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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Message_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Message format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Message_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Message format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Message_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Message_header" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_header"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Message header</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_header-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Header_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Header_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Header fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Header_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Message_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Message body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Content encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plain_text_and_HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plain_text_and_HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Plain text and HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plain_text_and_HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Servers_and_client_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servers_and_client_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Servers and client applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Servers_and_client_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Servers and client applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Servers_and_client_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filename_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filename_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Filename extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filename_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URI_scheme_mailto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URI_scheme_mailto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>URI scheme mailto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URI_scheme_mailto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web-based_email" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-based_email"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Web-based email</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-based_email-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POP3_email_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POP3_email_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>POP3 email servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POP3_email_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMAP_email_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAP_email_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>IMAP email servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAP_email_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MAPI_email_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MAPI_email_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>MAPI email servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MAPI_email_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_and_organizational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_organizational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Business and organizational use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_organizational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Email_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Email marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Personal use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_computer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_computer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Personal computer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_computer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_use_among_young_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_use_among_young_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Declining use among young people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_use_among_young_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attachment_size_limitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachment_size_limitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Attachment size limitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachment_size_limitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_overload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_overload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Information overload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_overload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Malware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Email_spoofing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email_spoofing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Email spoofing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email_spoofing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Email_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Email bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Privacy concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Legal contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Flaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Email_bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email_bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Email bankruptcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email_bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Internationalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_of_sent_mail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_of_sent_mail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Tracking of sent mail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_of_sent_mail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Email</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-pos" title="E-pos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="E-pos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail" title="E-Mail – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="E-Mail" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ईमेल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईमेल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="بريد إلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريد إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correu_electronico" title="Correu electronico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Correu electronico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ইমেইল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইমেইল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A9u_electr%C3%B3nicu" title="Corréu electrónicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corréu electrónicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_po%C3%A7t" title="Elektron poçt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron poçt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایمئیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمئیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ই-মেইল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ই-মেইল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA-phoe" title="Tiān-chú-phoe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú-phoe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электрон почта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электрон почта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электронная пошта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронная пошта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электронная пошта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электронная пошта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ई मेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ई मेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Електронна поща – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронна поща" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail" title="E-Mail – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="E-Mail" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="གློག་རྡུལ་འཕྲིན་སྒམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློག་རྡུལ་འཕྲིན་སྒམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvonerezh_elektronek" title="Anvonerezh elektronek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anvonerezh elektronek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correu_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Correu electrònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Correu electrònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электронлă почта – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронлă почта" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bost" title="E-bost – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="E-bost" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برية إليكطرونية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="برية إليكطرونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail" title="E-Mail – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Mail" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-kiri" title="E-kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="E-kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδρομείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδρομείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2sta_eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Pòsta eletrônica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pòsta eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correo_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Correo electrónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Correo electrónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retpo%C5%9Dto" title="Retpoŝto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retpoŝto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_elektroniko" title="Posta elektroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Posta elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایمیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایمیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Email" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teldupostur" title="Teldupostur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teldupostur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courrier_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Courrier électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courrier électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueste_eletroniche" title="Pueste eletroniche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pueste eletroniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADomhphost" title="Ríomhphost – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríomhphost" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correo_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Correo electrónico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Correo electrónico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="電郵 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電郵" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ايميل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايميل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87-%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B2" title="ઇ-મેઇલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇ-મેઇલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%9A%B0%ED%8E%B8" title="전자우편 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자우편" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Email" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Էլեկտրոնային փոստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնային փոստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ईमेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईमेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni%C4%8Dka_po%C5%A1ta" title="Elektronička pošta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronička pošta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retoposto" title="Retoposto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Retoposto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surel" title="Surel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_electronic" title="Posta electronic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Posta electronic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-e-mail" title="I-e-mail – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-e-mail" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwazuba" title="Incwazuba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Incwazuba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvup%C3%B3stur" title="Tölvupóstur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvupóstur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_elettronica" title="Posta elettronica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Posta elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="דואר אלקטרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דואר אלקטרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang_%C3%A8l%C3%A8ktronik" title="Layang èlèktronik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Layang èlèktronik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86" title="ಇ-ಅಂಚೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇ-ಅಂಚೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონული ფოსტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონული ფოსტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ای میل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ای میل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электронды пошта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронды пошта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebost" title="Ebost – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ebost" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barua_pepe" title="Barua pepe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barua pepe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koury%C3%A9_%C3%A9lektronik" title="Kouryé élektronik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kouryé élektronik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Peyam" title="E-Peyam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="E-Peyam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электрондук почта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрондук почта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A5" title="ອີແມລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອີແມລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_electronicus" title="Cursus electronicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cursus electronicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniskais_pasts" title="Elektroniskais pasts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroniskais pasts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail" title="E-Mail – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="E-Mail" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroninis_pa%C5%A1tas" title="Elektroninis paštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektroninis paštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkand%C3%A1" title="Nkandá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkandá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Електронско писмо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailaka" title="Mailaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mailaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ഇ-മെയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇ-മെയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ईमेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ईमेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ايميل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايميل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_elektronik" title="Mel elektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mel elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik" title="Surat elektronik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Surat elektronik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-pi%C4%95" title="Diêng-cṳ̄-piĕ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-cṳ̄-piĕ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Цахим шуудан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахим шуудан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="အီးမေးလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီးမေးလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienpost" title="Lienpost – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Lienpost" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="इमेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इमेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="電子メール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子メール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электронан пошта – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Электронан пошта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail" title="E-Mail – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="E-Mail" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-post" title="E-post – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="E-post" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-post" title="E-post – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="E-post" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corri%C3%A8r_electronic" title="Corrièr electronic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corrièr electronic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Электрон почто – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Электрон почто" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ଇମେଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇମେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Email" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਈ-ਮੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈ-ਮੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ای میل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ای