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tuba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_Wagner" title="Tuba Wagner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuba Wagner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnerova_tuba" title="Wagnerova tuba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wagnerova tuba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnertuba" title="Wagnertuba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wagnertuba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_Wagner" title="Tuba Wagner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tuba Wagner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="توبای واگنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توبای واگنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_wagn%C3%A9rien" title="Tuba wagnérien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tuba wagnérien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%88_%ED%8A%9C%EB%B0%94" title="바그너 튜바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바그너 튜바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnerove_tube" title="Wagnerove tube – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wagnerove tube" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_wagneriana" title="Tuba wagneriana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tuba wagneriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טובה וגנריאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טובה וגנריאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner-tuba" title="Wagner-tuba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wagner-tuba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnertuba" title="Wagnertuba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wagnertuba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90" title="ワグナーチューバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワグナーチューバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnertuba" title="Wagnertuba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wagnertuba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnertuba" title="Wagnertuba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wagnertuba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagner_tubasi" title="Vagner tubasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vagner tubasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_wagnerowska" title="Tuba wagnerowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tuba wagnerowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompa_wagneriana" title="Trompa wagneriana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trompa wagneriana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Вагнеровская туба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вагнеровская туба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnertuba" title="Wagnertuba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wagnertuba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Вагнерівська туба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вагнерівська туба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E4%BD%8E%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%B7" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wagner_tuba" title="Special:EditPage/Wagner tuba">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wagner+tuba%22">"Wagner tuba"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wagner+tuba%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wagner+tuba%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wagner+tuba%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wagner+tuba%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wagner+tuba%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Wagner tuba</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg/118px-MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg/177px-MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg/236px-MIMEd_5973._Wagner_Tuba_in_Bb-F_Alexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="6358" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wagner tuba in B♭ and F by Gebr. Alexander</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en:</a> <i>Wagner tuba</i>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="German Language">de:</a> <i>Wagnertuba</i>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Language">it:</a> <i>Tuba wagneriana</i>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="French Language">fr:</a> <i>Tuba wagnérien</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #bfe0bf"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Wagner tuba</b> is a four-<a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">valve</a> brass instrument commissioned by and named after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. It combines technical features of both standard tubas and <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though despite its name, the Wagner tuba is more similar to the latter, and usually played by horn players. Wagner commissioned the instrument for his four-part <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> cycle <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i>, where its purpose was to bridge the <a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">acoustical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">textural</a> gap between the <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sound produced by this instrument has been variously described as "smoky", "metallic", "unearthly" and "majestic".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wagner tubas (or <i>Tenortuben</i> and <i>Basstuben</i>) are also referred to as <b>Wagnertuben, Waldhorntuben,</b> <b>Bayreuth-tuben, Ring-tuben,</b> or <b>Horn-tuben</b> by German writers, but it is most common to refer to them in English as Wagner tubas. Wagner's published scores usually refer to these instruments in the plural, <i>Tuben</i>, but sometimes in the singular, <i>Tuba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wagner tuba was originally created for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operatic</a> cycle <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>,</i> which was based on Nordic mythology. He was attempting to perfect the Valhalla motive, as this was the first opera in which he attempted to conceive pitch, rhythm, and instrumentation in a single step. He first planned to use trombones for the motive, but ultimately decided to create new instruments, which he called <i>Tuben.</i> He planned to use four pairs of horn players; the last two pairs would double on the new instruments, a pair pitched in F (bass tuben) and a pair in Bb (tenor tuben). Wagner wanted a sound that would invoke Norse legends and create a better blend in the brass section. He wanted an instrument that had the sound of a <a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">lur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an ancient Nordic natural horn. In 1797, archeologists had unearthed ancient lurs that were still in playable condition. Through this, Wagner knew it was the sound he was searching for, but the natural horns were not chromatic. This meant that Wagner needed the flexibility of a saxhorn, which were valved instruments that allowed for chromatic range.