS (Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale)</a>, an elaboration of <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fishman" title="Joshua Fishman">Fishman's</a> GIDS (<a href="/wiki/Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale">Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale</a>). It ranks a language from 0 for an <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">international language</a> to 10 for an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct language</a>, i.e. a language with which no-one retains a sense of ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 2015, SIL's funds decreased and in December 2015, Ethnologue launched a metered <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a> to cover its cost, as it is financially self-sustaining.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> Users in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income countries</a> who wanted to refer to more than seven pages of data per month had to buy a <a href="/wiki/Paid_subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Paid subscription">paid subscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> The 18th edition released that year included a new section on <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a> country by country.<a href="#cite_note-2015work-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-welcome18-23">[23]</a> In 2016, Ethnologue added date about <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">language planning</a> agencies to the 19th edition.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> As of 2017, Ethnologue's 20th edition described 237 <a href="/wiki/Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">language families</a> including 86 <a href="/wiki/Language_isolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates">language isolates</a> and six typological categories, namely <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a>, and as yet <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">unclassified languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EthnologueList-25">[25]</a> The early focus of the Ethnologue was on native use (L1) but was gradually expanded to cover L2 use as well.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2019, Ethnologue disabled trial views and introduced a <a href="/wiki/Paywall#"Hard"_paywalls" title="Paywall">hard paywall</a> to cover its nearly $1 million in annual operating costs (website maintenance, security, researchers, and SIL's 5,000 field linguists).<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2019_changes-27">[27]</a> Subscriptions start at $480 per person per year,<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> while full access costs $2,400 per person per year.<a href="#cite_note-pricing-9">[9]</a> Users in <a href="/wiki/Low_and_middle-income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low and middle-income countries">low and middle-income countries</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> are eligible for free access and there are discounts for libraries and independent researchers.<a href="#cite_note-pricing-9">[9]</a> Subscribers are mostly institutions: 40% of the world's top 50 universities subscribe to Ethnologue,<a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> and it is also sold to business intelligence firms and Fortune 500 companies.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> The introduction of the paywall was harshly criticized by the community of linguists who rely on Ethnologue to do their work and cannot afford the subscription<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> The same year, Ethnologue launched its contributor program to fill gaps and improve accuracy,<a href="#cite_note-Updates_and_Corrections-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-2019_changes-27">[27]</a> allowing contributors to submit corrections and additions and to get a complimentary access to the website.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ethnologue's editors gradually review crowdsourced contributions before publication.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> As 2019 was the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Indigenous_Languages" title="International Year of Indigenous Languages">International Year of Indigenous Languages</a>, this edition focused on <a href="/wiki/Language_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Language loss">language loss</a>: it added the date when last fluent speaker of the language died, standardized the age range of language users, and improved the <a href="/wiki/EGIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="EGIDS">EGIDS</a> estimates.<a href="#cite_note-welcome22-31">[31]</a> In 2020, the 23rd edition listed 7,117 living languages, an increase of 6 living languages from the 22nd edition. In this edition, Ethnologue expanded its coverage of <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant language">immigrant languages</a>: previous editions only had full entries for languages considered to be "established" within a country. From this edition, Ethnologue includes data about first and second languages of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, temporary <a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign workers">foreign workers</a> and immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-welcome23-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> In 2021, the 24th edition had 7,139 modern languages, an increase of 22 living languages from the 23rd edition. Editors especially improved data about <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> in this edition.<a href="#cite_note-welcome24-33">[33]</a> In 2022, the 25th edition listed a total of 7,151 living languages, an increase of 12 living languages from the 24th edition. This edition specifically improved the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">use of languages in education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-welcome25-34">[34]</a> In 2023, the 26th edition listed a total of 7,168 living languages, an increase of 17 living languages from the 25th edition. In 2024, the 27th edition listed a total of 7,164 living languages, a decrease of 4 living languages from the 26th edition.<a href="#cite_note-welcome27-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception,_reliability,_and_use">Reception, reliability, and use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception, reliability, and use">edit</a>]</div> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">William Bright</a>, then editor of the journal <a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)">Language</a>, wrote of Ethnologue that it "is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The 2003 <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (page does not exist)">International Encyclopedia of Linguistics</a> described Ethnologue as "a comprehensive listing of the world's languages, with genetic classification",<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and follows Ethnologue's classification.