میل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="برېښليک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښليک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iimiel" title="Iimiel – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iimiel" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2sta_eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Pòsta eletrònica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pòsta eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/makawanglu_a_tigami" title="makawanglu a tigami – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="makawanglu a tigami" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imel" title="Imel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Imel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettbreef" title="Nettbreef – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nettbreef" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poczta_elektroniczna" title="Poczta elektroniczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poczta elektroniczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illari_chaski" title="Illari chaski – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illari chaski" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Електронічна пошта – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електронічна пошта" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электронная почта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная почта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/piyat_tingami" title="piyat tingami – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="piyat tingami" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imeli" title="Imeli – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Imeli" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱤᱢᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱢᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Posta eletrònica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Posta eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_elektronike" title="Posta elektronike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Posta elektronike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%BD" title="විද්‍යුත් තැපෑල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යුත් තැපෑල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اي ميل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اي ميل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_po%C5%A1ta" title="Elektronska pošta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronska pošta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Email" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پۆستی ئەلیکترۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆستی ئەلیکترۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Електронска пошта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електронска пошта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Surélék – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Surélék" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6posti" title="Sähköposti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköposti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-post" title="E-post – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="E-post" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikong_liham" title="Elektronikong liham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektronikong liham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னஞ்சல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னஞ்சல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఈ-మెయిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈ-మెయిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5" title="อีเมล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีเมล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Роёнома – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роёнома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-posta" title="E-posta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="E-posta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Електронна пошта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна пошта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="برقی ڈاک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی ڈاک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ئىلخەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىلخەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_e%C5%82etr%C3%B2nega" title="Posta ełetrònega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Posta ełetrònega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Thư điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lkpost" title="Välkpost – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Välkpost" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile" title="Emile – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Emile" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="電郵 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電郵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Email" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6" title="电子邮件 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子邮件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98" title="בליצפאסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליצפאסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="電郵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電郵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="E-mail" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruon%C4%97nis_pa%C5%A1ts" title="Alektruonėnis pašts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruonėnis pašts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6" title="电子邮件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子邮件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_l%C3%A8strik" title="Surat lèstrik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Surat lèstrik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Email" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Email" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_mail&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mail">Electronic mail</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mail sent using electronic means</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former company, see <a href="/wiki/Email_Limited" title="Email Limited">Email Limited</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reply all" redirects here. For the podcast, see <a href="/wiki/Reply_All_(podcast)" title="Reply All (podcast)"><i>Reply All</i> (podcast)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_36_mail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Evolution_36_mail.png/220px-Evolution_36_mail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Evolution_36_mail.png/330px-Evolution_36_mail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Evolution_36_mail.png/440px-Evolution_36_mail.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">email client</a>; users can see new emails and take actions, such as reading, deleting, saving, or responding to these messages.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg/220px-E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg/330px-E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg/440px-E-post_fr%C3%A5n_Wikipedia_-_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>When a "robot" on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> makes changes to image files, the uploader receives an email about the changes made.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Email</b> (short for <b>electronic mail</b>; alternatively spelled <b>e-mail</b>) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> devices. It was conceived in the late–20th century as the <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital</a> version of, or counterpart to, <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a> (hence <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e-#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:e-">e-</a> + mail</i>). Email is a ubiquitous and very widely used communication medium; in current use, an <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a> is often treated as a basic and necessary part of many processes in business, commerce, government, education, entertainment, and other spheres of daily life in most countries. </p><p>Email operates across <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a>. Today's email systems are based on a <a href="/wiki/Store-and-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Store-and-forward">store-and-forward</a> model. Email <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a <a href="/wiki/Message_transfer_agent" title="Message transfer agent">mail server</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> interface to send or receive messages or download it. </p><p>Originally a text-only <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> communications medium, Internet email was extended by <a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_Internet_Mail_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions">MIME</a> to carry text in expanded character sets and multimedia content such as images. <a