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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 概論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發展史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 發展史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究課題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究課題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 研究課題 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究課題-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关研究課題子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-研究課題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-演绎、推理和解决问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演绎、推理和解决问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 演绎、推理和解决问题 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演绎、推理和解决问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知識表示法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知識表示法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 知識表示法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知識表示法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-规划" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#规划"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 规划 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-规划-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-機器學習" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#機器學習"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 機器學習 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-機器學習-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自然語言處理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然語言處理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 自然語言處理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然語言處理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-運動和控制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運動和控制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 運動和控制 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-運動和控制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知覺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知覺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 知覺 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知覺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社交" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社交"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 社交 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社交-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-創造力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#創造力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 創造力 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-創造力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-倫理管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#倫理管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 倫理管理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-倫理管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟衝擊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟衝擊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 經濟衝擊 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經濟衝擊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AI對人類的威脅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AI對人類的威脅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 AI對人類的威脅 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AI對人類的威脅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-悲觀學派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#悲觀學派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.1 悲觀學派 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-悲觀學派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-樂觀學派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#樂觀學派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.2 樂觀學派 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-樂觀學派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AI與管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AI與管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 AI與管理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AI與管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-強人工智能和弱人工智能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強人工智能和弱人工智能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 強人工智能和弱人工智能 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-強人工智能和弱人工智能-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关強人工智能和弱人工智能子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-強人工智能和弱人工智能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-強人工智能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強人工智能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 強人工智能 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強人工智能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弱人工智能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弱人工智能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 弱人工智能 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弱人工智能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對強人工智能的哲學爭論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對強人工智能的哲學爭論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 對強人工智能的哲學爭論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對強人工智能的哲學爭論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 研究方法 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关研究方法子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-控制论与大脑模拟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#控制论与大脑模拟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 控制论与大脑模拟 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-控制论与大脑模拟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-符号处理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#符号处理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 符号处理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-符号处理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子符号方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子符号方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 子符号方法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子符号方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统计学方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统计学方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 统计学方法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-统计学方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-集成方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#集成方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 集成方法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-集成方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 基本應用 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基本應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关基本應用子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-基本應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-感知能力（Perception）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感知能力（Perception）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 感知能力（Perception） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感知能力（Perception）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認知能力（Cognition）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知能力（Cognition）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 認知能力（Cognition） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知能力（Cognition）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-創造力（Creativity）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#創造力（Creativity）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 創造力（Creativity） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-創造力（Creativity）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-智慧（Wisdom）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#智慧（Wisdom）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 智慧（Wisdom） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-智慧（Wisdom）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-实际应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实际应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 实际应用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实际应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學科範疇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學科範疇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 學科範疇 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-學科範疇-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关學科範疇子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-學科範疇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-涉及学科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#涉及学科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 涉及学科 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-涉及学科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究範疇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究範疇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 研究範疇 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究範疇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电视剧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电视剧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 电视剧 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电视剧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 應用領域 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-滥用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#滥用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 滥用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-滥用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 參看 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 参考文献 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考文献子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 来源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-扩-{展}-阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#扩-{展}-阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 扩展阅读 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-扩-{展}-阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">人工智能</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。160种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-160" aria-hidden="true" > 160种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Kunsmatige intelligensie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kunsmatige intelligensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz" title="Künstliche Intelligenz – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Künstliche Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%A0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%BD_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5_%E1%89%BD%E1%88%8E%E1%89%B3" title="ሰው ሠራሽ የማሰብ ችሎታ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰው ሠራሽ የማሰብ ችሎታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelichencia_artificial" title="Intelichencia artificial – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Intelichencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="ذكاء اصطناعي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذكاء اصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="دكا صطيناعي – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دكا صطيناعي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%89" title="ذكاء صناعى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذكاء صناعى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelixencia_artificial" title="Intelixencia artificial – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Intelixencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_intellekt" title="Süni intellekt – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süni intellekt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مصنوعی ذکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مصنوعی ذکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Яһалма интеллект – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яһалма интеллект" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinschtlicha_Intelligenz" title="Kinschtlicha Intelligenz – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinschtlicha Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97rbt%C4%97ns_intelekts" title="Dėrbtėns intelekts – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dėrbtėns intelekts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artipisyal_na_intelihensya" title="Artipisyal na intelihensya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Artipisyal na intelihensya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Штучны інтэлект – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Штучны інтэлект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Штучны інтэлект – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Штучны інтэлект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calakan_bikinan" title="Calakan bikinan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Calakan bikinan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Изкуствен интелект – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуствен интелект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་བཟོས་རིག་ནུས། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་བཟོས་རིག་ནུས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naouegezh_artifisiel" title="Naouegezh artifisiel – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naouegezh artifisiel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetna_inteligencija" title="Umjetna inteligencija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Umjetna inteligencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хэмэл оюун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэмэл оюун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia_artificial" title="Intel·ligència artificial – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intel·ligència artificial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelihensiya_artipisyal" title="Intelihensiya artipisyal – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Intelihensiya artipisyal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ژیریی دەستکرد – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژیریی دەستکرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suniy_zek%C3%A2" title="Suniy zekâ – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Suniy zekâ" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_inteligence" title="Umělá inteligence – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umělá inteligence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BBe_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Юриллe интеллект – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юриллe интеллект" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deallusrwydd_artiffisial" title="Deallusrwydd artiffisial – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deallusrwydd artiffisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_intelligens" title="Kunstig intelligens – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunstig intelligens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz" title="Künstliche Intelligenz – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Künstliche Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viro_v%C4%B1ra%C5%9Ft%C4%B1k%C3%AAn" title="Viro vıraştıkên – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Viro vıraştıkên" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaalan_Tinanda" title="Kabaalan Tinanda – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kabaalan Tinanda" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Artificial intelligence" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefarita_intelekto" title="Artefarita intelekto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artefarita intelekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial" title="Inteligencia artificial – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehisintellekt" title="Tehisintellekt – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tehisintellekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimen_artifizial" title="Adimen artifizial – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adimen artifizial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteligencia_artificial" title="Enteligencia artificial – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Enteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="هوش مصنوعی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوش مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko%C3%A4ly" title="Tekoäly – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekoäly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstm%C3%B5istus" title="Kunstmõistus – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kunstmõistus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C7%94nyw%C9%9B_gb%C9%9Bt%C9%94_%C9%96%C9%94hun_t%C9%94n" title="Nǔnywɛ gbɛtɔ ɖɔhun tɔn – 丰语" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Nǔnywɛ gbɛtɔ ɖɔhun tɔn" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="丰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle" title="Intelligence artificielle – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intelligence artificielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelk_Inteligens" title="Konstelk Inteligens – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konstelk Inteligens" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligjence_artifici%C3%A2l" title="Inteligjence artificiâl – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Inteligjence artificiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intleacht_shaorga" title="Intleacht shaorga – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Intleacht shaorga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人工智能" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9lijans_artifisy%C3%A8l" title="Entélijans artifisyèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entélijans artifisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuigse_inntealta" title="Tuigse inntealta – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tuigse inntealta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelixencia_artificial" title="Intelixencia artificial – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Intelixencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_japopyre_arandu" title="Ava japopyre arandu – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ava japopyre arandu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-in%C3%A7hynaght" title="Far-inçhynaght – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Far-inçhynaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkirar_Basira_(Artificial_Intelligence)" title="Kirkirar Basira (Artificial Intelligence) – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kirkirar Basira (Artificial Intelligence)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בינה מלאכותית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בינה מלאכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृत्रिम बुद्धि – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्रिम बुद्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Artificial intelligence" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetna_inteligencija" title="Umjetna inteligencija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetna inteligencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8lijans_atifisy%C3%A8l" title="Entèlijans atifisyèl – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entèlijans atifisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesters%C3%A9ges_intelligencia" title="Mesterséges intelligencia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mesterséges intelligencia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արհեստական բանականություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արհեստական բանականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արհեստական Բանականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արհեստական Բանականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentia_artificial" title="Intelligentia artificial – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Intelligentia artificial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligentie_artificial" title="Inteligentie artificial – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Inteligentie artificial" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cg%E1%BB%A5g%E1%BB%A5_isi" title="Ọgụgụ isi – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọgụgụ isi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbo_a_saririt" title="Parbo a saririt – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Parbo a saririt" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifical_inteligenteso" title="Artifical inteligenteso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Artifical inteligenteso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervigreind" title="Gervigreind – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gervigreind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale" title="Intelligenza artificiale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intelligenza artificiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD" title="人工知能 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工知能" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatifishal_intelijens" title="Aatifishal intelijens – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aatifishal intelijens" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rutni_menli" title="rutni menli – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rutni menli" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacerdhasan_gaw%C3%A9yan" title="Kacerdhasan gawéyan – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kacerdhasan gawéyan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ხელოვნური ინტელექტი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნური ინტელექტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasalma_intellekt" title="Jasalma intellekt – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jasalma intellekt" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Kanyonde" title="Ũũgĩ wa Kanyonde – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũũgĩ wa Kanyonde" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Жасанды интеллект – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасанды интеллект" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F" title="បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិត – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೃತಕ ಬುದ್ಧಿಮತ್ತೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೃತಕ ಬುದ್ಧಿಮತ್ತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%A5" title="인공지능 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공지능" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84_AI" title="نقلی عقل AI – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نقلی عقل AI" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" title="Artificial Intelligence – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Artificial Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Жасалма интеллект – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жасалма интеллект" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellegentia_artificialis" title="Intellegentia artificialis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Intellegentia artificialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABnschtlech_Intelligenz" title="Kënschtlech Intelligenz – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kënschtlech Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3nsmaesige_intelligentie" title="Kónsmaesige intelligentie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kónsmaesige intelligentie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiala" title="Intelligenza artificiala – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Intelligenza artificiala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirbtinis_intelektas" title="Dirbtinis intelektas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dirbtinis intelektas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABgais_intelekts" title="Mākslīgais intelekts – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākslīgais intelekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haranita-tsaina_voatrolombelona" title="Haranita-tsaina voatrolombelona – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haranita-tsaina voatrolombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вештачка интелигенција – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вештачка интелигенција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="നി‍ർമ്മിത ബുദ്ധി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നി‍ർമ്മിത ബുദ്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хиймэл оюун – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиймэл оюун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelli%C4%A1enza_artifi%C4%8Bjali" title="Intelliġenza artifiċjali – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Intelliġenza artifiċjali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%89%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ဉာဏ်ရည်တု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဉာဏ်ရည်တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstlike_Intelligenz" title="Künstlike Intelligenz – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Künstlike Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunstklookte" title="Keunstklookte – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keunstklookte" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आर्टिफिसियल इन्टेलिजेन्स – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्टिफिसियल इन्टेलिजेन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmatige_intelligentie" title="Kunstmatige intelligentie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunstmatige intelligentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_intelligens" title="Kunstig intelligens – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunstig intelligens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_intelligens" title="Kunstig intelligens – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunstig intelligens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellig%C3%A9ncia_artificiala" title="Intelligéncia artificiala – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Intelligéncia artificiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଆର୍ଟିଫିସିଆଲ ଇଣ୍ଟେଲିଜେନ୍ସ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆର୍ଟିଫିସିଆଲ ଇଣ୍ଟେଲିଜେନ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਸ਼ੀਨੀ ਬੁੱਧੀਮਾਨਤਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਸ਼ੀਨੀ ਬੁੱਧੀਮਾਨਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%C3%A9rligince_artificielle" title="Intérligince artificielle – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Intérligince artificielle" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczna_inteligencja" title="Sztuczna inteligencja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuczna inteligencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بنائی گئی ذہانت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنائی گئی ذہانت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مصنوعي ځيرکتیا – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصنوعي ځيرکتیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial" title="Inteligência artificial – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inteligência artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapchisqa_yuyay" title="Kapchisqa yuyay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kapchisqa yuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83" title="Inteligență artificială – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inteligență artificială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Искусственный интеллект – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусственный интеллект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Умела інтеліґенція – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Умела інтеліґенція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A5%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Оҥоһуу интеллект – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оҥоһуу интеллект" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifeecial_intelligence" title="Artifeecial intelligence – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Artifeecial intelligence" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%BF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B0%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ھٿرادو ذھانت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھٿرادو ذھانت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dka_inteligencija" title="Vještačka inteligencija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vještačka inteligencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="කෘත්‍රීම බුද්ධිය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෘත්‍රීම බුද්ධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Artificial intelligence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umel%C3%A1_inteligencia" title="Umelá inteligencia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umelá inteligencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetna_inteligenca" title="Umetna inteligenca – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umetna inteligenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligjenca_artificiale" title="Inteligjenca artificiale – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inteligjenca artificiale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вештачка интелигенција – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вештачка интелигенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificiell_intelligens" title="Artificiell intelligens – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artificiell intelligens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_mnemba" title="Akili mnemba – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akili mnemba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoryjo:Sztuczno_inteligencyjo" title="Kategoryjo:Sztuczno inteligencyjo – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kategoryjo:Sztuczno inteligencyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D3%AF%D1%8A%D3%A3" title="Ҳуши маснӯъӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуши маснӯъӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%8C" title="ปัญญาประดิษฐ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัญญาประดิษฐ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dasama_akyl" title="Ýasama akyl – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýasama akyl" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artipisyal_na_katalinuhan" title="Artipisyal na katalinuhan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artipisyal na katalinuhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_zek%C3%A2" title="Yapay zekâ – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapay zekâ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Ясалма интеллект – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ясалма интеллект" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificiel" title="Intelligence artificiel – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Intelligence artificiel" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%89_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="سۈنئى ئىدىراك – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۈنئى ئىدىراك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Штучний інтелект – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штучний інтелект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مصنوعی ذہانت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصنوعی ذہانت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%CA%BCiy_intellekt" title="Sunʼiy intellekt – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sunʼiy intellekt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inte%C5%82ijensa_artifisa%C5%82e" title="Intełijensa artifisałe – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Intełijensa artifisałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AD_tu%E1%BB%87_nh%C3%A2n_t%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trí tuệ nhân tạo – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trí tuệ nhân tạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBtist%C3%A9_%C3%A9ndjolike" title="Sûtisté éndjolike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sûtisté éndjolike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelihensya_artipisyal" title="Intelihensya artipisyal – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Intelihensya artipisyal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人工智能" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ხელუანური ინტელექტი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხელუანური ინტელექტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="人工智慧">人工智慧</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>此條目介紹的是人工智慧。