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, Wagner visited the shop of <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a>, the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxhorn" title="Saxhorn">saxhorn</a>. The saxhorn had a more cylindrical and larger bore, used the parabolic cupped mouthpiece, and thus had a more brassy tone that wasn't quite suitable for Wagner's tonal intent. Instead, Wagner's wanted aural effect was obtained by a conical <a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">bore</a>, similar to a horn, and the use of the horn mouthpiece (tapered and conical, as opposed to the parabolic cup mouthpiece such as on a trombone).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Moritz" title="Carl Wilhelm Moritz">C. W. Moritz</a> firm in Berlin, Wagner was able to develop his idea into a finished product. Another important figure in the development of the Wagner Tuba was Belgian Writer and Musician, Victor-Charles Mahillon. Mahillon designed a Wagner Tuba to be specifically played by trombonists, contrasting Adolphe Sax's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Wagner Tuba that is meant to be played by horn players.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, other composers have written for it, most notably <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, in whose <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 7</a> a quartet of them is first heard in the slow movement in memory of Wagner, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, who composed several works that used the Wagner tuba, including his <a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">Alpine Symphony</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paxman_Musical_Instruments" title="Paxman Musical Instruments">Paxman Musical Instruments</a> horn manufacturer continues to produce Wagner tubas in F and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workshop of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Schmid" title="Engelbert Schmid">Engelbert Schmid</a> also produces Wagner tubas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other companies that manufacture Wagner tubas include Hans Hoyer, Wessex, and Alexander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wagner tuba is built with <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">rotary valves</a>, which (like those on the horn) are played with the left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horn players traditionally double on Wagner tubas because the mouthpiece and fingering are identical,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the size of the bore of the Wagner tuba is midway between that of a euphonium and a horn. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wagner tuba's bore size is similar to that of a cornophone, which results in a similar sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMyersCampbell2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMyersCampbell2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wagner tuba nominally exists in two sizes, tenor in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and bass in F, with ranges comparable to those of horns in the same pitches while being less adept at the highest notes. Several 20th-century and later manufacturers have, however, combined the two instruments into a double Wagner tuba that can easily be configured in either B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> or F.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wagner tubas are normally written as <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instruments</a>, but the notation used varies considerably and is a common source of confusion—Wagner himself used three different and incompatible notations in the course of the <i>Ring</i>, and all three of these systems (plus some others) have been used by subsequent composers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional source of confusion is that the instruments are invariably designated in orchestral scores simply as <i>tubas</i>, sometimes leaving it unclear whether the score means true bass tubas or Wagner tubas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For example, orchestras sometimes assume the two tenor tubas in <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sinfonietta_(Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek)" title="Sinfonietta (Janáček)">Sinfonietta</a></i> are Wagner tubas, when the score means <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphoniums</a>.) </p><p>The name "Wagner tuba" is considered problematic, and possibly incorrect, by many theorists. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Kennan" title="Kent Kennan">Kent Kennan</a> says they are poorly named, since "they are really modified horns" rather than actual tubas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wagner_tuba" title="Special:EditPage/Wagner tuba">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Composers such as Wagner who made use of this instrument would later inspire future composers to also write for the Wagner tuba. Wagner tubas appear in the work of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anton Bruckner employed Wagner tubas in his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Seventh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)">Eighth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)">Ninth</a> Symphonies. In these symphonies, the four Wagner tubas are played by players who alternate between <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a> and Wagner tuba, which is the same procedure Wagner used in the <i>Ring</i>. This change is simplified by the fact that the horn and Wagner tuba use the same mouthpiece and same fingering. </p><p>As time passed, the availability and convenience of including Wagner tubas in concert programs became a reoccurring problem. In the 20th century, prominent composers such as <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> began to write sparingly for the instrument, while other composers attempted to continue writing for it in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These composers would continue to face the same difficulties as their predecessors, which would ultimately lead to composers avoiding writing for the instrument altogether. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rued_Langgaard" title="Rued Langgaard">Rued Langgaard</a>, a great admirer of Bruckner, wrote for eight horns in his First Symphony (1908-11); four of these parts were written for tenor and bass Wagner tubas. When this work was eventually premiered, the orchestra decided against using Wagner tubas, instead playing the parts on horn. This experience led to a frustrated Langgaard to exclude Wagner tubas from future works.