href="/wiki/International_email" title="International email">International email</a>, with internationalized email addresses using <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, is standardized but not widely adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-first_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_email#Terminology_and_usage" title="History of email">History of email § Terminology and usage</a></div> <p>The term <i>electronic mail</i> has been in use with its modern meaning since 1975, and variations of the shorter <i>E-mail</i> have been in use since 1979:<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ohlheiser_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohlheiser_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>email</b></i> is now the common form, and recommended by <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cmos_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the form required by <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Requests for Comments</a> (RFC) and working groups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spelling also appears in most dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cmos_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>e-mail</b></i> was originally the form favored in edited published American English and British English writing, and was formerly preferred by some style guides.<sup id="cite_ref-cmos_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>E-mail</b></i> is sometimes used.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original usage in June 1979 occurred in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Electronics_(magazine)" title="Electronics (magazine)">Electronics</a></i> in reference to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> initiative called <a href="/wiki/E-COM" title="E-COM">E-COM</a>, which was developed in the late 1970s and operated in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ohlheiser_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohlheiser_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>EMAIL</b></i> was used by <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> starting in April 1981, which popularized the term.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>EMail</b></i> is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author's Address".</li></ul> <p>The service is often simply referred to as <i>mail</i>, and a single piece of electronic mail is called a <i>message</i>. The conventions for fields within emails—the "To", "From", "CC", "BCC" etc.—began with RFC-680 in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Internet email consists of an <i>envelope</i> and <i>content</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the content consists of a <i>header</i> and a <i>body</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Origin"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_email" title="History of email">History of email</a></div> <p>Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible after the advent of <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> project in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most developers of early <a href="/wiki/Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. In 1971 the first <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> network mail was sent, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '<a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">@</a>' symbol designating the user's system address.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a series of <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a>, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a>. </p><p>Proprietary electronic mail systems soon began to emerge. <a href="/wiki/IBM_OfficeVision#Earlier_PROFS,_DISOSS_and_Office/36" title="IBM OfficeVision">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox</a> used in-house mail systems in the 1970s; CompuServe sold a commercial intraoffice mail product in 1978 to IBM and to Xerox from 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DEC's <a href="/wiki/ALL-IN-1" title="ALL-IN-1">ALL-IN-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard's</a> HPMAIL (later HP DeskManager) were released in 1982; development work on the former began in the late 1970s and the latter became the world's largest selling email system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP) was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983. <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a> email systems emerged in the mid-1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the <a href="/wiki/X.400" title="X.400">X.400</a> email system, part of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile</a> (GOSIP), would predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, <a href="/wiki/POP3" class="mw-redirect" title="POP3">POP3</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAP">IMAP</a> email protocols the standard (see <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div> <p>The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_names_in_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Placeholder names in cryptography">Alice</a> transmits a message using a <a href="/wiki/E-mail_client" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail client">mail user agent</a> (MUA) addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a> of the recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Email.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Email.svg/220px-Email.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Email.svg/330px-Email.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Email.svg/440px-Email.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Email operation</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP), to send the message content to the local <a href="/wiki/Mail_submission_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail submission agent">mail submission agent</a> (MSA), in this case <i>smtp.a.org</i>.</li> <li>The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header)—in this case, <i>bob@b.org</i>—which is a <a href="/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_address" title="Fully qualified domain address">fully qualified domain address (FQDA)</a>. The part before the @ sign is the <i>local part</i> of the address, often the <a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">username</a> of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a>. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the <a href="/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name" title="Fully qualified domain name">fully qualified domain name</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Message_transfer_agent" title="Message transfer agent">mail server</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/DNS_server" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS server">DNS server</a> for the domain <i>b.org</i> (<i>ns.b.org</i>) responds with any <a href="/wiki/MX_record" title="MX record">MX records</a> listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case <i>mx.b.org</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Message_transfer_agent" title="Message transfer agent">message transfer agent</a> (MTA) server run by the recipient's ISP.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final <a href="/wiki/Message_delivery_agent" title="Message delivery agent">message delivery agent</a> (MDA).</li> <li>The MDA delivers it to the <a href="/wiki/Email_Mailbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Email Mailbox">mailbox</a> of user <i>bob</i>.</li> <li>Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">Post Office Protocol</a> (POP3) or the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a> (IMAP).</li></ol> <p>In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system: </p> <ul><li>Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">Lotus Notes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Exchange</a>. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system.</li> <li>Alice may not have an MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> service.</li> <li>Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.</li> <li>Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.</li> <li>Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if the primary is not available.</li></ul> <p>Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called <i><a href="/wiki/Open_mail_relay" title="Open mail relay">open mail relays</a></i>. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by originators of <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">unsolicited bulk email</a> and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Message_format">Message format <span class="anchor" id="Internet_Message_Format"></span></h2></div> <p>The basic Internet message format used for email<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is defined by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called <i><a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_Internet_Mail_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions</a></i> or <i>MIME</i>. The extensions in <a href="/wiki/International_email" title="International email">International email</a> apply only to email. RFC 5322 replaced RFC 2822 in 2008. Earlier, in 2001, RFC 2822 had in turn replaced RFC 822, which had been the standard for Internet email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are known as "content".