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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 After abolition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lady_Joanna_Thornhill_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lady_Joanna_Thornhill_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Lady Joanna Thornhill School </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lady_Joanna_Thornhill_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Eastern_Agricultural_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Eastern_Agricultural_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 South Eastern Agricultural College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Eastern_Agricultural_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wye_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wye_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Wye College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wye_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_College_at_Wye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_College_at_Wye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Imperial College at Wye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_College_at_Wye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_College_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_College_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Imperial College scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_College_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Closure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estate_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estate_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Estate and facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estate_and_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Estate and facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Estate_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Layout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Student accommodation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Flying_Horse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Flying_Horse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Old Flying Horse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Flying_Horse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cloister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painted_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painted_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Painted glass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painted_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Latin School </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Old Hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parlour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parlour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Parlour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parlour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withersdane_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withersdane_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Withersdane Hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withersdane_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacobean_staircase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobean_staircase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Jacobean staircase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobean_staircase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students'_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students'_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Students' Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students'_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wye_Crown_and_quarry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wye_Crown_and_quarry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Wye Crown and quarry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wye_Crown_and_quarry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 External Programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hop_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hop_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hop research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hop_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyclamen_persicum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclamen_persicum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cyclamen persicum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclamen_persicum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_pest_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_pest_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Biological pest control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_pest_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Nix_Pocketbook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Nix_Pocketbook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 John Nix Pocketbook </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Nix_Pocketbook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brook_Agricultural_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brook_Agricultural_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Brook Agricultural Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brook_Agricultural_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CEAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CEAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 CEAS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CEAS-sublist" 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.184_N_0.93893_E_region:GB">51°11′02″N 0°56′20″E / 51.18400°N 0.93893°E / 51.18400; 0.93893</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former college in Kent, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_crest_of_Wye_College.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ab/The_crest_of_Wye_College.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Wye College</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>South Eastern Agricultural College</li><li>Imperial College at Wye</li><li>Wye Grammar School</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><div lang="[[Latin]]">Luce et labore<a href="#cite_note-agricola-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">By enlightenment and work<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1447–2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kempe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="extended-address"><a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye, Kent</a>, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.184_N_0.93893_E_region:GB">51°11′02″N 0°56′20″E / 51.18400°N 0.93893°E / 51.18400; 0.93893</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye, commonly known as Wye College, was an education and research institution in the village of <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye, Kent</a>. In 1447, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kempe</a> founded his <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantry</a> there which also educated local children.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 18  As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, it still includes a rare, complete example of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> chantry college buildings.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 5  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye-college.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wye-college.jpg/220px-Wye-college.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wye-college.jpg/330px-Wye-college.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wye-college.jpg/440px-Wye-college.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Wye College, 1984</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Chantry#Abolition_of_Chantries_Acts,_1545_and_1547" title="Chantry">abolition</a> in 1545, parts of the premises were variously occupied as mansion, <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charity_school" title="Charity school">charity school</a>, infant school and <a href="/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="National school (England and Wales)">national school</a>, before purchase by <a href="/wiki/Kent_County_Council" title="Kent County Council">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey_County_Council" title="Surrey County Council">Surrey County Councils</a> to provide men's technical education.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 30, 36, 48, 49, 60  For over a hundred years Wye became the school, then college, of <a href="/wiki/London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a> most concerned with rural subjects, including agricultural sciences; business management; agriculture; horticulture, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">agricultural economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dist-5">[5]</a> Chemist and <a href="/wiki/Actonian_Prize" title="Actonian Prize">Actonian Prize</a> winner, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Louis_Wain" title="Ralph Louis Wain">Louis Wain</a><a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 441  developed synthetic <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a> <a href="/wiki/Selective_herbicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective herbicide">selective herbicides</a> <a href="/wiki/2,4-DB" title="2,4-DB">2,4-DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MCPB" title="MCPB">MCPB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromoxynil" title="Bromoxynil">Bromoxynil</a> at Wye in the 1950s<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 448–450  alongside his other research into <a href="/wiki/Insecticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticides">insecticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth regulator">plant growth regulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 451–453  Wain's colleague <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Wibberley" title="Gerald Wibberley">Gerald Wibberley</a> championed alternative priorities for the college with an early emphasis on land use and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 454  Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and a 1947 merger with <a href="/wiki/Swanley_Horticultural_College" title="Swanley Horticultural College">Swanley Horticultural College</a> for women,<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 444  Wye transformed itself from small <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural college">agricultural college</a>, providing local practical instruction, to university<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 488  for a rapidly increasing number<a href="#cite_note-mcgill-8">[8]</a> of national and international students.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 79  Successive phases of expansion developed the college's campus along Olantigh Road,<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 6  <a href="/wiki/Withersdane_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Withersdane Hall">Withersdane Hall</a> the country's first post-war, purpose built university hall of residence,<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 488  and accumulated an estate of nearly 1,000 acres (400 ha).<a href="#cite_note-estate-10">[10]</a> However, after a difficult 2000 merger with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a> and controversial 2005 attempt to build 4,000 houses on its farmland, Imperial College at Wye closed in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 30, 45, 46, 50  As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, the pioneering postgraduate <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> programme created at Wye College continued within <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 49  Many of the college buildings have been redeveloped, though some are retained for community use or occasional public access.<a href="#cite_note-latins-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chantry">Chantry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chantry">edit</a>]</div> Church leaders from the 14th century onwards were concerned by the influence of <a href="/wiki/John_Wyclif" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wyclif">John Wyclif</a> and his fellow <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marsh</a>. They felt priests educated in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> and theology, living in the community, would be better able to counter circulation of <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> translations and interpretation. Where these priests' persuasion failed, the alerted church authorities could punish committed dissenters, or even have them <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burnt</a><a href="#cite_note-draper-13">[13]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#burn" title="Wye, Kent">at Wye in 1557</a>.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 24  Several <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantries</a> were established in the vicinity, at least in part for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-draper-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchyard,_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg/220px-Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg/330px-Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg/440px-Churchyard%2C_Wye_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a> from Wye Churchyard, 2012</figcaption></figure> In 1432, <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kempe</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> and a native of adjoining <a href="/wiki/Olantigh" title="Olantigh">Olantigh</a>, was granted royal license by <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a> to found the College of Saints Gregory and Martin in the parish of Wye.<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> In 1447 after protracted negotiation, he obtained about an acre of land, including dwellings known as Shalewell, Goldsmyth and Shank, from the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Battle" title="Abbot of Battle">Abbot and Convent of Battle</a> who owned the Manor of Wye. Kempe constructed the <a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a>, and buildings around a <a href="#Cloister">cloistered quadrangle</a> for the accommodation of <a href="/wiki/Secular_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular priests">secular priests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 17–19  There were up to ten priests at any one time in his <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> Kempe had also rebuilt adjoining Wye Church in 1447 and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a> granted its <a href="/wiki/Advowson" title="Advowson">vicarship</a> to the college. The priests acted as a <a href="/wiki/College_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="College (Catholic canon law)">college</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(clergy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (clergy)">canons</a> for the now <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a>; performed their chantry duties for the Kempes' souls,<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 16–18  and included a teacher of grammar (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">master</a> had to be a scholar of theology and member of Kempe's alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> Kempe's statutes required the college to teach all scholars free, both rich and poor, though as a welcome seasonal exception grateful students could reward the schoolmaster with gifts of fowl and pennies on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a>, confuetam galloram & denariorum Sancti Nicholai gratuitam oblationem.<a href="#cite_note-genti-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">dedication</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Saint Gregory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin</a> mirrors that of Kempe's adjoining <a href="/wiki/Wye_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Wye Church">church</a>. An earlier 1290 Wye Church, on the site, had been solely named for Saint Gregory. The further reference, at both the college and church, to Saint Martin may have been to recognise the contribution of Battle Abbey, itself dedicated to him.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 17  By 1450, Wye College had appropriated the pilgrim's <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Boughton_Aluph" title="All Saints' Church, Boughton Aluph">church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boughton_Aluph" title="Boughton Aluph">Boughton Aluph</a>, and acquired land in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, Wye, Boughton Aluph, <a href="/wiki/Crundale,_Kent" title="Crundale, Kent">Crundale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godmersham" title="Godmersham">Godmersham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethersden" title="Bethersden">Bethersden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postling" title="Postling">Postling</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward IV">King Edward IV</a> granted it the west Kent coast churches of <a href="/wiki/Newington,_Folkestone_and_Hythe" title="Newington, Folkestone and Hythe">Newington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenzett" title="Brenzett">Brenzett</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Romney#History" title="New Romney">Broomhill</a> in 1465.<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> The rules were not universally upheld. In 1511, Master Goodhewe was reported to <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">Archbishop Warham</a> for appointing himself, rather than other fellows, to the College's remunerated positions, and taking the entire benefit of its <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> to the neglect of divine service and the cure of souls. He failed to annually proclaim Kempe's statutes and maintained a relationship with a woman, in breach of them. Goodhewe also found time to be <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Staplehurst" title="Staplehurst">Staplehurst</a> without <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)#Papal_dispensation" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">papal dispensation</a> to hold two incompatible <a href="/wiki/Benefices" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefices">benefices</a>. But he was not removed from office for his misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 20 <a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> By 1534 the college had annual gross income of £125 15s 4<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2d,<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> or over £94,000 at 2022 values.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Masters of Wye College 1448–1545<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Richard Ewan </td> <td>Appointed 1448 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Gauge </td> <td>In post 1450, resigned 1462 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nicholas Wright </td> <td>Appointed 1462, in post 1470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Goodhewe </td> <td>Appointed 1500, ceased 1519<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 20  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Richard Waltare / Walker </td> <td>In post 1525, 1534, 1535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edward Bowden </td> <td>Surrendered the college 1545 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Other partially surviving chantry colleges near Wye include the larger <a href="/wiki/College_of_All_Saints,_Maidstone" title="College of All Saints, Maidstone">Maidstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and smaller <a href="/wiki/Cobham_College" title="Cobham College">Cobham Colleges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cob-18">[18]</a> Traces remain at <a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Kent" title="Ashford, Kent">Ashford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-draper-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_abolition">After abolition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After abolition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/220px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/330px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/440px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption><a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a> gardens, 1983</figcaption></figure> The college was surrendered in 1545 under the <a href="/wiki/Chantry#Abolition_of_Chantries_Acts,_1545_and_1547" title="Chantry">Abolition of Chantries Act</a> of that year, its assets appropriated for the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Augmentations" title="Court of Augmentations">Court of Augmentations</a>. An inventory was valued at £7 1<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">s</a> 1<a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">d</a> plus a silver <a href="/wiki/Salt_cellar" title="Salt cellar">salt</a> at £3; silver spoons at 27s 6d, and two <a href="/wiki/Old_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Old masters">old masters</a> at 6s 8d.<a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> Apart from its principal buildings the college owned nearby Perry Court, and <a href="/wiki/Pluckley#History" title="Pluckley">Surrenden</a> manors, together with the <a href="/wiki/Rectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectory">rectory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advowson" title="Advowson">advowson</a> of Broomhill on <a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marsh</a>. It was entitled to annual payments of 33s 4d from <a href="/wiki/Westwell,_Kent" title="Westwell, Kent">Westwell</a> rectory, 10s from <a href="/wiki/Hothfield" title="Hothfield">Hothfield</a> rectory and 8s from <a href="/wiki/Eastwell,_Kent" title="Eastwell, Kent">Eastwell</a> rectory. The college owned other land in Wye, <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane</a>, Naccolt, <a href="/wiki/Wye_with_Hinxhill" title="Wye with Hinxhill">Hinxhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godmersham" title="Godmersham">Godmersham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crundale,_Kent" title="Crundale, Kent">Crundale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Chart" title="Great Chart">Great Chart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethersden" title="Bethersden">Bethersden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postling" title="Postling">Postling</a>, Westbury and <a href="/wiki/New_Romney#History" title="New Romney">Broomhill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> These properties were <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienated</a> first to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>'s Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Buckler" title="Walter Buckler">Walter Buckler</a> for £200, who promptly sold them in 1546 to his brother in law, and property speculator, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denys" title="Maurice Denys">Maurice Denys</a>. Following Denys' disgrace the college was acquired by <a href="/wiki/William_Damsell" title="William Damsell">William Damsell</a> in 1553, thence passing on death in 1582 to his four daughters.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 28, 29 <a href="#cite_note-wyecol-14">[14]</a> As the seized lands passed from the Crown, and onwards, they did so subject to conditions, echoing Kempe's statutes, requiring the owners to "at all times provide and maintain a sufficient Schoolmaster capable of teaching boys and young lads in the art of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Grammar</a>, without fee or reward, in this parish". Those terms were met haphazardly in the coming years.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 28, 29  In 1557, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Harpsfield" title="Nicholas Harpsfield">Archdeacon Harpsfield</a> urged William Damsell be reminded of his obligations. Damsell had only been paying £9 of the £17 due each year, even though his former college lands in Wye alone gave him annual rents of £80.<a href="#cite_note-harp-21">[21]</a> Harpsfield's treatment of Damsell was lenient by comparison to the two <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> he ordered <a href="/wiki/Burnt_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnt to death">burnt to death</a> at Wye <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#burn" title="Wye, Kent">that same year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 24  By 1596 it was noted, during a <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry#United_Kingdom" title="Public inquiry">Commission of Inquiry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a>, that payments to a Wye schoolmaster required under the college's original transfer to Buckler were no longer being made.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 29  The college buildings were occupied as a substantial private residence in 1610 for the <a href="/wiki/Twysden_baronets" title="Twysden baronets">Twysden family</a>, incorporating the extant, fine <a href="#Jacobean_staircase">Jacobean staircase</a> and imposing fireplaces to the <a href="#Old_Hall">Hall</a> and <a href="#Parlour">Parlour</a>. The family may have previously occupied it as tenants of lawyer Henry Haule.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 30  In about 1626, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_(law)" title="Forfeiture (law)">forfeit</a> former Wye College rectories of <a href="/wiki/Boughton_Aluph" title="Boughton Aluph">Boughton Aluph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenzett" title="Brenzett">Brenzett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newington,_Folkestone_and_Hythe" title="Newington, Folkestone and Hythe">Newington</a> to reward his loyal supporter <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell,_1st_Earl_of_Nithsdale" title="Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale">Robert Maxwell</a>. The proviso was added Maxwell and his successors paid £16 per year, which reinstated the lapsed <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipend</a> for a Wye schoolmaster.<a href="#cite_note-commis-22">[22]</a> Years later the sum would be diminished by <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and several holders of the position faced short <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a> and great financial hardship.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-commis-22">[22]</a> With salary back in place, the following year a grammar school for boys opened in part of the college<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 29  though the southern range continued to be used as a private house in ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Earl of Winchilsea">Winchilsea Finch</a> family from <a href="/wiki/Eastwell_Park" title="Eastwell Park">Eastwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Anne_Finch,_Countess_of_Winchilsea" title="Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea">Ann Finch</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Heneage_Finch,_5th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea">Heneage</a> lived quietly at Wye College from 1690 to 1708 to avoid persecution at <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> sympathies. Several of her works refer directly or indirectly to the college and their time there, including reaction to a chimney fire in 1702.<a href="#cite_note-finch-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 26  Wye College's grammar school did not achieve the prominence of rival <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> though its alumni included notables such as journalist <a href="/wiki/Alaric_Alexander_Watts" title="Alaric Alexander Watts">Alaric Alexander Watts</a><a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 34  and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plot" title="Robert Plot">Robert Plot</a>, first keeper of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plot-24">[24]</a> In 1762 there were 40 <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarders</a> and 100-day pupils but during other periods considerably less, if any at all.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 42, 46  Sometimes the position was treated as little more than a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 49  In 1868 the grammar school's position was bleak. Although teaching of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> was free, locals were concerned about increasing costs for tuition in other subjects. The school had only four boarders despite a capacity for 40. An alternative curriculum was considered and unless changes were made, an inspector concluded it would be hard to "keep a good master for £16 and half a house".