关于其他用法，请见「<a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-disambig" title="AI">AI</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">本條目存在以下問題，請協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit">改善本條目</a>或在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Talk:人工智能">討論頁</a>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。 (2018年9月21日) 翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。明顯拙劣的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>。 请协助補充参考资料、添加<a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_inline" title="Template:Original research inline">相关内联标签</a>和删除原创研究内容以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。详细情况请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Talk:人工智能">讨论页</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Artificial intelligence">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充。 (2023年11月1日) 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-57a91e28" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:智能;zh-tw:智慧;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:人工智能;zh-hk:人工智能;zh-tw:人工智慧;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:通过;zh-hk:透過;zh-tw:透過;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:水平;zh-hant:水準;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:实现;zh-hant:達成;zh-hk:達成;zh-tw:達成;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:;">「人工智能」的各地常用名稱</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">中国大陸</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">人工智能 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">臺灣</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">人工智慧 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">港澳</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">人工智能 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>星馬</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">人工智能</a>系列内容</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/160px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/240px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/320px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">主要目标</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知识表示">知识表示</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自动规划和调度（页面不存在）">自动规划</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" class="extiw" title="en:Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="自然语言处理">語言處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">电脑视觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="通用人工智慧">強人工智慧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="弱人工智慧">弱人工智慧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E9%BD%90" title="人工智能对齐">人工智能对齐</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">实现方式</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="符號人工智能">符号人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="貝氏網路">貝氏網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="进化算法">进化算法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="混合智能系統">混合智能系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="生成式人工智慧">生成式人工智慧</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能哲學</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能伦理（页面不存在）">伦理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能安全（页面不存在）">人工智能安全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_safety" class="extiw" title="en:AI safety">AI safety</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%A7%89_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD)" title="幻觉 (人工智能)">幻觉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能的存在风险（页面不存在）">存在风险</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="图灵测试">图灵测试</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%88%BF%E9%97%B4" title="中文房间">中文房间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="可解釋人工智慧">可解釋人工智慧</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="友好的人工智能（页面不存在）">友好的人工智能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9B%91%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能监管（页面不存在）">人工智能监管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation of artificial intelligence</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="人工智能史">历史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%BD%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能时间轴（页面不存在）">时间轴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline of artificial intelligence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能发展（页面不存在）">发展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E4%BD%8E%E8%B0%B7" title="人工智慧低谷">人工智慧低谷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%83%AD%E6%BD%AE" title="人工智能热潮">人工智能热潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="人工智能法案">人工智能法案</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">技术</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能应用（页面不存在）">应用</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能项目列表（页面不存在）">项目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" class="extiw" title="en:List of artificial intelligence projects">List of artificial intelligence projects</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能编程语言列表（页面不存在）">编程语言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_for_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:List of programming languages for artificial intelligence">List of programming languages for artificial intelligence</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">术语</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能术语表（页面不存在）">术语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Template:人工智能"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Template talk:人工智能"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:人工智能"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 人工智能（英語：artificial intelligence，缩写为AI），亦稱機器智能，指由人製造出來的機器所表現出來的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="智慧">智慧</a>。通常人工智能是指用普通電腦程式來呈現人類智能的技術。該詞也指出研究這樣的智能系統是否能夠實現，以及如何實現。同时，通過<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計學">統計學</a>等的進步，常態預測則認為人類的很多職業也逐漸被其取代。<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 人工智能於一般教材中的定义领域是“智慧主体（intelligent agent）的研究与设计”<a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_AI-3">[3]</a>，智慧主体指一个可以观察周遭环境并作出行动以达致目标的系统<a href="#cite_note-Intelligent_agents-4">[4]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">约翰·麦卡锡</a>于1955年的定义是<a href="#cite_note-Coining_of_the_term_AI-5">[5]</a>「制造智能机器的科学与工程」<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy's_definition_of_AI-6">[6]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="安德烈亚斯·卡普兰">安德烈亚斯·卡普兰</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%81%A9%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·海恩莱因（页面不存在）">迈克尔·海恩莱因</a>（Michael Haenlein）将人工智能定义为“系统正确解释外部数据，从这些数据中学习，并利用这些知识通过灵活适应实现特定目标和任务的能力”。<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> 人工智能可以定義為模仿人類與人類思維相關的認知功能的機器或計算機，如學習和解決問題。人工智能是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">計算機科學</a>的一個分支，它感知其環境並採取行動，最大限度地提高其成功機會。此外，人工智能能夠從過去的經驗中學習，做出合理的決策，並快速回應。因此，人工智能研究人員的科學目標是通過構建具有象徵意義的推理或推理的計算機程式來理解智慧。人工智能的四個主要組成部分是： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="专家系统">專家系統</a>：作為專家處理正在審查的情況，併產生預期或預期的績效。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8F%91%E5%BC%8F%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="启发式算法">启发式算法</a>：包括評估小範圍的解決方案，並可能涉及一些猜測，以找到接近最佳的解決方案。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="自然语言处理">自然語言處理</a>：在自然語言中實現人機之間的交流。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">計算機視覺</a>：自動生成識別形狀和功能的能力 <a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。</li></ul> 人工智能的研究是高度技术性和专业的，各分支领域都是深入且各不相通的，因而涉及範圍極廣<a href="#cite_note-Fragmentation_of_AI-9">[9]</a>。人工智能的研究可以分为几个技术问题。其分支领域主要集中在解决具体问题，其中之一是，如何使用各种不同的工具完成特定的应用程序。 AI的核心问题包括建構能夠跟人類似甚至超卓的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="项目">計划</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="学习">学习</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A" title="沟通">交流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">移動</a> 、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移物（页面不存在）">移物</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="使用工具（页面不存在）">使用工具</a>和操控<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0" title="机械">机械</a>的能力等<a href="#cite_note-Problems_of_AI-10">[10]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="通用人工智能">通用人工智能</a>（GAI）目前仍然是该领域的长远目标<a href="#cite_note-General_intelligence-11">[11]</a>。目前<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="弱人工智慧">弱人工智慧</a>已經有初步成果，甚至在一些影像辨識、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%84%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="語意分析">語言分析</a>、棋類遊戲等等單方面的能力達到了超越人類的水平，而且人工智慧的通用性代表著，能解決上述的問題的是一樣的AI程式，無須重新開發算法就可以直接使用現有的AI完成任務，與人類的處理能力相同，但達到具備思考能力的統合強人工智慧還需要時間研究，比较流行的方法包括统计方法，计算智能和传统意义的AI。目前有大量的工具应用了人工智能，其中包括搜索和数学优化、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="逻辑推理">逻辑推演</a>。而基於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="仿生學">仿生學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>，以及基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">演算法</a>等等也在逐步探索當中。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概論">概論</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概論">编辑</a>]</div> 人工智能的定義可以分為兩部分，即「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="人工">人工</a>」和「智能」。「人工」即由人设计，为人创造、制造。 關於甚麼是「智能」，较有争议性。這涉及到其它諸如<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="意識">意識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91" title="自我">自我</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="潛意識">無意識的精神</a>等等問題。人唯一瞭解的智能是人本身的智能，這是普遍認同的觀點。但是我們對我們自身智能的理解都非常有限，對構成人的智能必要元素的瞭解也很有限，所以就很難定義甚麼是「人工」製造的「智能」。因此人工智能的研究往往涉及對人智能本身的研究。其它關於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>或其它人造系統的智能也普遍被認為是人工智能相關的研究課題。 人工智慧目前在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a>領域內，得到了愈加廣泛的发挥。並在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="機器人">機器人</a>、經濟政治決策、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="控制系統">控制系統</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%BF%E7%9C%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仿真系統（页面不存在）">仿真系統</a>中得到應用。 人工智能也廣泛應用於許多不同領域。機器人經營餐館和商店並修復城市基礎設施。人工智能管理運輸系統和自動駕駛車輛。智能平台管理多個城市領域，例如垃圾收集和空氣質量監測。事實上，城市人工智能體現在城市空間、基礎設施和技術中，將我們的城市變成了無人監督的自治實體。可以方便地實時實現數字化支持的智能響應服務。許多城市現在主動利用大數據和人工智能，通過為我們的基礎設施提供更好的能源、計算能力和連接性來提高經濟回報<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>。 最近，由於人工智能減少了行政成本和時間，許多政府開始將人工智能用於各種公共服務。例如，移民流程的機器人自動化減少了處理時間並提高了效率。人工智能為地方政府服務帶來技術突破。人工智能代理協助城市規劃者基於目標導向的蒙特卡羅樹搜索進行場景規劃。目標推理人工智能代理提供最佳的土地利用解決方案，幫助我們制定民主的城市土地利用規劃。人工智能利用在線數據來監控和修改環境威脅政策。在2019 年水危機期間，潛在狄利克雷分配方法確定了<a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> (X) 中討論最多的主題，這是一種樸素的推文分類方法，對乾旱的影響和原因、政府響應和潛在解決方案等主題進行了分類。人工智能工具與司法部門的人類法官相輔相成，提供客觀、一致的風險評估<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展史">發展史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：發展史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="人工智能史">人工智能史</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>年代</th> <th>20世纪40年代</th> <th>20世纪50年代</th> <th>20世纪60年代</th> <th>20世纪70年代</th> <th>20世纪80年代</th> <th>20世纪90年代</th> <th>21世紀00年代</th> <th>21世紀10年代</th> <th>21世紀20年代 </th></tr> <tr> <th>計算機 </th> <td>1945 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8%E5%80%BC%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F" title="電子數值積分計算機">ENIAC</a>）</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>人工智慧研究 </th> <td></td> <td>1953 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="博弈論">博弈論</a> 1956 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%89%B9%E7%9F%9B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="达特矛斯会议">达特矛斯会议</a></td> <td></td> <td>1977 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知識工程（页面不存在）">知識工程</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Knowledge engineering">Knowledge engineering</a>）宣言</td> <td>1982 <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="第五代電腦">第五代電腦</a>計劃開始</td> <td>1991 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a></td> <td>2007 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="深度學習">深度學習</a></td> <td>2018 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大语言模型">大语言模型</a></td> <td>2022 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A1%E6%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多模态模型（页面不存在）">多模态模型</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>人工智慧語言 </th> <td></td> <td>1957 <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN語言</a></td> <td>1960 <a href="/wiki/LISP" title="LISP">LISP語言</a></td> <td>1973 <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">PROLOG語言</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知识表示">知识表示</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>约1960 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="向量数据库（页面不存在）">向量数据库</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_database" class="extiw" title="en:Vector database">Vector_database</a>）</td> <td>1973 <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生產系統">生產系統</a> 1976 <a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="框架理論">框架理論</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="專家系統">專家系統</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1965 <a href="/w/index.php?title=DENDRAL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DENDRAL（页面不存在）">DENDRAL</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendral" class="extiw" title="en:Dendral">Dendral</a>）</td> <td>1975 <a href="/w/index.php?title=MYCIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYCIN（页面不存在）">MYCIN</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycin" class="extiw" title="en:Mycin">Mycin</a>）</td> <td>1980 <a href="/wiki/Xcon" title="Xcon">Xcon</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> 对机器或“形式”的推理研究起源于古代哲学家和数学家。逻辑学的研究直接催生了<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5" title="艾伦·图灵">艾伦·图灵</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a>，理论提出，一台通过操作简单符号“0”和“1”的机器，能够模拟任意复杂的数学推理过程。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-turing-15">[15]</a>这一理论，连同在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="神经生物学">神经生物学</a>方面的同期发现，推动研究人员考虑构建一台“电子大脑”的可能性。<a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a> 此外，他们还开拓了未来成为人工智能领域一部分的多个研究分支，<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> 比如1943年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="沃伦·麦卡洛克">沃伦·麦卡洛克</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%8C%A8" title="沃尔特·皮茨">沃尔特·皮茨</a>设计的“人工神经元”，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117-19">[18]</a>以及图灵于1950年发表的具有深远影响的论文《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%8E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机器与智能（页面不存在）">计算机器与智能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>）》，其中提出了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="图灵测试">图灵测试</a>”，展示了“机器智能”的可行性。<a href="#cite_note-Turing_test-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-turing-15">[15]</a> 人工智能研究领域正式成立于1956年在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="达特茅斯学院">达特茅斯学院</a>举行的“<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="達特茅斯會議">达特茅斯会议</a>”。<a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth_workshop-23">[21]</a> 与会者后来在20世纪60年代成为该领域的先驱者。<a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a> 他们及其学生研发出的程序被媒体誉为“令人惊叹”：<a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a> 计算机不仅能学会<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B7%B3%E6%A3%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="国际跳棋">国际跳棋</a>策略，还能解决代数文字难题、证明逻辑<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="定理">定理</a>，甚至能进行英语对话。<a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-AI_in_the_60s-29">[24]</a> 在20世纪50年代末至60年代初，许多英国和美国的大学纷纷建立了人工智能实验室。<a href="#cite_note-turing-15">[15]</a> 20世纪60年代至70年代，研究人员坚信他们的方法最终能够成功创造出具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="通用人工智能">通用智能的机器</a>，并将此视为他们研究领域的最高目标。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewquist199486–86-30">[25]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="赫伯特·西蒙">赫伯特·西蒙</a>（Herbert Simon）曾预言：“在未来二十年内，机器能够胜任所有人类能够完成的工作。”<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%97%B5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="马文·闵斯基">马文·闵斯基</a>（Marvin Minsky）对此表示赞同，他认为：“在一代人的时间内，‘人工智能’这一难题将会得到实质性的解决。”<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> 但事实证明他们低估了这个问题所涉及的复杂性。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202121-33">[28]</a>1974年，受到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="詹姆斯·莱特希尔">詹姆斯·莱特希尔爵士</a>（Sir James Lighthill）<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELighthill1973-34">[29]</a>的批评以及美国国会倾向于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="莱特希尔报告">资助更为有成效项目的趋势</a>，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999212-213-35">[30]</a>美国和英国政府都中断了探索性研究。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%97%B5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="马文·闵斯基">闵斯基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%91%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%8F%80%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="西摩·佩珀特">西摩·佩珀特</a>（Seymour Papert）在其著作《<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%99%A8" title="感知器">感知器</a>》（Perceptrons）中提出的观点，被误认为已经证明人工神经网络在解决现实世界问题上毫无用处，从而完全否定了这种方法。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202122-36">[31]</a>随后出现了 “<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E4%BD%8E%E8%B0%B7" title="人工智慧低谷">人工智能寒冬</a>”，即人工智能项目难以获得资助的时期。<a href="#cite_note-First_AI_winter-37">[32]</a> 20世纪80年代初期，人工智能研究因<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="专家系统">专家系统</a>的商业成功而再次活跃，<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> 一种人工智能程序，旨在模拟人类专家的知识和分析技巧。到了1985年，AI市场估值超过10亿美元。与此同时，日本的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" class="mw-redirect" title="第五代电脑">第五代计算机</a>项目推动英美两国恢复<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">学术研究</a>的资助。<a href="#cite_note-AI_in_the_80s-39">[34]</a> 但从1987年<a href="/wiki/Lisp%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="Lisp机器">Lisp机器</a>市场的衰退开始，人工智能再次发展挫折，第二个较长的低迷期开始了。<a href="#cite_note-Second_AI_winter-40">[35]</a> 在此之前，人工智能的主要资金用于高级<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="符號人工智能">符号</a>项目，用以表征如计划、目标、信念等概念性对象。20世纪80年代，一些研究人员开始怀疑，这种方法能否模仿人类认知的所有过程，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="機器感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">学习</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="模式识别">模式识别</a>，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202124-41">[36]</a>并开始研究“次符号”方法。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson19987-42">[37]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="罗德尼·布鲁克斯">罗德尼·布鲁克斯</a>（Rodney Brooks）普遍不认同“表征”这一概念，并将研究重心转向了设计能够移动和自持生存的机器工程。<a href="#cite_note-47">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94" title="朱迪亚·珀尔">朱迪亚·珀尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%89%B9%E8%8F%B2%C2%B7%E6%BE%A4%E5%BE%B7" title="盧特菲·澤德">卢特菲·泽德</a>等学者发展了多种方法，这些方法基于合理推断处理不完备或不确定的信息，而非依赖于严格的逻辑。<a href="#cite_note-Uncertain_reasoning-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202125-49">[43]</a>但最显著的进展是，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="杰弗里·辛顿">杰弗里·辛顿</a>与其他研究者协力，在“<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%BB%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联结主义">联结主义</a>”及其涉及的神经网络研究方面，取得了重要突破。<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a>1990年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%98%86" title="杨立昆">杨立昆</a>（Yann Le Cun）展示了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E7%A7%AF%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="卷积神经网络">卷积神经网络</a>能够识别手写数字，这项突破性的研究为神经网络在多个实际应用领域的应用奠定了基础。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202126-51">[45]</a> 20世纪末至21世纪初期，人工智能利用形式化的数学方法，结合针对特定问题制定的策略，逐步在学术界重建了声誉。这种“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="弱人工智能">聚焦</a>”与“规范化”的研究方法让研究者能产出可验证的成果，并促进了与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">数学</a>等其他学科的交叉合作。<a href="#cite_note-AI_1990s-52">[46]</a> 至2000年，人工智能领域研究的解决方案获得了广泛的应用，尽管在1990年代，这些方案往往不被直接标识为“人工智能”。<a href="#cite_note-AI_widely_used_1990s-53">[47]</a> 当前，部分人工智能领域的学者提出观点，关注研究重点可能未全面覆盖创造具备多功能性和全面智能的机器这一初始目标。2002至2010年间，通用人工智能（AGI）领域内成立了多个获得充分资金支持的研究机构。<a href="#cite_note-AGI-54">[48]</a> 2012年以来，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a>开始主导行业标准，并迅速成为该领域内广泛采用的方法。<a href="#cite_note-Deep_learning_revolution-55">[49]</a> 在多种场合，替代性方法被淘汰，深度学习得到优先采用。<a href="#cite_note-57">[g]</a>深度学习的突破性成果，既得力于硬件的显著进步（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="摩尔定律">计算速度更快的电脑</a>、<a href="#cite_note-Moore's_Law-58">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="图形处理单元">图形处理单元</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="云计算">云计算</a>技术<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-59">[52]</a>），也依赖于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="大数据">广泛的数据</a>可用性<a href="#cite_note-Big_data-60">[53]</a>（包括精心策划的数据集，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-59">[52]</a>譬如<a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a>）。深度学习的成果引发了公众对于人工智能的浓厚兴趣并促使资金投入的大幅度增加。<a href="#cite_note-61">[h]</a>2015年至2019年期间，机器学习领域的出版物数目上升了50%。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021-62">[54]</a> 2016年，在机器学习会议上，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E6%80%A7%EF%BC%88%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公平性（机器学习）（页面不存在）">公平性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)" class="extiw" title="en:Fairness (machine learning)">Fairness (machine learning)</a>）与技术滥用成为突出话题；相关论文发表数量急剧增加，研究经费随之提供，众多研究人员转而聚焦这些议题。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E9%BD%90" title="人工智能对齐">对齐</a>问题逐渐成为学术探讨的重要议题。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73-63">[55]</a> 2010年代末至2020年代初，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="通用人工智能">AGI</a>公司推出引发广泛关注的程序。2015年，由<a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>研发的“<a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">阿尔法狗</a>”战胜了世界<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E6%A3%8B%E6%A3%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="圍棋棋士列表">围棋冠军</a>。该程序仅被输入了游戏规则并自主形成了策略。<a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>是<a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>在2020年推出的一款强大的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="语言模型">语言模型</a>，它能生成高质量、类人的文本。<a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a> 这些及其他程序引发了剧烈的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%83%AD%E6%BD%AE" title="人工智能热潮">AI热潮</a>，主要企业投入数十亿美元于AI研究。AI Impacts预测，到2022年，仅在美国，人工智能领域的年投资就将达到约500亿美元，大约20%的美国新晋计算机科学博士生将专注于AI领域。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiFeliciantonio2023-65">[57]</a>在2022年，美国预计将有大约80万的人工智能相关职位空缺。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami2023-66">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究課題">研究課題</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：研究課題">编辑</a>]</div> 目前人工智慧的研究方向已經被分成幾個子領域，研究人員希望一個人工智慧系統應該具有某些特定能力，以下將這些能力列出並說明。<a href="#cite_note-Problems_of_AI-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="演绎、推理和解决问题">演绎、推理和解决问题</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：演绎、推理和解决问题">编辑</a>]</div> 早期的人工智慧研究人员直接模仿人类进行逐步的推理，就像是玩棋盘游戏或进行逻辑推理时人类的思考模式。<a href="#cite_note-Reasoning-67">[59]</a>到了1980和1990年代，利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="概率">概率</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>上的概念，人工智慧研究还发展了非常成功的方法处理<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="不确定性">不确定</a>或不完整的资讯。<a href="#cite_note-Uncertain_reasoning-48">[42]</a> 对于困难的问题，有可能需要大量的运算资源，也就是发生了「可能组合爆增」：当问题超过一定的规模时，电脑会需要天文数量级的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="存储器">存储器</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="运行时间">运算时间</a>。寻找更有效的演算法是优先的人工智慧研究项目。<a href="#cite_note-Intractability-68">[60]</a> 人类解决问题的模式通常是用最快捷、直观的判断，而不是有意识的、一步一步的推导，早期人工智慧研究通常使用逐步推导的方式。<a href="#cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_sub-symbolic_reasoning-69">[61]</a>人工智慧研究已经于这种「次表征性的」解决问题方法取得进展：实体化Agent研究强调<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="认知发展论">感知运动</a>的重要性。神经网络研究试图以模拟人类和动物的大脑结构重现这种技能。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="知識表示法">知識表示法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：知識表示法">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Formal_Ontology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/General_Formal_Ontology.svg/220px-General_Formal_Ontology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/General_Formal_Ontology.svg/330px-General_Formal_Ontology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/General_Formal_Ontology.svg/440px-General_Formal_Ontology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>本體論將知識表示為一個領域內的一組概念以及這些概念之間的關係。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知識表示">知識表示</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AF%86%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%BA%93" title="常识知识库">常識知識庫</a></div> 知识表示是人工智能领域的核心研究问题之一，它的目标是让机器存储相应的知识，并且能够按照某种规则推理演绎得到新的知识。有许多需要解决的问题需要大量的对世界的知识,这些知识包括事先存储的先验知识和通过智能推理得到的知识。事先存储的先验知识指：人类用某种方式告诉给机器的知识。通过智能推理得到的知识指：结合先验知识和某种特定的推理规则（逻辑推理）得到的知识。首先，先验知识可以指描述目标，特征，种类及物件之间的关系的知识，也可以描述事件，时间，状态，原因和结果，以及任何知识你想要机器存储的。比如：今天没有太阳，没有太阳就是阴天。那么以命题逻辑语言，这些知识可以被表示为：今天 → 没有太阳，没有太阳 → 阴天。这些知识是先验知识，那么推理可以得到新知识：今天 → 阴天。由此例子可以看出，先验知识的正确性非常重要，这个例子中没有太阳就是阴天，这个命题是不严谨的、比较笼统的，因为没有太阳可能是下雨，也可能下雪。另外如果人工智慧能看出太陽，除了該如何判斷的這件問題，在這個前提之下，應該也能判斷出陰天與晴天的差異。逻辑命题表示在知识表示中非常重要，逻辑推理规则是目前主要推理规则。可以在机器中用逻辑符号定义每一个逻辑命题，然后再让机器存储相应的逻辑推理规则，那么自然而然机器便可进行推理。目前知识表达有许多困境尚无法解决，比如：建立一个完备的知识库几乎不可能，所以知识库的资源受到限制；先验知识的正确性需要进行检验，而且先验知识有时候不一定是只有对或者错两种选择。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="规划">规划</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：规划">编辑</a>]</div> 智能Agent必须能够制定目标和实现这些目标。<a href="#cite_note-Planning-70">[62]</a>他们需要一种方法来建立一个可预测的世界模型（将整个世界状态用数学模型表现出来，并能预测它们的行为将如何改变这个世界），这样就可以选择功效最大的行为。<a href="#cite_note-Information_value_theory-71">[63]</a> 在传统的规划问题中，智能Agent被假定它是世界中唯一具有影响力的，所以它要做出什么行为是已经确定的。<a href="#cite_note-Classical_planning-72">[64]</a>但是，如果事实并非如此，它必须定期检查世界模型的状态是否和自己的预测相符合。如果不符合，它必须改变它的计划。因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86" title="智能代理">智能代理</a>必须具有在不确定结果的状态下推理的能力。<a href="#cite_note-Non-deterministic_planning-73">[65]</a>在多Agent中，多个Agent规划以合作和竞争的方式去完成一定的目标，使用演化演算法和群体智慧可以达成一个整体的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%8E%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="突现">突现行为</a>目标。<a href="#cite_note-Multi-agent_planning-74">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="機器學習">機器學習</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：機器學習">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">機器學習</a></div> 机器学习的主要目的是为了让机器从使用者和输入数据等处获得知识，从而让机器自动地去判断和输出相应的结果。这一方法可以帮助解决更多问题、减少错误，提高解决问题的效率。对于人工智能来说，机器学习从一开始就很重要。1956年，在最初的达特茅斯夏季会议上，雷蒙德·索洛莫诺夫<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>写了一篇关于不监视的概率性机器学习：一个归纳推理的机器。 机器学习的方法各种各样，主要分为监督学习和非监督学习两大类。监督学习指事先给定机器一些训练样本并且告诉样本的类别，然后根据这些样本的类别进行训练，提取出这些样本的共同属性或者训练一个分类器，等新来一个样本，则通过训练得到的共同属性或者分类器进行判断该样本的类别。监督学习根据输出结果的离散性和连续性，分为分类和回归两类。非监督学习是不给定训练样本，直接给定一些样本和一些规则，让机器自动根据一些规则进行分类。无论哪种学习方法都会进行误差分析，从而知道所提的方法在理论上是否误差有上限。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：自然語言處理">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a></div> 自然語言處理探討如何處理及運用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>，自然語言認知則是指讓電腦「懂」人類的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>。自然語言生成系統把計算機數據轉化為自然語言。自然語言理解系統把自然語言轉化為計算機程序更易于處理的形式。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="運動和控制">運動和控制</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：運動和控制">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">機器人學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="知覺">知覺</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：知覺">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="機器感知">機器感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="計算機視覺">計算機視覺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語音識別">語音識別</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="機器感知">機器感知</a><a href="#cite_note-Machine_perception-75">[67]</a>是指能夠使用感測器所輸入的資料（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="照相機">照相機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="麥克風">麥克風</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="聲納">聲納</a>以及其他的特殊<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%B8%AC%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="感測器">感測器</a>）然後推斷世界的狀態。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦視覺">電腦視覺</a><a href="#cite_note-Computer_vision-76">[68]</a>能夠分析影像輸入。另外還有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語音識別">語音識別</a><a href="#cite_note-Speech_recognition-77">[69]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%87%89%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="人臉辨識">人臉辨識</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物體辨識（页面不存在）">物體辨識</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Object_recognition-78">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社交">社交</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：社交">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="情感计算">情感計算</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg/220px-Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg/330px-Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg/440px-Kismet_robot_at_MIT_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kismet" title="Kismet">Kismet</a>，一个具有表情等社交能力的机器人<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> 情感和社交技能對於一個智能agent是很重要的。首先，通过了解他們的動機和情感狀態，代理人能夠預測別人的行動（這涉及要素博弈論、決策理論以及能夠塑造人的情感和情緒感知能力檢測）。此外，為了良好的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="人機互動">人機互動</a>，智慧代理人也需要表現出情緒來。至少它必須出現禮貌地和人類打交道。至少，它本身應該有正常的情緒。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="創造力">創造力</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：創造力">编辑</a>]</div> 一個人工智慧的子領域，代表了理論（從哲學和心理學的角度）和實際（通過特定的實現產生的系統的輸出是可以考慮的創意，或系統識別和評估創造力）所定義的創造力。相關領域的研究包括了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工直覺（页面不存在）">人工直覺</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工想像（页面不存在）">人工想像</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="倫理管理">倫理管理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：倫理管理">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金">史蒂芬·霍金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="比爾蓋茲">比爾蓋茲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%9A%86%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="埃隆·马斯克">埃隆·马斯克</a>、Jaan Tallinn以及Nick Bostrom等人都對於人工智慧技術的未來公開表示憂心<a href="#cite_note-控-80">[72]</a>，人工智慧若在許多方面超越人類智慧水平的智能、不斷更新、自我提升，進而取得控制管理權，人類是否有足夠的能力及時停止人工智慧領域的「軍備競賽」，能否保有最高掌控權，現有事實是：機器常失控導致人員傷亡，這樣的情況是否會更加擴大規模出現，歷史顯然無法給出可靠的樂觀答案。特斯拉電動車馬斯克（Elon Musk）在麻省理工學院（MIT）航空航天部門百年紀念研討會上稱人工智能是「召喚惡魔」行為，英國發明家Clive Sinclair認為一旦開始製造抵抗人類和超越人類的智能機器，人類可能很難生存，蓋茲同意馬斯克和其它人所言，且不知道為何有些人不擔憂這個問題。<a href="#cite_note-毀-81">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>的人工智慧（AI）系統在2016年「<a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a>」對戰南韓棋王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%AD" title="李世乭">李世乭</a>獲勝，開發商表示在內部設立倫理委員會，針對人工智慧的應用制定政策，防範人工智慧淪為犯罪開發者。<a href="#cite_note-罪-82">[74]</a> 科技進步，人工智慧科技產生「自主武器」軍備競賽已悄悄展開，英國、以色列與挪威，都已部署自主飛彈與無人操控的無人機，具「射後不理」（fire-and-forget）能力的飛彈，多枚飛彈還可互相溝通，分享找到攻擊目標。這些武器還未被大量投入，但很快就會出現在戰場上，且並非使用人類所設計的程序，而是完全利用機器自行決策。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="霍金">霍金</a>等人在英國獨立報發表文章警告未來人工智慧可能會比人類金融市場、科學家、人類領袖更能操縱人心、甚至研發出人們無法理解的武器。專家恐發展到無法控制的局面，援引聯合國禁止研發某些特定武器的「特定常規武器公約」加以限制。<a href="#cite_note-武-83">[75]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="新南威尔士大学">新南威尔士大学</a>人工智慧的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托比·沃尔什（页面不存在）">托比·沃尔什</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Walsh" class="extiw" title="en:Toby Walsh">Toby_Walsh</a>）教授認為這是一種欺騙，因為機器無區別戰敵和平民的技術。