<a href="#cite_note-Hammarström2005-12">[12]</a> In 2005, linguists <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_J._Whaley" title="Lindsay J. Whaley">Lindsay J. Whaley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Grenoble" title="Lenore Grenoble">Lenore Grenoble</a> considered that Ethnologue "continues to provide the most comprehensive and reliable count of numbers of speakers of the world's languages", still they recognize that "individual language surveys may have far more accurate counts for a specific language, but The Ethnologue is unique in bringing together speaker statistics on a global scale".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguists</a> John C. Paolillo and Anupam Das conducted a systematic evaluation of available information on language populations for the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a>. They reported that Ethnologue and <a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a> were the only comprehensive sources of information about language populations and that Ethnologue had more specific information. They concluded that: "the language statistics available today in the form of the Ethnologue population counts are already good enough to be useful"<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to linguist <a href="/wiki/William_Poser" title="William Poser">William Poser</a>, Ethnologue was, as of 2006, the "best single source of information" on language classification.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2008 linguists <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> and Verónica Grondona highly commended Ethnologue in Language. They described it as a highly valuable catalogue of the world's languages that "has become the standard reference" and whose "usefulness is hard to overestimate". They concluded that Ethnologue was "truly excellent, highly valuable, and the very best book of its sort available."<a href="#cite_note-Campbell&Grondona-5">[5]</a> In a review of Ethnologue's 2009 edition in <a href="/wiki/Ethnopolitics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnopolitics">Ethnopolitics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_O._Collin" title="Richard O. Collin">Richard O. Collin</a>, professor of politics, noted that "Ethnologue has become a standard resource for scholars in the other social sciences: anthropologists, economists, sociologists and, obviously, sociolinguists". According to Collin, Ethnologue is "stronger in languages spoken by indigenous peoples in economically less-developed portions of the world" and "when recent in-depth country-studies have been conducted, information can be very good; unfortunately [...] data are sometimes old".<a href="#cite_note-Collin2010-4">[4]</a> In 2012, linguist <a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Asya Pereltsvaig</a> described Ethnologue as "a reasonably good source of thorough and reliable geographical and demographic information about the world's languages".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> She added in 2021 that its maps "are generally fairly accurate although they often depict the linguistic situation as it once was or as someone might imagine it to be but not as it actually is".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Linguist George Tucker Childs wrote in 2012 that: "Ethnologue is the most widely referenced source for information on languages of the world", but he added that regarding African languages, "when evaluated against recent field experience [Ethnologue] seems at least out of date".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 2014, Ethnologue admitted that some of its data was out-of-date and switched from a four-year publication cycle (in print and online) to yearly online updates.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Phillipson" title="Robert Phillipson">Robert Phillipson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tove_Skutnabb-Kangas" title="Tove Skutnabb-Kangas">Tove Skutnabb-Kangas</a> described Ethnologue as "the most comprehensive global source list for (mostly oral) languages".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> According to the 2018 Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Ethnologue is a "comprehensive, frequently updated [database] on languages and language families'.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative linguist">quantitative linguists</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Greenhill" title="Simon Greenhill">Simon Greenhill</a>, Ethnologue offers, as of 2018, "sufficiently accurate reflections of speaker population size".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Linguists Lyle Campbell and Kenneth Lee Rehg wrote in 2018 that Ethnologue was "the best source that list the non-endangered languages of the world".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Lyle Campbell and Russell Barlow also noted that the 2017 edition of Ethnologue "improved [its] classification markedly". They note that Ethnologue's genealogy is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> (WALS) but different from that of the <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Endangered_Languages" title="Catalogue of Endangered Languages">Catalogue of Endangered Languages</a> (ELCat) and Glottolog.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Linguist <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Matthewson" title="Lisa Matthewson">Lisa Matthewson</a> commented in 2020 that Ethnologue offers "accurate information about speaker numbers".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In a 2021 review of Ethnologue and Glottolog, linguist <a href="/wiki/Shobhana_Chelliah" title="Shobhana Chelliah">Shobhana Chelliah</a> noted that "For better or worse, the impact of the site is indeed considerable. [...] Clearly, the site has influence on the field of linguistics and beyond." She added that she, among other linguists, integrated Ethnologue in her linguistics classes."<a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</a> uses Ethnologue as its primary source for the list of languages and language maps.