<a href="#cite_note-commis-22">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Headmasters of Wye Grammar School </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>William Clifton<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 24 <a href="#cite_note-harp-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> </td> <td>In office 1557, 1569, 1581 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isaac Nicholls<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a> </td> <td>In office 1602 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Surety-on-High Nicholls<a href="#cite_note-sut-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a> </td> <td>In office 1642 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry Bradshaw<a href="#cite_note-return-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-wgs-32">[d]</a> </td> <td>1640s </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Fenby<a href="#cite_note-reco-33">[29]</a> </td> <td>In office 1661 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dodson_(judge)#His_great-great-grandfather" title="John Dodson (judge)">Jeremy Dodson</a><a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 34  </td> <td>In office 1664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Paris<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[e]</a> </td> <td>1665–1677 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Robert Wrentmore<a href="#cite_note-reco-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[f]</a> </td> <td>In office 1684 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pratt_(priest)" title="Samuel Pratt (priest)">Samuel Pratt</a><a href="#cite_note-prat-38">[32]</a> </td> <td>In office 1684 </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Warham<a href="#cite_note-reco-33">[29]</a> </td> <td>In office 1714 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Turner<a href="#cite_note-reco-33">[29]</a> </td> <td>In office 1717 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Johnson Towers<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 42  </td> <td>1754–1762 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philip Parsons<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> </td> <td>1762–1812 </td></tr> <tr> <td>W T Ellis<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 46  </td> <td>1812–1815 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Knowles<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 46  </td> <td>1815–1816 </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Morris<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 46  </td> <td>1817–1832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Robert Billing<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 52, 53 <a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-41">[g]</a> </td> <td>1834–1854 </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Bell<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 55  </td> <td>1854–1855 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Cummings<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 55  </td> <td>1855–1855 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edward Ollivant<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 55  </td> <td>1855–1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td>George Frederick Noade<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 56  </td> <td>1866–1867 </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Major<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 57  </td> <td>1867–1870 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry Holmes<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 58  </td> <td>1870–1878 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Probably the William Clifton who was master of <a href="/wiki/Faversham" title="Faversham">Faversham</a> School in 1534 and son of Richard Clifton, fellow and school master of the college before surrender<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 24  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Son of <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> Josias Nicholls<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 28  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Descendant of Josias Nicholls.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 28  Headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Valence_School" title="Sutton Valence School">Sutton Valence School</a> 1659–1660<a href="#cite_note-sut-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wgs-32"><a href="#cite_ref-wgs_32-0">^</a> May have been father of poet Richard Bradshaw based upon a common association with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oxenden_(poet)" title="Henry Oxenden (poet)">Henry Oxenden</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Master of <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">King's School</a> in 1661<a href="#cite_note-reco-33">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Previously headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Roger_Manwood%27s_School" title="Sir Roger Manwood's School">Sandwich Free Grammar School</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Father of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Billing" title="Robert Billing">Bishop Robert Billing</a><a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 52, 53  </li> </ol></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg/220px-1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg/330px-1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg/440px-1109_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_DINING_ROOM_ROOF_PLOUGH_PLOUGHING_AND_MACHINERY_CLUB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="5040" /></a><figcaption>Wye College dining hall, 1983</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lady_Joanna_Thornhill_School">Lady Joanna Thornhill School</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lady Joanna Thornhill School">edit</a>]</div> Cardinal Kempe's nephew <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kempe" title="Thomas Kempe">Thomas Kempe</a> sold <a href="/wiki/Olantigh" title="Olantigh">Olantigh</a> to Sir Timothy Thornhill in 1607.<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> The 1708 <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> of Lady Joanna Thornhill,<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> the daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/Bevil_Grenville" title="Bevil Grenville">Bevil Grenville</a>, second wife of descendant Richard Thornhill, and <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Bedchamber" title="Woman of the Bedchamber">Woman of the Bedchamber</a> to Queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> provided funds to care for and educate the children of Wye.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> Her trust purchased parts of the college buildings and other property for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 32  <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Wheler" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Wheler">Sir George Wheler</a>, who some sources claim was Lady Joanna Thornhill's nephew, acquired the private mansion – the southern range, garden, outbuildings and <a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a> in 1713.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 32  He had been a pupil at Wye Grammar School but "learnt little" there.<a href="#cite_note-wheler-45">[38]</a>: 22  That transaction left the college part owned by Lady Thornhill's trust and, on Wheler's death in 1724, part by his. A grammar school still operated in the <a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a> and buildings around the <a href="#Cloister">cloister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 32  The grammar school headmaster received free personal accommodation from Wheler's trust, use of the <a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a> for classes and the £16, but had to pay rent to Thornhill's trust for other school space. The Thornhill trust operated its own charity schools for boys and girls in the <a href="#Old_Hall">Old Hall</a> and <a href="#Parlour">Parlour</a> respectively. Their schoolmaster received £30 per annum salary and the school mistress £20, from rent on property purchased in Wye and on <a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> By the late 18th century there were over 100 children attending Lady Thornhills school.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> In 1839, rather than join the <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational" title="Non-denominational">non-denominational</a> <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_School_Society" title="British and Foreign School Society">British and Foreign School Society</a> it affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Promoting_Religious_Education" title="National Society for Promoting Religious Education">National Society for Promoting Religious Education</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="National school (England and Wales)">national school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 48, 49  Wheler's will provided an annual £10 <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibition</a>, increased to £20 by his son,<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> for local boys from Lady Thornhill's charity school to receive instruction at Wye Grammar School and then attend <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College</a>. The scholarship was funded by the rent charge on a house in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> which Wheler owned. Unfortunately by 1790, that charge had become impossible to collect. Its absence was still greatly lamented, nearly a century later, both by Wye Grammar School<a href="#cite_note-commis-22">[22]</a> and Lincoln College.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustees">Trustees</a> of Lady Thornhill's charity school, requiring more space for girls, converted an outbuilding at the south east of the grammar school garden for the purpose. The space, with extant exposed <a href="/wiki/Crown_post" title="Crown post">crown post</a> roof, belonging to Sir George Wheler's trust became known as the college Wheelroom.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 52  Nevertheless, the situation was poor. An inspector passed the facilities "but with the greatest reluctance". He observed the <a href="#Old_Hall">Old Hall</a> used as boys' schoolroom "though a fine old room, is ill-adapted for a school and requires constant repair", and bemoaned that "as long as they are allowed to use this old room, the inhabitants of Wye will not lift a finger towards the erection of new schools". His conclusion was that Wye "has about the worst schools in the neighbourhood".<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 55  In 1878 the Wheler / Thornhill trusts and operation of the grammar and charity school premises they owned were combined,<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 60  and two years later to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870" title="Elementary Education Act 1870">Elementary Education Act 1870</a> the girls' Wheelroom was leased to Wye and <a href="/wiki/Brook,_Kent" title="Brook, Kent">Brook</a> <a href="/wiki/School_boards_in_England_and_Wales" title="School boards in England and Wales">School Board</a> for use as an infant school.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 55, 60  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg/220px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg/330px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg/440px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance, 2009</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Headmasters of Lady Joanna Thornhill School </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Edward Vincer<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 48  </td> <td>In office 1797 </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Adams<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 48  </td> <td>In office <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry Holmes<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 54  </td> <td>1855–1859 </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Herbert<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 54  </td> <td>Appointed 1859, in office 1862 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Eastern_Agricultural_College">South Eastern Agricultural College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Eastern Agricultural College">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Duty_(tax)" title="Duty (tax)">Duty</a> imposed upon beer and <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">spirits</a> under the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act 1890 (<a href="/wiki/53_%26_54_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="53 & 54 Vict.">53 & 54 Vict.</a> c. 60),<a href="#cite_note-whisk-47">[40]</a> commonly known as Whiskey Money, was intended to <a href="/wiki/Financial_compensation" title="Financial compensation">compensate</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">licensees</a> in the country required to close. It created an income which <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Dyke_Acland,_13th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Dyke Acland, 13th Baronet">Sir Arthur Dyke Acland</a> instead proposed to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> be earmarked for the new <a href="/wiki/County_council#England" title="County council">county councils</a> to spend on technical instruction. His amendment, it is reported, was adopted by a lethargic and half empty house.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 173  There were some institutions offering short courses in Agriculture but very few opportunities for degree courses. The <a href="/wiki/Normal_School_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal School of Science">Normal School of Science</a>, shortly to merge and form <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>, had only graduated seven agricultural students per year between 1878 and 1887. There had been proposals for a single, central agricultural university, potentially near <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, but no appetite for a network of them or state funding.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 174  However nationally, now county councils chose to spend £80,000 per year of the Whiskey Money specifically for agricultural education.<a href="#cite_note-eduhist-49">[42]</a>: 107  The combined Lady Thornhill Trust owned its school premises; nearby Amage Farm, and agricultural land on <a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marsh</a>. An 1891 proposal from the <a href="/wiki/Murray_Finch-Hatton,_12th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Murray Finch-Hatton, 12th Earl of Winchilsea">Earl of Winchilsea</a> envisaged this should be the basis of a 40 male student <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural college">agricultural college</a> for Kent, Surrey and Sussex,<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 60, 61  funded by Whiskey Money.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 173  <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_County_Council" title="East Sussex County Council">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex_County_Council" title="West Sussex County Council">West Sussex County Councils</a> dropped out of the scheme, and the farms were not immediately available, but negotiations took place<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 177  for newly formed<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 486  <a href="/wiki/Kent_County_Council" title="Kent County Council">Kent County Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey_County_Council" title="Surrey County Council">Surrey County Council</a> to purchase the school premises and a lease was arranged<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 61  for 250 acres (100 ha) of land<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 487  at Coldharbour Farm<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 60, 61  from <a href="/wiki/John_Erle-Drax" title="John Erle-Drax">Erle-Drax</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Olantigh" title="Olantigh">Olantigh Estate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> Coldharbour was considered difficult, inhospitable, and a suitable challenge for the college to prove its ability to local farmers.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 177  In 1892, Kent and Surrey county councils obtained the old chantry premises for £1,000, the schools moving to a <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Lady_Joanna_Thornhill_School" title="Wye, Kent">new building</a> on land Lady Thornhill's trust owned in Bridge Street,<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 61  and in 1894 opened the South Eastern Agricultural College there. They appointed <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">schoolmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Hall" title="Alfred Daniel Hall">Alfred Daniel Hall</a> as principal<a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 87  and he opened with thirteen students. It was then the first and only college founded and maintained by public money solely for the benefit of agriculture in England. Hall's student roll grew to 46 in 1900; 71 in 1902, and 124 in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 174, 182  Unconventionally for a college of agriculture, Hall chose to appoint teaching staff that were scientists rather than agriculturalists with some scientific insight, and at opening, none had agricultural experience. He later accepted that with his initial over-emphasis on basic science the establishment was fortunate to be accepted so quickly by the farming community. Rather than entrust the new college's farm to Hall's team the governors chose to run it themselves with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Bailiff#Farm_bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a>. It was not until Frank Baybrook Smith briefly joined the college to teach agriculture that the governors felt sufficiently confident in the academic team to relinquish direct control of the college farm.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 177–179, 181  Between 1892 and 1894, the existing buildings were extensively refurbished at a cost of £18,000; a lecture theatre (Old Lecture Theatre) was abutted to the <a href="#Parlour">Parlour</a> repurposed as a library, and biological laboratory (Lecture Room A) constructed north west of the <a href="#Cloister">cloister</a> range. Original accommodation to the south of the cloister housed the principal. A chemistry laboratory was arranged in the <a href="#wheelroom">Wheelroom</a>, and housekeeping wing formed between it and the cloister range to service a <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a> in the <a href="#Old_Hall">Old Hall</a>. First floor space north of the cloister, and above the new biological laboratory and housekeeping wing, provided 20 student rooms. Others were to be accommodated in village houses.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 61–81  <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">Entomologist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Passive_income" title="Passive income">independent means</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vincent_Theobald" title="Frederick Vincent Theobald">Frederick Theobald</a> joined the opening college as lecturer in agricultural <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and later became vice-principal. He remained at Wye throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 179  Theobald's work transitioned a discipline that had been a matter of simply collecting insects to the study of damage they did to crops and how to mitigate it. He spent much of his time curating economic zoology and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> collections at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, and ceased lecturing at Wye from 1920 in favour of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_extension" title="Agricultural extension">agricultural extension</a>. Theobald's research on mosquitos and tropical <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> earned him international recognition including the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kingsley#Legacy" title="Mary Kingsley">Mary Kingsley Medal</a>. He lived at <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Wye_Court" title="Wye, Kent">Wye Court</a> until death in 1930, his coffin carried from there by former colleagues and students to <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Wye_Church" title="Wye, Kent">Wye Church</a> for burial.<a href="#cite_note-theo-51">[44]</a> In its early years only about a fifth of the South Eastern Agricultural College student intake was for three-year qualifications. Others undertook short, more applied instruction for two-year diplomas, or leading to a single year certificate.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 443  Short courses were provided, for instance to local school teachers tasked with instructing their pupils in nature topics.<a href="#cite_note-adhall-52">[45]</a>: 234, 345  As well as teaching and research, academics and other staff at the South Eastern Agricultural College, throughout its existence, provided <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_extension" title="Agricultural extension">agricultural extension</a> services to farmers and growers in the south-east of England.<a href="#cite_note-cent-53">[46]</a> Hall gave <a href="/wiki/Book-keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Book-keeping">book-keeping</a> and other advice to the <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> hop farms;<a href="#cite_note-fms-54">[47]</a>: 138  <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Stanley_Salmon" title="Ernest Stanley Salmon">Ernest Stanley Salmon</a> helped <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hop</a> and other growers combat fungi,<a href="#cite_note-sal-55">[48]</a> while Theobald advised those confronting <a href="/wiki/Crop_pest" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop pest">crop pests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theo-51">[44]</a> Their colleagues dealt with all manner of technical requirements, even designing an innovative <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aerating</a> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plant for nearby <a href="/wiki/Olantigh" title="Olantigh">Olantigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> Complementing individual consultations and publications,<a href="#cite_note-j1909-57">[50]</a> college staff toured the south-east of England giving lectures to agricultural or rural organisations on "fruit growing, <a href="/wiki/Farriery" class="mw-redirect" title="Farriery">farriery</a>, poultry, <a href="/wiki/Bee_keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee keeping">bee keeping</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Veterinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary">veterinary</a> topics",<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 488  sometimes in migratory vans specially prepared for these roadshows. In Wye they regularly gave talks to the <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Lady_Joanna_Thornhill_School" title="Wye, Kent">village school</a>, and the laboratories offered a service analysing <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> and milk,<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 183  and performing veterinary <a href="/wiki/Post-mortem" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-mortem">post-mortems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 97  At the end of its first year of operation Wye's College had cost Kent and Surrey county councils £25,000 split 3:2 in their agreed proportions. The two counties combined technical education budget at the time was only £37,000 per year. In addition to their normal annual contributions the counties had to make exceptional 1895 payments to cover their college's deficit and stringent cost cutting was enforced in place of the earlier largess. Grants from the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Agriculture">Board of Agriculture</a> and those changes put the college back onto a sound financial footing ready for further premises expansion.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 183, 184  Going forward, and particularly following 1910's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> government policy for expansion of agriculture and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms#Workers" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Development Fund</a>, this financial burden on the councils diminished,<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 186  falling to only £3,000 by 1925.<a href="#cite_note-saunter-58">[51]</a>: 20  Indeed, itinerant agriculture lecturer Hall<a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 73  left <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted</a> in 1912 to become one of eight commissioners to the Development Fund. The college would be able to seek annual grants from successive central government agriculture or education departments by presenting itself alternately as an agricultural institution or university respectively.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 185, 186  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1895 </td> <td>Cottages on Wye High Street, between the college and Olantigh Road, purchased. Initially for student accommodation but later demolished to make way for a main entrance.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 82  </td></tr> </tbody></table> The South Eastern Agricultural College at Wye immediately took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> Act 1898 and became one of its federated schools<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 487  with such privileges as it would have had if situated within the administrative county of London. Even in formal documents it was also referred to as Wye College at the time.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> From 1894, students seeking a three-year qualification completed the college's two-year diploma and were then prepared a further year for <a href="/wiki/Exam" title="Exam">examination</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Society_of_England" title="Royal Agricultural Society of England">Royal Agricultural Society of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Chartered_Surveyors" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors">Surveyors' Institution</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>. The arrangement was reversed for the new London University Bachelor of Science degree. Students could take first year basic science courses anywhere in the university's Faculty of Science and the latter years provided specialist teaching such as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">agricultural chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_botany" title="Economic botany">agricultural botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">agricultural engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 181, 182  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">1901 </td> <td>Architect <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Collcutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Edward Collcutt">Thomas Collcutt</a>, noted for the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Hotel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_London" title="Palace Theatre, London">Palace Theatre</a>, had prepared designs that would complete the college facing onto Wye High Street. Unlike his dramatic earlier work these buildings drew from <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> themes incorporating traditional materials.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 26, 27  </td></tr> <tr> <td>West quadrangle built out to the college boundary, including a <a href="/wiki/Lecture_hall" title="Lecture hall">lecture hall</a> (Lecture Room B); <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> rooms; museum; <a href="/wiki/Drawing_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawing office">drawing office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">common room</a>. A new <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> wing (Lecture Room C) constructed to the north east and 30 student rooms provided on the first floor.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 84–87  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Hall" title="Alfred Daniel Hall">Alfred Daniel Hall</a> removed to Rothamsted in 1902 to continue his marriage of agriculture and science.<a href="#cite_note-perc-60">[53]</a>: 14  At Wye he was replaced as principal by his <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> contemporary Malcolm Dunstan, formerly director of the <a href="/wiki/Campuses_of_the_University_of_Nottingham#Sutton_Bonington_Campus" title="Campuses of the University of Nottingham">Midland Agricultural and Dairy Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 181  Hall's departure was promptly followed by opening <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> lecturer and vice-principal <a href="/wiki/John_Percival_(botanist)" title="John Percival (botanist)">John Percival</a> who moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a> and became founding father of the faculty of agriculture there. <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> Percival took with him formed the nucleus of a <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">native</a> European wheat variety collection eventually numbering over 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-perc-60">[53]</a>: 14, 15, 21  <a href="/wiki/E._John_Russell" title="E. John Russell">John Russell</a> had joined the college in 1901 and took over <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> teaching from Henry Cousins.