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wagner tubas are typically played by players who are also playing a horn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an orchestral score, the staves for the Wagner tubas then logically go below those of the horns and above the standard tubas. If they are played by players who are not also playing a horn, they are placed below the trombones, above the regular tuba, which is then called a "contrabass tuba." </p><p>These composers have written for the instrument: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Caudel" title="Stephen Caudel">Stephen Caudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Downes_(composer)" title="Andrew Downes (composer)">Andrew Downes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Draeseke" title="Felix Draeseke">Felix Draeseke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Franchetti" title="Alberto Franchetti">Alberto Franchetti</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(opera)" title="Germania (opera)">Germania</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith" title="Jerry Goldsmith">Jerry Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Koetsier" title="Jan Koetsier">Jan Koetsier</a>, Elegie for Wagner Tuba and String Quartet/Orchestra<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinsley2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinsley2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rued_Langgaard" title="Rued Langgaard">Rued Langgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Lopez_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Lopez (composer) (page does not exist)">George Lopez</a>, <i>Gonzales the Earth Eater</i> (1 Wagner tuba) and <i>Traumzeit und Traumdeutung</i> (2 Wagner tubas)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Lutyens" title="Elisabeth Lutyens">Elisabeth Lutyens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Melby" title="John Melby">John Melby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Prior" title="Alex Prior">Alex Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurico_Carrapatoso" title="Eurico Carrapatoso">Eurico Carrapatoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schat" title="Peter Schat">Peter Schat</a>, <i>An Indian Requiem</i> (2 Wagner tubas)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_S%C3%B8derlind" title="Ragnar Søderlind">Ragnar Søderlind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tarnopolsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Tarnopolsky">Vladimir Tarnopolsky</a>, <i>Wahnfried</i> (6 Wagner tubas)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Matosinhos" title="Ricardo Matosinhos">Ricardo Matosinhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(composer)" title="Robert Davidson (composer)">Robert Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Wilder" title="Alec Wilder">Alec Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Alois_Zimmermann" title="Bernd Alois Zimmermann">Bernd Alois Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBevan2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Bevan" title="Clifford Bevan">Bevan, Clifford</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000028525">"Tuba (i)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.28525">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuba+%28i%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.28525&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000028525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bryant, Raymond (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000029794">"Wagner tuba"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Baines" title="Anthony Baines">Anthony C. Baines</a> and John Webb. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29794">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29794</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wagner+tuba&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29794&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000029794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJepson2013" class="citation news cs1">Jepson, Barbara (April 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1323193266/">"Music: It Takes Brass to Play the Wagner Tuba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Music%3A+It+Takes+Brass+to+Play+the+Wagner+Tuba&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Jepson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1323193266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keays, James Harvey. "An investigation into the origins of the Wagner Tuba", DMA diss., (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Guion2009" class="citation journal cs1">David M. Guion (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/not.0.0190">"<i>The Wagner Tuba: A History</i> (review)"</a>. <i>Notes</i>. <b>65</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">787–</span>789. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.0.0190">10.1353/not.0.0190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-150X">1534-150X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192113766">192113766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=The+Wagner+Tuba%3A+A+History+%28review%29&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E787-%3C%2Fspan%3E789&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192113766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-150X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnot.0.0190&rft.au=David+M.+Guion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fnot.0.0190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Humphries, <i>The Early Horn</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2021" class="citation web cs1">Myers, Arnold (2 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/mahillons-wagner-tubas-revisited">"Mahillion's Wagner Tuba Revisited"</a>. <i>University of Edinburgh Research Explorer</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>155<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Edinburgh+Research+Explorer&rft.atitle=Mahillion%27s+Wagner+Tuba+Revisited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmahillons-wagner-tubas-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Larkin, Christopher (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021132">"Paxman"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.21132">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paxman&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.21132&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000021132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hawkins, Frank (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-4002255747">"Schmid, Engelbert"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.L2255747">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2255747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schmid%2C+Engelbert&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.L2255747&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-4002255747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Silva, Ana Sofia. "The Origins and Revival of a Wagner Tuba." MM thesis, (University of South Dakota, 2013). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMyersCampbell2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMyersCampbell2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNormanMyersCampbell2010">Norman, Myers & Campbell 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent Kennan & Donald Grantham, <i>The Technique of Orchestration</i> (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), p. 348: "It has frequently been pointed out that the name <i>tubas</i> is a misnomer inasmuch as they are really modified horns."