<a href="#cite_note-區-84">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經濟衝擊">經濟衝擊</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：經濟衝擊">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91" title="有线电视新闻网">CNN</a>財經網數字媒體未來學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amy_Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amy Webb（页面不存在）">Amy Webb</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Webb" class="extiw" title="en:Amy Webb">Amy Webb</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF" title="美国在线">美国在线</a><a href="#cite_note-代-85">[77]</a>等紛紛預測一些即將被機器人取代的職業，日本<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E6%9D%91%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="野村综合研究所">野村综合研究所</a>也與英國<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="牛津大学">牛津大学</a>的研究學者共同調查指出，10至20年後，日本有49%的職業（235種職業）可能會被機械和人工智慧取代而消失，直接影響約達2500萬人<a href="#cite_note-日-86">[78]</a>，例如：超市店員、一般事務員、計程車司機、收費站運營商和收銀員、市場營銷人員、客服人員、製造業工人、金融中間人和分析師、新聞記者、電話公司職員、麻醉師、士兵和保安、律師、醫生、軟體開發者和操盤手、股票交易員等等高薪酬的腦力職業將最先受到衝擊<a href="#cite_note-代2-87">[79]</a>。 2017年6月份<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%91" title="马云">马云</a>在美國<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%8B" title="底特律">底特律</a>舉行「鏈結世界」（Gateway 17）產業大會，會上提出人工智慧可能導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第三次世界大戰">第三次世界大戰</a>，因為前兩次產業革命都導致兩次大戰，戰爭原因並非這些創新發明本身，而是發明對社會上許多人的生活方式衝擊處理不當，新科技在社會上產生新工作也取代舊工作，產生了新的輸家和贏家，若是輸家的人數太多將造成一股社會不穩的能量而這股能量被有心人利用可能導致各種事件。他認為各國應該強制訂定規定AI機器只能用於人類不能做的工作，避免短時間大量人類被取代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失業</a>大潮，但馬雲沒有提出這種世界性規定將如何實現並確保遵守的細節方案。<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a>和人工智能被<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" title="哈佛商業評論">哈佛商業評論</a>称为《二十一世纪最Sexy的職业》<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a>，人工智能需求量大，鼓励了不少大学诸如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9F%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="加州大學柏克萊分校">伯克利大学</a>专门成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a>系。硅谷和纽约为主的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Data_Incubator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Data Incubator（页面不存在）">The Data Incubator</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Data_Incubator" class="extiw" title="en:The Data Incubator">The Data Incubator</a>）》公司於2012年成立，焦点是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="大数据">大数据</a>，和人工智能企业培训，提供国际大数据培训服务。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AI對人類的威脅">AI對人類的威脅</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：AI對人類的威脅">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9" title="通用人工智能的生存风险">通用人工智能的生存风险</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%8F%9B%E8%AE%8A" title="人工智慧叛變">机器人叛变</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%B9%E9%BD%90" title="人工智能对齐">人工智能对齐</a></div>此議題目前分成兩個學派： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="悲觀學派">悲觀學派</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：悲觀學派">编辑</a>]</div> 此學派的代表是天文物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金">史蒂芬·霍金</a>，以及特斯拉執行長<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9A%86%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊隆·馬斯克">伊隆·馬斯克</a>。霍金認為AI對人類將來有很大的威脅，主要有以下理由： <ol><li>AI會遵循科技發展的加速度理論。</li> <li>AI可能會有自我改造創新的能力。</li> <li>AI進步的速度遠遠超過人類。</li> <li>人類會有被滅絕的危機。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="樂觀學派">樂觀學派</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：樂觀學派">编辑</a>]</div> 主要是Google、Facebook等AI的主要技術發展者，他們對AI持樂觀看法的理由： <ol><li>人類只要關掉電源就能除掉AI機器人。</li> <li>任何的科技都會有瓶頸，<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="摩爾定律">摩爾定律</a>到目前也遇到相當的瓶頸，AI科技也不會無限成長，依然存在許多難以克服的瓶頸。</li> <li>依目前的研究方向，電腦無法突變、甦醒、產生自我意志，AI也不可能具有創意與智慧、同情心與審美等這方面的能力。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AI與管理">AI與管理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：AI與管理">编辑</a>]</div> AI逐漸普及後，將會在企業管理中扮演很重要的角色，而人類的管理者應如何適度的調整自己的工作職能，有以下幾點建議： <ol><li>放棄行政工作；</li> <li>退守分析預測的領域而強化自己的綜合判斷力；</li> <li>把AI當作同事，形成協同合作的團隊；</li> <li>多琢磨在創造力以及各種流程架構設計師角色；</li> <li>強化自己人際網路、溝通協調、談判上的能力；</li> <li>培養自身領導能力，能有效地帶領一個士氣高、團結及凝結力高的工作夥伴。</li></ol> <a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="強人工智能和弱人工智能">強人工智能和弱人工智能</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：強人工智能和弱人工智能">编辑</a>]</div> 人工智能的一個比較流行的定義，也是該領域較早的定義，是由當時<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="麻省理工學院">麻省理工學院</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">约翰·麦卡锡</a>于1956年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%89%B9%E7%9F%9B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="达特矛斯会议">達特矛斯會議</a>上提出的：人工智能就是要讓機器的行為看起來就像是人所表現出的智能行為一樣。但是這個定義似乎忽略了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="強人工智慧">強人工智能</a>的可能性（見下）。另一個定義指人工智能是人造機器所表現出來的智能。總體來講，目前對人工智能的定義大多可劃分為四類，即機器「像人一樣思考」、「像人一樣行動」、「理性地思考」和「理性地行動」。這裡「行動」應廣義地理解為採取行動，或制定行動的決策，而不是肢體動作。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="強人工智能">強人工智能</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：強人工智能">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="強人工智慧">強人工智慧</a></div> 強人工智能觀點認為「有可能」製造出「真正」能<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="解決問題">解決問題</a>的智能機器，並且，這樣的機器將被認為是具有知覺、有自我意識的。強人工智能可以有兩類： <ul><li>人類的人工智能，即機器的思考和推理就像人的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="思維">思維</a>一樣。</li> <li>非人類的人工智能，即機器產生了和人完全不一樣的知覺和意識，使用和人完全不一樣的推理方式。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="弱人工智能">弱人工智能</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：弱人工智能">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="弱人工智能">弱人工智能</a></div> 弱人工智能觀點認為「不可能」製造出能「真正」地<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="解決問題">解決問題</a>的智能機器，這些機器只不過「看起來」像是智能的，但是並不真正擁有智能，也不會有自主意識。 弱人工智能是對比強人工智能才出現的，因為人工智能的研究一度處於停滯不前的狀態下，直到類神經網路有了強大的運算能力加以模擬後，才開始改變並大幅超前。但人工智能研究者不一定同意弱人工智能，也不一定在乎或者了解強人工智能和弱人工智能的內容與差別，對定義爭論不休。 就當下的人工智能研究領域來看，研究者已大量造出「看起來」像是智能的機器，取得相當豐碩的理論上和實質上的成果，如2009年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="康乃爾大學">康乃爾大學</a>教授Hod Lipson 和其博士研究生Michael Schmidt 研發出的 Eureqa電腦程式，只要給予一些資料，這電腦程式自己只用幾十個小時計算就推論出<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>花費多年研究才發現的牛頓力學公式，等於只用幾十個小時就自己重新發現牛頓力學公式，這電腦程式也能用來研究很多其他領域的科學問題上。這些所謂的弱人工智慧在神經網路發展下已經有巨大進步，但對於要如何整合成強人工智慧，現在還沒有明確定論。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對強人工智能的哲學爭論">對強人工智能的哲學爭論</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：對強人工智能的哲學爭論">编辑</a>]</div> 主條目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="图灵测试">图灵测试</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="物理符號系統">物理符號系統</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%96%B0%E8%84%91" title="皇帝新脑">皇帝新脑</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德雷福斯對人工智能的看法（页面不存在）">德雷福斯對人工智能的看法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus%27s_views_on_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence">Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=AI%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AI效應（页面不存在）">AI效應</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect" class="extiw" title="en:AI effect">AI effect</a>） 「強人工智能」一詞最初是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·瑟尔">约翰·瑟尔</a>針對<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a>和其它<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="資訊處理">資訊處理</a>機器創造的，其定義為： 「強人工智能觀點認為計算機不僅是用來研究人的思維的一種工具；相反，只要运行適當的程序，計算機本身就是有思維的。」（J Searle in Minds Brains and Programs. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 3, 1980） 關於強人工智能的爭論，不同於更廣義的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="一元論">一元論</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a>的爭論。其爭論要點是：如果一台機器的唯一工作原理就是轉換編碼數據，那麼這台機器是不是有思維的？希爾勒認為這是不可能的。他舉了個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%88%BF%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="中文房間">中文房間</a>的例子來說明，如果機器僅僅是轉換數據，而數據本身是對某些事情的一種編碼表現，那麼在不理解這一編碼和這實際事情之間的對應關係的前提下，機器不可能對其處理的數據有任何理解。基於這一論點，希爾勒認為即使有機器通過了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="圖靈試驗">圖靈測試</a>，也不一定說明機器就真的像人一樣有自我思維和自由意識。 也有哲學家持不同的觀點。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a>在其著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意識的解釋（页面不存在）">意識的解釋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" class="extiw" title="en:Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a>）》（Consciousness Explained）裡認為，人也不過是一台有靈魂的機器而已，為什麼我們認為：「人可以有智能，而普通機器就不能」呢？他認為像上述的數據轉換機器是有可能有思維和意識的。 有的哲學家認為如果弱人工智能是可實現的，那麼強人工智能也是可實現的。比如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西蒙·布莱克本（页面不存在）">西蒙·布莱克本</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" class="extiw" title="en:Simon Blackburn">Simon Blackburn</a>）（Simon Blackburn）在其哲學入門教材Think裡說道，一個人的看起來是「智能」的行動並不能真正說明這個人就真的是智能的。我永遠不可能知道另一個人是否真的像我一樣是智能的，還是說她／他僅僅是「看起來」是智能的。基於這個論點，既然弱人工智能認為可以令機器「看起來」像是智能的，那就不能完全否定這機器是真的有智能的。布莱克本認為這是一個主觀認定的問題。 需要指出的是，弱人工智能並非和強人工智能完全對立，也就是說，即使強人工智能是可能的，弱人工智能仍然是有意義的。至少，今日的計算機能做的事，像算術運算等，在一百多年前是被認為很需要智能的。並且，即使強人工智能被證明為可能的，也不代表強人工智能必定能被研製出來。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方法">研究方法</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：研究方法">编辑</a>]</div> 目前没有统一的原理或<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="范式">范式</a>指导人工智能研究。许多问题上研究者都存在争论。<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> 其中几个长久以来仍没有结论的问题是：是否应从<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="神经">神经</a>方面模拟人工智能?或者像鸟类生物学对于<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空工程">航空工程</a>一样，人类生物学对于人工智能研究是没有关系的？<a href="#cite_note-Biological_intelligence_vs._intelligence_in_general-92">[84]</a>智能行为能否用简单的原则（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="优化">优化</a>）来描述？还是必须解决大量完全无关的问题？<a href="#cite_note-Neats_vs._scruffies-93">[85]</a> 智能是否可以使用高级符号表达，如词和想法？还是需要“子符号”的处理？<a href="#cite_note-Symbolic_vs._sub-symbolic-94">[86]</a> 約翰·豪格兰德（John Haugeland）提出了GOFAI（出色的老式人工智能）的概念，也提议人工智能应归类为<a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synthetic intelligence（页面不存在）">synthetic intelligence</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/synthetic_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:synthetic intelligence">synthetic intelligence</a>），<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaugeland1985255-95">[87]</a>这个概念后来被某些非GOFAI研究者采纳。<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang2008-97">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="控制论与大脑模拟">控制论与大脑模拟</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：控制论与大脑模拟">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="計算神經科學">計算神經科學</a></div> 20世纪40年代到50年代，许多研究者探索<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="神经学">神经学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="信息理论">信息理论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>之间的联系。其中还造出一些使用电子网络构造的初步智能，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·格雷·沃尔特（页面不存在）">威廉·格雷·沃尔特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" class="extiw" title="en:William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a>）的烏龜（turtle）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8E%E7%8D%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰霍普金斯野獸（页面不存在）">約翰霍普金斯野獸</a>。 这些研究者还经常在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学">普林斯顿大学</a>和英国的Ratio Club举行技术协会会议<a href="#cite_note-AI's_immediate_precursors-98">[90]</a>。直到1960，大部分人已经放弃这个方法，尽管在80年代再次提出这些原理。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="符号处理">符号处理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：符号处理">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="符號人工智能">符號人工智能</a></div> 当20世纪50年代，數位计算机研制成功，研究者开始探索人类智能是否能简化成符号处理。研究主要集中在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%86%85%E5%9F%BA%E6%A2%85%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="卡内基梅隆大学">卡内基梅隆大学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="斯坦福大学">斯坦福大学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="麻省理工學院">麻省理工學院</a>，而各自有独立的研究风格。約翰·豪格兰德（John Haugeland）称这些方法为<a href="/wiki/GOFAI" title="GOFAI">GOFAI</a>（出色的老式人工智能）<a href="#cite_note-GOFAI-99">[91]</a>。60年代，符号方法在小型证明程序上模拟高级思考有很大的成就。基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a>的方法则置于次要<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a>。60－70年代的研究者确信符号方法最终可以成功创造<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="強人工智慧">强人工智能</a>的机器，同时这也是他们的目标。 <ul><li>认知模拟：经济学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="赫伯特·西蒙">赫伯特·西蒙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94" title="艾伦·纽厄尔">艾伦·纽厄尔</a>研究人类问题解决能力和尝试将其形式化，同时他们为人工智能的基本原理打下基础，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AD%B9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="运筹学">运筹学</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E8%90%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经营科学（页面不存在）">经营科学</a>。他们的研究团队使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a>实验的结果开发模拟人类解决问题方法的程序。这方法一直在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%86%85%E5%9F%BA%E6%A2%85%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="卡内基梅隆大学">卡内基梅隆大学</a>沿袭下来，并在80年代于<a href="/wiki/Soar_(%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B)" title="Soar (認知架構)">Soar</a>发展到高峰<a href="#cite_note-AI_at_CMU_in_the_60s-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soar-102">[94]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li>基于逻辑：不像<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94" title="艾伦·纽厄尔">艾伦·纽厄尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="赫伯特·西蒙">赫伯特·西蒙</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">约翰·麦卡锡</a>认为机器不需要模拟人类的思想，而应尝试找到抽象推理和解决问题的本质，不管人们是否使用同样的算法<a href="#cite_note-Biological_intelligence_vs._intelligence_in_general-92">[84]</a>。他在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="斯坦福大学">斯坦福大学</a>的实验室致力于使用形式化逻辑解决多种问题，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知识表示">知识表示</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="智能规划">智能规划</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a><a href="#cite_note-AI_at_Stanford_in_the_60s-103">[95]</a>。致力于逻辑方法的还有<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="爱丁堡大学">爱丁堡大学</a>，而促成欧洲的其他地方开发编程语言<a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑编程">逻辑编程</a>科学<a href="#cite_note-AI_at_Edinburgh_and_France_in_the_60s-104">[96]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li>“反逻辑”: <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="斯坦福大学">斯坦福大学</a>的研究者（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%97%B5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="马文·闵斯基">马文·闵斯基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9" title="西摩爾·派普特">西摩爾·派普特</a>）<a href="#cite_note-AI_at_MIT_in_the_60s-105">[97]</a>发现要解决<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">计算机视觉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="自然语言处理">自然语言处理</a>的困难问题，需要专门的方案：他们主张不存在简单和通用原理（如逻辑）能够达到所有的智能行为。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E5%B0%9A%E5%85%8B" title="罗杰·尚克">罗杰·尚克</a>描述他们的“反逻辑”方法为“scruffy”<a href="#cite_note-Neats_vs._scruffies-93">[85]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AF%86%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%BA%93" title="常识知识库">常识知识库</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9" title="道格拉斯·莱纳特">道格拉斯·莱纳特</a>的<a href="/wiki/Cyc" title="Cyc">Cyc</a>）就是“scruffy”AI的例子，因为他们必须人工一次编写一个复杂的概念<a href="#cite_note-Cyc-106">[98]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li>基于知识：大约在1970年出现大容量内存计算机，研究者分别以三个方法开始把<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知识表示">知识</a>构造成应用软件<a href="#cite_note-Knowledge_revolution-107">[99]</a>。这场“知识革命”促成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="专家系统">专家系统</a>的开发与计划，这是第一个成功的人工智能软件形式<a href="#cite_note-Expert_systems-108">[100]</a>。“知识革命”同时让人们意识到许多简单的人工智能软件可能需要大量的知识。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="子符号方法">子符号方法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：子符号方法">编辑</a>]</div> 1980年代符号人工智能停滞不前，很多人认为符号系统永远不可能模仿人类所有的认知过程，特别是感知、机器人、机器学习和模式识别。很多研究者开始关注子符号方法解决特定的人工智能问题<a href="#cite_note-Symbolic_vs._sub-symbolic-94">[86]</a>。 <ul><li>自下而上、接口agent、嵌入环境（机器人）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="行为主义 (心理学)">行为主义</a>、新式AI：机器人领域相关的研究者，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="罗德尼·布鲁克斯">罗德尼·布鲁克斯</a>，否定符号人工智能而专注于机器人移动和求生等基本的工程问题。<a href="#cite_note-Embodied_AI-109">[101]</a>他们的工作再次关注早期控制论研究者的观点，同时提出了在人工智能中使用控制理论。这与认知科学领域中的表征感知论点是一致的:更高的智能需要个体的表征（如移动，感知和形象）。</li></ul> <ul><li>计算智能：1980年代中<a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Rumelhart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Rumelhart（页面不存在）">David Rumelhart</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rumelhart" class="extiw" title="en:David Rumelhart">David_Rumelhart</a>）等再次提出神经网络和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%BB%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联结主义">联结主义</a><a href="#cite_note-Revival_of_connectionism-110">[102]</a>。这和其他的子符号方法，如模糊控制和进化计算，都属于计算智能学科研究范畴<a href="#cite_note-Computational_intelligence-111">[103]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="统计学方法">统计学方法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：统计学方法">编辑</a>]</div> 1990年代，人工智能研究发展出复杂的数学工具来解决特定的分支问题。这些工具是真正的科学方法，即这些方法的结果是可测量的和可验证的，同时也是近期人工智能成功的原因。共用的数学语言也允许已有学科的合作（如数学，经济或运筹学）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_J.Russell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart J.Russell（页面不存在）">Stuart J.Russell</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" class="extiw" title="en:Stuart J. Russell">Stuart_J._Russell</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC" title="彼德·諾米格">彼德·諾米格</a>指出这些进步不亚于“革命”和“neats的成功”<a href="#cite_note-Formal_methods_in_AI-112">[104]</a>。有人批评这些技术太专注于特定的问题，而没有考虑长远的强人工智能目标<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="集成方法">集成方法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：集成方法">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>智能agent范式：智能agent是一个会感知环境并作出行动以达致目标的系统。最简单的智能agent是那些可以解决特定问题的程序。更复杂的agent包括人类和人类组织（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="公司">公司</a>）。这些范式可以让研究者研究单独的问题和找出有用且可验证的方案，而不需考虑单一的方法。一个解决特定问题的agent可以使用任何可行的方法-一些agent用符号方法和逻辑方法，一些则是子符号神经网络或其他新的方法。范式同时也给研究者提供一个与其他领域沟通的共同语言--如<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E8%AE%BA" title="决策论">决策论</a>和经济学（也使用abstract agents的概念）。1990年代智能agent范式被广泛接受。<a href="#cite_note-Intelligent_agents-4">[4]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agent%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agent体系结构（页面不存在）">代理架構</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a>：研究者设计出一些系统来处理多agent系统中智能agent之间的相互作用。<a href="#cite_note-Agent_architectures-114">[106]</a>一个系统中包含符号和子符号部分的系统称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="混合智能系統">混合智能系統</a>，而对这种系统的研究则是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能系统集成（页面不存在）">人工智能系统集成</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E7%BA%A7%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分级控制系统（页面不存在）">分级控制系统</a>则给反应级别的子符号AI和最高级别的传统符号AI提供桥梁，同时放宽了规划和世界建模的时间。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本應用">基本應用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：基本應用">编辑</a>]</div> 人工智慧基本的應用可分為四大部分： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="感知能力（Perception）">感知能力（Perception）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：感知能力（Perception）">编辑</a>]</div> 指的是人類透過感官所收到環境的刺激，察覺訊息的能力，簡單的說就是人類五官的看、聽、說、讀、寫等能力，學習人類的感知能力是AI目前主要的焦點之一，包括： <ul><li>「看」：電腦視覺（Computer Vision）、圖像辨識（Image Recognition）、人臉辨識（Face Recognition）、物件偵測（Object Detection）。</li> <li>「聽」：語音辨識（Sound Recognition）。</li> <li>「說」：語音生成（Sound Generation）、文本轉換語音（Text-to-Speech）。</li> <li>「讀」：自然語言處理（Natural Language Processing，NLP）、語音轉換文本（Speech-to-Text）。</li> <li>「寫」：機器翻譯（Machine Translation）、文本生成（Text Generation）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認知能力（Cognition）">認知能力（Cognition）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：認知能力（Cognition）">编辑</a>]</div> 指的是人類透過學習、判斷、分析等等心理活動來瞭解訊息、獲取知識的過程與能力，對人類認知的模仿與學習也是目前AI第二個焦點領域，主要包括： <ul><li>分析辨識能力：例如醫學圖像分析、產品推薦、垃圾郵件辨識、法律案件分析、犯罪偵測、信用風險分析、消費行為分析等。</li> <li>預測能力：例如AI執行的預防性維修（Predictive Maintenance）、智慧天然災害預測與防治。</li> <li>判斷能力：例如AI下圍棋、自動駕駛車、健保詐欺判斷、癌症判斷等。</li> <li>學習能力：例如機器學習、深度學習、增強式學習等等各種學習方法。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="創造力（Creativity）">創造力（Creativity）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：創造力（Creativity）">编辑</a>]</div> 指的是人類產生新思想，新發現，新方法，新理論，新設計，創造新事物的能力，它是結合知識、智力、能力、個性及潛意識等各種因素優化而成，這個領域目前人類仍遙遙領先AI，但AI也試著急起直追，主要領域包括：AI作曲、AI作詩、AI小說、AI繪畫、AI設計等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="智慧（Wisdom）">智慧（Wisdom）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：智慧（Wisdom）">编辑</a>]</div> 指的是人類深刻瞭解人、事、物的真相，能探求真實真理、明辨是非，指導人類可以過著有意義生活的一種能力，這個領域牽涉人類自我意識、自我認知與價值觀，是目前AI尚未觸及的一部分，也是人類最難以模仿的一個領域。 <a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="实际应用">实际应用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：实际应用">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="机器视觉">机器视觉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%BA%B9%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="指纹识别">指纹识别</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%84%B8%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="人脸识别">人脸识别</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视网膜识别（页面不存在）">视网膜识别</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%B9%E8%86%9C%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虹膜识别（页面不存在）">虹膜识别</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%8C%E7%BA%B9%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="掌纹识别（页面不存在）">掌纹识别</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="专家系统">专家系统</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自动规划（页面不存在）">自动规划</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" title="無人載具">無人載具</a>等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學科範疇">學科範疇</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：學科範疇">编辑</a>]</div> 人工智能是一門邊緣學科，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>的交叉。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="涉及学科">涉及学科</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：涉及学科">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑学">逻辑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪學">犯罪學</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智慧犯罪学（页面不存在）">智慧犯罪学</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究範疇">研究範疇</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：研究範疇">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:3; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="知識表現">知識表現</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="智能搜索">智能搜索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="規劃">規劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">機器學習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="增強式學習">增強式學習</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%8D%B2%E5%8F%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知識獲取（页面不存在）">知識獲取</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知問題（页面不存在）">感知問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="模式识别">模式識別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑程序设计">邏輯程序設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="軟計算">軟計算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="不精確和不確定的管理">不精確和不確定的管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="人工生命">人工生命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神經網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="複雜系統">複雜系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳算法">遺傳算法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" class="mw-redirect" title="資料挖掘">資料挖掘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%B3%8A%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="模糊控制">模糊控制</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="电视剧">电视剧</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：电视剧">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>TVB电视剧《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%84%9B%E4%BA%BA" title="智能愛人">智能愛人</a>》</li> <li>ViuTV电视剧《<a href="/wiki/IT%E7%8B%97" title="IT狗">IT狗</a>》</li> <li>東映特攝劇《<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%9D%A2%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%ABZERO-ONE" title="假面騎士ZERO-ONE">假面騎士ZERO-ONE</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用領域">應用領域</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：應用領域">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="智能控制">智能控制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">機器人學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="自動化技術">自動化技術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言和圖像理解（页面不存在）">語言和圖像理解</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳編程">遺傳編程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法學資訊系統（页面不存在）">法學資訊系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%A3%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="下棋">下棋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫學領域（页面不存在）">醫學領域</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="滥用">滥用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：滥用">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E4%BC%AA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="深伪技术">深伪技术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%81%BD%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85" title="深偽色情">深偽色情</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="自主武器">自主武器</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E8%BB%8D%E5%82%99%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="人工智能軍備競賽">人工智能軍備競賽</a></div> 2019年6月，基于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">神经网络技术</a>DeepNude软件面世，该软件可以将人物照片的衣着褪去，显示出裸体<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[108]</a>。随后，经该软件处理后的色情图片在网络上泛滥并引发争议，此后该软件在批评声中被下架<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[108]</a>。据美国网络安全公司Sensity统计，DeepNude已经产生了68万以上女性的假裸照，其中70%的原照片来自社交网络中的真实女性<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[108]</a>，而经<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E4%BC%AA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="深伪技术">DeepFake</a>技术处理的视频在以每6个月翻一番的数量增长<a href="#cite_note-:1-117">[109]</a>。截至2020年12月 (2020-12)<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit">[update]</a>，Sensity检测到的相关视频数量超过8.5万个<a href="#cite_note-:1-117">[109]</a>。而恶用该技术则可能涉嫌违反《著作权法》等法律，日本警方便多次处理过使用人工智能技术去除<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85%E7%89%87" title="色情片">色情影片</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD%E5%85%8B_(%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86)" title="馬賽克 (影像處理)">马赛克</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a>、替换色情影片中<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%93%A1" title="演員">女优</a>容貌<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a>等相关案件。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參看">參看</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：參看">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" 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href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%83%AD%E6%BD%AE" title="人工智能热潮">人工智能热潮</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用">引用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invest.hket.com/article/2127901/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%80%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E6%83%85%E6%99%AF">人工智能（AI）造福社會同時也帶來威脅</a>. [2021-02-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127041704/https://invest.hket.com/article/2127901/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%80%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E6%83%85%E6%99%AF">存档</a>于2020-11-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%88AI%EF%BC%89%E9%80%A0%E7%A6%8F%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83+%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E4%B9%9F%E5%B8%B6%E4%BE%86%E5%A8%81%E8%84%85&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvest.hket.com%2Farticle%2F2127901%2F%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%2599%25BA%25E8%2583%25BD%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%2581%2590%25E6%2580%2596%25E6%2583%2585%25E6%2599%25AF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topick.hket.com/article/1916960/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E3%80%8C%E6%90%B6%E9%A3%AF%E7%A2%97%E3%80%8D%E3%80%802020%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%88%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%87%E8%A2%ABAI%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3">人工智能「搶飯碗」 2020年會計師將被AI取代</a>. [2021-02-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127035431/https://topick.hket.com/article/1916960/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E3%80%8C%E6%90%B6%E9%A3%AF%E7%A2%97%E3%80%8D%E3%80%802020%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%88%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%87%E8%A2%ABAI%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3">存档</a>于2020-11-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E3%80%8C%E6%90%B6%E9%A3%AF%E7%A2%97%E3%80%8D+2020%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%88%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%87%E8%A2%ABAI%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopick.hket.com%2Farticle%2F1916960%2F%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%2599%25BA%25E8%2583%25BD%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%2590%25B6%25E9%25A3%25AF%25E7%25A2%2597%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%25802020%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259C%2583%25E8%25A8%2588%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E5%25B0%2587%25E8%25A2%25ABAI%25E5%258F%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition_of_AI-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_of_AI_3-0">^</a> 针对研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86" title="智能代理">智能代理</a>的人工智能定义： <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.cs.ubc.ca/~poole/ci/ch1.pdf">p. 1</a>其中使用"计算智能"作为人工智能的同义词.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a> (主张"理性智能体"的概念)其中写道"完整智能体的观念现在已经在领域内被广泛接受" <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第55頁<a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2004">Russell & Norvig 2004</a>，第43頁.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intelligent_agents-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intelligent_agents_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intelligent_agents_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86" title="智能代理">智能代理</a>范式： <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第27, 32–58, 968–972頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a>，第7–21頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>，第235–240頁</li></ul> 此处使用的定义--目的，动作，感知与环境出自<a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig (2003)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coining_of_the_term_AI-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Coining_of_the_term_AI_5-0">^</a> 尽管这点上存在争论（见<a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第50頁)）, <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">McCarthy</a>在一个访谈中明确的说"我想出了这个词" . (<a href="#CITEREFSkillings2006">Skillings 2006</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy's_definition_of_AI-6"><a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy's_definition_of_AI_6-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">McCarthy</a>对人工智能的定义： <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy2007">McCarthy 2007</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121191205/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393">Andreas Kaplan; Michael Haenlein (2019) Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence, Business Horizons, 62(1), 15-25</a>. [2018-11-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393">原始内容</a>存档于2018-11-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=Andreas+Kaplan%3B+Michael+Haenlein+%282019%29+Siri%2C+Siri+in+my+Hand%2C+who%27s+the+Fairest+in+the+Land%3F+On+the+Interpretations%2C+Illustrations+and+Implications+of+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+Business+Horizons%2C+62%281%29%2C+15-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0007681318301393&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Yigitcanlar, T.et al. Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Related Urban Planning and Development Concepts: How Are They Perceived and Utilized in Australia? J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020, 6, 187. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040187">https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040187</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fragmentation_of_AI-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Fragmentation_of_AI_9-0">^</a> Pamela <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第424頁) writes of "the rough shattering of AI in subfields—vision, natural language, decision theory, genetic algorithms, robotics ... and these with own sub-subfield—that would hardly have anything to say to each other." </li> <li id="cite_note-Problems_of_AI-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Problems_of_AI_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Problems_of_AI_10-1">10.1</a> 这些智能的特征出自以下教材： <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-General_intelligence-11"><a href="#cite_ref-General_intelligence_11-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="強人工智慧">强人工智能</a>常出现在人工智能的导论中： <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKurzweil1999">Kurzweil 1999</a>和<a href="#CITEREFKurzweil2005">Kurzweil 2005</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> (2023) Artificial Intelligence in Local Government Services: Public Perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, 40(3), 101833 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> (2023) Artificial Intelligence in Local Government Services: Public Perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, 40(3), 101833 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219_14-1">14.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig 2021</a>，第9頁. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-turing-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turing_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turing_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turing_15-2">15.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Copeland, J. (编). The Essential Turing: the ideas that gave birth to the computer age. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-825079-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-825079-7">ISBN 0-19-825079-7</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Turing%3A+the+ideas+that+gave+birth+to+the+computer+age&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-825079-7&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3">Google books ngram</a>. [2024-05-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727020915/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3">存档</a>于2023-07-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=Google+books+ngram&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3Delectronic%2Bbrain%26year_start%3D1930%26year_end%3D2019%26corpus%3Den-2019%26smoothing%3D3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> AI's immediate precursors: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第51–107頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第27–32頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第8–17頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988</a>，第3頁)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117_19-0">18.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117_19-1">18.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>，第17頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Turing_test-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Turing_test_20-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>Turing test</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier199347–49-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrevier199347–49_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993)</a>，第47–49頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dartmouth_workshop-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_workshop_23-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dartmouth_workshop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dartmouth workshop（页面不存在）">Dartmouth workshop</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第18頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第111–136頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>，第200–201頁)</li></ul> The proposal: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthyMinskyRochesterShannon1955">McCarthy et al. (1955)</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200317-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200317_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig (2003)</a>，第17頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200318-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200318_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig (2003)</a>，第18頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_in_the_60s-29"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_in_the_60s_29-0">^</a> Successful programs the 1960s: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第243–252頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第52–107頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988</a>，第9頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第19–21頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewquist199486–86-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewquist199486–86_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994)</a>，第86–86頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFNewquist1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon1965">Simon (1965</a>，第96頁) quoted in <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第109頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinsky1967">Minsky (1967</a>，第2頁) quoted in <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第109頁) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202121-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202121_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>，第21頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELighthill1973-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELighthill1973_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLighthill1973">Lighthill (1973)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999212-213-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENRC1999212-213_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC 1999</a>，第212-213頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202122-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202122_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>，第22頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-First_AI_winter-37"><a href="#cite_ref-First_AI_winter_37-0">^</a> First <a href="/w/index.php?title=AI_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AI Winter（页面不存在）">AI Winter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthill_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lighthill report（页面不存在）">Lighthill report</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansfield_Amendment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansfield Amendment（页面不存在）">Mansfield Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第115–117頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第21–22頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>，第212–213頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHowe1994">Howe (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>，第189–201頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFNewquist1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Expert_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expert systems（页面不存在）">Expert systems</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第23, 292頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>，第227–331頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>，chpt. 17.4)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第327–335, 434–435頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第145–62, 197–203頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>，第155–183頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFNewquist1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_in_the_80s-39"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_in_the_80s_39-0">^</a> Funding initiatives in the early 1980s: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Generation_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifth Generation Project（页面不存在）">Fifth Generation Project</a> (Japan), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvey（页面不存在）">Alvey</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microelectronics_and_Computer_Technology_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation（页面不存在）">Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation</a> (US), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Computing_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Computing Initiative（页面不存在）">Strategic Computing Initiative</a> (US): <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第426–441頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第161–162, 197–203, 211, 240頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第23頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>，第210–211頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>，第235–248頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFNewquist1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Second_AI_winter-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Second_AI_winter_40-0">^</a> Second <a href="/w/index.php?title=AI_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AI Winter（页面不存在）">AI Winter</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第24頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第430–435頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第209–210頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>，第214–216頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>，第301–318頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFNewquist1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202124-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202124_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>，第24頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson19987-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson19987_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998)</a>，第7頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004454–462-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004454–462_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004)</a>，第454–462頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec1988-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec1988_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990_45-0">40.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990_45-1">40.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1990">Brooks (1990)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Developmental_robotics-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Developmental_robotics_46-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_robotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Developmental robotics（页面不存在）">Developmental robotics</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFWengMcClellandPentlandSporns2001">Weng et al. (2001)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWengMcClellandPentlandSporns2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLungarellaMettaPfeiferSandini2003">Lungarella et al. (2003)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLungarellaMettaPfeiferSandini2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAsadaHosodaKuniyoshiIshiguro2009">Asada et al. (2009)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAsadaHosodaKuniyoshiIshiguro2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFOudeyer2010">Oudeyer (2010)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFOudeyer2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uncertain_reasoning-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uncertain_reasoning_48-0">42.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncertain_reasoning_48-1">42.1</a> Uncertain reasoning: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第452–644頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a>，第345–395頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>，第333–381頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，chpt. 19</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202125-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202125_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>，第25頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>，第214–215頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第24, 26頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202126-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202126_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>，第26頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_1990s-52"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_1990s_52-0">^</a> <a href="#Neat_vs._scruffy">Formal</a> and <a href="#Narrow_vs._general_AI">narrow</a> methods adopted in the 1990s: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第24–26頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>，第486–487頁)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_widely_used_1990s-53"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_widely_used_1990s_53-0">^</a> AI widely used in the late 1990s: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKurzweil2005">Kurzweil (2005</a>，第265頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>，第216–222頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>，第189–201頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFNewquist1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGI-54"><a href="#cite_ref-AGI_54-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>AGI</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-Deep_learning_revolution-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Deep_learning_revolution_55-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deep learning（页面不存在）">Deep learning</a> revolution, <a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGoldman2022">Goldman (2022)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGoldman2022 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第26頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcKinsey2018">McKinsey (2018)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMcKinsey2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2023-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2023_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWong2023">Wong (2023)</a>. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWong2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore's_Law-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore's_Law_58-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore's Law">Moore's Law</a> and AI: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第14, 27頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2015b_59-0">52.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2015b_59-1">52.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2015b_59-2">52.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2015b">Clark (2015b)</a>. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFClark2015b (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Big_data-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Big_data_60-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_data&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big data（页面不存在）">Big data</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>，第26頁) harvtxt模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRussellNorvig2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNESCO2021">UNESCO (2021)</a>. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFUNESCO2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristian2020">Christian (2020)</a>，第67, 73頁. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFChristian2020 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Sagar, Ram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://analyticsindiamag.com/open-ai-gpt-3-language-model/">OpenAI Releases GPT-3, The Largest Model So Far</a>. Analytics India Magazine. 2020-06-03 [2023-03-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804173452/https://analyticsindiamag.com/open-ai-gpt-3-language-model/">存档</a>于2020-08-04） （美国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=OpenAI+Releases+GPT-3%2C+The+Largest+Model+So+Far&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Analytics+India+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanalyticsindiamag.com%2Fopen-ai-gpt-3-language-model%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiFeliciantonio2023-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiFeliciantonio2023_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiFeliciantonio2023">DiFeliciantonio (2023)</a>. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDiFeliciantonio2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami2023-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami2023_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoswami2023">Goswami (2023)</a>. sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGoswami2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Reasoning-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Reasoning_67-0">^</a> Problem solving, puzzle solving, game playing and deduction: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，chpt. 3–9,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a>，chpt. 2,3,7,9,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>，chpt. 3,4,6,8,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，chpt. 7–12</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intractability-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Intractability_68-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計算複雜性理論">Intractability and efficiency</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Combinatorial_explosion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combinatorial explosion（页面不存在）">combinatorial explosion</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/combinatorial_explosion" class="extiw" title="en:combinatorial explosion">combinatorial explosion</a>）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第9, 21–22頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_sub-symbolic_reasoning-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Psychological_evidence_of_sub-symbolic_reasoning_69-0">^</a> Psychological evidence of sub-symbolic reasoning: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFWasonShapiro1966">Wason & Shapiro (1966)</a> showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" title="社会智力">social intelligence</a>, performance dramatically improves.（See <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%94%9F%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99" title="華生選擇任務">Wason selection task</a>）</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKahnemanSlovicTversky1982">Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982)</a> have shown that people are terrible at elementary problems that involve uncertain reasoning. (See <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="認知偏誤列表">list of cognitive biases</a> for several examples).</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLakoffNúñez2000">Lakoff & Núñez (2000)</a> have controversially argued that even our skills at mathematics depend on knowledge and skills that come from "the body", i.e. sensorimotor and perceptual skills.（See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Where_Mathematics_Comes_From&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Where Mathematics Comes From（页面不存在）">Where Mathematics Comes From</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From" class="extiw" title="en:Where Mathematics Comes From">Where Mathematics Comes From</a>））</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planning-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Planning_70-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Automated_planning_and_scheduling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automated planning and scheduling（页面不存在）">Planning</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/automated_planning_and_scheduling" class="extiw" title="en:automated planning and scheduling">automated planning and scheduling</a>）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFACM1998">ACM 1998</a>，~I.2.8,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第375–459頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a>，第281–316頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>，第314–329頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，chpt. 10.1–2, 22</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Information_value_theory-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Information_value_theory_71-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_information_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied information economics（页面不存在）">Information value theory</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_information_economics" class="extiw" title="en:Applied information economics">Applied information economics</a>）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第600–604頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_planning-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_planning_72-0">^</a> Classical planning: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第375–430頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a>，第281–315頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>，第314–329頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，chpt. 10.1–2, 22</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Non-deterministic_planning-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Non-deterministic_planning_73-0">^</a> Planning and acting in non-deterministic domains: conditional planning, execution monitoring, replanning and continuous planning: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第430–449頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multi-agent_planning-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Multi-agent_planning_74-0">^</a> Multi-agent planning and emergent behavior: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第449–455頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machine_perception-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Machine_perception_75-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_perception&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine perception（页面不存在）">Machine perception</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_perception" class="extiw" title="en:Machine perception">Machine perception</a>）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第537–581, 863–898頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，~chpt. 6</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Computer_vision-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Computer_vision_76-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">Computer vision</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFACM1998">ACM 1998</a>，I.2.10</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第863–898頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，chpt. 6</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speech_recognition-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Speech_recognition_77-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="语音识别">Speech recognition</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFACM1998">ACM 1998</a>，~I.2.7</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第568–578頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Object_recognition-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Object_recognition_78-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_recognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Object recognition（页面不存在）">Object recognition</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition" class="extiw" title="en:Object recognition">Object recognition</a>）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第885–892頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html">Kismet</a>. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Humanoid Robotics Group. [2012-10-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017040432/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html">存档</a>于2014-10-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=Kismet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MIT+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory%2C+Humanoid+Robotics+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ai.mit.edu%2Fprojects%2Fhumanoid-robotics-group%2Fkismet%2Fkismet.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-控-80"><a href="#cite_ref-控_80-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inside.com.tw/2016/02/21/the-superhero-of-artificial-intelligence-can-this-genius-keep-it-in-check">人工智慧有多恐怖？聽聽「天才」Demis Hassabis 怎麼說！the guardian《The superhero of artificial intelligence: can this genius keep it in check?》</a>. inside / tech2ipo.com. [2016-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151133/https://www.inside.com.tw/2016/02/21/the-superhero-of-artificial-intelligence-can-this-genius-keep-it-in-check">存档</a>于2018-09-03） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%EF%BC%9F%E8%81%BD%E8%81%BD%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D%E3%80%8DDemis+Hassabis+%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E8%AA%AA%EF%BC%81the+guardian%E3%80%8AThe+superhero+of+artificial+intelligence%3A+can+this+genius+keep+it+in+check%3F%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=inside+%2F+tech2ipo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inside.com.tw%2F2016%2F02%2F21%2Fthe-superhero-of-artificial-intelligence-can-this-genius-keep-it-in-check&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-毀-81"><a href="#cite_ref-毀_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/15/2/2/n4357319.htm">人工智能發展是繁榮人類或毀滅人類？</a>. 大紀元/莫琳綜. [2016-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213205624/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/15/2/2/n4357319.htm">存档</a>于2021-02-13） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%98%AF%E7%B9%81%E6%A6%AE%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%88%96%E6%AF%80%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%2F%E8%8E%AB%E7%90%B3%E7%B6%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epochtimes.com%2Fb5%2F15%2F2%2F2%2Fn4357319.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-罪-82"><a href="#cite_ref-罪_82-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udn.com/news/story/9574/1573619-AlphaGo%E8%B4%8F%E6%A3%8B%E7%8E%8B-%E9%9D%A0%E5%85%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%86%E6%8A%80">AlphaGo贏棋王靠兩大密技</a>. 2016-03-19 04:01 經濟日報記者彭慧明. [2016-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426174248/http://udn.com/news/story/9574/1573619-AlphaGo%E8%B4%8F%E6%A3%8B%E7%8E%8B-%E9%9D%A0%E5%85%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%86%E6%8A%80">存档</a>于2016-04-26） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=AlphaGo%E8%B4%8F%E6%A3%8B%E7%8E%8B+%E9%9D%A0%E5%85%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%86%E6%8A%80&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=2016-03-19+04%3A01+%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1+%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E5%BD%AD%E6%85%A7%E6%98%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudn.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F9574%2F1573619-AlphaGo%25E8%25B4%258F%25E6%25A3%258B%25E7%258E%258B-%25E9%259D%25A0%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AF%2586%25E6%258A%2580&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-武-83"><a href="#cite_ref-武_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewslens.com/post/91956/">專家憂人工智慧武器成「殺人機器」多國研商限制規範</a>. 2014/11/13 The News Lens關鍵評論 Sid Weng. [2016-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427223354/http://www.thenewslens.com/post/91956/">存档</a>于2016-04-27） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E6%86%82%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%88%90%E3%80%8C%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E3%80%8D+%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%8B%E7%A0%94%E5%95%86%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=2014%2F11%2F13+The+News+Lens%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96+Sid+Weng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewslens.com%2Fpost%2F91956%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-區-84"><a href="#cite_ref-區_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storm.mg/article/69923">別再讓機器人殺人！反對團體呼籲勿用人工智慧參與戰爭</a>. 風傳媒蕭喬云 2015年10月22日. [2016年4月15日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213205639/https://www.storm.mg/article/69923">存档</a>于2021年2月13日） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8D%E8%AE%93%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%81%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%91%BC%E7%B1%B2%E5%8B%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E9%A2%A8%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92+%E8%95%AD%E5%96%AC%E4%BA%91+2015%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%8822%E6%97%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storm.mg%2Farticle%2F69923&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-代-85"><a href="#cite_ref-代_85-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/15/2/2/n4357319.htm">機器人威脅人類 10大類工作未來恐被取代</a>. 大紀元 / 鄭孝祺. [2016-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213205624/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/15/2/2/n4357319.htm">存档</a>于2021-02-13） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%A8%81%E8%84%85%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E+10%E5%A4%A7%E9%A1%9E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E6%81%90%E8%A2%AB%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83+%2F+%E9%84%AD%E5%AD%9D%E7%A5%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epochtimes.com%2Fb5%2F15%2F2%2F2%2Fn4357319.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-日-86"><a href="#cite_ref-日_86-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20151203000491-260108">日近半職業將被人工智慧取代</a>. 中國時報. [2016-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213205643/https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20151203000491-260108">存档</a>于2021-02-13） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%8A%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD+%E5%B0%87%E8%A2%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatimes.com%2Fnewspapers%2F20151203000491-260108&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-代2-87"><a href="#cite_ref-代2_87-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511212326/http://iguang.tw/u/4219580/article/541270.html">人工智慧：提前到來的職業殺手</a>. Evans Data調查 April. [2016-04-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iguang.tw/u/4219580/article/541270.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-11） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%EF%BC%9A%E6%8F%90%E5%89%8D%E5%88%B0%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E6%AE%BA%E6%89%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Evans+Data%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5+April&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Figuang.tw%2Fu%2F4219580%2Farticle%2F541270.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20170622002310-260412">中時-馬雲談AI的風險</a>. [2017-06-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622075813/http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20170622002310-260412">存档</a>于2017-06-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%B2%E8%AB%87AI%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatimes.com%2Frealtimenews%2F20170622002310-260412&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century">数据科学：二十一世纪最Sexy的职业</a>. 哈佛商業評論. [2017-09-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614093135/https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century">存档</a>于2017-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%9C%80Sexy%E7%9A%84%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2012%2F10%2Fdata-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation book">林東清. 資訊管理 e化企業的核心競爭能力七版. 台北市: 智勝. 2019-06: 187. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-511-112-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-511-112-0">ISBN 978-957-511-112-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E6%9D%B1%E6%B8%85&rft.btitle=%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86+e%E5%8C%96%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B&rft.date=2019-06&rft.edition=%E4%B8%83%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-511-112-0&rft.pages=187&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E6%99%BA%E5%8B%9D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_Nilsson_(researcher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils Nilsson (researcher)（页面不存在）">Nils Nilsson</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Nilsson_(researcher)" class="extiw" title="en:Nils Nilsson (researcher)">Nils Nilsson (researcher)</a>）写道："Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI is all about" (<a href="#CITEREFNilsson1983">Nilsson 1983</a>，第10頁). </li> <li id="cite_note-Biological_intelligence_vs._intelligence_in_general-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biological_intelligence_vs._intelligence_in_general_92-0">84.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biological_intelligence_vs._intelligence_in_general_92-1">84.1</a> Biological intelligence vs. intelligence in general: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第2–3頁, who make the analogy with <a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="航空太空工程學">aeronautical engineering</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第100–101頁, who writes that there are "two major branches of artificial intelligence: one aimed at producing intelligent behavior regardless of how it was accomplioshed, and the other aimed at modeling intelligent processes found in nature, particularly human ones."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKolata1982">Kolata 1982</a>, a paper in <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="科学 (期刊)">Science</a>, which describes <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">McCathy's</a> indifference to biological models. Kolata quotes McCarthy as writing: "This is AI, so we don't care if it's psychologically real"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PEkqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22we+don't+care+if+it's+psychologically+real%22&dq=%22we+don't+care+if+it's+psychologically+real%22&output=html&pgis=1">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161117224959/http://books.google.com/books?id=PEkqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22we+don't+care+if+it's+psychologically+real%22&dq=%22we+don't+care+if+it's+psychologically+real%22&output=html&pgis=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. McCarthy recently reiterated his position at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AI@50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AI@50（页面不存在）">AI@50</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI@50" class="extiw" title="en:AI@50">AI@50</a>） conference where he said "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence" (<a href="#CITEREFMaker2006">Maker 2006</a>).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neats_vs._scruffies-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neats_vs._scruffies_93-0">85.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neats_vs._scruffies_93-1">85.1</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neats_vs._scruffies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neats vs. scruffies（页面不存在）">Neats vs. scruffies</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neats_vs._scruffies" class="extiw" title="en:Neats vs. scruffies">Neats vs. scruffies</a>）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第421–424, 486–489頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第168頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1983">Nilsson 1983</a>，第10–11頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symbolic_vs._sub-symbolic-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Symbolic_vs._sub-symbolic_94-0">86.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symbolic_vs._sub-symbolic_94-1">86.1</a> Symbolic vs. sub-symbolic AI: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>，第7頁), who uses the term "sub-symbolic".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaugeland1985255-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaugeland1985255_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaugeland1985">Haugeland 1985</a>，第255頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.38.8384&rep=rep1&type=pdf">存档副本</a>. [2012-10-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105000717/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.38.8384&rep=rep1&type=pdf">存档</a>于2017-11-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.38.8384%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2008-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2008_97-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Pei Wang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=a_ZR81Z25z0C&pg=PA63">Artificial general intelligence, 2008: proceedings of the First AGI Conference</a>. IOS Press. 2008: 63 [2011-10-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58603-833-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58603-833-5">ISBN 978-1-58603-833-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821094440/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ZR81Z25z0C&pg=PA63">存档</a>于2020-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Pei+Wang&rft.btitle=Artificial+general+intelligence%2C+2008%3A+proceedings+of+the+First+AGI+Conference&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58603-833-5&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_ZR81Z25z0C%26pg%3DPA63&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AI's_immediate_precursors-98"><a href="#cite_ref-AI's_immediate_precursors_98-0">^</a> AI's immediate precursors: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第51–107頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第27–32頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第15, 940頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec 1988</a>，第3頁</li></ul> See also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:See_section&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:See section（页面不存在）">Template:See section</a>. Among the researchers who laid the foundations of AI were <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5" title="艾伦·图灵">Alan Turing</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·冯·诺伊曼">John Von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D" title="諾伯特·維納">Norbert Wiener</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%99%E5%86%9C" title="克劳德·香农">Claude Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="沃伦·麦卡洛克">Warren McCullough</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%8C%A8" title="沃尔特·皮茨">Walter Pitts</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83" title="唐纳德·赫布">Donald Hebb</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GOFAI-99"><a href="#cite_ref-GOFAI_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaugeland1985">Haugeland 1985</a>，第112–117頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The most dramatic case of sub-symbolic AI being pushed into the background was the devastating critique of <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%99%A8" title="感知器">perceptron</a>s by <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%97%B5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="马文·闵斯基">Marvin Minsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9" title="西摩爾·派普特">Seymour Papert</a> in 1969. See <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="人工智能史">History of AI</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E4%BD%8E%E8%B0%B7" title="人工智慧低谷">AI winter</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Rosenblatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Rosenblatt（页面不存在）">Frank Rosenblatt</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a>）. </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_at_CMU_in_the_60s-101"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_at_CMU_in_the_60s_101-0">^</a> Cognitive simulation, <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94" title="艾伦·纽厄尔">Newell</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A9%AC%E8%B4%BA" title="司马贺">Simon</a>, AI at <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%86%85%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="卡内基·梅隆大学">CMU</a> (then called <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%86%85%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="卡内基·梅隆大学">Carnegie Tech</a>): <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第139–179, 245–250, 322–323 (EPAM)頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第145–149頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soar-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Soar_102-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Soar_(%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B)" title="Soar (認知架構)">Soar</a> (history): <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第450–451頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第258–263頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_at_Stanford_in_the_60s-103"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_at_Stanford_in_the_60s_103-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" title="约翰·麦卡锡">McCarthy</a> and AI research at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory（页面不存在）">SAIL</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="extiw" title="en:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>） and <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="国际斯坦福研究所">SRI International</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第251–259頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_at_Edinburgh_and_France_in_the_60s-104"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_at_Edinburgh_and_France_in_the_60s_104-0">^</a> AI research at <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="爱丁堡大学">Edinburgh</a> and in France, birth of <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第193–196頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHowe1994">Howe 1994</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_at_MIT_in_the_60s-105"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_at_MIT_in_the_60s_105-0">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">AI</a> at <a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">MIT</a> under <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%97%B5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="马文·闵斯基">Marvin Minsky</a> in the 1960s : <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第259–305頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第83–102, 163–176頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第19頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyc-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Cyc_106-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyc" title="Cyc">Cyc</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第489頁, who calls it "a determinedly scruffy enterprise"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第239–243頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第363−365頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLenatGuha1989">Lenat & Guha 1989</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowledge_revolution-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Knowledge_revolution_107-0">^</a> Knowledge revolution: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第266–276, 298–300, 314, 421頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第22–23頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Expert_systems-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Expert_systems_108-0">^</a> Expert systems: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFACM1998">ACM 1998</a>，I.2.1,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第22–24頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>，第227–331頁,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson 1998</a>，chpt. 17.4</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第327–335, 434–435頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第145–62, 197–203頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embodied_AI-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Embodied_AI_109-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embodied_agent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embodied agent（页面不存在）">Embodied</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_agent" class="extiw" title="en:Embodied agent">Embodied agent</a>） approaches to AI: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第454–462頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1990">Brooks 1990</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec 1988</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revival_of_connectionism-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Revival_of_connectionism_110-0">^</a> Revival of <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%BB%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联结主义">connectionism</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier 1993</a>，第214–215頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第25頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Computational_intelligence-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Computational_intelligence_111-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computational intelligence（页面不存在）">Computational intelligence</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Computational intelligence">Computational intelligence</a>） <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee-cis.org/">IEEE Computational Intelligence Society</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080509191840/http://www.ieee-cis.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Formal_methods_in_AI-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Formal_methods_in_AI_112-0">^</a> 形式方法是当前首选的（"简约派的胜利"）: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>，第25–26頁</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck 2004</a>，第486–487頁</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Pat Langley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/j067h855n8223338/">"The changing science of machine learning"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">永久失效連結</a>], Machine Learning, Volume 82, Number 3, 275–279, <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10994-011-5242-y">10.1007/s10994-011-5242-y</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agent_architectures-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Agent_architectures_114-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agent_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agent architecture（页面不存在）">Agent architecture</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Agent architecture">Agent architecture</a>）s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_intelligent_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybrid intelligent system（页面不存在）">hybrid intelligent system</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hybrid_intelligent_system" class="extiw" title="en:hybrid intelligent system">hybrid intelligent system</a>）s: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig (2003</a>，第27, 932, 970–972頁)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>，chpt. 25)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation book">林, 東清. 資訊管理：e化企業的核心競爭力. 台北: 元照. 2019: 93. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-511-112-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-511-112-0">ISBN 978-957-511-112-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B8%85&rft.aulast=%E6%9E%97&rft.btitle=%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%EF%BC%9Ae%E5%8C%96%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E5%8A%9B&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-511-112-0&rft.pages=93&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E5%85%83%E7%85%A7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-116">^ <a 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[2022-05-07].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=IPPA+%7C+%E5%AE%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%9C%8C%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%A8%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AF%BE%E7%AD%96%E8%AA%B2%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8E%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E5%8B%95%E7%94%BB%E3%80%8F%EF%BC%A4%EF%BC%B6%EF%BC%A4%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%91%98%E7%99%BA%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ippa.jp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippa.jp%2F%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%259F%258E%25E7%259C%258C%25E8%25AD%25A6%25E5%25AF%259F%25E6%259C%25AC%25E9%2583%25A8%25E3%2582%25B5%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2590%25E3%2583%25BC%25E7%258A%25AF%25E7%25BD%25AA%25E5%25AF%25BE%25E7%25AD%2596%25E8%25AA%25B2%25E3%2581%25AB%25E3%2582%2588%25E3%2582%258B%25E3%2580%258E%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A7%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源">来源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：来源">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>中文書</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="李開復">李開復</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E8%A9%A0%E5%89%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王詠剛（页面不存在）">王詠剛</a>；《人工智慧來了》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="李開復">李開復</a>；《AI·未来》</li></ul> <dl><dt>教材</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Luger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Luger（页面不存在）">Luger, George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stubblefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Stubblefield（页面不存在）">Stubblefield, William</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.unm.edu/~luger/ai-final/tocfull.html">Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving</a> 5th. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 2004 [2012-10-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8053-4780-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8053-4780-1">ISBN 0-8053-4780-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115034931/https://www.cs.unm.edu/~luger/ai-final/tocfull.html">存档</a>于2021-01-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Stubblefield%2C+William&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Luger&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+Structures+and+Strategies+for+Complex+Problem+Solving&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8053-4780-1&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.unm.edu%2F~luger%2Fai-final%2Ftocfull.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2020" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="安德烈亚斯·卡普兰">Kaplan, Andreas</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Haenlein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Haenlein（页面不存在）">Haenlein, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681319301260">Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence</a>. Business Horizons. 2020 [2020-01-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221212452/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681319301260">存档</a>于2020-12-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Haenlein%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+the+world%2C+unite%21+The+challenges+and+opportunities+of+artificial+intelligence&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Business+Horizons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0007681319301260&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLuger2004" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Luger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Luger（页面不存在）">Luger, George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9787111129448">人工智能：复杂问题求解的结构和策略</a>. 由史忠植等翻译原书第4版. 北京: 机械工业出版社. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-111-12944-X" title="Special:网络书源/7-111-12944-X">ISBN 7-111-12944-X</a> （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Luger&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%B1%82%E8%A7%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%92%8C%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A6%E7%AC%AC4%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-111-12944-X&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9787111129448&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNeapolitanJiang2012" class="citation book">Neapolitan, Richard; Jiang, Xia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694">Contemporary Artificial Intelligence</a>. Chapman & Hall/CRC. 2012 [2012-10-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-143984-469-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-143984-469-4">ISBN 978-143984-469-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108205412/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694">存档</a>于2015-01-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xia&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Neapolitan&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-143984-469-4&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall%2FCRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2Fproduct%2Fisbn%2F9781439844694&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1998" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_Nilsson%EF%BC%88researcher%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils Nilsson（researcher）（页面不存在）">Nilsson, Nils</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils">Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis</a>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-55860-467-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-55860-467-4">ISBN 978-1-55860-467-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+New+Synthesis&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-467-4&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialintell0000nils&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2000" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_Nilsson%EF%BC%88researcher%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils Nilsson（researcher）（页面不存在）">Nilsson, Nils</a>. 人工智能. 郑扣根等译. 北京: 机械工业出版社. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-111-07885-3" title="Special:网络书源/7-111-07885-3">ISBN 7-111-07885-3</a> （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-111-07885-3&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" class="citation book">Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228023805/http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/">Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</a> 2nd. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2003 [2012-10-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-790395-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-790395-2">ISBN 0-13-790395-2</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-790395-2&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faima.cs.berkeley.edu%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2004" class="citation book">Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228023805/http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/">人工智能：一种现代方法</a>. 由姜哲翻译原书第2版. 北京: 人民邮电出版社. 2004 [2012-10-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787115122285" title="Special:网络书源/9787115122285">ISBN 9787115122285</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-02-28） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A6%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787115122285&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%82%AE%E7%94%B5%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faima.cs.berkeley.edu%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Poole_(researcher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Poole (researcher)（页面不存在）">Poole, David</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Mackworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Mackworth（页面不存在）">Mackworth, Alan</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randy_Goebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randy Goebel（页面不存在）">Goebel, Randy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/poole/ci.html">Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998 [2012-10-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-510270-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-510270-3">ISBN 0-19-510270-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725025030/http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/poole/ci.html">存档</a>于2009-07-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Goebel%2C+Randy&rft.au=Mackworth%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.btitle=Computational+Intelligence%3A+A+Logical+Approach&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-510270-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ubc.ca%2Fspider%2Fpoole%2Fci.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWinston1984" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Winston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Winston（页面不存在）">Winston, Patrick Henry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000wins_t2g6">Artificial Intelligence</a>. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-201-08259-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-201-08259-4">ISBN 0-201-08259-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Henry&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-08259-4&rft.place=Reading%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialintell0000wins_t2g6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWinston2005" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Winston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Winston（页面不存在）">Winston, Patrick Henry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CR--PWzRdNIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&source=bl&ots=haRe70_evd&sig=dAEpy4uQqXyKNyJY5TKM0IWI0vY&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=WKt3UNGTGI_BiQfSx4GQDA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ">人工智能</a>. 由崔良沂、赵永昌翻译原书第3版. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787302103271" title="Special:网络书源/9787302103271">ISBN 9787302103271</a> （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Henry&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A6%E7%AC%AC3%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787302103271&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCR--PWzRdNIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3D%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%2599%25BA%25E8%2583%25BD%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DhaRe70_evd%26sig%3DdAEpy4uQqXyKNyJY5TKM0IWI0vY%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DWKt3UNGTGI_BiQfSx4GQDA%26ved%3D0CDEQ6AEwAQ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <dl><dt>人工智能历史</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCrevier1993" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Crevier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Crevier（页面不存在）">Crevier, Daniel</a>. AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780465029976" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-02997-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Crevier&rft.btitle=AI%3A+The+Tumultuous+Search+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcCorduck2004" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_McCorduck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamela McCorduck（页面不存在）">McCorduck, Pamela</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html">Machines Who Think</a> 2nd. Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd. 2004 [2012-10-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-56881-205-1" title="Special:网络书源/1-56881-205-1">ISBN 1-56881-205-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301043518/http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html">存档</a>于2020-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.aulast=McCorduck&rft.btitle=Machines+Who+Think&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56881-205-1&rft.place=Natick%2C+MA&rft.pub=A.+K.+Peters%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamelamc.com%2Fhtml%2Fmachines_who_think.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNils2010" class="citation book">Nils, Nilsson. The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Nilsson&rft.aulast=Nils&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+History+of+Ideas+and+Achievements&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <dl><dt>其他</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFACM1998" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025921/http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html">ACM Computing Classification System: Artificial intelligence</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="计算机协会">ACM</a>. 1998 [2007-08-30]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.btitle=ACM+Computing+Classification+System%3A+Artificial+intelligence&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ACM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fclass%2F1998%2FI.2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAleksander1995" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Aleksander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Aleksander（页面不存在）">Aleksander, Igor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html">Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update</a>. IWANN. 1995 [2012年10月12日]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html">原始内容</a>存档于1997年3月2日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.aulast=Aleksander&rft.btitle=Artificial+Neuroconsciousness%3A+An+Update&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=IWANN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.ic.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fneural%2Fpublications%2Fiwann.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/conf/iwann/Aleksander95">BibTex</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/conf/iwann/Aleksander95">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1990" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodney_Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodney Brooks（页面不存在）">Brooks, Rodney</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf">Elephants Don't Play Chess</a> (PDF). Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 1990, 6: 3–15 [2007-08-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0921-8890">ISSN 0921-8890</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8890%2805%2980025-9">doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809020912/http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2007-08-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=Elephants+Don%27t+Play+Chess&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0921-8890&rft.jtitle=Robotics+and+Autonomous+Systems&rft.pages=3-15&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.csail.mit.edu%2Fbrooks%2Fpapers%2Felephants.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0921-8890%2805%2980025-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2005" class="citation magazine">Buchanan, Bruce G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023314/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf">A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence</a> (PDF). AI Magazine. 2005: 53–60 [2007-08-30]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2007-09-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=A+%28Very%29+Brief+History+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+Magazine&rft.pages=53-60&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaai.org%2FAITopics%2Fassets%2FPDF%2FAIMag26-04-016.