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 179  Russell began research into <a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">soil microbiology</a> determining that <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> uptake could be used to measure <a href="/wiki/Micro-organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-organism">micro-organism</a> activity in a soil sample. However, he too departed in 1907 taking up an invitation to rejoin Hall at Rothamstead.<a href="#cite_note-jruss-61">[54]</a>: 461, 470  In 1968, Wye College's Russell Laboratories were named for him.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 122  In 1903, the college appointed C S Orwin its lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Farm_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm management">farm management</a> and book-keeping. At opening he had been the first potential student interviewed by Hall<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 180, 187  and went on to be treasurer of the college's <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">students' union</a> in its first year. Orwin remained on staff for three years and was later appointed by Hall to lead the Department of Agricultural Economics created at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cent-53">[46]</a> Academics at Wye sought early ways to establish the actual cost of agricultural products on farm, albeit with varied success, and <a href="/wiki/Double_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Double entry">double entry</a> book-keeping was then a part of the curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 187  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1904 </td> <td>Workshops for practical instruction (latterly parts of the maintenance and housekeeping department) constructed along Olantigh Road to the north east of existing buildings.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 90  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td>Construction of north and south <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)" title="Quadrangle (architecture)">quadrangles</a> with gymnasium on the later dining hall site. The enclosure comprised research laboratories; offices (Agriculture Department), and student rooms on the first floor.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 92–95  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <td>North, and part of the east, to what would become the front quadrangle, constructed incorporating research laboratory and student space.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 96–99  </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1913, <a href="/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station" title="East Malling Research Station">East Malling and Wye Fruit Experimental Station</a> established on 22 acres (8.9 ha) bought by Kent County Council at <a href="/wiki/East_Malling" title="East Malling">East Malling</a>. It was under the college's control and initially advised by <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> V H Blackman of Imperial College. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hatton" title="Ronald Hatton">Ronald Hatton</a> was appointed director of the station in 1914 and remained in post for the rest of his career. Hatton prioritised basic research; was concerned about the conditions of horticultural workers like fellow socialist Hall, and merely tolerated requests for <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_extension" title="Agricultural extension">practical advice</a> from growers. The station became independent of the college in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 123–128  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1914 </td> <td>Gateway and <a href="/wiki/Porters%27_lodge" title="Porters' lodge">porters' lodge</a> constructed completing the college's front quadrangle.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 99, 100  </td></tr> </tbody></table> The 1894 premises included <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> laboratories. By 1901 expansion meant rooms could be dedicated to a drawing office as well as botany, zoology and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">analytical</a> laboratories. With completion of works in 1914, space would be made available to support study of agriculture, horticulture, entomology, <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairying" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairying">dairying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">economics</a> and physics. There was an <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">iron workshop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> and accommodation for <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 69, 86, 109, 110  During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, student numbers shrank as students enlisted. A 28 bed reception hospital operated from 1915 to 1916 and subsequently a <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> supply depot<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 101  was organised by Mrs Barnard of <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> and principal Dunstan's daughter Hester.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 34  The <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> presented the college with a German <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a> in gratitude.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 101  Malcolm Dunstan left Wye in 1922 to lead the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Agricultural College">Royal Agricultural College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 181  He was replaced by Robert Wilson, formerly principal of the <a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_Institute_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anglian Institute of Agriculture">East Anglian Institute of Agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wilson-63">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1924 </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Table Poultry</a> Research Station opened<a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 104  by the National Poultry Institute, with funding from Government and <a href="/wiki/British_Poultry_Council" title="British Poultry Council">British Poultry Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eduhist-49">[42]</a>: 165  Initial research was on suitable nutrition for the birds.<a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 104  The college was already engaged in egg-laying competitions for <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1925 </td> <td>Pig research unit established.<a href="#cite_note-country-65">[58]</a> Until this time pig production, along with the rearing of poultry or rabbits, <a href="/wiki/Bee-keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee-keeping">bee-keeping</a> and even production of <a href="/wiki/Squab#In_cuisine" title="Squab">pigeons for meat</a>, was considered part of horticulture.<a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 166  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Row of Houses (Squires) to north of the college on Olantigh Road purchased. They had been built in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 104  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedge" title="Wedge">Taper</a> of land north of the college to the Occupation Road crossroads purchased<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 104, 105  from Erle-Drax family as a part of their disposal of Wye Court and other Olantigh Estate property.<a href="#cite_note-stuff-66">[59]</a> Initially the space was used as garden, but would be developed as laboratories and the New Lecture Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 104, 105  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Walter_James,_4th_Baron_Northbourne" title="Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne">Lord Northbourne</a> joined the college's board of governors in 1925. He was also on the board of future merger partner <a href="/wiki/Swanley_Horticultural_College" title="Swanley Horticultural College">Swanley Horticultural College</a> and remained a governor of Wye College until 1965.<a href="#cite_note-northb-67">[60]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1927 </td> <td>Amage, Coldharbour and Silks Farm purchased,<a href="#cite_note-country-65">[58]</a> again likely from the Erle-Drax family.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td>Guinness Laboratories constructed, north of the main college buildings,<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 111  for the <a href="#Hop_research">Hop Research Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-country-65">[58]</a> Works were funded by the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">brewing company</a> and opened by the <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Guinness,_2nd_Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh">Earl of Iveagh</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 111  The vaguely Arts and Crafts design was considered old fashioned at the time, particularly for a scientific research building isolated from the original college's medieval fabric.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 28  </td></tr> </tbody></table> Ahead of war in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Betteshanger#Betteshanger_Summer_School" title="Betteshanger">Betteshanger Summer School</a> visited the college farm. Lord Northbourne, originator of the term <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a>, hosted a <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">biodynamic agriculture</a> study week and was <a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">governor</a> of the college.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a>: 17  During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the college initially remained open, alongside providing training to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army" title="Women's Land Army">Women's Land Army</a>, but closed in autumn 1940,<a href="#cite_note-wilson-63">[56]</a> its accommodation requisitioned for 180 Land Army recruits. Remaining students and <a href="/wiki/Academic_personnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic personnel">faculty</a> transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a><a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 35  but principal Robert Wilson died in September 1940.<a href="#cite_note-wilson-63">[56]</a> Military <a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Southern Command (United Kingdom)">Southern Command</a> used some of the buildings.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 443  <a href="/wiki/General_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="General Montgomery">General Montgomery</a>, Corps Commander for the South East, was a frequent visitor, briefing troops in the Old Lecture Theatre and <a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-upd-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 35  The college dining hall (<a href="#wheelroom">Wheelroom</a>) provided a space for servicemen's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Mass">Catholic Mass</a>, the first time it had been celebrated in the village of Wye since the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 69  With the end of hostilities <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a> was purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard to house students of Swanley Horticultural College. Initially they lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on its grounds.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 95, 96  Botanist <a href="/wiki/Norah_Lillian_Penston" title="Norah Lillian Penston">Norah Lillian Penston</a> joined the South Eastern Agricultural College, ahead of its merger with Swanley College, as first female vice-principal. She went on to lead Wye's Department of <a href="/wiki/Biological_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Science">Biological Science</a> until 1951.<a href="#cite_note-pens-71">[64]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Wing_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Commander">Wing Commander</a><a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 444  Dunstan Skilbeck was appointed principal at the end of the war. A "forceful character", he remained in post for 23 years modelling Wye on an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford college</a>, establishing and reinforcing traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Formal_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal dining">formal dining</a> and the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic gowns</a>. He took particular interest in forming the college's <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeological</a> society<a href="#cite_note-skil-72">[65]</a>: 131  and <a href="#Wye_College_Beagles">beagle pack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w2014-73">[66]</a>: 74  Skilbeck was joined by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Louis_Wain" title="Ralph Louis Wain">Louis Wain</a>, returning to Wye as head of the two person chemistry department. He had previously been a temporary lecturer between 1937 and 1939. Wain went on to be head of Wye's <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council" title="Agricultural and Food Research Council">ARC</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant Growth Substances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Systemic Fungicides</a> Unit, and contributed to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">agricultural chemistry</a> research at the college for fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 443, 445, 447  While at Wye he developed and patented early synthetic <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a> <a href="/wiki/Selective_herbicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective herbicide">selective herbicides</a> <a href="/wiki/2,4-DB" title="2,4-DB">2,4-DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MCPB" title="MCPB">MCPB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromoxynil" title="Bromoxynil">Bromoxynil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ioxynil" title="Ioxynil">Ioxynil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 448–450  Wain was widely regarded as "Wye's unofficial chief scientist" and "ambassador" responsible for much of the college's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 453  His work there also created herbicide <a href="/wiki/Mecoprop" title="Mecoprop">Mecoprop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a> <a href="/wiki/Captan" title="Captan">Captan</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wyerone" class="extiw" title="wikt:wyerone">Wyerone</a>, as well as innovative <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth regulator">plant growth regulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 447, 449, 451–453 <a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>Construction of premises for the <a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Advisory_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Agricultural Advisory Service">National Agricultural Advisory Service</a> at the north-west corner of the estate, along Olantigh Road. The service took over agricultural extension tasks the college had performed for the south-east of England, albeit co-located and in close co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-cent-53">[46]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1947, the South Eastern Agricultural College formally amalgamated with Swanley Horticultural College as the School of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during World War II and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in <a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 444  <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Principals of the South Eastern Agricultural College </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Hall" title="Alfred Daniel Hall">Alfred Daniel Hall</a> </td> <td>1894–1902<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 181  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malcolm Dunstan </td> <td>1902–1922<a href="#cite_note-stew-48">[41]</a>: 181  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Robert Wilson </td> <td>1922–1940<a href="#cite_note-wilson-63">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#skil">Dunstan Skilbeck</a> </td> <td>1945–1948<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 453  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wye_College">Wye College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wye College">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg/220px-Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg/330px-Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg/440px-Wye_college_charity_week_1984_tardis_above_dining_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Dining Hall with bell, 1984</figcaption></figure> On 13 September 1948 Wye College was incorporated, by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a>, a full institution of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> as The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye generally known as "Wye College". Its <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_association#Memorandum_of_association" title="Articles of association">objects</a> included:-<a href="#cite_note-1948act-75">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...providing for persons of both sexes instruction and means of research in all or any of the subjects relating to the practice and science of agriculture and horticulture comprised in the Faculty of Science of the University of London and in such other subjects of or cognate to a University Education in Agriculture and Horticulture as may be decided upon from time to time by the Governing Body of Wye College.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Imperial College Act 1999<a href="#cite_note-1948act-75">[68]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The major impact for the college was a cessation of short and diploma courses in favour of entirely degree-level education,<a href="#cite_note-trus-76">[69]</a>: 83  which occurred alongside transfer of its <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_extension" title="Agricultural extension">agricultural extension</a> work to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Advisory_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Agricultural Advisory Service">National Agricultural Advisory Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cent-53">[46]</a> Over the next 20 years the institution was to transform itself from a local <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural college">agricultural college</a> that "happened to have a network of international contacts" to a truly "national and international" establishment combining the "practical and academic".<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 487  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 96  This was to be a nucleus for the country's first purpose built post-war university <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of residence">hall of residence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 488  </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1951, a room behind the college's <a href="#Jacobean_staircase">Jacobean staircase</a> north west of the <a href="#Cloister">cloister</a> was converted to a chapel and <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. Paintings to be hung on the walls were provided by principal <a href="#skil">Dunstan Skilbeck</a>'s father and pews salvaged from the collapsed <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Eastwell" title="St Mary's Church, Eastwell">Eastwell Church</a>. It had been a toilet before earlier transformation to small laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-skil-72">[65]</a>: 13  There has been speculation this room was originally the chantry's library.<a href="#cite_note-cob-18">[18]</a> The refurbishment featured a stained glass window designed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Farrar-Bell" title="Michael Farrar-Bell">Michael Farrar-Bell</a>, looking onto <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Wye_Church" title="Wye, Kent">Wye Church</a>, incorporating the University of London <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, and depictions of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">Cardinal Kempe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crag-77">[70]</a>: 10  The chapel was reconsecrated in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 6  and under 2021's <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a> is to be "available for public worship for four services per month and an annual heritage open day".<a href="#cite_note-pp-78">[71]</a>: 18  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Fruit_Collection" title="National Fruit Collection">National Fruit Collection</a> established at <a href="/wiki/Brogdale" title="Brogdale">Brogdale</a> with Wye College as the scientific partner. In spite of Government proposals to close Brogdale <a href="/wiki/ADAS_(company)" title="ADAS (company)">ADAS</a> in 1989 and move the collection to Wye as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, the collection remains at Brogdale managed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eduhist-49">[42]</a>: 196 <a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>Gymnasium demolished and replaced by (or converted to) a dining hall<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 95, 114  incorporating <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">hammerbeam roof</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_panelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood panelling">wood panelling</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_James,_4th_Baron_Northbourne" title="Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne">Lord Northbourne</a>. The external brick and stone architecture is subtly different on each side to reflect the various buildings facing it.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 27, 33  </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Wibberley" title="Gerald Wibberley">Gerald Wibberley</a> was appointed head of the Department of Economics. He led a move to broaden the college's interest in <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and explored alternatives to a farming first philosophy, sometimes causing conflict with the national agricultural establishment<a href="#cite_note-wib-80">[73]</a> and colleagues promoting Wye's <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">agricultural chemistry</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 454  With associate Robin Best who for the first time accurately measured urban land area and loss of farmland, Wibberley drew particular early ire in the garden controversy, an exploration of capacity for <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> from productive modern farming; the role of domestic gardens, and the potential for releasing farmland to other purposes.<a href="#cite_note-best-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-wib-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Alongside his roles at the Council for Small Industries in Rural Areas, and as <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> to <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public inquiries">public inquiries</a> into large scale <a href="/wiki/Planning_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning applications">planning applications</a>, Wibberley continued at the college until 1985.<a href="#cite_note-wib-80">[73]</a> His work led to expansion of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> research and teaching at Wye with new Rural Environmental Studies and Landscape Ecology, Design and Maintenance courses, and ultimately business management options.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-wib-80">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>Court Lodge farm and manor house at <a href="/wiki/Brook,_Kent" title="Brook, Kent">Brook</a> purchased for £20,500, adding 194 acres (79 ha) to the college estate. The house was refurbished as residence for the principal.<a href="#cite_note-museum-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 488  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1961 </td> <td>Construction of single storey research and teaching laboratories, and New Lecture Theatre, alongside diagonal footpath at north of college.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 117  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Research Council">Agricultural Research Council</a> Unit of Plant Nutrition and Morphogenesis moved to Wye College under <a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Richards" title="Francis John Richards">Francis John Richards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schwabe-85">[78]</a>: 434, 435  It initially operated from the <a href="#guinness">Guinness Laboratories</a> before relocating to the purpose built Russell Laboratories in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 122  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1968 </td> <td>Harry Darling replaces <a href="#skil">Dunstan Skilbeck</a> as principal.<a href="#cite_note-skil-72">[65]</a>: 130.131  Darling was a committed Christian<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> and had been Professor of Agriculture at <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University" title="Ahmadu Bello University">Ahmadu Bello University</a> in Nigeria. During his tenure the College's character changed substantially. Domestic students were joined by 200 from some 50 countries overseas.<a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 79  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russell Laboratories opened facing Olantigh Road north of the Occupation Road junction. Named for Sir <a href="/wiki/E._John_Russell" title="E. John Russell">John Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 122  </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Undergraduate Rural Environment Studies course commenced, commonly known both by its <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> RES and alternative expansion "Real Easy Studies".<a href="#cite_note-rcc-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a>: 24  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg/220px-1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg/330px-1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg/440px-1442_-_WYE_RESEARCH_GREENHOUSES_WITH_LIGHTS_AT_DUSK_AND_OUTSIDE_PLOTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Wye College research greenhouses on Occupation Road, 1983</figcaption></figure> The Wye Double Digger was developed at Wye College in the 1970s, for <a href="/wiki/Field_experiment" title="Field experiment">experimental</a> evaluation of comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> loosening akin to the traditional horticultural practise of <a href="/wiki/Double_digging" title="Double digging">double digging</a>. It incorporates a conventional mouldboard <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rotary_cultivator" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary cultivator">rotary cultivator</a> operating in the open furrow, and can break up <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" title="Soil compaction (agriculture)">soil compaction</a> layers below plough depth; mix <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> with subsoil, and deeply incorporate <a href="/wiki/Soil_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil nutrients">soil nutrients</a>. The powered blades help provide forward propulsion for the share.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> Wye's Double Digger was tested around the world, notably at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>. A business was established to market it, and commercial two furrow version built, before development ceased.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="#Student_Union">Students' union building</a> opened.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 124  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="#CEAS">CEAS</a> premises built at <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 97  </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1977, the college appointed Ian Lucas as principal to replace Harry Darling. Darling's departure was marked by a farewell above Wye village, on the <a href="#Wye_Crown_and_quarry">Crown</a> slope painted in <a href="/wiki/Weedkiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Weedkiller">weedkiller</a> for all to see across the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Kent" title="River Stour, Kent">Stour Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ianl-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 24  Lucas had extensive experience of overseas agriculture and arrived from the <a href="/wiki/University_College_of_North_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="University College of North Wales">University College of North Wales</a> where he had been Professor of Agriculture. During his 11 years at Wye student <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">enrollment</a> increased 40%.