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Melton, William (May 2004). "Greetings from Heaven or Demonic Noise?: A History of the Wagner Tuba - Part 8: Revival". <i>The Horn Call - Journal of the International Horn Society</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horn+Call+-+Journal+of+the+International+Horn+Society&rft.atitle=Greetings+from+Heaven+or+Demonic+Noise%3F%3A+A+History+of+the+Wagner+Tuba+-+Part+8%3A+Revival&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaehder2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Maehder" title="Jürgen Maehder">Maehder, Jürgen</a> (2002) [1992]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000901817">"Schat, Peter"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O901817">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O901817</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schat%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O901817&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Maehder&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-5000901817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinsley2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinsley2016_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinsley2016">Binsley 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecher2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Becher, Christoph (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000043393">"Lopez, George"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43393">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lopez%2C+George&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43393&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Becher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000043393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRokus_de_Groot2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rokus de Groot (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000024763">"Schat, Peter"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24763">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24763</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schat%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24763&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.au=Rokus+de+Groot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000024763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexroth2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rexroth, Tat′yana (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000044349">"Tarnopol'sky, Vladimir Grigor'yevich"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.44349">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.44349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tarnopol%27sky%2C+Vladimir+Grigor%27yevich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.44349&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Rexroth&rft.aufirst=Tat%E2%80%B2yana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000044349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinsley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Binsley, Erika (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=waicu_lawrence&id=GALE%7CA574055846&v=2.1&it=r">"Koetsier's Skurrile Elegie for Wagner Tuba and String Quartet"</a>. <i>The Horn Call</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horn+Call&rft.atitle=Koetsier%27s+Skurrile+Elegie+for+Wagner+Tuba+and+String+Quartet&rft.date=2016-10&rft.aulast=Binsley&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26u%3Dwaicu_lawrence%26id%3DGALE%257CA574055846%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Duckett, Bob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120510573710">"Concise Oxford English Dictionary (11th edition) edited by Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (11th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008. xx+1,708 pp., ISBN: 0 19 860864 0 £20.00 $29.95"</a>. <i>Reference Reviews</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09504120510573710">10.1108/09504120510573710</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-4125">0950-4125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reference+Reviews&rft.atitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary+%2811th+edition%29+edited+by+Catherine+Soanes+and+Angus+Stevenson.+Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary+%2811th+edition%29.+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press+2008.+xx%2B1%2C708+pp.%2C+ISBN%3A+0+19+860864+0+%C2%A320.00+%2429.95&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F09504120510573710&rft.issn=0950-4125&rft.aulast=Duckett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1108%2F09504120510573710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Merrill_Knapp" title="J. Merrill Knapp">Knapp, J. Merrill</a> (Summer 1977). "The Instrumentation Draft of Wagner's "Das Rheingold"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">272–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F831220">10.2307/831220</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831220">831220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Instrumentation+Draft+of+Wagner%27s+%22Das+Rheingold%22&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F831220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F831220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=J.+Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2008" class="citation book cs1">Melton, William (2008). <i>The Wagner Tuba: A History</i>. Aachen: Edition Ebenos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9808379-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9808379-1-0"><bdi>978-3-9808379-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Tuba%3A+A+History&rft.place=Aachen&rft.pub=Edition+Ebenos&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-9808379-1-0&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanMyersCampbell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, Lisa; Myers, Arnold; Campbell, Murray (May 2010). "Wagner Tubas and Related Instruments: An Acoustical Comparison". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Galpin_Society_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Galpin Society Journal">The Galpin Society Journal</a></i>. <b>63</b>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753660">20753660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Wagner+Tubas+and+Related+Instruments%3A+An+Acoustical+Comparison&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20753660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Myers%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1996" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, John (March 1996). "Mahillon's Wagner Tubas". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Galpin_Society_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Galpin Society Journal">The Galpin Society Journal</a></i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">207–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842402">10.2307/842402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842402">842402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Mahillon%27s+Wagner+Tubas&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842402%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1998" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, John (July 1998). "The Cornophone as Wagner Tuba". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Galpin_Society_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Galpin Society Journal">The Galpin Society Journal</a></i>. <b>51</b>: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842768">10.2307/842768</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842768">842768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Cornophone+as+Wagner+Tuba&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842768%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWagner+tuba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/mahillons-wagner-tubas-revisited">https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/mahillons-wagner-tubas-revisited</a></p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brass instrument related to tubas and French horns</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner_tuba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagner-tuba.com">The Wagner Tuba, history, composers and Edel Rhapsody (wagner-tuba.com)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.draeseke.org/essays/wmtuba.htm">Felix Draeseke and the Wagner