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDennett1991" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett, Daniel</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consciousness_Explained&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consciousness Explained（页面不存在）">Consciousness Explained</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" class="extiw" title="en:Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a>）. The Penguin Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7139-9037-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-7139-9037-6">ISBN 0-7139-9037-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Consciousness+Explained%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Consciousness+Explained%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EConsciousness+Explained%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EConsciousness+Explained%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7139-9037-6&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1972" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Dreyfus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Dreyfus（页面不存在）">Dreyfus, Hubert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatcomputerscan00dreyrich">What Computers Can't Do</a>. New York: MIT Press. 1972. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-011082-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-011082-1">ISBN 0-06-011082-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.btitle=What+Computers+Can%27t+Do&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-011082-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatcomputerscan00dreyrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1979" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Dreyfus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Dreyfus（页面不存在）">Dreyfus, Hubert</a>. What Computers Still Can't Do. New York: MIT Press. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-262-04134-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-262-04134-0">ISBN 0-262-04134-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.btitle=What+Computers+Still+Can%27t+Do&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-04134-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDreyfusDreyfus1986" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Dreyfus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Dreyfus（页面不存在）">Dreyfus, Hubert</a>; Dreyfus, Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey">Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-02-908060-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-02-908060-6">ISBN 0-02-908060-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Dreyfus%2C+Stuart&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.btitle=Mind+over+Machine%3A+The+Power+of+Human+Intuition+and+Expertise+in+the+Era+of+the+Computer&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-02-908060-6&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindovermachinep00drey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1992" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Dreyfus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Dreyfus（页面不存在）">Dreyfus, Hubert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatcomputerssti0000drey">What Computers Still Can't Do</a>. New York: MIT Press. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-262-54067-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-262-54067-3">ISBN 0-262-54067-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.btitle=What+Computers+Still+Can%27t+Do&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-54067-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatcomputerssti0000drey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2007" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Edelman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald Edelman（页面不存在）">Edelman, Gerald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008184132/http://lis.epfl.ch/resources/podcast/2007/11/gerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html">Gerald Edelman – Neural Darwinism and Brain-based Devices</a>. Talking Robots. 2007-11-23 [2012-10-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lis.epfl.ch/resources/podcast/2007/11/gerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-10-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.btitle=Gerald+Edelman+%E2%80%93+Neural+Darwinism+and+Brain-based+Devices&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Talking+Robots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flis.epfl.ch%2Fresources%2Fpodcast%2F2007%2F11%2Fgerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFearn2007" class="citation book">Fearn, Nicholas. The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers. New York: Grove Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8021-1839-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-8021-1839-9">ISBN 0-8021-1839-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Fearn&rft.btitle=The+Latest+Answers+to+the+Oldest+Questions%3A+A+Philosophical+Adventure+with+the+World%27s+Greatest+Thinkers&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8021-1839-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFForster2006" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dion_Forster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dion Forster（页面不存在）">Forster, Dion</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spirituality.org.za/files/D%20Forster%20doctorate.pdf">Self validating consciousness in strong artificial intelligence: An African theological contribution</a> (PDF). Pretoria: University of South Africa. 2006 [2012-10-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115035031/http://www.spirituality.org.za/files/D%20Forster%20doctorate.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-01-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Dion&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.btitle=Self+validating+consciousness+in+strong+artificial+intelligence%3A+An+African+theological+contribution&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=University+of+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spirituality.org.za%2Ffiles%2FD%2520Forster%2520doctorate.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGladwell2005" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Gladwell, Malcolm</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%AC%E9%96%93%E6%B1%BA%E6%96%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="瞬間決斷">Blink</a>. New York: Little, Brown and Co. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-316-17232-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-316-17232-4">ISBN 0-316-17232-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.aulast=Gladwell&rft.btitle=Blink&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-316-17232-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaugeland1985" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Haugeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Haugeland（页面不存在）">Haugeland, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000haug">Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1985. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-262-08153-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-262-08153-9">ISBN 0-262-08153-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Haugeland&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+The+Very+Idea&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-08153-9&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialintell0000haug&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHawkinsBlakeslee2005" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hawkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Hawkins（页面不存在）">Hawkins, Jeff</a>; Blakeslee, Sandra. <a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Intelligence（页面不存在）">On Intelligence</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:On Intelligence">On Intelligence</a>）. New York, NY: Owl Books. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8050-7853-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-8050-7853-3">ISBN 0-8050-7853-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Blakeslee%2C+Sandra&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22On+Intelligence%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22On+Intelligence%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EOn+Intelligence%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EOn+Intelligence%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8050-7853-3&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1979" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Douglas</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E3%80%81%E5%9F%83%E8%88%8D%E5%B0%94%E3%80%81%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="哥德尔、埃舍尔、巴赫">Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid</a>. New York, NY: Vintage Books. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-394-74502-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-394-74502-7">ISBN 0-394-74502-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6del%2C+Escher%2C+Bach%3A+an+Eternal+Golden+Braid&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-394-74502-7&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHowe1994" class="citation web">Howe, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/AIhistory.html">Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective</a>. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. 1982. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-28414-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-28414-7">ISBN 0-521-28414-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Slovic%2C+D.&rft.au=Tversky%2C+Amos&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.btitle=Judgment+under+uncertainty%3A+Heuristics+and+biases&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-28414-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKolata1982" class="citation journal">Kolata, G. How can computers get common sense?. Science. 1982, 217 (4566): 1237–1238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17837639">PMID 17837639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.217.4566.1237">doi:10.1126/science.217.4566.1237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=How+can+computers+get+common+sense%3F&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4566&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1237-1238&rft.volume=217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.217.4566.1237&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17837639&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil1999" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Kurzweil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Kurzweil（页面不存在）">Kurzweil, Ray</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Age of Spiritual Machines（页面不存在）">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines" class="extiw" title="en:The Age of Spiritual Machines">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a>）. Penguin Books. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-670-88217-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-670-88217-8">ISBN 0-670-88217-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22The+Age+of+Spiritual+Machines%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22The+Age+of+Spiritual+Machines%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EThe+Age+of+Spiritual+Machines%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EThe+Age+of+Spiritual+Machines%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-670-88217-8&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil2005" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Kurzweil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Kurzweil（页面不存在）">Kurzweil, Ray</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9%E8%BF%AB%E8%BF%91" title="奇点迫近">The Singularity is Near</a>. Penguin Books. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-670-03384-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-670-03384-7">ISBN 0-670-03384-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+is+Near&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-670-03384-7&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLakoff1987" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Lakoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Lakoff（页面不存在）">Lakoff, George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfiredangero00lako">Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-46804-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-46804-6">ISBN 0-226-46804-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Fire%2C+and+Dangerous+Things%3A+What+Categories+Reveal+About+the+Mind&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-46804-6&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenfiredangero00lako&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLakoffNúñez2000" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Lakoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Lakoff（页面不存在）">Lakoff, George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_E._N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael E. 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Basic Books. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-465-03771-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-465-03771-2">ISBN 0-465-03771-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%2C+Rafael+E.&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Where+Mathematics+Comes+From%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Where+Mathematics+Comes+From%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EWhere+Mathematics+Comes+From%3A+How+the+Embodied+Mind+Brings+Mathematics+into+Being%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EWhere+Mathematics+Comes+From%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-465-03771-2&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLenatGuha1989" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Lenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Lenat（页面不存在）">Lenat, Douglas</a>; Guha, R. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildinglargekno0000lena">Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems</a>. Addison-Wesley. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-201-51752-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-201-51752-3">ISBN 0-201-51752-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Guha%2C+R.+V.&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Lenat&rft.btitle=Building+Large+Knowledge-Based+Systems&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-51752-3&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildinglargekno0000lena&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLighthill1973" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lighthill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Lighthill（页面不存在）">Lighthill, Professor Sir James</a>. Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium. 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Dartmouth College. 2006 [2008-10-16]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-10-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Meg+Houston&rft.aulast=Maker&rft.btitle=AI%4050%3A+AI+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Dartmouth+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engagingexperience.com%2F2006%2F07%2Fai50_ai_past_pr.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyMinskyRochesterShannon1955" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCarthy%EF%BC%88computer_scientist%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McCarthy（computer scientist）（页面不存在）">McCarthy, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Minsky">Minsky, Marvin</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Rochester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Rochester（页面不存在）">Rochester, Nathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon, Claude</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html">A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence</a>. 1955 [2007-08-30]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-08-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.au=Minsky%2C+Marvin&rft.au=Rochester%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Shannon%2C+Claude&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.btitle=A+Proposal+for+the+Dartmouth+Summer+Research+Project+on+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Fhistory%2Fdartmouth%2Fdartmouth.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyHayes1969" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCarthy%EF%BC%88computer_scientist%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McCarthy（computer scientist）（页面不存在）">McCarthy, John</a>; Hayes, P. 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New York, NY: Simon & Schusterl. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7432-7663-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-7432-7663-9">ISBN 0-7432-7663-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.aulast=Minsky&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22The+Emotion+Machine%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22The+Emotion+Machine%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EThe+Emotion+Machine%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EThe+Emotion+Machine%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7432-7663-9&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schusterl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoravec1976" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Moravec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Moravec（页面不存在）">Moravec, Hans</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232511/http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html">The Role of Raw Power in Intelligence</a>. 1976 [2007-08-30]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Moravec&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Raw+Power+in+Intelligence&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frc.ri.cmu.edu%2Fusers%2Fhpm%2Fproject.archive%2Fgeneral.articles%2F1975%2FRaw.Power.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoravec1988" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Moravec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Moravec（页面不存在）">Moravec, Hans</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindchildren00hans">Mind Children</a>. Harvard University Press. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-674-57616-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-674-57616-0">ISBN 0-674-57616-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Moravec&rft.btitle=Mind+Children&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-57616-0&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindchildren00hans&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNRC1999" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_National_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States National Research Council（页面不存在）">NRC, (United States National Research Council)</a>. Developments in Artificial Intelligence. Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=Developments+in+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.aufirst=%28United+States+National+Research+Council%29&rft.aulast=NRC&rft.btitle=Funding+a+Revolution%3A+Government+Support+for+Computing+Research&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2_(%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F)" title="中国科学技术史 (李约瑟)">Science and Civilization in China</a>: Volume 2. 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New York: McGraw-Hill. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=GPS%3A+A+Program+that+Simulates+Human+Thought&rft.au=Simon%2C+H.+A.&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.btitle=Computers+and+Thought&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputersthought00feig&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNewellSimon1976" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Newell">Newell, Allen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon, H. A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html">Communications of the ACM</a> 19 (3). 1976 [2012-10-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-10-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.au=Simon%2C+H.+A.&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.volume=19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rci.rutgers.edu%2F~cfs%2F472_html%2FAI_SEARCH%2FPSS%2FPSSH4.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|contribution=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#chapter_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>).</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1983" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_Nilsson%EF%BC%88researcher%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils Nilsson（researcher）（页面不存在）">Nilsson, Nils</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/AIMag04-04-002.pdf">Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001</a> (PDF), AI Magazine, 1983, 1 (1) [2012-10-12], （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106155153/http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/AIMag04-04-002.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2009-11-06）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Prepares+for+2001&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=AI+Magazine&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fai.stanford.edu%2F~nilsson%2FOnlinePubs-Nils%2FGeneral%2520Essays%2FAIMag04-04-002.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> , Presidential Address to the <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="美国人工智能协会">Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1989" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose, Roger</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr">The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computer, Minds and The Laws of Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="牛津大學出版社">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-851973-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-851973-7">ISBN 0-19-851973-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind%3A+Concerning+Computer%2C+Minds+and+The+Laws+of+Physics&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-851973-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorsnewmind00penr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSearle1980" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Searle">Searle, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118120034/http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/84/bbs00000484-00/bbs.searle2.html">Minds, Brains and Programs</a>. 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AI and Society. 2007, 21 (1–2): 141–166 [2012-10-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-006-0051-8">doi:10.1007/s00146-006-0051-8</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foba.lakeheadu.ca/serenko/papers/AI_Society_Serenko_Social_Impacts_of_Agents.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012-06-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=Unplanned+effects+of+intelligent+agents+on+Internet+use%3A+Social+Informatics+approach&rft.au=Cocosila%2C+Mihail&rft.au=Ruhi%2C+Umar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Serenko&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=AI+and+Society&rft.pages=141-166&rft.volume=21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoba.lakeheadu.ca%2Fserenko%2Fpapers%2FAI_Society_Serenko_Social_Impacts_of_Agents.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00146-006-0051-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121191205/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393">Andreas Kaplan; Michael Haenlein (2018) Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? 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March–April 2012, 4 (2): 168–180. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwics.200">doi:10.1002/wics.200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.aufirst=Gheorghe&rft.aulast=Tecuci&rft.date=2012-03%2F2012-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+Computational+Statistics&rft.pages=168-180&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwics.200&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTuring1950" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Turing">Turing, Alan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702224846/http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind (journal)（页面不存在）">Mind</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Mind (journal)">Mind (journal)</a>）. 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Freeman & Company. 1976. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7167-0464-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-7167-0464-1">ISBN 0-7167-0464-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Weizenbaum&rft.btitle=Computer+Power+and+Human+Reason&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-0464-1&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+%26+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputerpowerhum0000weiz_v0i3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia/zh" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia/zh">Scholia</a>上有關<a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q11660" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q11660">人工智能（Q11660）</a>的信息</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="扩-{展}-阅读">扩展阅读</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：扩展阅读">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>TechCast Article Series, John Sagi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724125829/http://www.techcast.org/Upload/PDFs/634146249446122137_Consciousness-Sagifinalversion.pdf">Framing Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boden,_Margaret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boden, Margaret（页面不存在）">Boden, Margaret</a>, Mind As Machine, <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="牛津大學出版社">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006</li> <li>Johnston, John (2008) "The Allure of Machinic Life: Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI", MIT Press</li> <li>Myers, Courtney Boyd ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/22/singularity-robots-computers-opinions-contributors-artificial-intelligence-09_land.html">The AI Report</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210213210133/http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/22/singularity-robots-computers-opinions-contributors-artificial-intelligence-09_land.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Forbes June 2009</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Serenko, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724130020/http://foba.lakeheadu.ca/serenko/papers/JOI_Serenko_AI_Journal_Ranking_Published.pdf">The development of an AI journal ranking based on the revealed preference approach</a> (PDF). Journal of Informetrics. 2010, 4 (4): 447–459 [2012-10-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2010.04.001">doi:10.1016/j.joi.2010.04.001</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foba.lakeheadu.ca/serenko/papers/JOI_Serenko_AI_Journal_Ranking_Published.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&rft.atitle=The+development+of+an+AI+journal+ranking+based+on+the+revealed+preference+approach&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Serenko&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Informetrics&rft.pages=447-459&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoba.lakeheadu.ca%2Fserenko%2Fpapers%2FJOI_Serenko_AI_Journal_Ranking_Published.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joi.2010.04.001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Sun, R. & Bookman, L. (eds.), Computational Architectures: Integrating Neural and Symbolic Processes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Needham, MA. 1994.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83112147">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Artificial Intelligence在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目">姊妹项目</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" />维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Artificial_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Artificial Intelligence">字词解释</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" />维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Artificial intelligence">多媒体资源</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" />维基新闻上的<a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Artificial_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Artificial Intelligence">新闻</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" />维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="extiw" title="q:人工智慧">名言</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Artificial_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Artificial Intelligence">原始文献</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />维基教科书上的<a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Artificial_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Artificial Intelligence">教科书和手册</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" />维基学院上的<a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Artificial_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Artificial Intelligence">学习资源</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AE%BA" title="范畴论">范畴论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Math.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/80px-Math.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/120px-Math.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/160px-Math.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代数</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="抽象代数">抽象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="交換代數">交換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AE%BA" title="群论">群论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="初等代數">初等代數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="多重线性代数">多重线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="泛代数">泛代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">数学分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="微积分">微积分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%8F%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="实变函数论">实变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">复变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%87%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="泛函分析">泛函分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="調和分析">調和分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="傅立叶分析">傅立葉分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="几何分析">几何分析</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="组合数学">组合数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="序理论">序理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="代数几何">代数几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="解析几何">解析几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="微分几何">微分几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="离散几何学">离散几何学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="欧几里得几何">欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="非欧几里得几何">非欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="有限幾何學">有限几何学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E6%95%B8%E8%AB%96" title="代數數論">代數數論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="解析数论">解析数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="几何数论">几何数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="算术几何">算术几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A2%E7%95%AA%E5%9B%BE%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="丢番图几何">丢番图几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓扑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E9%9B%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="点集拓扑学">点集拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="代数拓扑">代数拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="微分拓扑">微分拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="几何拓扑学">几何拓扑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="测度">测度与概率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="数理统计学">数理统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">统计推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="统计学习理论">统计学习理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数据结构">数据结构</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="运算数学">计算数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="計算機代數系統">计算机代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">数理生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="數理金融學">數理金融學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="娛樂數學">娱乐数学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学与艺术（页面不存在）">数学与艺术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="数学教育">数学教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">注释</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>数学的领域也可根据“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="数学学科分类标准">MSC分类标准</a>”或“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86/110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国学科分类国家标准/110（页面不存在）">中国学科分类国家标准</a>”进行分类。