<a href="#cite_note-mcgill-8">[8]</a> During the early 1980s, Government spending cuts led to a series of mergers between University of London colleges. In spite of Wye being among the very smallest, and persistent concerns that agriculture was not "a fit subject to study at university", it was spared a merger because of physical isolation outside the capital and the absence of course overlap / potential cost savings with sister London colleges.<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 487, 489  <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>New Lecture Theatre expanded and renamed Carr Lecture Theatre for Stephen and Ann Carr who assisted the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 17  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>Wolfson Lecture Theatre completed.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a>: 5  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>Dunstan Skilbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the <a href="#skil">former principal</a>, followed the next year by adjoining Bernard Sunley Hall / Garden Hall. The latter scheme was assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sunley" title="Bernard Sunley">Bernard Sunley</a> Foundation and included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>Principal's house, Court Lodge, sold for £300,000 as a private dwelling.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1996, Natural Resources International Ltd was incorporated in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>, and the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greenwich" title="University of Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, to take over overseas development training and consulting services formerly provided by the Government's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Overseas Development Agency</a> Natural Resources Institute. Turnover in the first year was £25.9 million rising to £26.8 million by the time of the college's merger with Imperial College. Clients included the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Department for International Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, European Union, <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">commercial</a> bodies.<a href="#cite_note-nri-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nri2-97">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg/220px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg/330px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg/440px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3011641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Kempe Centre, 2013</figcaption></figure> In 1997 the Kempe Centre, named for Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kempe</a>, was opened by <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne">Princess Anne</a> at the junction of Olantigh and Occupation Roads.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-country-65">[58]</a> The learning resource building designed by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hare_Architects" title="Nicholas Hare Architects">Nicholas Hare Architects</a> received a <a href="/wiki/RIBA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIBA">RIBA</a> award, with praise for its aesthetic grandeur and environmental efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> It subsequently formed the nucleus of <a href="/wiki/Wye_School" title="Wye School">Wye School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> Of the £4 million projected cost only £750,000 came from the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a>. The college provided £2 million from property sales (including Court Lodge); the <a href="/wiki/Frank_Parkinson#Legacy" title="Frank Parkinson">Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust</a> donated £100,000, and £500,000 came from an appeal including sums from the <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_Foundation" title="Wolfson Foundation">Wolfson Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Westminster" title="Duke of Westminster">Westminster foundations</a> and individual <a href="/wiki/Alumni" title="Alumni">alumni</a>. The remainder was funded by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial loan">commercial loans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trus-76">[69]</a>: 83–87 <a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 17, 18  According to Imperial College's account of the "World Class Merger" in 2000, Wye College had students enrolled from 50 countries; 477 undergraduates; 259 postgraduates, and 200 on short courses. The growing <a href="#External_Programme">External Programme</a> had registered 975 mid-career professionals from 120 countries.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 7  <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Principals of Wye College </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="#skil">Dunstan Skilbeck</a> </td> <td>1948–1968<a href="#cite_note-skil-72">[65]</a>: 130.131  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harry Darling </td> <td>1968–1977<a href="#cite_note-skil-72">[65]</a>: 130.131 <a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ian Lucas </td> <td>1977–1988<a href="#cite_note-ianl-92">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Prescott </td> <td>1988–2000<a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 25  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_College_at_Wye">Imperial College at Wye</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperial College at Wye">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg/220px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg/330px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg/440px-Wye_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3466515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Former Wye College library, 2013</figcaption></figure> In 2000, Wye College merged with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a> and was renamed Imperial College at Wye. It ceased to be an independent College of <a href="/wiki/London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 26, 27  Justifications for the merger from Wye College's side were largely an aspiration to achieve financial resilience through scale. There was anticipated decline in demand for domestic agricultural qualifications. Government intended to withdraw from funding <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">near market</a> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agricultural research</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Pure_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure science">pure sciences</a>; reduce per capita student payments generally; weight them away from the subjects taught at Wye, and move to annual rather than five yearly funding arrangements. The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">college governors</a> felt these measures would disproportionately and adversely impact small agricultural teaching and research institutions like Wye.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 8–20  Apart from Imperial College, mergers were considered with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent_at_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kent at Canterbury">University of Kent at Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greenwich" title="University of Greenwich">University of Greenwich</a>. The governors concluded that Imperial College, like Wye a constituent College of the University of London, complemented Wye most closely. The colleges were already partners in <a href="#nsi">Natural Resources International</a>, though so too was Greenwich. Imperial College was publicly enthusiastic.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 21  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg/220px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg/330px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg/440px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration Ball at <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall, 1984</a></figcaption></figure> In spite of reporting an <a href="/wiki/Operating_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating profit">operating surplus</a> only once in its last ten independent years, instead relying heavily on <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> income and property sales, Wye College went into the merger with <a href="/wiki/Net_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Net assets">net assets</a> of £18.24 million. It had doubled annual <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> in those years to £12.65 million and pivoted away from a dependency on traditional <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agricultural science</a> courses. The college had just <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">invested</a> £5.5 million in new facilities, and a further £2 million preparing 50 postgraduate courses for the <a href="#External_Programme">External Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 17, 19, 25  Imperial College briefly used Wye College's origins to dubiously claim the status of <a href="/wiki/Third-oldest_university_in_England_debate" title="Third-oldest university in England debate">third-oldest university in England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 28  <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(microbiologist)" title="Richard Sykes (microbiologist)">Sir Richard Sykes</a> was appointed new rector of Imperial College in 2000. He visited Wye and expressed enthusiasm for investment in academic facilities there, placing the campus in the short lived <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Faculty_of_Natural_Sciences#History" title="Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences">Life Sciences faculty</a> that arose from his early reorganisation of Imperial College.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> Nevertheless, 25% of academic staff at Wye were offered <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_in_United_Kingdom_law" title="Redundancy in United Kingdom law">redundancy</a> terms and took them. Worse still, Imperial College inadvertently did not include Wye undergraduate courses in its <a href="/wiki/Prospectus_(university)" title="Prospectus (university)">prospectus</a> so <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_admission" title="University and college admission">admissions</a> plummeted in 2000 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 22, 28  As early as January 2001, Imperial College privately declared the 2000 merger a mistake and sought <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a> finance to transfer Wye campus to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> or a local <a href="/wiki/Technical_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical college">technical college</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 30  As a result of these <a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">problems</a> newly installed provost, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Clark_(physician)" title="Tim Clark (physician)">Tim Clark</a> resigned to be replaced by Jeff Waage.<a href="#cite_note-clar-101">[94]</a> In public however, Imperial College began promoting Wye to potential students.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 30–31  The Higher Education Funding Council did agree to meet legitimate costs Imperial College incurred in the 2000 merger. Imperial claimed £10.2 million. In 2002, the sum to be paid was settled at £2.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 31  During a 2003 lecture to civil engineering students Sykes expressed concern about the integration of Wye College into Imperial College and stated it was not a part of his vision for Imperial College. By then student admissions to Wye were at record high levels, notably from EU residents on Agricultural Business Management courses, and research income was growing.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 33, 34, 44  The campus met its first set of financial targets but was disadvantaged by Imperial College's policy to allocate property and occupancy costs at a flat rate across all its sites. Intensively used city centre premises in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a> were being charged the same rate per floor area as the many acres of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">glasshouses</a> at Wye. In private, Imperial College rejected Wye's Department of Agricultural Science business plan for 2004 / 2005.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 31–33  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg/220px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg/330px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg/440px-Wye_college_commem_ball_1985_bar_marquee_decorations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration Ball bar at <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a>, 1985</figcaption></figure> In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Borysiewicz" title="Leszek Borysiewicz">Leszek Borysiewicz</a>, Imperial College's deputy rector informed staff that Wye's Department of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Sciences">Agricultural Sciences</a> was closing and most teaching and research at Wye would end. Provost, Jeff Waage protested then resigned. The sudden announcement was blamed on the department's financial performance; distance between <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye</a> and London, and low academic <a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">grades</a> among applicants for agriculture courses. Critics argued these were all matters well known to Imperial College before merger.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 33–44 <a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Provosts of Imperial College at Wye </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Clark_(physician)" title="Tim Clark (physician)">Tim Clark</a> </td> <td>2000–2001<a href="#cite_note-clar-101">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jeff Waage </td> <td>2001–2004<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 29, 42 <a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_College_scheme">Imperial College scheme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imperial College scheme">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, Imperial College announced it intended to convert Wye College's estate into a research centre for <a href="/wiki/Non-food_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-food crops">non-food crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomass_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass fuels">biomass fuels</a>, and that it had support from <a href="/wiki/Kent_County_Council" title="Kent County Council">Kent County Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashford_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashford (borough)">Ashford Borough Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> Later accounts included commercial biofuel production facilities on Wibberley Way and <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> suggested as putative partner / operator. Leaked documents revealed Imperial College expected to gain £100 million by building 4,000 houses on 250 acres (100 ha) in the <a href="/wiki/Kent_Downs" title="Kent Downs">Kent Downs</a>, provoking national as well as local opposition.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a> Imperial College's project team had spent at least £850,000 on external consultants preparing their Wye Park <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">masterplan</a>, and subsequently paid <a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a> to lobby regional and national government in its favour.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 47  The plan was seen as a test case for other attempts to build on <a href="/wiki/AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="AONB">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>. In 2006, Ashford Borough Council withdrew support, and Imperial College abandoned its plans. Campaigners hailed the decision as a key victory preserving the status of protected areas, and Wye as a village.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-106">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closure">Closure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Closure">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, the University of Kent ran undergraduate business management courses from Wye College though later transferred them to its main campus.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-abm-109">[102]</a> The following year science staff relocated from Wye to Imperial College's South Kensington or <a href="/wiki/Silwood_Park" title="Silwood Park">Silwood Park</a> sites<a href="#cite_note-country-65">[58]</a> and in 2009, the last students graduated and Wye College campus closed. Thereafter Imperial College sought to develop the estate, or to find suitable tenants for it.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> The main village properties were sold to <a href="/wiki/Telereal_Trillium" title="Telereal Trillium">Telereal Trillium</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> Further sales included Squires Hostel as three dwellings; Wolfson Hostel as a site for six houses; the buildings opposite the college on High Street, and the pig, sheep and poultry (Agricultural Field Station / Farm Mechanisation Unit).<a href="#cite_note-future-112">[105]</a> In 2021, Telereal Trillium obtained <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a> to convert the traditional college buildings to 38 dwellings. Conditions require public access one day a month to the <a href="/wiki/Cloistered" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloistered">cloistered</a> quadrangle; Old <a href="/wiki/Lecture_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecture theatre">lecture theatre</a>; <a href="#Old_Hall">Old Hall</a>; <a href="#Parlour">Parlour</a>, and <a href="#Jacobean_staircase">Jacobean staircase</a>, and use of the <a href="#chapel">Chapel</a> for public worship. The former estates office area is reserved for charity, Wye Heritage.<a href="#cite_note-pp-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-latins-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Endowment_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Endowment fund">endowment fund</a> retains ownership of the Wye College farmland.<a href="#cite_note-agricola-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estate_and_facilities">Estate and facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Estate and facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg/220px-Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg/330px-Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg/440px-Large_mug_decoration_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_withersdane_foyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Mug decoration for <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice</a> themed Commemoration Ball in Withersdane Hall foyer, 1985</figcaption></figure> Wye College's estate extended to about 390 hectares (960 acres), largely between the villages of <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brook,_Kent" title="Brook, Kent">Brook</a>. The college farmed approximately 300 hectares (740 acres), and 25 hectares (62 acres) was employed for horticulture, both on a commercial basis. The remainder accommodated <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hop gardens</a>, woodland, recreation space, research facilities and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-estate-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/220px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/330px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg/440px-1399_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_GARDENS_INCLUDING_LILY_POND.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Withersdane gardens, 1983</figcaption></figure> By 1984, the college owned much of Wye village across the High Street from its main entrance, over to Bridge Street and some premises on Oxenturn Road. That was variously used for administration, student hostels, car parking, a clinic, laundry and offices. Outside the village Wye College owned the <a href="/wiki/NIAB" class="mw-redirect" title="NIAB">NIAB</a> facility at Coldharbour Farm; the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)">MAFF</a> / <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Defra</a> regional offices and laboratories on Olantigh Road; Regional Veterinary Investigation Centre / Edward Partridge House off Coldharbour Lane; <a href="/wiki/Withersdane_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Withersdane Hall">Withersdane Hall</a>, Agricultural Field Centre / Farm Mechanisation Unit / Poultry Research; <a href="/wiki/Beagle" title="Beagle">beagle</a> kennels; Court Lodge; <a href="#Brook_Agricultural_Museum">Brook Agricultural Museum</a>; sport fields on Cherry Garden Lane, and an <a href="/wiki/SSSI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSSI">SSSI</a> site at <a href="#Wye_Crown_and_quarry">Wye Crown and quarry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 121 <a href="#cite_note-estate-10">[10]</a> By 2005, teaching and research resources included extensive <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">glasshouses</a>; climate-controlled growth rooms; a containment facility for <a href="/wiki/Transgenic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic plants">transgenic plants</a>; dedicated laboratories for plant <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>; genomics and gene sequencing; <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>; use of radiochemicals; <a href="/wiki/Soil_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil analysis">soil analysis</a>, and plant/animal <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> Research was carried out at dairy, pig, hop and sheep enterprises on the college's farm; in the horticulture department; on the chalk grasslands, and among commercial crops.<a href="#cite_note-estate-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Layout">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_college_layout_1982.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wye_college_layout_1982.gif/220px-Wye_college_layout_1982.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Wye_college_layout_1982.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Ground floor layout plan of Wye College main campus 1982<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Union – <a href="#Student_Union">Students' Union</a></li><li>OH – <a href="#Old_Hall">Old Hall</a></li><li>OLT – Old Lecture Theatre</li><li>NLT – New Lecture Theatre</li><li>Squires – <a href="#squires">Squires</a></li><li>OFH – <a href="#Old_Flying_Horse">Old Flying Horse</a></li><li>K – Site of <a href="#kc">Kempe Centre</a></li><li>H – <a href="#Hop_research">Hop Research</a></li><li>P – Porters' Lodge / Entrance</li><li>Pa – <a href="#Parlour">Parlour</a></li><li>CQ – <a href="#Cloister">Cloister</a></li><li>Ch – <a href="#chapel">Chapel</a></li><li>W – <a href="#wheelroom">Wheelroom</a></li><li>DH – <a href="#diningh">Dining Hall</a></li><li>A – Lecture Room A</li><li>B – Lecture Room B</li><li>C – Lecture Room C</li><li>G – <a href="#guinness">Guinness Laboratory</a></li><li>ARC – <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council" title="Agricultural and Food Research Council">ARC</a></li><li>L – <a href="#Latin_School">Latin School</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_accommodation">Student accommodation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Student accommodation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg/220px-1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg/330px-1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg/440px-1526_-_WYE_CAR_PARK_BACK_OF_DANIEL_HALL_HOUSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Daniel Hall Hostel, 1983</figcaption></figure> Student bedrooms were provided at Withersdane Hall, or on the first floor of the main campus above teaching and administration space. Alternatively, the college owned student hostels in Wye village. Some of the hostels were self catering. Other student accommodation was available in college and privately owned houses.<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a>: 27–29 <a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Flying_Horse">Old Flying Horse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Old Flying Horse">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg/220px-0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg/330px-0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg/440px-0859_-_WYE_OLD_FLY_OUTSIDE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Old Flying Horse student accommodation, 1983</figcaption></figure> The hostel directly facing the main college entrance across High Street had been an <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inn</a>, and before that <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Hall_house" title="Hall house">hall-house</a>. Fourteenth century painted decoration and a dais canopy to protect guests from falling <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> survived into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-parkin-115">[108]</a>: 224  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Student hostel, sometime house and Inn. Late C14 altered C16, <a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">clad</a> C18. Timber framed and clad with painted brick and painted tile hanging on 1st floor. Plain tiled roof. Two storeys, <a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">basement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">garret</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Pedestal#Architecture" title="Pedestal">plinth</a>, continuous <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">moulded</a> <a href="/wiki/Bressumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bressumer">bressumer</a>, the ground floor recessed to right 3 bays with <a href="/wiki/Jettying" title="Jettying">jetty</a> on brackets. Moulded wooden <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hipped_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipped roof">hipped roof</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">stacks</a> to centre left and to right, and hipped <a href="/wiki/Dormer" title="Dormer">dormer</a> to left return. Five glazing bar <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sashes</a> on 1st floor, and 2 to left on ground floor, with 3 wooden <a href="/wiki/Casement_window" title="Casement window">casements</a> to right. Central door of 4 panels and 3 steps, and panelled door to right with 2 steps. Basement openings to centre. Left return (to High Street) with roof stepped down to rear range with stack at end left. Wooden casement and glazing bar sash on 1st floor, 3 wooden casements on ground floor. Panelled corner door with <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilastered</a> surround and flat hood. Single storey weather boarded block at extreme left (eastern end), with half-hipped plain tiled roof and half-doors in <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a> end. <a href="/wiki/Saltbox_house#Catslide" title="Saltbox house">Catslide</a> outshot and 2 hipped wings to rear. Interior: extremely rare survival of <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">coved</a> dais canopy, with evidence of colouring, unaltered when open hall floored C16. <a href="/wiki/Crown_post" title="Crown post">Crown post</a> roof.