Tuba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celesteh.com/music/tuba.html">Evolution, Physics and Usage of the Wagner Tuba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFm2C-ve7qw">Rehearsal by the Berlin Philharmonic horns</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trumpet" title="Contrabass trumpet">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_trumpet" title="Pocket trumpet">Pocket trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet" title="Fanfare trumpet">Fanfare trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(trumpet)" title="Firebird (trumpet)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumpet" title="Flumpet">Flumpet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_cornet" title="Soprano cornet">Soprano cornet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">Horn</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">Bugle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_horn" title="German horn">German horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_horn" title="Vienna horn">Vienna horn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_trombone" title="Soprano trombone">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbone" title="Superbone">Superbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbasso" title="Cimbasso">Cimbasso</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saxhorn" title="Saxhorn">Saxhorn</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Alto/Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscorn" title="Fiscorn">Fiscorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhlohorn" title="Kuhlohorn">Kuhlohorn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_tuba" title="Subcontrabass tuba">Subcontrabass tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_bell_euphonium" title="Double bell euphonium">Double bell euphonium</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornettino" title="Cornettino">Cornettino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_cornett" title="Mute cornett">Mute cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_cornett" title="Tenor cornett">Tenor cornett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">Cornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dord_(instrument)" title="Dord (instrument)">Dord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_horn" title="Post horn">Post horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">Natural trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">Baroque trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccina" title="Buccina">Buccina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">Slide trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccin" title="Buccin">Buccin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicon_(instrument)" title="Helicon (instrument)">Helicon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_helicon" title="Soprano helicon">Soprano helicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophicleide" title="Ophicleide">Ophicleide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudrophone" title="Sudrophone">Sudrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxtuba" title="Saxtuba">Saxtuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxotromba" title="Saxotromba">Saxotromba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka_(instrument)" title="Bazooka (instrument)">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzophone" title="Jazzophone">Jazzophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">Alphorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabal_(instrument)" title="Nabal (instrument)">Nabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">Vuvuzela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyele" title="Nyele">Nyele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_horn" title="Tibetan horn">Tibetan horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazza" title="Wazza">Wazza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marching_brass" title="Marching brass"> Marching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn#Marching_baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Marching baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium#Marching" title="Euphonium">Marching euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombonium" title="Trombonium">Trombonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousaphone" title="Sousaphone">Sousaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_bugle" title="Contrabass bugle">Contrabass bugle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts/technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">Valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">Piston valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">Rotary valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_(music)#Brass" title="Mute (music)">Mutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-stopping" title="Hand-stopping">Hand-stopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">Mouthpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falset_(music)" title="Falset (music)">Falset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_oil" title="Valve oil">Valve oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadpipe" title="Leadpipe">Leadpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_key" title="Water key">Water key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_flow_valve" title="Axial flow valve">Axial flow valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Harmonic series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_brass_band" title="British brass band">British brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_quintet" title="Brass quintet">Brass quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(classic)" title="Drum and bugle corps (classic)">Drum and bugle corps (classic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(modern)" title="Drum and bugle corps (modern)">Drum and bugle corps (modern)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trumpeters" title="List of trumpeters">(all) Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Jazz trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horn_players" title="List of horn players">Horn players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_trombonists" title="List of classical trombonists">Classical trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Jazz trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euphonium_players" title="List of euphonium players">Euphonium players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tubists" title="List of tubists">Tubists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_of_brass_instruments" title="Pitch of brass instruments">Pitch of brass instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euphonium,_baritone_horn_and_tenor_horn_manufacturers" title="List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers">List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394678">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-solo .navbox-title{background-color:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title{background-color:#f4bf92}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title{background-color:#bfe0bf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist" aria-labelledby="Richard_Wagner731" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Wagner" title="Template talk:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Wagner731" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_for_the_stage_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner">List