</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:数学">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">主题</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematics">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:数学">专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="统计学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:統計學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:統計學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:統計學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="统计学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述统计学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">连续概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF" title="集中趋势">集中趋势</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平均数">平均数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平方平均数">平方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术平均数">算術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何平均数">幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="调和平均数">調和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF-%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术-几何平均数">算术-几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95-%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何-调和平均数">几何-调和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B8" title="希羅平均數">希羅</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="平均数不等式">平均数不等式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="中位數">中位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="众数 (数学)">眾數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="离散程度">离散程度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="全距">全距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="变异系数">变异系数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="百分位数">百分位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E8%B7%9D" title="四分位距">四分位距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="四分位数">四分位数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="方差">方差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%B7%AE" title="平均差">平均差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8" title="標準分數">標準分數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%AA%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="切比雪夫不等式">切比雪夫不等式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分布形态（页面不存在）">分布形态</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Shape of the distribution">Shape of the distribution</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="中心极限定理">中心极限定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="矩 (數學)">矩</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="偏度">偏態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="峰度">峰態</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">离散概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B8_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次數 (統計學)（页面不存在）">次數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_data" class="extiw" title="en:Count data">Count data</a>）</li> <li>· <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%81%94%E8%A1%A8" title="列联表">列聯表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_table" class="extiw" title="en:Contingency table">Contingency table</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/120px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/180px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/240px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="567" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a> 和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假說檢定</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%B4%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93" title="信賴區間">置信区间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">实验设计</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7" title="重抽样">重抽样</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E6%B3%95" title="刀切法">刀切法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%B3%95" title="自助法">自助法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="交叉驗證">交叉驗證</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重複 (統計學)（页面不存在）">重复</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Replication (statistics)">Replication (statistics)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BB%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阻碍（页面不存在）">阻碍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="區集（页面不存在）">區集</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Blocking (statistics)">Blocking (statistics)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="缺失数据">缺失数据</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="样本量（页面不存在）">样本量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size" class="extiw" title="en:Sample size">Sample size</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="标准误差">標準誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="虛無假說">零假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="對立假說">备择假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%80%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E8%88%87%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="型一錯誤與型二錯誤">第一类错误与第二类错误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%9B" title="檢定力">统计功效</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E5%80%BC" title="效应值">效应值</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">常规估计</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最小距離估計（页面不存在）">最小距離估計</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" class="extiw" title="en:Minimum distance estimation">Minimum distance estimation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="矩估计">矩估计</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大间距（页面不存在）">最大间距</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假设检验</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生t检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="F检验">F檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="卡方检验">卡方检验</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wald%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wald檢定（页面不存在）">Wald檢定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald_test" class="extiw" title="en:Wald test">Wald test</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC-%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼-惠特尼檢定（页面不存在）">曼-惠特尼檢定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" class="extiw" title="en:Mann–Whitney U test">Mann–Whitney U test</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秩和检验（页面不存在）">秩和检验</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="生存分析">生存分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="生存函数">生存函数</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%98%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乘積極限估計量（页面不存在）">乘積極限估計量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對數秩和檢定（页面不存在）">對數秩和檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="失效率">失效率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="危險比例模式（页面不存在）">危險比例模式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>及 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="干擾因素">干擾因素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E7%A7%AF%E7%9F%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="皮尔逊积矩相关系数">皮尔逊積矩相關係數</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等級相關（页面不存在）">等級相關</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation" class="extiw" title="en:Rank correlation">Rank correlation</a>） (<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="斯皮尔曼等级相关系数">斯皮尔曼等级相关系数</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯德等級相關係數（页面不存在）">肯德等級相關係數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_tau_rank_correlation_coefficient" class="extiw" title="en:Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient">Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient</a>）)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (统计学)">自由度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差和残差</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="線性回歸">線性回歸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性模型（页面不存在）">線性模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_model" class="extiw" title="en:Linear model">Linear model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="一般线性模型">一般线性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="廣義線性模型">廣義線性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="簡單線性迴歸">簡單線性迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯回归（页面不存在）">贝叶斯回归</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian linear regression">Bayesian linear regression</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共變異數分析（页面不存在）">协方差分析</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of covariance">Analysis of covariance</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="非线性回归">非线性回归</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非参数回归模型（页面不存在）">非参数回归模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Nonparametric regression">Nonparametric regression</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半参数回归模型（页面不存在）">半参数回归模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Semiparametric regression">Semiparametric regression</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%A6%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯斯諦迴歸">邏輯斯諦迴歸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="统计图形">统计图形</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%BC%E5%9B%BE" title="饼图">饼图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE" title="条形图">条形图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%A0%87%E5%9B%BE" title="双标图">双标图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="箱形圖">箱形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%96" title="管制圖">管制圖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林圖（页面不存在）">森林圖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_plot" class="extiw" title="en:Forest plot">Forest plot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BE" title="直方图">直方图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E5%9C%96" title="分位圖">分位圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="趋势图">趋势图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="散布圖">散点图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E8%91%89%E5%9C%96" title="幹葉圖">莖葉圖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷达图（页面不存在）">雷达图</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Radar chart">Radar chart</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="示意地圖">示意地圖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统计类型（页面不存在）">统计类型</a>（維基數據所列：<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47103999" class="extiw" title="d:Q47103999">Q47103999</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="回應過程效度">回應過程效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%A4%E7%94%A8" title="統計誤用">統計誤用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:统计学">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="Portal:概率与统计">主题</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statistics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statistics">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:概率与统计专题">专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="机器学习同数据挖掘主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Template:机器學習"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:机器學習（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:机器學習"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="机器学习同数据挖掘主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">数据挖掘</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="学习">学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="图灵测试">图灵测试</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運算學習論（页面不存在）">運算學習論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數學模型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸模型</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%97%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="生成对抗网络">生成对抗网络</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transformer%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Transformer模型">Transformer模型</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大型语言模型">大语言模型</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%A0%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="决策树学习">決策樹</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="貝氏網路">貝氏網路</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E6%9C%BA" title="支持向量机">支持向量机</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E8%81%94%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="关联规则学习">关联规则学习</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">學習範式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="迁移学习">迁移学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%B0%83_(%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0)" title="微调 (深度学习)">微调 (深度学习)</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="监督学习">监督学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="半监督学习">半监督学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="無監督學習">無監督學習</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="强化学习">强化学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/Q%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="Q学习">Q学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="遗传算法">遺傳演算法</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要應用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="统计分类">统计分类</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%81%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="表征学习">表征学习</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%BB%B4" title="降维">降维</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚类分析">聚类分析</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B" title="异常检测">异常检测</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="运算科学">计算科學</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">人工智能</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="通用人工智慧">通用人工智慧</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="生成式人工智慧">生成式人工智慧</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="提示工程">提示工程</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">數據科學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息与计算科学">信息与计算科学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="计算机科学的主要领域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:電腦科學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:電腦科學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:電腦科學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="计算机科学的主要领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a>的主要领域</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>注：该模板大致遵循<a href="/wiki/ACM_%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="ACM 电脑分类系统">ACM 电脑分类系统</a>。</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="计算机硬件">计算机硬件</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷电路板">印刷电路板</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" title="外部设备">外部设备</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="集成电路">集成电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="超大规模集成电路">超大规模集成电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="绿色计算">绿色计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" title="電子設計自動化">電子設計自動化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84" title="系统架构">系统架构</a>组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="计算机系统结构">電腦系統架構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="实时计算">实时计算</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">网络</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="网络传输协议">网络传输协议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1" title="路由">路由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="网络拓扑">网络拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="网络服务">网络服务</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">软件组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AD%AF%E5%99%A8" title="直譯器">直譯器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BB%B6" title="中间件">中间件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" title="虛擬機器">虛擬機器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="软件质量">软件质量</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="程式語言理論">软件符号</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="软件开发工具">工具</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%8C%83%E5%9E%8B" title="编程范型">编程范型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="编程语言">编程语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A8%E8%AD%AF%E5%99%A8" title="編譯器">編譯器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="领域特定语言">领域特定语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6" title="軟體框架">軟體框架</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="集成开发环境">集成开发环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="软件配置管理">软件配置管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB" title="函式庫">函式庫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="软件开发">软件开发</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="软件开发过程">软件开发过程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="需求分析">需求分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="软件设计">软件设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2" title="软件部署">软件部署</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E7%B6%AD%E8%AD%B7" title="軟體維護">軟體維護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="开源软件">开源模式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自动机">自动机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%80%A7" title="可计算性">可计算性理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計算複雜性理論">計算複雜性理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="量子计算机">量子计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值计算方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="计算机逻辑">计算机逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="形式语义学">形式语义学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="算法分析">算法分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="算法设计">算法设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="算法效率">算法效率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="随机化算法">随机化算法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="计算几何">计算几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">计算数学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息与计算科学">信息与计算科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="数学软件">数学软件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%BA" title="类型论">类型论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AE%BA" title="范畴论">范畴论</a></li> <li><a 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title="分布式计算">分布式计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B" title="多线程">多线程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="多元處理">多元處理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">人工智能</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="自动推理">自动推理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="计算语言学">计算语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">计算机视觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="进化计算">进化计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="专家系统">专家系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="自然语言处理">自然语言处理</a></li> <li><a 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="计算机动画">计算机动画</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="可视化">可视化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" title="渲染">渲染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87" title="修飾照片">修飾照片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="圖形處理器">圖形處理器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="混合现实">混合现实</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="虚拟现实">虚拟现实</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="图像处理">图像处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9" title="图像压缩">图像压缩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E9%80%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="实体造型">实体造型</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">应用计算</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1" title="电子商务">电子商务</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A7%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="企业级软件">企业级软件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算数学">计算数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="计算物理学">计算物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="计算生物学">计算生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="計算社會科學">計算社會科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="医学信息学">医学信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="数字艺术">数字艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="電子出版">電子出版</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%88%B0" title="網絡戰">網絡戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="电子游戏">电子游戏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="文字处理器">文字处理器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%B1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="運籌學">運籌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="教育技术学">教育技术学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文件管理系统（页面不存在）">文件管理系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_management_system" class="extiw" title="en:Document management system">Document management system</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:计算机科学">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Portal:資訊科技">主题</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="WikiProject:电脑和信息技术">专题</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_science" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Computer science">维基共享</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="可微分计算" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Differentiable_computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Differentiable computing（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="可微分计算" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">可微分计算</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%AE%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="可微函数">概论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="可微分编程">可微分编程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86" title="自動微分">自動微分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="張量微積分">张量微积分</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Tensor calculus">Tensor calculus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="信息几何">信息几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2" title="统计流形">统计流形</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经形态工程（页面不存在）">神经形态工程</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="模式识别">模式识别</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="运算学习理论（页面不存在）">运算学习理论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E5%81%8F%E7%BD%AE" title="归纳偏置">归纳偏置</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D%E6%B3%95" title="梯度下降法">梯度下降</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随机梯度下降（页面不存在）">SGD</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" class="extiw" title="en:Stochastic gradient descent">Stochastic gradient descent</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚类分析">聚类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">回归</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E9%81%A9" title="過適">过拟合</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%A7%89_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD)" title="幻觉 (人工智能)">幻觉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对抗机器学习（页面不存在）">对抗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" class="extiw" title="en:Adversarial machine learning">Adversarial machine learning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="注意力机制">注意力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E7%A7%AF" title="卷积">卷积</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E4%B9%8B%E6%90%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="分類問題之損失函數">損失函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="反向传播算法">反向传播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="激活函数">激活函数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="Softmax函数">softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E5%9E%8B%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="S型函数">sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%95%B4%E6%B5%81%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="线性整流函数">ReLU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E5%8C%96_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="正则化 (数学)">正则化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E9%9B%86%E3%80%81%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E9%9B%86%E5%92%8C%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E9%9B%86" title="训练集、验证集和测试集">数据集</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扩散过程（页面不存在）">扩散</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_process" class="extiw" title="en:Diffusion process">Diffusion process</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="自我迴歸模型">自回归</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">应用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="运算科学">科学计算</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="語言模型">語言模型</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大型语言模型">大型语言模型</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">硬件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%87%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" title="张量处理单元">TPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" title="视觉处理单元">VPU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphcore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphcore（页面不存在）">IPU</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphcore" class="extiw" title="en:Graphcore">Graphcore</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B6%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="憶阻器">憶阻器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SpiNNaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SpiNNaker（页面不存在）">SpiNNaker</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiNNaker" class="extiw" title="en:SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">软件库</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theano" title="Theano">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" title="Google JAX">JAX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flux_(%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flux (机器学习框架)（页面不存在）">Flux.jl</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(machine-learning_framework)" class="extiw" title="en:Flux (machine-learning framework)">Flux (machine-learning framework)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">实现</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">视觉·语音</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="人體圖像合成">人像合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%86%99%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="手写识别">手寫识别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="光学字符识别">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="语音合成">语音合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="语音识别">语音识别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%89%E9%83%A8%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="臉部辨識系統">人脸识别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B)" title="Sora (人工智能模型)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisper_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whisper (语音识别系统)（页面不存在）">Whisper</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" class="extiw" title="en:Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper (speech recognition system)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自然语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2Seq%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Seq2Seq模型">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT" title="BERT">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="對話程式語言模型">LaMDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" class="mw-disambig" title="Bard">Bard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="神经机器翻译">NMT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%A9%E6%89%8B%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辩手项目（页面不存在）">辩手项目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater" class="extiw" title="en:Project Debater">Project Debater</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F)" title="沃森 (人工智能程序)">沃森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="基于转换器的生成式预训练模型">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPT-J（页面不存在）">GPT-J</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-J" class="extiw" title="en:GPT-J">GPT-J</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%80%E8%A8%80" title="文心一言">文心一言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinchilla_AI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinchilla AI（页面不存在）">Chinchilla AI</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_AI" class="extiw" title="en:Chinchilla AI">Chinchilla AI</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PaLM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PaLM（页面不存在）">PaLM</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaLM" class="extiw" title="en:PaLM">PaLM</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BLOOM_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BLOOM (语言模型)（页面不存在）">BLOOM</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" class="extiw" title="en:BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM (language model)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLaMA" title="LLaMA">LLaMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAIDE" title="TAIDE">TAIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">决策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="Q学习">Q学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARSA%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="SARSA算法">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI_Five&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenAI Five（页面不存在）">OpenAI Five</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_Five" class="extiw" title="en:OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E9%A7%95%E9%A7%9B%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" title="自動駕駛汽車">自动驾驶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行动选择（页面不存在）">行动选择</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_selection" class="extiw" title="en:Action selection">Action selection</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-GPT" title="Auto-GPT">Auto-GPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人控制（页面不存在）">机器人控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_control" class="extiw" title="en:Robot control">Robot control</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E4%B9%A6%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%A5" title="约书亚·本希奥">约书亚·本希奥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="杰弗里·辛顿">杰弗里·辛顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%98%86" title="杨立昆">杨立昆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF_(%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="艾力克斯·格雷夫斯 (計算機科學家)">艾力克斯·格雷夫斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%B4%9B" title="伊恩·古德费洛">伊恩·古德费洛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%81%A9%E8%BE%BE" title="吴恩达">吴恩达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF" title="杰米斯·哈萨比斯">杰米斯·哈萨比斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%B8%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6_(%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="大衛·席爾瓦 (計算機科學家)">大衛·席爾瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%A3%9B%E9%A3%9B" title="李飛飛">李飛飛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%83%A1%E4%BC%AF" title="于尔根·施密德胡伯">于尔根·施密德胡伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%AD" title="伊爾亞·蘇茨克維">伊爾亞·蘇茨克維</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EleutherAI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EleutherAI（页面不存在）">EleutherAI</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI" class="extiw" title="en:EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91" title="谷歌大脑">Google Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta_AI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta AI（页面不存在）">Meta AI</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_AI" class="extiw" title="en:Meta AI">Meta AI</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mila_(%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mila (研究所)（页面不存在）">Mila</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_(research_institute)" class="extiw" title="en:Mila (research institute)">Mila (research institute)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="MIT計算機科學與人工智慧實驗室">MIT CSAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">架构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B1%82%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%99%A8" title="多层感知器">多层感知器</a>（MLP）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="循环神经网络">循环神经网络</a>（RNN）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長短期記憶">長短期記憶</a>（LSTM）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%A8%E6%8E%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="门控循环单元（页面不存在）">门控循环单元</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" class="extiw" title="en:Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit</a>）（GRU）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E7%A7%AF%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="卷积神经网络">卷积神经网络</a>（CNN）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%8B%E5%B7%AE%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="残差神经网络">残差神经网络</a>（ResNet）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Transformer模型">变换器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%99%A8" title="自编码器">自编码器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%88%86%E8%87%AA%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%99%A8" title="变分自编码器">变分自编码器</a>（VAE）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%97%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="生成对抗网络">生成对抗网络</a>（GAN）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图神经网络（页面不存在）">图神经网络</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_neural_network" class="extiw" title="en:Graph neural network">Graph neural network</a>）（GNN）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E5%93%8D%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回响状态网络（页面不存在）">回响状态网络</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_state_network" class="extiw" title="en:Echo state network">Echo state network</a>）（ESN）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%9C%BA" title="神经图灵机">神经图灵机</a>（NTM）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可微分神经计算机（页面不存在）">可微分神经计算机</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" class="extiw" title="en:Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a>）（DNC）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> 主题 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="Portal:電腦程式設計">计算机编程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:技術">技术</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> 分类 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="Category:人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="Category:机器学习">机器学习</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="机器人学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:机器人学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:机器人学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:机器人学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="机器人学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要文章</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="机器人">机器人</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人学纲要（页面不存在）">纲要</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of robotics">Outline of robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人学术语（页面不存在）">术语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of robotics">Glossary of robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人学文章索引（页面不存在）">索引</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of robotics articles">Index of robotics articles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人历史（页面不存在）">历史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robots" class="extiw" title="en:History of robots">History of robots</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">未来</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界机器人学（页面不存在）">世界机器人学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_worldwide" class="extiw" title="en:Robotics worldwide">Robotics worldwide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%A0%82" title="机器人名人堂">机器人名人堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人伦理学">机器人伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" title="机器人法则">机器人法则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">人类与机器人的互动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%AB%9E%E8%B5%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%96%E9%A1%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工智能竞赛和奖项（页面不存在）">人工智能竞赛和奖项</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人列表（页面不存在）">机器人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_robots" class="extiw" title="en:List of robots">List of robots</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虚构机器人列表（页面不存在）">虚构机器人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" class="extiw" title="en:List of fictional robots and androids">List of fictional robots and androids</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人类别（页面不存在）">类型</a>（維基數據所列：<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126414694" class="extiw" title="d:Q126414694">Q126414694</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">依外型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA%E5%9E%8B%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="類人型機器人">類人型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%A2%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="人形機器人">人型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%A2%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="女性人形機器人">女性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="賽博格">改造人</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E8%B6%B3%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六足机器人（页面不存在）">六足</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" class="extiw" title="en:Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod (robotics)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%97%9C%E7%AF%80%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多關節機器人（页面不存在）">关节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Articulated robot">Articulated robot</a>）（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E6%89%8B%E8%87%82" title="機械手臂">機械手臂</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="生物機器人">仿生</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微型机器人学（页面不存在）">微型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbotics" class="extiw" title="en:Microbotics">Microbotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="奈米機器人學">纳米</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">依用途</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家用机器人（页面不存在）">家用</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="娛樂機器人（页面不存在）">娱乐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Entertainment robot">Entertainment robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="軍用機器人">军用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%94%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="醫療用機器人">医疗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="服务机器人（页面不存在）">服务</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Service robot">Service robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="残疾机器人（页面不存在）">残疾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Disability robot">Disability robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%AB%94" title="假體">義肢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%8C%96" title="农业机械化">农业</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E9%A4%90%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自动化餐馆（页面不存在）">餐馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_restaurant" class="extiw" title="en:Automated restaurant">Automated restaurant</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="工业机器人">工业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="社交機器人">社交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="性愛機械人">性愛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">依使用環境</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>固定</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" title="無人地面載具">地面</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水下（页面不存在）">水下</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" title="無人航空載具">空中</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" title="機器人太空船">太空</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移動機器人（页面不存在）">移動機器人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robots" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robots">Mobile robots</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="极地机器人（页面不存在）">极地机器人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robots#Classification" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robots">Mobile robots#Classification</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">依移動方式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="腳">腳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA" title="輪">輪子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A5%E5%B8%B6" title="履帶">履带</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="飛">飛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">依运动行為</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5" title="跑步">跑步</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3" title="游泳">游泳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E7%BF%BC" title="旋翼">旋翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%80%E7%99%BB" title="攀登">攀登</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E8%BA%8D" title="跳躍">跳躍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%A2%E7%B1%BB" title="爬行形类">爬行形類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%BA" title="擺">擺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">部件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6#動力源" title="机器人学">動力源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6#驅動" title="机器人学">驅動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6#感應" title="机器人学">感應</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot_navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile robot navigation（页面不存在）">导航</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot_navigation" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot navigation">Mobile robot navigation</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E5%8A%A8%E9%81%A5%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手动遥控（页面不存在）">手动遥控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Manual_remote_or_tele-op" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot">Mobile robot#Manual remote or tele-op</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%A5%E6%8E%A7%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遥控操作（页面不存在）">遥控操作</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_operation" class="extiw" title="en:Remote operation">Remote operation</a>）或<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%A8%8B%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="遠程機器人">远控自主</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BF%E9%9A%9C%E9%81%A5%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="避障遥控（页面不存在）">避障遥控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Guarded_tele-op" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot">Mobile robot#Guarded tele-op</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E6%8E%A7%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线控机器人（页面不存在）">线控机器人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Line-following_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot">Mobile robot#Line-following robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自主随机机器人（页面不存在）">自主随机机器人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Autonomously_randomized_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot">Mobile robot#Autonomously randomized robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%95%E5%AF%BC%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自动引导机器人（页面不存在）">自动引导机器人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Autonomously_guided_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot">Mobile robot#Autonomously guided robot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%91%E5%8A%A8%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滑动自主（页面不存在）">滑动自主</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Sliding_autonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile robot">Mobile robot#Sliding autonomy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="自主机器人">自主机器人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人学家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人的领域（页面不存在）">机器人的领域</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_of_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Areas of robotics">Areas of robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人演化（页面不存在）">机器人演化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%BB%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人工具组（页面不存在）">机器人工具组</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_kit" class="extiw" title="en:Robot kit">Robot kit</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人模拟器（页面不存在）">机器人模拟器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_simulator" class="extiw" title="en:Robotics simulator">Robotics simulator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suite（页面不存在）">Suite</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_suite" class="extiw" title="en:Robotics suite">Robotics suite</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开源机器人学（页面不存在）">开源</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人软件（页面不存在）">软件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_software" class="extiw" title="en:Robot software">Robot software</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="适应性机器人学（页面不存在）">适应性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Adaptable robotics">Adaptable robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_robotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Developmental robotics（页面不存在）">开发</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_robotics" class="extiw" title="en:Developmental robotics">Developmental robotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机器人范式（页面不存在）">范式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_paradigms" class="extiw" title="en:Robotic paradigms">Robotic paradigms</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%82%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普适机器人（页面不存在）">普适</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous robot</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:机器人学">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robotics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robotics">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:机器人学">主题</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:机器人学">专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="控制论相关领域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="Template:控制论"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:控制论（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:控制论"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="控制论相关领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a>相关领域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分支领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_cybernetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological cybernetics（页面不存在）">生物控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocybernetics" class="extiw" title="en:Biocybernetics">Biocybernetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物醫學控制論（页面不存在）">生物醫學控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_cybernetics" class="extiw" title="en:Biomedical cybernetics">Biomedical cybernetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="生物機器人">生物机器人</a></li> <li>* <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物符號學（页面不存在）">生物符號學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosemiotics" class="extiw" title="en:Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E6%9C%BA%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3" title="脑机接口">脑机接口</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%BD%E9%9B%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="災難理論（页面不存在）">災難理論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Catastrophe theory">Catastrophe theory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算神经科学">计算神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%BB%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联结主义">联结主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="控制理论">控制理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯控制論（页面不存在）">控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E8%AE%BA" title="决策论">决策理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0" title="涌现">涌现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="工程控制论">工程控制论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="决定论">决定论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E5%86%85%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81" title="体内稳态">稳态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="管理控制論（页面不存在）">管理控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_cybernetics" class="extiw" title="en:Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫學控制論（页面不存在）">醫學控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" class="extiw" title="en:Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E9%9A%8E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二階控制論（页面不存在）">二階控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" class="extiw" title="en:Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="符号学">符号学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会控制論（页面不存在）">社会控制論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics" class="extiw" title="en:Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="主观性">多义性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="协同学">协同效应</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="控制論者（页面不存在）">控制論者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberneticist" class="extiw" title="en:Cyberneticist">Cyberneticist</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Lerner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Lerner（页面不存在）">Alexander Lerner</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Lyapunov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Lyapunov（页面不存在）">Alexey Lyapunov</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" class="extiw" title="en:Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E8%8A%AE%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB-%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97" title="阿弗烈·芮克里夫-布朗">阿弗烈·芮克里夫-布朗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allenna_Leonard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allenna Leonard（页面不存在）">Allenna Leonard</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" class="extiw" title="en:Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Wilden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Wilden（页面不存在）">Anthony Wilden</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" class="extiw" title="en:Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%95%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92" title="巴克敏斯特·富勒">巴克敏斯特·富勒</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles François（页面不存在）">Charles François</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" class="extiw" title="en:Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François (systems scientist)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genevieve_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genevieve Bell（页面不存在）">Genevieve Bell</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" class="extiw" title="en:Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%99%BB" title="玛格丽特·A·博登">玛格丽特·A·博登</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="克洛德·贝尔纳">克洛德·贝尔纳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff_Joslyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cliff Joslyn（页面不存在）">Cliff Joslyn</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" class="extiw" title="en:Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_von_Holst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich von Holst（页面不存在）">Erich von Holst</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" class="extiw" title="en:Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_von_Glasersfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld（页面不存在）">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" class="extiw" title="en:Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Heylighen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Heylighen（页面不存在）">Francis Heylighen</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89" title="弗朗西斯科·瓦雷拉">弗朗西斯科·瓦雷拉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Vester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Vester（页面不存在）">Frederic Vester</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Vester" class="extiw" title="en:Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Geoffrey_Vickers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Geoffrey Vickers（页面不存在）">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" class="extiw" title="en:Geoffrey Vickers">Geoffrey Vickers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Pask&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Pask（页面不存在）">Gordon Pask</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Pask" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_S._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon S. Brown（页面不存在）">Gordon S. Brown</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%A3%AE" title="格雷戈里·贝特森">格雷戈里·贝特森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="海因茨·冯·福斯特">海因茨·冯·福斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Maturana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humberto Maturana（页面不存在）">Humberto Maturana</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" class="extiw" title="en:Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E6%81%B0%E6%85%88" title="瑞恰慈">瑞恰慈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Aleksander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Aleksander（页面不存在）">Igor Aleksander</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" class="extiw" title="en:Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="雅克·法斯科">雅克·法斯科</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob von Uexküll（页面不存在）">Jakob von Uexküll</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="extiw" title="en:Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob Johann von Uexküll</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jason_Jixuan_Hu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jason Jixuan Hu（页面不存在）">Jason Jixuan Hu</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" class="extiw" title="en:Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_Wright_Forrester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay Wright Forrester（页面不存在）">Jay Wright Forrester</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" class="extiw" title="en:Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Wilby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Wilby（页面不存在）">Jennifer Wilby</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" class="extiw" title="en:Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_N._Warfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John N. Warfield（页面不存在）">John N. Warfield</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Warfield" class="extiw" title="en:John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="凱文·沃威克">凱文·沃威克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%94%E9%83%8E%E9%9D%9E" title="卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非">卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maleyka_Abbaszadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh（页面不存在）">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" class="extiw" title="en:Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF" title="曼菲德·克萊恩斯">曼菲德·克萊恩斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="瑪格麗特·米德">瑪格麗特·米德</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_Mazur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Mazur（页面不存在）">Marian Mazur</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Mazur" class="extiw" title="en:Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E8%96%A9%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="南希·凱薩琳·海爾斯">南希·凱薩琳·海爾斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9C%E5%A1%94%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E8%B5%AB%E6%8D%B7%E5%88%97%E5%A8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="娜塔莉亚·贝赫捷列娃">娜塔莉亚·贝赫捷列娃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%9B%BC" title="尼克拉斯·卢曼">尼克拉斯·卢曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D" title="諾伯特·維納">諾伯特·維納</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Grigorenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Grigorenko（页面不存在）">Pyotr Grigorenko</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" class="extiw" title="en:Petro Grigorenko">Petro Grigorenko</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%AD%A6%E6%A3%AE" title="钱学森">钱学森</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranulph_Glanville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranulph Glanville（页面不存在）">Ranulph Glanville</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" class="extiw" title="en:Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Trappl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Trappl（页面不存在）">Robert Trappl</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trappl" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_P._Kurdyumov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov（页面不存在）">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="extiw" title="en:Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Stafford_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Stafford Beer（页面不存在）">Anthony Stafford Beer</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer" class="extiw" title="en:Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="斯图亚特·考夫曼">斯图亚特·考夫曼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Umpleby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart Umpleby（页面不存在）">Stuart Umpleby</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" class="extiw" title="en:Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF" title="塔尔科特·帕森斯">塔尔科特·帕森斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulla_Mitzdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulla Mitzdorf（页面不存在）">Ulla Mitzdorf</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" class="extiw" title="en:Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Turchin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin Turchin（页面不存在）">Valentin Turchin</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" class="extiw" title="en:Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Braitenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin Braitenberg（页面不存在）">Valentin Braitenberg</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" class="extiw" title="en:Valentino Braitenberg">Valentino Braitenberg</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%8C%E6%AF%94" title="W·罗斯·艾希比">W·罗斯·艾希比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%86%9C" title="沃尔特·布拉德福·坎农">沃尔特·布拉德福·坎农</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%8C%A8" title="沃尔特·皮茨">沃尔特·皮茨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_McCulloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren McCulloch（页面不存在）">Warren McCulloch</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" class="extiw" title="en:Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Grey_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Grey Walter（页面不存在）">William Grey Walter</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" class="extiw" title="en:William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioral psychology（页面不存在）">Behavioral psychology</a>（英语：<a 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[\"CITEREFKurzweil2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakoff1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakoffNúñez2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenatGuha1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLighthill1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyHayes1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyMinskyRochesterShannon1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCorduck2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinsky1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinsky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoravec1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoravec1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNRC1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeapolitanJiang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewellSimon1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewellSimon1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNils2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei_Wang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenrose1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellNorvig2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellNorvig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerenko2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerenkoDetlor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerenkoRuhiCocosila2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkillings2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTecuci2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuring1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinge1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasonShapiro1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeizenbaum1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_WaltBernard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF林2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF林東清2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF陈根2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Colend\"] = 2,\n [\"Computer Science\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Differentiable computing\"] = 1,\n [\"Dmoz\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Expand language\"] = 1,\n [\"FACT\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 85,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 62,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Le\"] = 2,\n [\"Link-en\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Roughtranslation\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"See section\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 25,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tsl\"] = 32,\n [\"Vi-nom\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 11,\n [\"人工智能\"] = 1,\n [\"另见\"] = 1,\n [\"各地中文名\"] = 1,\n [\"多個問題\"] = 1,\n [\"截至\"] = 1,\n [\"控制论\"] = 1,\n [\"数学领域\"] = 1,\n [\"新兴技术\"] = 1,\n [\"机器人学\"] = 1,\n [\"机器學習\"] = 1,\n [\"统计学\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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