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historic England <a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II* listed">Grade II* listed</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloister">Cloister</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cloister">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">College</a>. Founded 1432, occupied by 1448. Founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">Cardinal Archbishop John Kempe</a>. Altered 1739. Timber framed on <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> base and clad with <a href="/wiki/Red_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick">red brick</a>, and structural flint and red brick. Plain <a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">tiled</a> roofs. The original college consisted of this <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> (domestic ranges and <a href="#Old_Hall">great hall</a>) and <a href="#Latin_School">detached school house</a> and service building, such as the surviving <a href="#wheelroom">brewhouse</a>. South (Old Entrance) front flint ground floor with <a href="/wiki/String_course" class="mw-redirect" title="String course">string course</a> to red brick upper storey with <a href="/wiki/Hipped_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipped roof">hipped roof</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">stacks</a> to centre left and centre right. Five glazing bar <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sashes</a> on 1st floor, C15 <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular</a> <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">cusped</a> <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">lights</a> on ground floor, 1 pair, 1 triple and 4 single. Central panelled door in <a href="/wiki/Pedimented" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedimented">pedimented</a> porch with <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">barley sugar columns</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bobbin" title="Bobbin">bobbin</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> (the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Joanna_Thornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Joanna Thornhill">Lady Joanna Thornhill</a> in Wye College [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]<a href="#cite_note-117">[a]</a> also has barley sugar columns – she refounded a school in the college 1708). Left return (to churchyard) roughcast on ground floor with 3 light cusped windows to left and to right, with central arched doorway to cloister garth. Glazing bar sashes on brick 1st floor. Other exterior faces now within early C20 quadrangles, that immediately to east showing the <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">moulded</a> arched doorway through to the cloister, with <a href="/wiki/Mullioned" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullioned">mullioned</a> square headed window over, and the Hall with 2 four-centred arched mullioned windows of the C15, and full height <a href="/wiki/Cant_(architecture)" title="Cant (architecture)">canted</a> bay with 3 tier mullioned and <a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">transomed</a> lights, the bay part of early C20 work. Cloister garth: the east wall with 2 depressed arched windows to <a href="#Old_Hall">Hall</a> with brick stack projecting between them (truncated shaft). Originally fully framed, the <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minstrels_gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrels gallery">gallery</a> over rebuilt 1739 in red brick in <a href="/wiki/English_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="English bond">English bond</a>, with simple arcaded ground floor, plat band and <a href="/wiki/Boxed_eaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxed eaves">boxed eaves</a>, with glazing bar sashes on 1st floor. Within the inner wall the original, and fine, moulded C15 doorways survive, with C17 and earlier doors, C15 in some cases? Particularly good the wave moulded doorway with plank and stud door to the <a href="#Jacobean_staircase">staircase</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historic England, <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed">Grade I listed</a><a href="#cite_note-eh-118">[110]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Should refer to <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Wye_Church" title="Wye, Kent">Wye Church</a> not college </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painted_glass">Painted glass</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Painted glass">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg/220px-1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg/330px-1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg/440px-1955_-_WYE_MAIN_QUAD_XMASS_CHRISTMASS_TREE_DUMMY_STRIR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Wye College main quadrangle, Christmas 1983</figcaption></figure> In about 1996, it was discovered the low ground floor window from the college's cloistered quadrangle to <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent#Wye_Church" title="Wye, Kent">Wye Churchyard</a> was <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Painted_glass" title="Painted glass">painted glass</a> and bore the crest of both's founder, <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">Cardinal Kempe</a>. The window was in a precarious position by the publicly accessible <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyard</a> on the one side, and in a space used for student parties and ball games on the other. The college decided to replace it with a modern replica and sell the original. <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> purchased the medieval glass at auction and incorporated it in their new <a href="/wiki/William_Zouche" title="William Zouche">Zouche</a> Chapel, with other glasswork relating to Kempe.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_School">Latin School</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin School">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_College,_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg/220px-Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg/330px-Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg/440px-Wye_College%2C_High_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3009929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Latin School from Church Street, 2012</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Schoolroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoolroom">Schoolroom</a>. Circa 1445 for Cardinal Archbishop <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kempe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a>, in part refaced with <a href="/wiki/Red_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick">red brick</a>. Plain <a href="/wiki/Roof_tile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roof tile">tiled roof</a>. Single storey with <a href="/wiki/Hipped_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipped roof">hipped roof</a>, and with 2 paired and 1 single <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">four centred arched</a> and label-hooded <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">lights</a> to road front, boarded door to left return with cusped light, both with label heads, and moulded doorway to right return. Wooden casements (in outshot) to north side. Interior: <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a> similar to that in the <a href="#Parlour">Parlour</a>, Old Wye College; four centred <a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">ovolo</a> <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">moulded</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pinnation" title="Pinnation">fernleaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Spandrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Spandrels">spandrels</a>, with refined <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/florid" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:florid">florid</a> <a href="/wiki/Strapwork" title="Strapwork">strapwork</a> <a href="/wiki/Overdoor" title="Overdoor">overmantel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a> headed <a href="/wiki/Panelled" class="mw-redirect" title="Panelled">panelled</a> wall cupboards below the central window to south. Probably originally twice the size to north (hence the brick rebuilding). Built as, and used even after <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar School">Grammar School</a> for both Kempe's original College and the Grammar School which succeeded it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed">Grade I listed</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The building may not have consistently been used as a schoolroom. As early as the 16th century, references suggest it was employed as a chapel.<a href="#cite_note-cob-18">[18]</a> In 1903, a brick extension was added to accommodate a <a href="/wiki/Billiard_table" title="Billiard table">billiard table</a>. The existing <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">jacobean</a> fireplace was moved and incorporated into the new structure.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 25, 27  During <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> the building, along with the college's Old Lecture Theatre, was used for briefings by <a href="/wiki/General_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="General Montgomery">General Montgomery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-upd-69">[62]</a>: 27  Following college closure the Latin School was briefly occupied by community group Wye Heritage, as an exhibition and event space, but in 2021 <a href="/wiki/Telereal_Trillium" title="Telereal Trillium">Telereal Trillium</a> obtained <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a> for conversion to residential use.<a href="#cite_note-latins-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Hall">Old Hall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Old Hall">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg/220px-Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg/330px-Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg/440px-Big_fridge_painted_decoration_in_withersdane_foyer_wye_college_commem_ball_1985_table_for_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Student Commemoration Ball decorations at <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a> themed for <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a>, 1985</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Hall: renewed screen passage at southern end, with C15 <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">four centred arched</a> doorways. Four centred arched stone fireplace with <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_fireback" title="Fireplace fireback">fireback</a> dated 1610, possibly the date also of the <a href="/wiki/Wainscoting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainscoting">wainscoting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilasters">pilasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>. Crenellated dais beam. Tall octagonal <a href="/wiki/Crown_post" title="Crown post">crown posts</a> on moulded tie beams. Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> (Kempe's Arms) in <a href="/wiki/Bay_window" title="Bay window">bay window</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historic England, <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed">Grade I listed</a><a href="#cite_note-eh-118">[110]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Minstrels%27_gallery" title="Minstrels' gallery">minstrels' gallery</a> is a 1946 embellishment, opposite the dais end of the hall.<a href="#cite_note-parkin-115">[108]</a>: 219  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parlour">Parlour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parlour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Parlour (later library): to north of <a href="#Old_Hall">Hall</a>, entered also via <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> by <a href="/wiki/Linenfold" title="Linenfold">linenfold</a> <a href="/wiki/Panelled" class="mw-redirect" title="Panelled">panelled</a> door in <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a> surround to Ante room, with painted <a href="/wiki/Wainscoting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainscoting">wainscoting</a>. Parlour with heavily enriched panelling with <a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">foliated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">scrolled</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilasters">pilasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> heads on bifurcated <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> motifs. Heavily carved and enriched <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a>. Stone fireplace carved in same manner as panelling with linenfold panel <a href="/wiki/Overmantel" class="mw-redirect" title="Overmantel">overmantel</a> Structurally C15, decoratively late C16, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_window" title="Bay window">bay window</a> and bookshelves <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 (and 1980).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Historic England, <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed">Grade I listed</a><a href="#cite_note-eh-118">[110]</a></cite></div></blockquote> To the left of the parlour's cloister entrance is the door to what was as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, a large medieval wine cellar.<a href="#cite_note-crag-77">[70]</a>: 10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Withersdane Hall">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg/220px-1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg/330px-1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg/440px-1159_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_HALL_OLD_HOUSE_ACROSS_LAWN_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD_AND_CEAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Withersdane Hall, 1983</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.18015_N_0.94764_E_region:GB">51°10′49″N 0°56′52″E / 51.18015°N 0.94764°E / 51.18015; 0.94764</a> Wye's College's Withersdane Hall was the country's first, post war, purpose built <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of residence">hall of residence</a> though constructed around a pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-world-7">[7]</a>: 488  It included Swanley Hall <a href="/wiki/Auditorium" title="Auditorium">auditorium</a>; facilities for breakfast catering; lounges; laundry; <a href="/wiki/Formal_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal gardens">formal gardens</a>; tennis courts; woodland car parking; extensive <a href="/wiki/Lawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawns">lawns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-121">[113]</a> and could be configured as a residential <a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">conference centre</a>. <a href="#CEAS">CEAS</a> operated from premises on the site.<a href="#cite_note-trus-76">[69]</a>: 86  Between 1986 and 1993 Lloyds Bank, Dunstan Skilbeck and Bernard Sunley halls of residence were added to the complex.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg/220px-0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg/330px-0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg/440px-0519_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDENS_BOX_HEDGE_STEPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Withersdane Hall walled garden, 1983</figcaption></figure> The name Withersdane derives from Wider's Farmstead, being Widres tun in Old English. Tun became corrupted to don, den and then finally to the present name.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a>: 3  In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hasted" title="Edward Hasted">Hasted</a> described Withersden as a <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a>, formerly a <a href="/wiki/Manoralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoralism">manor</a>, "full of small inclosures, and the soil deeper".<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg/220px-0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg/330px-0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg/440px-0857_-_WITHERSDANE_HALL_WYE_VIEW_FROM_HOLLANDS_FIELD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Withersdane Hall, 1983</figcaption></figure> The original Withersane Hall was constructed in the early 1810s as a grand country mansion<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  near the site known for its curative <a href="/wiki/Mineral_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral waters">mineral</a> well named for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg/220px-0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg/330px-0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg/440px-0702_-_WYE_LANDSCAPE_COLDHARBOUR_FARM_WITHERSDANE_OAST_HOUSE_LANDSCAPE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Coldharbour Farm and Withersdane Hall from Wye Crown</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hoban" title="Russell Hoban">Russell Hoban</a> repurposed Withersdane as "Widders Dump" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel <a href="/wiki/Riddley_Walker" title="Riddley Walker">Riddley Walker</a>. Wye became "How"; The Devil's Kneading Trough, "Mr Clevvers Roaling Place", and Pet Street, "Pig Sweet".<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1810 </td> <td>Withersdane Hall originally constructed as a grand, three-storey, country mansion.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1840 </td> <td>Occupied by Captain Arthur Davies who farmed 300 acres (120 ha) with 16 labourers and a further eight domestic staff.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  The house was owned by his uncle William Fuller.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 94  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867 </td> <td>Following Davies' death, the property was acquired by <a href="/wiki/John_Erle-Drax" title="John Erle-Drax">John Erle-Drax</a> of <a href="/wiki/Olantigh" title="Olantigh">Olantigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>Premises leased to <a href="/wiki/Market_gardener" class="mw-redirect" title="Market gardener">market gardener</a> William Aycliffe.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 94  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>Leased to <a href="/wiki/Land_agent" title="Land agent">land agent</a> Frederick Beard and family.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 94  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898 </td> <td>Occupied by <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a> Crake, and his wife, who built a <a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a> on the site of the later breakfast room.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 94, 95  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>Vacant until 1903<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 94  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> mansion at Olantigh was destroyed by fire.<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Wanley Elias Sawbridge-Erle-Drax moved his household to Withersdane during reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <td>Withersdane leased by Andrew Bigoe Barnard,<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 94  former Deputy Director Criminal Intelligence of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Police" title="West Bengal Police">Bengal Police Department</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928 </td> <td>Andrew Bigoe Barnard died.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 95  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>Andrew Bigoe Barnard's <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a> Florence purchased Withersdane Hall from the Erle Drax family and replaced the billiard room with the structure that later became the college's breakfast room.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 95  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1930s </td> <td>Andrew and Florence's son Norman Barnard, commonly known as Chippy, "presided over a gilded era of <a href="/wiki/Garden_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden parties">garden parties</a> and social events straight out of the pages of <a href="/wiki/P_G_Wodehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="P G Wodehouse">P G Wodehouse</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Charles Wanley Sawbridge Erle-Drax, a relation of the Erle-Drax former owners, produced <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">pageants</a> at Withersdane Hall, once playing <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bottom" title="Nick Bottom">Nick Bottom</a> in <a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visitors included future <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Quintin Hogg</a>, and author <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a> whose <a href="/wiki/A_Dance_to_the_Music_of_Time" title="A Dance to the Music of Time">A Dance to the Music of Time</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_series#History" title="Book series">roman-fleuve</a> portrayed a golden era of <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a> parties, just like those he attended at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1939 </td> <td>Norman Barnard worked for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Imperial_Defence" title="Committee of Imperial Defence">Committee of Imperial Defence</a> and was deputed to the underground <a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Cabinet War Rooms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 26  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barnard moved his mother and children from their London <a href="/wiki/Town_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Town house">town house</a>, to the ostensibly safer countryside at Withersdane. Young <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuees</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">East London</a> were <a href="/wiki/Billeted" class="mw-redirect" title="Billeted">billeted</a> with them. The conflict was not entirely distant; <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">gas mask</a> practice was frequent, and a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> exploded nearby killing three sheep.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 26  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>On Monday April 22, 1940, Major Barnard and his wife May visited their children. During the return to London their car left the road on <a href="/wiki/Charing" title="Charing">Charing Hill</a>. Mrs Barnard suffered a <a href="/wiki/Broken_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken leg">broken leg</a>, but he died later of <a href="/wiki/Head_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Head injuries">head injuries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 26  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>Withersdane Hall was requisitioned and fortified for the war effort It become a headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division" title="43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division">43rd Wessex</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division" title="56th (London) Infantry Division">56th (London)</a>, Divisions housing the divisional general and intelligence section.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-107">[100]</a>: 26  As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, some remains of <a href="/wiki/Bunkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunkers">bunkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pill boxes</a> are extant from that period.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 95  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg/220px-Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg/330px-Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg/440px-Outside_withersdane_wye_college_exams_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Withersdane Hall entrance, 1985</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>Withersdane Hall purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard. Initially Swanley College students lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on the site.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 95, 96  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>Horticulture lecturer Mary Page redesigned the 3 hectares (7.4 acres) garden at Withersdane Hall to include extensive informal areas and a series of <a href="/wiki/Formal_garden" title="Formal garden">formal spaces</a> separated by <a href="/wiki/Yew" title="Yew">yew</a> hedges within the <a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">walled garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barn-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>Amalgamation of South Eastern Agricultural College with <a href="/wiki/Swanley_Horticultural_College" title="Swanley Horticultural College">Swanley Horticultural College</a> as the Schools of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during the war and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in <a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 444  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 96  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td>Foyer, cloakrooms, and student rooms above, built at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 96  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>Swanley Hall (named for Swanley Horticultural College), kitchens, and rooms above completed at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 96  Withersdane Hall officially opened by <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone" title="Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone">Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maam-128">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>Withersdane Hall hosts artist <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Dunbar" title="Evelyn Dunbar">Evelyn Dunbar</a>'s only solo exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-evelyn1-129">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>Evelyn Dunbar donated her large 1938 work, An English Calendar to the college and it hung at Withersdane Hall for many years. Post closure, the painting passed to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>. Dunbar's husband Roger Folley was a horticulture lecturer at the college.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="#CEAS">CEAS</a> premises built at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 97  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> admitted as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of the college and shown the courtyard garden at Withersdane Hall named for her.<a href="#cite_note-maam-128">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>Dunstan Skilbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the <a href="#skil">former principal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>Bernard Sunley Hall opened at Withersdane Hall. The scheme, assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sunley" title="Bernard Sunley">Bernard Sunley</a> Foundation, included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Imperial College leased Withersdane Hall as a <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> clinic.<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 98  </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>Imperial College sold Withersdane Hall to the private, for profit, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_Niccol%C3%B2_Cusano" title="Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano">Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano</a> who intend to accommodate approximately 250, mainly Italian and French, students there.<a href="#cite_note-ital-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobean_staircase">Jacobean staircase</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jacobean staircase">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed">grade I listed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a>, three flight staircase adjacent to Wye College's <a href="#Cloister">cloister</a> has been compared in significance to the grand staircases at <a href="/wiki/Knole_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Knole House">Knole House</a>. Its seven <a href="/wiki/Newel" title="Newel">newel</a> <a href="/wiki/Finials" class="mw-redirect" title="Finials">finials</a> are large painted statues, two male and seven female, commonly referred to as the Ancient Britons. The largest male of the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut#Timber" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish style</a> figures is believed to represent <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>. They were separated from the newel posts for protection against students who <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pelt#Verb_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:pelt">pelted</a> them, and placed for safe display on the nearby <a href="#Old_Hall">Old Hall's</a> <a href="/wiki/Minstrels%27_gallery" title="Minstrels' gallery">minstrels' gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stat-134">[126]</a> Imperial College sold the statues in 2009 as reproductions. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashford_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashford Borough Council">Ashford Borough Council</a> ordered that Imperial College repurchase and return them, which it did.