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to linguist <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine" title="Suzanne Romaine">Suzanne Romaine</a>, Ethnologue is also the leading source for research on <a href="/wiki/Language_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Language diversity">language diversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society, Ethnologue is "the standard reference source for the listing and enumeration of Endangered Languages, and for all known and "living" languages of the world"."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Similarly, linguist <a href="/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)" title="David Bradley (linguist)">David Bradley</a> describes Ethnologue as "the most comprehensive effort to document the level of endangerment in languages around the world."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> uses Ethnologue to determine which languages are endangered.<a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> According to Hammarström et al., Ethnologue is, as of 2022, one of the three global databases documenting language endangerment with the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> and the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The University of Hawaii <a href="/wiki/Kaipuleohone" title="Kaipuleohone">Kaipuleohone</a> language archive uses Ethnologue's metadata as well.<a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> uses Ethnologue's genealogical classification.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Project" title="Rosetta Project">Rosetta Project</a> uses Ethnologue's language metadata.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2005, linguist <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Harald Hammarström</a> wrote that Ethnologue was consistent with specialist views most of the time and was a catalog "of very high absolute value and by far the best of its kind".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammarström2005-12">[12]</a> In 2011, Hammarström created <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> in response to the lack of a comprehensive language bibliography, especially in Ethnologue.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2015, Hammarström reviewed the 16th, 17th, and 18th editions of Ethnologue and described the frequent lack of citations as its only "serious fault" from a scientific perspective. He concluded: "Ethnologue is at present still better than any other nonderivative work of the same scope. [It] is an impressively comprehensive catalogue of world languages, and it is far superior to anything else produced prior to 2009. In particular, it is superior by virtue of being explicit."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> According to Hammarström, as of 2016, Ethnologue and Glottolog are the only global-scale continually maintained inventories of the world's languages. The main difference is that Ethnologue includes additional information (such as speaker numbers or vitality) but lacks systematic sources for the information given. In contrast, Glottolog provides no language context information but points to primary sources for further data.<a href="#cite_note-Hammarström2016-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Contrary to Ethnologue, Glottolog does not run its own surveys,<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a> but it uses Ethnologue as one of its primary sources.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceOrg2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As of 2019, Hammarström uses Ethnologue in his articles, noting that it "has (unsourced, but) detailed information associated with each speech variety, such as speaker numbers and map location".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In response to feedback about the lack of references, Ethnologue added in 2013 a link on each language to language resources from the <a href="/wiki/Open_Language_Archives_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Language Archives Community">Open Language Archives Community</a> (OLAC)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Ethnologue acknowledges that it rarely quotes any source verbatim but cites sources wherever specific statements are directly attributed to them, and corrects missing attributions upon notification.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-68">[68]</a> The website provides a list of all of the references cited.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In her 2021 review, Shobhana Chelliah noted that Glottolog aims to be better than Ethnologue in language classification and genetic and areal relationships by using linguists' original sources.<a href="#cite_note-Chelliah2021-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> Starting with the 17th edition, Ethnologue has been published every year,<a href="#cite_note-welcome18-23">[23]</a> on <a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-welcome23-32">[32]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Edition</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Editor</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>Richard S. Pittman</td> <td>10 mimeographed pages; 40 languages<a href="#cite_note-NYT-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></td> <td>1951</td> <td>Pittman</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></td> <td>1952</td> <td>Pittman</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></td> <td>1953</td> <td>Pittman</td> <td>first to include maps<a href="#cite_note-ESRI-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></td> <td>1958</td> <td>Pittman</td> <td>first edition in book format </td></tr> <tr> <td>6<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></td> <td>1965</td> <td>Pittman</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></td> <td>1969</td> <td>Pittman</td> <td>4,493 languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>8<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></td> <td>1974</td> <td>Barbara Grimes</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></td> <td>1978</td> <td>Grimes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></td> <td>1984</td> <td>Grimes</td> <td>SIL codes first included </td></tr> <tr> <td>11<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td>1988</td> <td>Grimes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_11" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 11">6,253 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td>Grimes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_12" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 12">6,662 languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></td> <td>1996</td> <td>Grimes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_13" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 13">6,883 languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></td> <td>2000</td> <td>Grimes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_14_and_15" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 14 and 15">6,809 languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td>Raymond G. Gordon Jr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveraertMusgraveDimitriadis200961-90">[90]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_14_and_15" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 14 and 15">6,912 languages</a>; draft ISO standard; first edition to provide color maps<a href="#cite_note-ESRI-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>M. Paul Lewis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_16_by_ISO_code" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 16 by ISO code">6,909 languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>2013, updated 2014<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></td> <td>M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_17_by_ISO_code" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 17 by ISO code">7,106 living languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Lewis, Simons & Fennig</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Primary_language_names_in_Ethnologue_18" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages/Primary language names in Ethnologue 18">7,102 living languages; 7,472 total</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>2016</td> <td>Lewis, Simons & Fennig</td> <td>7,097 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>2017</td> <td>Simons & Fennig</td> <td>7,099 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>21<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td>Simons & Fennig</td> <td>7,097 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>22<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></td> <td>2019</td> <td>Eberhard, David M., Simons & Fennig</td> <td>7,111 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>23<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>Eberhard, Simons & Fennig </td> <td>7,117 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>24<a href="#cite_note-welcome24-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>Eberhard, Simons & Fennig </td> <td>7,139 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>25<a href="#cite_note-welcome25-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Eberhard, Simons & Fennig </td> <td>7,151 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>26<a href="#cite_note-welcome26-96">[96]</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Eberhard, Simons & Fennig </td> <td>7,168 living languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>27<a href="#cite_note-welcome27-35">[35]</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>Eberhard, Simons & Fennig </td> <td>7,164 living languages </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-largest-linguistics-database-getting-too-expensive-some-researchers">"World's largest linguistics database is getting too expensive for some 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Language. 91 (3): 723–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2015.0038">10.1353/lan.2015.0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0014-C719-6">11858/00-001M-0000-0014-C719-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665">1535-0665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119977100">119977100</a>. <q>Conclusion. From a scientific perspective, there is really only one serious fault with E16/E17/E18, namely, that the source for the information presented is not systematically indicated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+16%2F17%2F18th+editions%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=723-737&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0014-C719-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119977100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1535-0665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2015.0038&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnologue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammarström2016-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammarström2016_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarström2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hammarström, Harald (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjole%2Flzw002">"Linguistic diversity and language evolution"</a>. 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Retrieved July 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Check+out+the+new+Ethnologue&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethnoblog%2Fmpl%2Fcheck-out-new-ethnologue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnologue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com">"Ethnologue 21, Web Version"</a>. ethnologue.com. 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Retrieved February 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+22%2C+Web+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnologue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/">"Ethnologue 23, Web Version"</a>. ethnologue.com. Retrieved February 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+23%2C+Web+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnologue" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-welcome26-96"><a href="#cite_ref-welcome26_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/ethnoblog/welcome-26th-edition/">"Welcome to the 26th edition"</a>. Ethnologue. February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+26th+edition&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethnoblog%2Fwelcome-26th-edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnologue" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveraertMusgraveDimitriadis2009" class="citation book cs1">Everaert, Martin; Musgrave, Simon; Dimitriadis, Alexis, eds. (March 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbwaRARlVvgC&pg=PA365">The Use of Databases in Cross-Linguistic Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110198744" title="Special:BookSources/9783110198744"><bdi>9783110198744</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Databases+in+Cross-Linguistic+Studies&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.isbn=9783110198744&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbwaRARlVvgC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnologue" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/25px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/38px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/51px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14790#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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