of works for the stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of compositions by Richard Wagner">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prose_works_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of prose works by Richard Wagner">List of prose works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early_works11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesverbot" title="Das Liebesverbot">Das Liebesverbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder_discography" title="Der fliegende Holländer discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_discography" title="Tannhäuser discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_discography" title="Lohengrin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_link=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography&#124;10px98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold_discography" title="Das Rheingold discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre_discography" title="Die Walküre discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_discography" title="Siegfried discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde_discography" title="Tristan und Isolde discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg_discography" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_discography" title="Parsifal discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-operatic music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_major_(Wagner)" title="Symphony in C major (Wagner)">Symphony in C major</a> <small>(1832)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(Wagner)" title="Polonia (Wagner)"><i>Polonia</i> Overture</a> <small>(1836)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesmahl_der_Apostel" title="Das Liebesmahl der Apostel">Das Liebesmahl der Apostel</a></i> <small>(1843)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faust_Overture" title="Faust Overture">Faust Overture</a></i> <small>(1840, rev. 1855)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wesendonck_Lieder" title="Wesendonck Lieder">Wesendonck Lieder</a></i> <small>(1858)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a></i> <small>(1870)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisermarsch" title="Kaisermarsch">Kaisermarsch</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Art_and_Revolution" title="Art and Revolution">Art and Revolution</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Autobiographic_Sketch_(Wagner)" title="Autobiographic Sketch (Wagner)">Autobiographic Sketch</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Communication_to_My_Friends" title="A Communication to My Friends">A Communication to My Friends</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music)</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leubald" title="Leubald">Leubald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Leben_(Wagner)" title="Mein Leben (Wagner)">Mein Leben</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Future" title="Music of the Future">Music of the Future</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Opera_excerpts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Liebestod" title="Liebestod">Liebestod</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Laune_des_Verliebten" title="Die Laune des Verliebten">Die Laune des Verliebten</a></i> <small>(1830)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hochzeit" title="Die Hochzeit">Die Hochzeit</a></i> <small>(1832)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnerlist_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fer_als_Frauenlist" title="Männerlist größer als Frauenlist">Männerlist größer als Frauenlist</a></i> <small>(1838)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wieland_der_Schmied_(libretto)" title="Wieland der Schmied (libretto)">Wieland der Schmied</a></i> <small>(1850; text only)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sieger" title="Die Sieger">Die Sieger</a></i> <small>(1858; text only)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holztrompete" title="Holztrompete">Holztrompete</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bayreuth Festival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayreuther_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bayreuther Blätter">Bayreuther Blätter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Bayreuth canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Circle" title="Bayreuth Circle">Bayreuth Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival_Orchestra" title="Bayreuth Festival Orchestra">Bayreuth Festival Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wagner_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner family tree">Wagner family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolde_Beidler" title="Isolde Beidler">Isolde Beidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Chamberlain" title="Eva Chamberlain">Eva Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Geyer" title="Ludwig Geyer">Ludwig Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minna_Planer" title="Minna Planer">Minna Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Wagner" title="Nike Wagner">Nike Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)"><i>Wagner</i></a> (1983 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_Dream" title="Wagner's Dream">Wagner's Dream</a></i> (2012 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried_(film)" title="Wahnfried (film)"><i>Wahnfried</i> (1986 film)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Film_adaptations16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1904_film)" title="Parsifal (1904 film)"><i>Parsifal</i> (1904 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1982_film)" title="Parsifal (1982 film)"><i>Parsifal</i> (1982 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Wagner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Monument" title="Richard Wagner Monument">Richard Wagner Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Memorial" title="Richard Wagner Memorial">Richard Wagner Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Richard_Wagner" title="Bust of Richard Wagner">Bust of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(crater)" title="Wagner (crater)">Wagner (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Ice_Piedmont" title="Wagner Ice Piedmont">Wagner Ice Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3992_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="3992 Wagner">3992 Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wagner_Societies" title="International Association of Wagner Societies">International Association of Wagner Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_using_the_music_of_Richard_Wagner" title="List of films using the music of Richard Wagner">List of films using the music of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Musikdrama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_bell" title="Parsifal bell">Parsifal bells</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Richard_Wagner" title="Controversies surrounding Richard Wagner">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Vendramin_Calergi" title="Ca' Vendramin Calergi">Museo Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Museum,_Lucerne" title="Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne">Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Wagner" title="Category:Richard Wagner">Category</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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