<a href="#cite_note-stat-134">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students'_Union">Students' Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Students' Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg/220px-Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg/330px-Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg/440px-Red_card_man_on_covered_steps_between_bar_and_dining_marquees_wye_college_commem_ball_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#The_Playing_Cards" title="List of minor characters in the Alice series">Card</a> decoration from <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice</a> themed Commemoration Ball, 1985</figcaption></figure> A dedicated <a href="/wiki/Students%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Students' Union">Students' Union</a> complete with swimming pool opened in 1974, replacing the <a href="#wheelroom">Wheelroom</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-arch-3">[3]</a>: 24, 124 <a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg/220px-2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg/330px-2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg/440px-2371_-_WYE_STUDENT_UNION_SWIMMING_POOL_CHANGING_ROOMS_FOUNTAIN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Students' union swimming pool, 1983</figcaption></figure> The Wye College Union of Students was <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">NUS</a> affiliated and a constituent union of <a href="/wiki/ULU" class="mw-redirect" title="ULU">ULU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a> Originally established at the South Eastern Agricultural College in 1894,<a href="#cite_note-cent-53">[46]</a> in 2000 it merged with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Union" title="Imperial College Union">Imperial College Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wye_Crown_and_quarry">Wye Crown and quarry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Wye Crown and quarry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg/220px-0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg/330px-0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg/440px-0153_-_WYE_CROWN_FROM_B_BLOCK_MAGNIFIED_MUCH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Wye Crown photographed from the college, 1983</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.18153_N_0.96231_E_region:GB">51°10′54″N 0°57′44″E / 51.18153°N 0.96231°E / 51.18153; 0.96231</a> During a <a href="/wiki/Parish_meeting" title="Parish meeting">parish meeting</a> in 1902, the South Eastern Agricultural College's <a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">principal</a> offered to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">hill figure</a>, carved into the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarp_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarp face">scarp</a>, above the college. Horses and humans carved into hillsides are well known, but the 180 foot (55 m) tall <a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">crown</a> motif chosen was to be unique. It had to be distorted to take account of the viewpoint below and took 35 students four spring days, and 7,000 wheelbarrow loads of turf, soil and chalk to excavate. The King's 30 June coronation was delayed by illness, but there was still a <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> on the Crown. When the coronation did take place on 7 August the Crown was illuminated by 1,500 candles. The King was able to view the Crown himself, as a guest of Baron Frederic John Gerard at <a href="/wiki/Eastwell_Park" title="Eastwell Park">Eastwell Manor</a>, two years later when it was lit by electric light.<a href="#cite_note-crowns-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-kl-137">[129]</a> To mark the 1977 retirement of principal Harry Darling, before Wye College owned the crown field, students pegged out Goodbye Harry and marked it with <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a>, visible for all to see across the Stour Valley.<a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 24  In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Gabions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabions">gabions</a>, filled with <a href="/wiki/White-washed" class="mw-redirect" title="White-washed">white-washed</a> <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, were embedded at a cost of £29,000 to delineate the motif and reduce maintenance. Previously students had regularly scoured the exposed chalk and rebuilt its edges.<a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 24  The work was followed up in 2003, when a bench and carved slate <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a> were installed above the Crown, on the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs_Way" title="North Downs Way">North Downs Way</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a> waymarker identifies directions to historic towns including <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, and is inscribed with the motto Floreat Wye or may Wye flourish. It rests on a <a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">time capsule</a> containing articles relating to the area.<a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 25  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg/220px-Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg/330px-Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg/440px-Charity_week_bonfire_wye_college_crown_about_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rag_(student_society)#Rag_Week" title="Rag (student society)">Charity week</a> bonfire under construction on Wye Crown, 1983</figcaption></figure> Wye Crown has been a focus of celebrations for <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal</a> and national occasions,<a href="#cite_note-royle-138">[130]</a> as well as Wye College students' <a href="/wiki/Rag_(student_society)#Rag_Week" title="Rag (student society)">charity week</a> bonfires.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 24  In 2020, the Crown was illuminated to mark the 75th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a>,<a href="#cite_note-royle-138">[130]</a> although during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">II</a> it had to be camouflaged from enemy aircraft to prevent use as a navigation landmark.<a href="#cite_note-crowns-136">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg/220px-Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg/330px-Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg/440px-Wye_Crown_Millennium_Stone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_733446.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Waymarker, 2008</figcaption></figure> Behind the bench and way marker are numerous small hollows believed to be ancient <a href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">ironstone</a> pits.<a href="#cite_note-chalk-140">[132]</a> The features acquired a <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> among Wye College students and spoof traditions were attributed to inscriptions on stone tablets supposedly found there.<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a> The college's former quarry, below Wye Crown was a source of flint and chalk, the chalk likely <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">burnt</a> for construction <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">lime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chalk-140">[132]</a> Wye College students used it for <a href="/wiki/Clay_pigeon_shooting" title="Clay pigeon shooting">clay pigeon shooting</a> and spectacular parties,<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a> causing marginally less disruption than the machine gun training there during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-syk-93">[86]</a>: 24  In 1991, part of the slope was converted to seating arranged as a natural, outdoor <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> Wye Crown and quarry form part of the <a href="/wiki/Wye_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wye Downs">Wye National Nature Reserve</a>. Its thin, seasonally grazed <a href="/wiki/Chalk_grassland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk grassland">chalk grassland</a> provides an ideal habitat for <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Wye_Memorial_Crown_on_Wye_Downs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1457547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Wye Crown and estate, 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_activities">Legacy activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy activities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_Programme">External Programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External Programme">edit</a>]</div> The Wye College External Programme, established in 1988 under Ian Carruthers and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bernstein_(sociologist)" title="Henry Bernstein (sociologist)">Henry Bernstein</a>, was the first use of exclusively, <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. The programme built upon Wye's established research and teaching links to the rural developing world, especially in Africa and combined resources from existing departments to offer <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">rural development</a> and other cross disciplinary MSc and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_Diploma" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate Diploma">Postgraduate Diploma</a> courses.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> Developing the 50 courses cost Wye College £2 million.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 17  Learning resources were initially on paper, supplemented by audio cassettes; videotapes, and 24-hour telephone support. The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> was embraced later.<a href="#cite_note-dist-5">[5]</a> The programme received a <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Anniversary Prize">Queen's Anniversary Prize for Education</a> in 1994, the first year the awards were granted. A citation commended the unique programme for providing quality <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional development</a> to agriculturalists at a third the cost of overseas students in the UK, and its ability to project even into war torn countries thereby assisting their recovery.<a href="#cite_note-priz-144">[136]</a> By 2000, Wye's External Programme had 975 mid-career professionals registered from 120 countries, and was growing. In 2007, it became the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development,_Environment_and_Policy_at_SOAS,_University_of_London" title="Centre for Development, Environment and Policy at SOAS, University of London">Centre for Development, Environment and Policy</a> of <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>, albeit initially from the Wye campus. This arrangement allowed enrolled students to be awarded their contracted University of London <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a> but deprived <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a> of a programme it had been enthusiastic about acquiring.<a href="#cite_note-leaver-11">[11]</a>: 10, 68  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hop_research">Hop research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hop research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg/220px-2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg/330px-2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg/440px-2390_-_WYE_SQUIRES_EXPERIMENTAL_LIGHTS_IN_GREENHOUSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Research greenhouse viewed from Squires hostel with <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness Laboratories</a>, laundry and Jubilee Building in background, 1983</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mycologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist">Mycologist</a> and accomplished tennis player,<a href="#cite_note-thirty-145">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Stanley_Salmon" title="Ernest Stanley Salmon">Ernest Stanley Salmon</a> established a systematic hop breeding programme at the college in 1906. It was the world's first, and a model for those that followed.<a href="#cite_note-sal-55">[48]</a> The importance of his work was rapidly understood so while the college's other hop gardens were <a href="/wiki/Grubbing" title="Grubbing">grubbed</a> out in 1917 to grow <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a> and support the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">war</a> effort, Salmon's trial plots were spared.<a href="#cite_note-pjune-146">[138]</a> Seeking <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> resistance he <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">crossed</a> European plants with seeds grown on from a wild <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoban</a> hop <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cutting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sal-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-thirty-145">[137]</a> and thence bred <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> including Brewer's Gold (1934), Bullion (1938), and Northern Brewer (1944). It was estimated in 2005 that over half of all <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a> grown commercially worldwide were descended from Salmon's original <a href="/wiki/Seedlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedlings">seedlings</a>. Ray Neve succeeded Salmon in 1953 producing varieties such as Wye Northdown (1971), Wye Challenger (1971), and Wye Target (1972).<a href="#cite_note-beers-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> In 1981, Peter Darby took over the programme focussing on dwarf hops such as First Gold (1995); <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a> resistance (Boadicea, 2004), and flavour.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-beers-147">[139]</a> At that time, the college's breeding programme was producing 30,000 plants a year to evaluate.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> The unit merged into the newly formed Horticulture Research Institute in 1985; through subsequent consolidation became part of <a href="/wiki/Warwick_HRI" title="Warwick HRI">Horticulture Research International</a> in 1990, and spun off with <a href="/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station" title="East Malling Research Station">East Malling Research Station</a> to form East Malling Research in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-eduhist-49">[42]</a>: 191, 213, 215  As Imperial College sought to close their Wye campus in 2007, hop research activities transferred to Wye Hops Ltd, a subsidiary of the British Hop Association,<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> based at China Farm, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Harbledown" title="Upper Harbledown">Upper Harbledown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, Wye Hops' national hop variety collection has been relocated to <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neame" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd Neame">Shepherd Neame</a>'s Queen's Court at <a href="/wiki/Faversham" title="Faversham">Faversham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclamen_persicum">Cyclamen persicum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cyclamen persicum">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, Allan Jackson's breeding programme at Wye<a href="#cite_note-cyc-154">[146]</a>: 19  crossed large flowered <a href="/wiki/Cyclamen_persicum" title="Cyclamen persicum">cyclamen</a> with wild forms, producing smaller <a href="/wiki/Houseplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Houseplants">houseplants</a> with scented, elongated flowers and attractively marked foliage.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-88">[81]</a> These became known commercially as the "Wye College Hybrids"<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> and as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, continue to be produced.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-88">[81]</a> The hybrid varieties include Wye Downland (white), Admiral (orchid-mauve), Peacock (pinky / red) and Fritillary (dark-red and jewel colours). Those named after <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> are <a href="/wiki/Fragrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrant">fragrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breed_true" class="mw-redirect" title="Breed true">breed true</a> to the colour of their namesakes.<a href="#cite_note-cyc-154">[146]</a>: 117  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_pest_control">Biological pest control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Biological pest control">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Wye_College_building,_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg/220px-Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg/330px-Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg/440px-Former_Wye_College_building%2C_Occupation_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3736310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>College buildings on Occupation Road, 2013</figcaption></figure> explored <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological methods</a> of pest control and facilitated their widespread adoption.<a href="#cite_note-bugs-156">[148]</a> Mike Copeland's <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a> team harnessed <a href="/wiki/Cryptolaemus_montrouzieri" title="Cryptolaemus montrouzieri">Australian ladybirds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitic wasps</a> to suppress <a href="/wiki/Planococcus_citri" title="Planococcus citri">mealy bug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coccus_hesperidum" title="Coccus hesperidum">soft scale insect</a> pests. He launched Wye Bugs at the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Show" title="Chelsea Flower Show">Chelsea Flower Show</a> to make insect controls available to ordinary gardeners, and with the subsequent closure of Wye Campus to facilitate continued research.<a href="#cite_note-bugs-156">[148]</a> Wye Bugs occupied <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">glasshouses</a> and laboratory facilities to the north of Occupation Road but by 2019, when that site was presented for development, moved south of the track.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, Wye Bugs supply biological control insects and pest deterrents,<a href="#cite_note-bugs-156">[148]</a> mainly on a wholesale basis.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Nix_Pocketbook">John Nix Pocketbook</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: John Nix Pocketbook">edit</a>]</div> John Nix published the first edition of his Farm Management Pocketbook in 1966 and sales were estimated at 250,000 copies by the time he retired in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-nix-159">[151]</a>: 1  As of 2022, it is in its 55th edition and known as the John Nix Pocketbook for Farm Management. Contents include information for <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgeting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Benchmarking" title="Benchmarking">benchmarking</a>, that seeks to anticipate forthcoming trends.<a href="#cite_note-ander-160">[152]</a> For many years, Nix's colleague in the Wye College Farm Business Unit, Paul Hill, researched and co-authored the pocketbook.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> Nix died in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-nix-159">[151]</a>: 1  and his pocketbook is published, as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, by The Andersons Centre.<a href="#cite_note-ander-160">[152]</a> It was described in the International Journal of Agricultural Management as a "standard reference for business in agriculture".<a href="#cite_note-nix-159">[151]</a>: 1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brook_Agricultural_Museum">Brook Agricultural Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Brook Agricultural Museum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg/220px-Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg/330px-Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg/440px-Brook_Barn_Kent_Geograph-2477529-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Brook Museum Barn</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.16028_N_0.95293_E_region:GB">51°09′37″N 0°57′11″E / 51.16028°N 0.95293°E / 51.16028; 0.95293</a> In 1948, Wye College agreed to be custodian to a <a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">collection</a> of old agricultural implements acquired by former staff members. Students including Michael Nightingale undertook the transfer, cataloguing and arrangement of items, from <a href="/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station" title="East Malling Research Station">East Malling Research Station</a> to Coldharbour Farm. When Wye College purchased Court Lodge Farm, <a href="/wiki/Brook,_Kent" title="Brook, Kent">Brook</a> in 1957, the growing collection was transferred to the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Crown_post" title="Crown post">crown post</a> roof Manorial Barn there.<a href="#cite_note-museum-84">[77]</a> In 1996 the college decided to sell the adjoining Principal's House at Court Lodge.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> Wye Rural Museum Trust, again led by Michael Nightingale, was established to take over the collection. With help from grants and donations the trust purchased its barn at Brook in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-museum-84">[77]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, the museum operates regular summer opening hours to the public.<a href="#cite_note-museum-84">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CEAS">CEAS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: CEAS">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg/220px-1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg/330px-1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg/440px-1573_-_WYE_WITHERSDANE_FORMAL_GARDEN_HEDGE_SUNDIAL_BIRD_BARTH_CEAS_COPPER_ROOF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>CEAS, Withersdane Hall, 1983</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.17971_N_0.94827_E_region:GB">51°10′47″N 0°56′54″E / 51.17971°N 0.94827°E / 51.17971; 0.94827</a> The Centre for European Agricultural Studies was conceived at Wye College in 1971, within the Department of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Economics">Agricultural Economics</a>. As the UK joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Common Market">European Common Market</a>, agricultural affairs in Britain were expected to be strongly influenced by Europe's <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>. The centre was intended to be an independent research centre focused on implications for UK food, farming and rural communities of these new policy directions.<a href="#cite_note-ceas-163">[155]</a> A 1973 appeal raised £463,000 to support the research and in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-with-70">[63]</a>: 97  <a href="/wiki/Henry_Plumb,_Baron_Plumb" title="Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb">Henry Plumb</a> opened the purpose-built £650,000 premises and <a href="/wiki/European_Documentation_Centre" title="European Documentation Centre">European Documentation Centre</a> at <a href="#Withersdane_Hall">Withersdane Hall</a>. The Frank Parkinson Lecture Theatre there was supported by a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Frank_Parkinson#Legacy" title="Frank Parkinson">Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust</a> and incorporated facilities for live translation of speakers. Space was provided to accommodate visiting academics.<a href="#cite_note-trus-76">[69]</a> By 1990, CEAS was providing a venue for the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farmers" title="Worshipful Company of Farmers">Worshipful Company of Farmers</a> Advanced Management Course and specialist training to <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Westminster_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="National Westminster Bank">National Westminster Bank</a>. The conference facility had a turnover of £200,000 and was booked up two years in advance.<a href="#cite_note-trus-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-liv-164">[156]</a> CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd incorporated in 1985 to undertake CEAS's commercial consultancy work, and Wye College held a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2⁄11 ownership stake that subsequently passed to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-detll-165">[157]</a> By 1990, it had established a satellite office in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trus-76">[69]</a> In 2006, CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd moved from Withersdane Hall to Bramble Lane, Wye and as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a>, it operates, as Agra CEAS Consultants Ltd, at an address in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-detll-165">[157]</a> Following changes to Common Agricultural Policy priorities, the centre was renamed the Centre for European Agri-Environmental Studies. In 2006, it left the closing Wye Campus and became a Centre of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ceas-163">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-liv-164">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wye_College_Beagles">Wye College Beagles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Wye College Beagles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg/220px-0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg/330px-0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg/440px-0680_-_WYE_COLLEGE_BEAGLES_SIGN_AND_LANDSCAPE_OVER_COLDHARBOUR_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Wye College Beagles kennels, 1983</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wye_College&params=51.18032_N_0.95963_E_region:GB">51°10′49″N 0°57′35″E / 51.18032°N 0.95963°E / 51.18032; 0.95963</a> John Stevens established a Wye College <a href="/wiki/Beagle" title="Beagle">Beagle</a> pack in 1947, encouraged by principal <a href="#skil">Dunstan Skilbeck</a> who was chairman from 1947 to 1967, and the endeavour was largely run by students of the college. It disbanded in 2014, having been independent of the college since 2008 when the campus closed.<a href="#cite_note-w2014-73">[66]</a>: 74–78  The first <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting#Hunt_staff_and_officials" title="Fox hunting">kennelman</a> lived in an old <a href="/wiki/Double_decker_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Double decker bus">double decker bus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kennels" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennels">kennels</a>, but as facilities developed Beagle Cottage was made available by the college to his successors.<a href="#cite_note-w2014-73">[66]</a>: 74  Supporters of the beagle pack ran annual <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrier" title="Terrier">terrier</a> shows from the 1950s to 1980s, and also a <a href="/wiki/Hunt_ball" title="Hunt ball">hunt ball</a> and puppy show.<a href="#cite_note-w2014-73">[66]</a>: 74  <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opponents of hunting</a> within the college's student body organised their alternative "Anti-hunt Ball" on the same evening as the beagle hunt ball.<a href="#cite_note-life-89">[82]</a> In 1988, at the invitation of Simon Block, <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriffs of the City of London">Lay Sheriff</a>, Wye College's beagles led the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Parade</a> through the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. They were accommodated the night before at <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Knightsbridge Barracks">Knightsbridge Barracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w2014-73">[66]</a>: 74  Wye College Beagles achieved national prominence in 2001 when <a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> activists raided their kennels and took approximately 47 of the pack. It was reported the beagles had only caught one <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> in the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-hotseh-166">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In the 1992 <a href="/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_(TV_series)" title="The Darling Buds of May (TV series)">Darling Buds of May</a> episode Stranger at the Gates, Pop Larkin's visit to the <a href="/wiki/Kent_County_Council" title="Kent County Council">Kent County Council</a>'s offices is filmed at the college.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> 2007 television <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Wrath_(TV_series)" title="Cape Wrath (TV series)">Cape Wrath</a> includes scenes filmed at Wye College. The Old Lecture Theatre's steeply tiered, student-proof <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Bench_(furniture)" title="Bench (furniture)">benches</a> masquerade as a London academic institution.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 33  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alumni_and_staff">Alumni and staff</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Alumni and staff">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricola_Club">Agricola Club</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Agricola Club">edit</a>]</div> The Wye College Agricola Club is an association of former students and staff of the college. It was founded in 1901 for the South Eastern Agricultural College, and from 1951 to 1995 was named the Wye College Agricola Club and Swanley Guild. From 2000 to 2009 it formed part of Imperial College's Imperial Alumni, but as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit">[update]</a> is an independent entity with some 3,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-agricola-1">[1]</a> The club publishes an annual journal, Wye: The Journal of The Wye College Agricola Club.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff">Staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Staff">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bernstein_(sociologist)" title="Henry Bernstein (sociologist)">Henry Bernstein</a><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-171">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borbala_Biro" title="Borbala Biro">Borbala Biro</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Buckwell" title="Allan Buckwell">Allan Buckwell</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cooper" title="Mac Cooper">Mac Cooper</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Hall" title="Alfred Daniel Hall">Daniel Hall</a><a href="#cite_note-adhall-52">[45]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hatton" title="Ronald Hatton">Ronald Hatton</a><a href="#cite_note-smith-50">[43]</a>: 125 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hooper_(naturalist)" title="Max Hooper (naturalist)">Max Hooper</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Albert_Howard" title="Albert Howard">Albert Howard</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Keay" title="Margaret Keay">Margaret Keay</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Lees_(architect)" title="Audrey Lees (architect)">Audrey Lees</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd_(gardener)" title="Christopher Lloyd (gardener)">Christopher Lloyd</a><a href="#cite_note-GreatDixter-179">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_W._Moore" title="Norman W. Moore">Norman W Moore</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norah_Lillian_Penston" title="Norah Lillian Penston">Norah Lillian Penston</a><a href="#cite_note-pens-71">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Percival_(botanist)" title="John Percival (botanist)">John Percival</a><a href="#cite_note-perc-60">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Posnette" title="Peter Posnette">Peter Posnette</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pratt_(priest)" title="Samuel Pratt (priest)">Samuel Pratt</a><a href="#cite_note-prat-38">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Richards" title="Francis John Richards">Francis John Richards</a><a href="#cite_note-schwabe-85">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._F._Rook" title="J. A. F. Rook">J A F Rook</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/E._John_Russell" title="E. John Russell">John Russell</a><a href="#cite_note-jruss-61">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Stanley_Salmon" title="Ernest Stanley Salmon">Ernest Stanley Salmon</a><a href="#cite_note-sal-55">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vincent_Theobald" title="Frederick Vincent Theobald">Frederick Theobald</a><a href="#cite_note-theo-51">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Louis_Wain" title="Ralph Louis Wain">Ralph Louis Wain</a><a href="#cite_note-wain-6">[6]</a>: 447 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Wibberley" title="Gerald Wibberley">Gerald Wibberley</a><a href="#cite_note-wib-80">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hugh_Wormald" title="Harry Hugh Wormald">Harry Hugh Wormald</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students">Students</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Students">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Abukutsa-Onyango" title="Mary Abukutsa-Onyango">Mary Abukutsa-Onyango</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Owusu_Acheampong" title="J. H. Owusu Acheampong">J H Owusu Acheampong</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Adger" title="Neil Adger">Neil Adger</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afriyie" title="Adam Afriyie">Adam Afriyie</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Agostinho_do_Ros%C3%A1rio" title="Carlos Agostinho do Rosário">Carlos Agostinho do Rosário</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_James_Alexander" title="Christopher James Alexander">Christopher James Alexander</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_(botanist)" title="David Allen (botanist)">David Allen</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Amarasuriya" title="Thomas Amarasuriya">Thomas Amarasuriya</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ray_Avery_(scientist)" title="Ray Avery (scientist)">Ray Avery</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Baines" title="Chris Baines">Chris Baines</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Bala" title="Abdullahi Bala">Abdullahi Bala</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Francis_Barnes" title="Horace Francis Barnes">Horace Francis Barnes</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bathurst,_9th_Earl_Bathurst" title="Allen Bathurst, 9th Earl Bathurst">Allen Bathurst, 9th Earl Bathurst</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_J._Bergtheil" title="Cyril J. Bergtheil">Cyril J Bergtheil</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradshaw_(farmer)" title="Tom Bradshaw (farmer)">Tom Bradshaw</a><a href="#cite_note-guardinterv-198">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brennan" title="Charles Brennan">Charles Brennan</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brett_(nonjuror)" title="Thomas Brett (nonjuror)">Thomas Brett</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Buchanan,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Andrew Buchanan, 5th Baronet">Andrew Buchanan</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cloke" title="Paul Cloke">Paul Cloke</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_von_Cramon-Taubadel" title="Viola von Cramon-Taubadel">Viola von Cramon-Taubadel</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington" title="C. D. Darlington">C D Darlington</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Edgar" title="Jon Edgar">Jon Edgar</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_Finch,_5th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea">Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea</a><a href="#cite_note-churchy-9">[9]</a>: 31 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Abu_Sakara_Foster" title="Michael Abu Sakara Foster">Michael Abu Sakara Foster</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Garrett" title="Fergus Garrett">Fergus Garrett</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Grant,_5th_Baron_Strathspey" title="Patrick Grant, 5th Baron Strathspey">Patrick Grant, 5th Baron Strathspey</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Haines_(cricketer)" title="Alfred Haines (cricketer)">Alfred Haines</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Hardy" title="Carolyn Hardy">Carolyn Hardy</a><a href="#cite_note-SundayTelegraph_obit-211">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hatfeild" title="Eric Hatfeild">Eric Hatfeild</a><a href="#cite_note-mccrery-212">[204]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hatton" title="Ronald Hatton">Ronald Hatton</a><a href="#cite_note-dnb-213">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hill_(geneticist)" title="Bill Hill (geneticist)">Bill Hill</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Hoare" title="Bertie Hoare">Bertie Hoare</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hudson_(businessman)" title="Mark Hudson (businessman)">Mark Hudson</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toufic_Jaber" title="Toufic Jaber">Toufic Jaber</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kennett" title="White Kennett">White Kennett</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd_(gardener)" title="Christopher Lloyd (gardener)">Christopher Lloyd</a><a href="#cite_note-GreatDixter-179">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramu_Mafongoya" title="Paramu Mafongoya">Paramu Mafongoya</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Mason" title="Charles William Mason">Charles William Mason</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Moreton,_7th_Earl_of_Ducie" title="David Moreton, 7th Earl of Ducie">David Moreton, 7th Earl of Ducie</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masood_ul-Mulk" title="Masood ul-Mulk">Masood ul-Mulk</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Neocosmos" title="Michael Neocosmos">Michael Neocosmos</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Osborne" title="Daphne Osborne">Daphne Osborne</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackman_Owusu-Agyeman" title="Hackman Owusu-Agyeman">Hackman Owusu-Agyeman</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Pain" title="Debbie Pain">Debbie Pain</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Latif_Palijo" title="Ayaz Latif Palijo">Ayaz Latif Palijo</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Paterson" title="Rex Paterson">Rex Paterson</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Lesley_Perry" title="Pauline Lesley Perry">Pauline Lesley Perry</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Plot" title="Robert Plot">Robert Plot</a><a href="#cite_note-plot-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Pow" title="Rebecca Pow">Rebecca Pow</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rae_(British_Army_officer)" title="Keith Rae (British Army officer)">Keith Rae</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rigby" title="Edward Rigby">Edward Rigby / Coke</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scudamore" title="Charles Scudamore">Charles Scudamore</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mohato_Bereng_Seeiso" class="mw-redirect" title="David Mohato Bereng Seeiso">David Mohato Bereng Seeiso</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(author)" title="John Seymour (author)">John Seymour</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-obit-235">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Col</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Harold_Strickland" title="Edgar Harold Strickland">Edgar Harold Strickland</a><a href="#cite_note-hocking-236">[228]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Strutt" title="Nigel Strutt">Nigel Strutt</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Synge" title="Hugh Synge">Hugh Synge</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Taylor_(cricketer)" title="Horace Taylor (cricketer)">Horace J Taylor</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Vesey-Fitzgerald" title="Desmond Vesey-Fitzgerald">Desmond Vesey-Fitzgerald</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Waterhouse" title="Andrew Waterhouse">Andrew Waterhouse</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaric_Alexander_Watts" title="Alaric Alexander Watts">Alaric Alexander Watts</a><a href="#cite_note-evid-4">[4]</a>: 34 </li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Wheler_(travel_writer)" title="George Wheler (travel writer)">George Wheler</a><a href="#cite_note-wheler-45">[38]</a>: 22 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winter_(professor)" title="Michael Winter (professor)">Michael Winter</a><a href="#cite_note-rcc-87">[80]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichards1994" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Stewart (1994). Wye College and its World: A Centenary History. Ashford: Wye College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862661915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862661915"><bdi>978-0862661915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wye+College+and+its+World%3A+A+Centenary+History&rft.place=Ashford&rft.pub=Wye+College+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0862661915&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-agricola-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agricola_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyeagricolaclub.org.uk/history">"Wye College Agricola Club History"</a>. 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London: E F & N Spon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0419180001" title="Special:BookSources/0419180001"><bdi>0419180001</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229200349/https://silo.pub/rural-change-and-planning-england-and-wales-in-the-twentieth-century-studies-in-history-planning-and-the-environment-19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022 – via Silo.pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Change+and+Planning%3A+England+and+Wales+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studies+in+History%2C+Planning+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=E+F+%26+N+Spon&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0419180001&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Gordon+E&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsilo.pub%2Frural-change-and-planning-england-and-wales-in-the-twentieth-century-studies-in-history-planning-and-the-environment-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museum_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculturalmuseumbrook.org.uk/explore/history">"History – Agricultural Museum Brook"</a>. Brook Agricultural Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419231434/https://www.agriculturalmuseumbrook.org.uk/explore/history">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brook+Agricultural+Museum&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Agricultural+Museum+Brook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculturalmuseumbrook.org.uk%2Fexplore%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwabe-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwabe_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwabe_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Porter" title="Helen Porter">Porter, Helen Kemp</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0020">"Francis John Richards, 1901–1965"</a>. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 422–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0020">10.1098/rsbm.1966.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73353917">73353917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Francis+John+Richards%2C+1901%E2%80%931965&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E422-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73353917%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Helen+Kemp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1966.0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2022" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Geoffrey E L (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HSvDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22harry+darling%22+%22Wye%22&pg=PT204">"26"</a>. Is God Incompetent?. Searsmont, ME: The Writer's Portal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798986535609" title="Special:BookSources/9798986535609"><bdi>9798986535609</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110035151/https://books.google.com/books?id=1HSvDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22harry+darling%22+%22Wye%22&pg=PT204">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=26&rft.btitle=Is+God+Incompetent%3F&rft.place=Searsmont%2C+ME&rft.pub=The+Writer%27s+Portal&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9798986535609&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+E+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HSvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522harry%2Bdarling%2522%2B%2522Wye%2522%26pg%3DPT204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcc-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rcc_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcc_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wyeheritage.org.uk/rural-community-councils-rccs-and-wye-college-graduates">"Rural Community Councils (RCC's) and Wye College Graduates"</a>. Wye Heritage. 10 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615031202/https://www.wyeheritage.org.uk/rural-community-councils-rccs-and-wye-college-graduates">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wye+Heritage&rft.atitle=Rural+Community+Councils+%28RCC%27s%29+and+Wye+College+Graduates&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyeheritage.org.uk%2Frural-community-councils-rccs-and-wye-college-graduates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000rv53">"BBC Radio 4 – On Your Farm, Wye College"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131204055/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000rv53">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WCUS&rft.atitle=Wye+Life+1982%E2%80%9383&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F11KeC3ATKd-r81doRUxNPFdSqC4-M_Zex%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing%26usp%3Dembed_facebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarboysWilkesGoodhamWilkins1976" class="citation journal cs1">Warboys, I B; Wilkes, J M; Goodham, P T; Wilkins, S M (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/4965/1/proc_int_soil_tillage_res_org_100812.pdf">"The development of a double digging machine"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Institute of Soil Tillage Research Organisation in Sweden: 46.1 – 46.7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926023651/https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/4965/1/proc_int_soil_tillage_res_org_100812.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023 – via Swedish University of Agricultural Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+7th+Conference+of+the+Institute+of+Soil+Tillage+Research+Organisation+in+Sweden&rft.atitle=The+development+of+a+double+digging+machine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46.1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46.7%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Warboys&rft.aufirst=I+B&rft.au=Wilkes%2C+J+M&rft.au=Goodham%2C+P+T&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+S+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.epsilon.slu.se%2F4965%2F1%2Fproc_int_soil_tillage_res_org_100812.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farmshow.com/a_article.php?aid=4128">"Two-Way Plow"</a>. Farm Show Magazine. Volume 8 – Issue 5. 1984. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807193536/http://www.farmshow.com/a_article.php?aid=4128">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Farm+Show+Magazine&rft.atitle=Two-Way+Plow&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmshow.com%2Fa_article.php%3Faid%3D4128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ianl-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ianl_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ianl_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/AgricolaClub/photos/a.256049974515473/932514423535688/">"Wye College Agricola Club – Professor Ian Lucas – Wye College Principal 1977–88..."</a> Facebook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725164142/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FAgricolaClub%2Fphotos%2Fa.256049974515473%2F932514423535688%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Wye+College+Agricola+Club+%E2%80%93+Professor+Ian+Lucas+%E2%80%93+Wye+College+Principal+1977%E2%80%9388...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FAgricolaClub%2Fphotos%2Fa.256049974515473%2F932514423535688%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syk-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syk_93-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/be-inspired/magazine/public/imperialmatters22.pdf">"Imperial Matters"</a> (PDF). 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215014131/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/be-inspired/magazine/public/imperialmatters22.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Matters&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fimperial-college%2Fbe-inspired%2Fmagazine%2Fpublic%2Fimperialmatters22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2018" class="citation report cs1">McBride, Darren (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215014651/https://www.ashford.gov.uk/media/2eonmjqg/the-wolfson-lecture-theatre-community-nomination-decision-20-march-2018-pdf-4784kb.pdf">The Wolfson Lecture Theatre Community Nomination Decision</a> (PDF) (Report). Ashford Borough Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashford.gov.uk/media/2eonmjqg/the-wolfson-lecture-theatre-community-nomination-decision-20-march-2018-pdf-4784kb.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Wolfson+Lecture+Theatre+Community+Nomination+Decision&rft.pub=Ashford+Borough+Council&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashford.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F2eonmjqg%2Fthe-wolfson-lecture-theatre-community-nomination-decision-20-march-2018-pdf-4784kb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themovemarket.com/tools/propertyprices/court-lodge-the-street-ashford-tn25-5pf">"Property valuation for Court Lodge, The Street, Brook, Ashford, Kent, TN25 5PF – The Move Market"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reporter&rft.atitle=Student+Voice&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fimperial-college%2Fstaff%2Freporter%2Fpublic%2FReporter206web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowns-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowns_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowns_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/south-east-england/viewpoints/wye-crown.html">"Discovering Britain – King of the hills"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Discovering+Britain+%E2%80%93+King+of+the+hills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveringbritain.org%2Factivities%2Fsouth-east-england%2Fviewpoints%2Fwye-crown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kl-137"><a href="#cite_ref-kl_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2020" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Dan (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentonline.co.uk/ashford/news/amp/the-stories-behind-kents-huge-chalk-landmarks-227266/">"History of Kent's chalk landmarks: Wye Crown, Folkestone White Horse, Lenham Cross and Shoreham Cross"</a>. Kent Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215074530/https://www.kentonline.co.uk/ashford/news/amp/the-stories-behind-kents-huge-chalk-landmarks-227266/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kent+Online&rft.atitle=History+of+Kent%27s+chalk+landmarks%3A+Wye+Crown%2C+Folkestone+White+Horse%2C+Lenham+Cross+and+Shoreham+Cross&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentonline.co.uk%2Fashford%2Fnews%2Famp%2Fthe-stories-behind-kents-huge-chalk-landmarks-227266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-royle-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royle_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royle_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2020" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Joe (9 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentonline.co.uk/ashford/news/glowing-landmark-lights-up-hillside-226931/">"Wye Crown lit up at night as part of VE Day celebrations"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kent+Online&rft.atitle=Wye+Crown+lit+up+at+night+as+part+of+VE+Day+celebrations&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentonline.co.uk%2Fashford%2Fnews%2Fglowing-landmark-lights-up-hillside-226931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5ExvUHuFH6oMWJiNDk0NTktZGJjMi00NmE5LWIzNWYtYzdhNjVkNjQ3Mjkz/view?usp=drivesdk&resourcekey=0-KI1jLE0sp0gssXFGMYtZBQ">"Charity Week Programme 1983"</a>. Wye College Union Society. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826153823/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5ExvUHuFH6oMWJiNDk0NTktZGJjMi00NmE5LWIzNWYtYzdhNjVkNjQ3Mjkz/view?usp=drivesdk&resourcekey=0-KI1jLE0sp0gssXFGMYtZBQ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charity+Week+Programme+1983&rft.pub=Wye+College+Union+Society&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B5ExvUHuFH6oMWJiNDk0NTktZGJjMi00NmE5LWIzNWYtYzdhNjVkNjQ3Mjkz%2Fview%3Fusp%3Ddrivesdk%26resourcekey%3D0-KI1jLE0sp0gssXFGMYtZBQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chalk-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chalk_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chalk_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil2008" class="citation web cs1">Council, Kent County (25 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webapps.kent.gov.uk/KCC.ExploringKentsPast.Web.Sites.Public/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MKE3868">"Exploring Kent's Past"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kent+County+Council&rft.atitle=Exploring+Kent%27s+Past&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Kent+County&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapps.kent.gov.uk%2FKCC.ExploringKentsPast.Web.Sites.Public%2FSingleResult.aspx%3Fuid%3DMKE3868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift2003" class="citation news cs1">Swift, Katherine (18 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-seat-in-the-stalls-8vkn6b05pr9">"A seat in the stalls"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615031132/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-seat-in-the-stalls-8vkn6b05pr9">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=A+seat+in+the+stalls&rft.date=2003-10-18&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-seat-in-the-stalls-8vkn6b05pr9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/4505079708385280">"Wye National Nature Reserve"</a>. 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Centre for Distance Education, University of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228044431/https://wikieducator.org/images/2/28/PID_632.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Distance+Education%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Wye+Story&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gregson%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikieducator.org%2Fimages%2F2%2F28%2FPID_632.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-priz-144"><a href="#cite_ref-priz_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215015110/https://www.queensanniversaryprizes.org.uk/winners-archive/">"Winners Archive"</a>. Queens Anniversary Prizes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensanniversaryprizes.org.uk/winners-archive/">the original</a> on 15 December 2022. 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Brighton: The Ivy Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782405481" title="Special:BookSources/9781782405481"><bdi>9781782405481</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122014805/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eMaDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. 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June 1917. p. 104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215000154/https://www.wyehistoricalsociety.org.uk/parish_magazine/1917_06.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2022. 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Brewery History (121): 94–112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505215503/http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/121/bh-121-094.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brewery+History&rft.atitle=Brewery+History%3A+121%2C+pp.+94%E2%80%93112&rft.issue=121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breweryhistory.com%2Fjournal%2Farchive%2F121%2Fbh-121-094.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1993" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, G (1993), Home Brewing, <a href="/wiki/CAMRA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMRA">CAMRA</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Brewing&rft.pub=CAMRA&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Keith (2011). <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Oliver" title="Garrett Oliver">Garrett Oliver</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beerandbrewing.com/dictionary/NpJ0RrJEQN/">The Oxford Companion to Beer</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3"><bdi>978-0-19-536713-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613131925/https://beerandbrewing.com/dictionary/NpJ0RrJEQN/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. 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Aylesbury: Shire Publications. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852636176" title="Special:BookSources/9780852636176"><bdi>9780852636176</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hops+and+hop+picking&rft.place=Aylesbury&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780852636176&rft.aulast=Filmer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhopshoppicking0000film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlesfaram.co.uk/british-hop-family-tree/">"British hop family tree – courtesy of Peter Darby"</a>. 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Worldgenweb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619230323/http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/tamarasooriya.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldgenweb&rft.atitle=Remembering+Thomas+Amarasuriya+o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldgenweb.org%2Flkawgw%2Ftamarasooriya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2016" class="citation web cs1">Baird, Hugh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.critic.co.nz/features/article/5808/sir-ray-avery">"Sir Ray Avery"</a>. 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Food Processing Global Summit. 28 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619230323/https://foodprocessing.global-summit.com/ocm/2018/dr-charles-brennan-international-journal-of-molecular-sciences-journal-of-food-processing-and-preservation-new-zealand">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. 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University of Nottingham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207054835/https://mss-cat.nottingham.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=Bu%2FE&pos=10">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022. 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Royal Geographical Society. 13 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516130314/https://www.rgs.org/geography/news/victoria-medal-professor-paul-cloke/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Royal+Geographical+Society+%E2%80%93+Latest+news&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgs.org%2Fgeography%2Fnews%2Fvictoria-medal-professor-paul-cloke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://violavoncramon.eu/en/about-me/">"Viola von Cramon-Taubadel"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021103635/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/mar/17/michael-gough-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Michael+Gough+obituary&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft.aulast=Shorter&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2011%2Fmar%2F17%2Fmichael-gough-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord_Strathspey1983" class="citation book cs1">Lord Strathspey (1983). A History of Clan Grant. Phillimore. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-442-5"><bdi>978-0-85033-442-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Clan+Grant&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-442-5&rft.au=Lord+Strathspey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062338/http://cricketarchive.com/Gloucestershire/Players/29/29868/all_teams.html">"Teams Played For"</a>. Cricket Archive. 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The Sunday Telegraph. 10 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120065610/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/11/10/carolyn-hardy-eminent-gardener--obituary/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2016. 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Pen and Sword. pp. 1910–1912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473864184" title="Special:BookSources/9781473864184"><bdi>9781473864184</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110035151/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3BhCgAAQBAJ&dq=eric%20hatfeild&pg=RA2-PA1910">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33759">10.1093/ref:odnb/33759</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613132040/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33759;jsessionid=4D9B91069A3DCE69EA487B9C454F5EC1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hatton%2C+Sir+Ronald+George+%281886%E2%80%931965%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33759&rft.aulast=Posnette&rft.aufirst=A+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F33759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Keightley" title="Peter Keightley">Keightley, Peter D.</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01687-1">"William G. 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Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (4): 344–345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatEE...6..344K">2022NatEE...6..344K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01687-1">10.1038/s41559-022-01687-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35165393">35165393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246827709">246827709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=William+G.+Hill+%281940%E2%80%932021%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01687-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246827709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35165393&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatEE...6..344K&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41559-022-01687-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2024" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Claire (29 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alliedairforceresearch.com/post/mosquito-night-intruder-ace">"Book Review – Mosquito Night Intruder Ace by Danny Burt"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Rex+Paterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2F9104b00b-b48c-4205-90cc-f25cab0c79f0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen2010" class="citation book cs1">Glen, H F (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/244776">Pauline Lesley Perry - Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa: An illustrated history of early botanical literature on the Cape Flora, Biographical accounts of the leading plant collectors and their activities in southern Africa from the days of the East India Company until the modern times</a> (2 ed.). Pretoria: <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">South African National Biodiversity Institute</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919976-54-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919976-54-9"><bdi>978-1-919976-54-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418130929/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/244776">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. 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Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Seymour&rft.date=2004-09-21&rft.aulast=Girardet&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2004%2Fsep%2F21%2Fenvironment.guardianobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hocking-236"><a href="#cite_ref-hocking_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHocking2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hocking" title="Brian Hocking">Hocking, Brian</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4039%2FEnt95292-3">"Edgar Harold Strickland, M.Sc., D.Sc., F.E.S.A., F.R.S.C."</a> The Canadian Entomologist. 95 (3): 292–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4039%2FEnt95292-3">10.4039/Ent95292-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85897474">85897474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Entomologist&rft.atitle=Edgar+Harold+Strickland%2C+M.Sc.%2C+D.Sc.%2C+F.E.S.A.%2C+F.R.S.C.&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4039%2FEnt95292-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85897474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hocking&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4039%252FEnt95292-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-nigel-strutt-bm6gph7gbsr">"Sir Nigel Strutt"</a>. The Times. 10 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613131754/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-nigel-strutt-bm6gph7gbsr">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Nigel+Strutt&rft.date=2004-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fsir-nigel-strutt-bm6gph7gbsr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2018" class="citation web cs1">Byfield, Andy (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/blog/obituary-hugh-synge-1951-2018">"Obituary: Hugh Synge 1951 – 2018"</a>. Plantlife. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713115259/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/blog/obituary-hugh-synge-1951-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plantlife&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Hugh+Synge+1951+%E2%80%93+2018&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantlife.org.uk%2Fuk%2Fblog%2Fobituary-hugh-synge-1951-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunman2014" class="citation book cs1">Sunman, Hilary (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibiKDwAAQBAJ&q=Horace%2520Taylor%2520%2522wye%2522&pg=PT36">A Very Different Land: Memories of Empire from the Farmlands of Kenya</a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857736819" title="Special:BookSources/9780857736819"><bdi>9780857736819</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619230323/https://books.google.com/books?id=ibiKDwAAQBAJ&q=Horace%2520Taylor%2520%2522wye%2522&pg=PT36">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Very+Different+Land%3A+Memories+of+Empire+from+the+Farmlands+of+Kenya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.isbn=9780857736819&rft.aulast=Sunman&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibiKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHorace%252520Taylor%252520%252522wye%252522%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000042502">"Vesey-Fitzgerald, Leslie Desmond Edward Foster (1910–1974)"</a>. National History Museum – Global Plants. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+History+Museum+%E2%80%93+Global+Plants&rft.atitle=Vesey-Fitzgerald%2C+Leslie+Desmond+Edward+Foster+%281910%E2%80%931974%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5555%2Fal.ap.person.bm000042502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Brien_(writer)" title="Sean O'Brien (writer)">O'Brien, Sean</a> (7 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/nov/07/guardianobituaries.books">"Obituary: Andrew Waterhouse"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506070350/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/nov/07/guardianobituaries.books">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Andrew+Waterhouse&rft.date=2001-11-07&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fnov%2F07%2Fguardianobituaries.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWye+College" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wye_College&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyeagricolaclub.org.uk/">Agricola Club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculturalmuseumbrook.org.uk/">Brook Agricultural Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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#ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white"><a href="/wiki/University_of_London#Administrative_structure" title="University of London">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_University_of_London" title="Brunel University of London">Brunel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City,_University_of_London" title="City, University of London">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cancer_Research" title="Institute of Cancer Research">Institute of Cancer Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama" title="Royal Central School of Speech and Drama">Royal Central School of Speech and Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Veterinary_College" title="Royal Veterinary College">Royal Veterinary College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="St George's, University of London">St George's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">School of Oriental and African Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">Central bodies and programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_House_Libraries" title="Senate House Libraries">Senate House Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_Study" title="School of Advanced Study">School of Advanced Study</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Advanced_Legal_Studies" title="Institute of Advanced Legal Studies">Institute of Advanced Legal Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Classical_Studies" title="Institute of Classical Studies">Institute of Classical Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Commonwealth_Studies" title="Institute of Commonwealth Studies">Institute of Commonwealth Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_English_Studies" title="Institute of English Studies">Institute of English Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research" title="Institute of Historical Research">Institute of Historical Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Metropolitan_History" title="Centre for Metropolitan History">Centre for Metropolitan History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Latin_American_Studies" title="Institute of Latin American Studies">Institute of Latin American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Modern_Languages_Research" title="Institute of Modern Languages Research">Institute of Modern Languages Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Philosophy,_University_of_London" title="Institute of Philosophy, University of London">Institute of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Institute_in_Paris" title="University of London Institute in Paris">University of London Institute in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Worldwide" title="University of London Worldwide">University of London Worldwide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_University_of_London" title="Category:People associated with the University of London">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of London">Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">The Princess Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice-chancellors_of_the_University_of_London" title="List of vice-chancellors of the University of London">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Thomson" title="Wendy Thomson">Wendy Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitor" title="Visitor">Visitor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">The Lord President of the Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Lucy Powell</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_London" title="Category:Academics of the University of London">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_London" title="Category:Alumni of the University of London">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_member_institutions_of_the_University_of_London" title="List of heads of member institutions of the University of London">List of heads of colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_London_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of University of London people">List of University of London people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">Places and buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Square" title="Gordon Square">Gordon Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_London_intercollegiate_halls_of_residence" title="Category:University of London intercollegiate halls of residence">Halls of residence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Hall,_London" title="College Hall, London">College Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaught_Hall,_London" title="Connaught Hall, London">Connaught Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hall,_London" title="International Hall, London">International Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutford_House,_London" title="Nutford House, London">Nutford House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malet_Street" title="Malet Street">Malet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_House,_London" title="Senate House, London">Senate House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Square" title="Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrington_Square" title="Torrington Square">Torrington Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn_Square" title="Woburn Square">Woburn Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white"><a href="/wiki/University_of_London#History" title="University of London">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; color: #003F87; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #ED2939, inset -1px -1px 0 #ED2939;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_colleges_of_the_University_of_London" title="Category:Former colleges of the University of London">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_College,_London" title="Bedford College, London">Bedford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Chelsea College of Science and Technology">Chelsea College of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heythrop_College,_University_of_London" title="Heythrop College, University of London">Heythrop College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education" title="UCL Institute of Education">Institute of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Psychiatry,_Psychology_and_Neuroscience" title="Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience">Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Americas" title="Institute for the Study of the Americas">Institute for the Study of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Consortium" title="London Consortium">London Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College_London" title="New College London">New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_College" title="Queen Elizabeth College">Queen Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford" title="Regent's Park College, Oxford">Regent's Park College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Postgraduate_Medical_School" title="Royal Postgraduate Medical School">Royal Postgraduate Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCL_School_of_Pharmacy" title="UCL School of Pharmacy">School of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCL_School_of_Slavonic_and_East_European_Studies" title="UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies">School of Slavonic and East European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Marine_Biological_Station_Millport" title="University Marine Biological Station Millport">University Marine Biological Station Millport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Hospital_Medical_School" title="St Thomas's Hospital Medical School">St Thomas's Hospital Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_College" title="Westfield College">Westfield College</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wye College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; color: #003F87; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #ED2939, inset -1px -1px 0 #ED2939;">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Burlington_Gardens" title="6 Burlington Gardens">6 Burlington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_the_King,_Bloomsbury" title="Church of Christ the King, Bloomsbury">Church of Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_London_intercollegiate_halls_of_residence" title="Category:University of London intercollegiate halls of residence">Halls of residence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Hall" title="Commonwealth Hall">Commonwealth Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Parry_Hall,_London" title="Hughes Parry Hall, London">Hughes Parry Hall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="London University (UK Parliament constituency)">Parliamentary constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Examination_for_Women" title="General Examination for Women">General Examination for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_bodies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom">Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London" title="Academic dress of the University of London">Academic dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Careers_Group,_University_of_London" title="The Careers Group, University of London">The Careers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Student" title="London Student">London Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Boat_Club" title="University of London Boat Club">University of London Boat Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Computer_Centre" title="University of London Computer Centre">University of London Computer Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Press" title="University of London Press">University of London Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Union" title="University of London Union">University of London Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #003F87; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED2939, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED2939;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_London" title="Category:University of London">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_London" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of London">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Kent460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Kent" title="Template:University of Kent"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Kent" title="Template talk:University of Kent"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Kent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Kent"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Kent460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#002147; color:white;;width:1%">University</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Kent_people#Chancellors" title="List of University of Kent people">Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolanda Brown">Yolanda Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Kent_people#Vice-Chancellors" title="List of University of Kent people">Vice Chancellor</a>: Georgina Randsley de Moura (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Academic dress of the University of Kent">Academic dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Kent_people" title="List of University of Kent people">List of people</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Templeman Library at the University of Kent"><img alt="Templeman Library at the University of Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG/180px-Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG/270px-Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG/360px-Templeman_Library_-_UKC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#002147; color:white;;width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaucer_College" title="Chaucer College">Chaucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_College,_Kent" title="Darwin College, Kent">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_College,_Kent" title="Eliot College, Kent">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynes_College,_Kent" title="Keynes College, Kent">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_College,_Kent" title="Rutherford College, Kent">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_College,_Kent" title="Turing College, Kent">Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolf_College,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolf College, Kent">Woolf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#002147; color:white;;width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrell_Institute_of_Conservation_and_Ecology" title="Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Business_School" title="Kent Business School">Kent Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_School_of_Pharmacy" title="Medway School of Pharmacy">Medway School of Pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#002147; color:white;;width:1%">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent#Canterbury" title="University of Kent">Canterbury (UKC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_at_Medway" title="Universities at Medway">Medway (UKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent_at_Tonbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kent at Tonbridge">Tonbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_School_of_International_Studies" title="Brussels School of International Studies">Brussels School of International Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#002147; color:white;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_University_of_Kent_at_Canterbury_Chancellor_election" title="1970 University of Kent at Canterbury Chancellor election">1970 Chancellor election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Contemporary_Dance_School" title="London Contemporary Dance School">London Contemporary Dance School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Family_Placement_Project" title="Kent Family Placement Project">Kent Family Placement Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent_Rowing_Club" title="University of Kent Rowing Club">University of Kent Rowing Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKC_Radio" title="UKC Radio">UKC Radio</a>/<a href="/wiki/CSR_97.4FM" title="CSR 97.4FM">CSR 97.4FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Television" title="Kent Television">Kent Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#002147; color:white;;width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Category:Academics of the University of Kent">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Kent">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Category:Chancellors of the University of Kent">Chancellors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_University_of_Kent" title="Category:People associated with the University of Kent">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Kent" title="Category:University of Kent">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Kent" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of Kent">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defunct_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_Kingdom134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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id="Defunct_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_Kingdom134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Defunct_university_institutions" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">Defunct universities and colleges in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_College,_London" title="Bedford College, London">Bedford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_College_of_Higher_Education" title="Bedford College of Higher Education">Bedford College of Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_College" title="Bell College">Bell College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulmershe_College_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulmershe College of Higher Education">Bulmershe College of Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education">Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraserburgh_University" title="Fraserburgh University">Fraserburgh University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnett_College" title="Garnett College">Garnett College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_College_of_Education" title="Hereford College of Education">Hereford College of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_of_Ireland" title="Queen's University of Ireland">Queen's University of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Ireland" title="Royal University of Ireland">Royal University of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Institute_of_Art_%26_Design" title="Kent Institute of Art & Design">Kent Institute of Art & Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Guildhall_University" title="London Guildhall University">London Guildhall University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music" title="Royal Manchester College of Music">Royal Manchester College of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heart_and_Lung_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heart and Lung Institute">National Heart and Lung Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_School_of_Music" title="Northern School of Music">Northern School of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_London" title="University of North London">University of North London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northampton_(13th_century)" title="University of Northampton (13th century)">University of Northampton</a> (1261–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Science" title="Royal College of Science">Royal College of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sainte_Union_College_of_Higher_Education" title="La Sainte Union College of Higher Education">La Sainte Union College of Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Salford" class="mw-redirect" title="University College Salford">University College Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull#University_College_Scarborough" title="University of Hull">University College Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_College" title="St Martin's College">St Martin's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Surrey" title="Federal University of Surrey">Federal University of Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Institute_of_Art_%26_Design,_University_College" title="Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College">Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="New University of Ulster">New University of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Polytechnic">Ulster Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_(United_Kingdom)" title="Victoria University (United Kingdom)">Victoria University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glamorgan" title="University of Glamorgan">University of Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_College_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales College of Medicine">University of Wales College of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology">University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">University of Wales, Lampeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Newport" title="University of Wales, Newport">University of Wales, Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_College" title="Westfield College">Westfield College</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wye College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3570204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata676" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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