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The header is structured into <a href="/wiki/Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">fields</a> such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a <a href="/wiki/Signature_block" title="Signature block">signature block</a> at the end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_header">Message header</h3></div> <p>RFC 5322 specifies the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of the email header. Each email message has a <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> (the "header section" of the message, according to the specification), comprising a number of <a href="/wiki/Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">fields</a> ("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field body"). </p><p>Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-<a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> <a href="/wiki/Printable_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Printable characters">printable character</a>. It ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol#SMTPUTF8" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTPUTF8</a>, field bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME <a href="/wiki/MIME#Encoded-Word" title="MIME">encoded words</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Header_fields">Header fields</h4></div> <p>Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to be no more than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5322_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5322-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Header fields defined by RFC 5322 contain only <a href="/wiki/US-ASCII" class="mw-redirect" title="US-ASCII">US-ASCII</a> characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2047_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2047-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some examples, the IETF EAI working group defines some standards track extensions,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc6532_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6532-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc6531_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6531-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing previous experimental extensions so <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoded <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters may be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and Microsoft products, and promoted by some government agents.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The message header must include at least the following fields:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>From</i>: The email address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some email clients are changeable through account settings.</li> <li><i>Date</i>: The local time and date the message was written. Like the <i>From:</i> field, many email clients fill this in automatically before sending. The recipient's client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.</li></ul> <p>RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a>; it provides for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers/perm-headers.html">permanent</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers/prov-headers.html">provisional</a> field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5064_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5064-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>To</i>: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.</li> <li><i>Subject</i>: A brief summary of the topic of the message. <a href="/wiki/E-mail_subject_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail subject abbreviations">Certain abbreviations</a> are commonly used in the subject, including <a href="/wiki/E-mail_subject_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail subject abbreviations">"RE:" and "FW:"</a>.</li> <li><i>Cc</i>: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_copy" title="Carbon copy">Carbon copy</a>; Many email clients mark email in one's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list.</li> <li><i>Bcc</i>: <a href="/wiki/Blind_carbon_copy" title="Blind carbon copy">Blind carbon copy</a>; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery, and not usually listed in the message header.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-Type">Content-Type</a>: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> type.</li> <li><i>Precedence</i>: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list. <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is less of an issue than it was. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange</a> respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the <i>X-Auto-Response-Suppress</i> field.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Message-ID" title="Message-ID">Message-ID</a></i>: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below).</li> <li><i>In-Reply-To</i>: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages.</li> <li><i>List-Unsubscribe</i>: HTTP link to unsubscribe from a mailing list.</li> <li><i>References</i>: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc.</li> <li><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Reply-To"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Reply-To</span></span></i>: Address should be used to reply to the message.</li> <li><i>Sender</i>: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.).</li> <li><i>Archived-At</i>: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message.</li></ul> <p>The <i>To:</i> field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not be the sender. Some mail servers apply <a href="/wiki/Email_authentication" title="Email authentication">email authentication</a> systems to messages relayed. Data pertaining to the server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below. </p><p>SMTP defines the <i>trace information</i> of a message saved in the header using the following two fields:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Received</i>: after an SMTP server accepts a message, it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first).</li> <li><i>Return-Path</i>: after the delivery SMTP server makes the <i>final delivery</i> of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.</li></ul> <p>Other fields added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called <i>trace fields</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Authentication-Results</i>: after a server verifies authentication, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Received-SPF</i>: stores results of <a href="/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework" title="Sender Policy Framework">SPF</a> checks in more detail than Authentication-Results.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>DKIM-Signature</i>: stores results of <a href="/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail" title="DomainKeys Identified Mail">DomainKeys Identified Mail</a> (DKIM) decryption to verify the message was not changed after it was sent.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc6376_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6376-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Auto-Submitted</i>: is used to mark automatic-generated messages.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>VBR-Info</i>: claims <a href="/wiki/Vouch_by_Reference" title="Vouch by Reference">VBR</a> whitelisting<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_body">Message body</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Content_encoding">Content encoding</h4></div> <p>Internet email was designed for 7-bit ASCII.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most email software is <a href="/wiki/8-bit_clean" title="8-bit clean">8-bit clean</a>, but must assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers. The <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data: <a href="/wiki/Quoted_printable" class="mw-redirect" title="Quoted printable">quoted printable</a> for mostly 7-bit content with a few characters outside that range and <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">base64</a> for arbitrary binary data. The <a href="/wiki/8BITMIME" class="mw-redirect" title="8BITMIME">8BITMIME</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=BINARY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BINARY (page does not exist)">BINARY</a> extensions were introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings, but many <a href="/wiki/Mail_transport_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transport agent">mail transport agents</a> may not support them. In some countries, e-mail software violates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a> by sending raw<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-ASCII text and several encoding schemes co-exist; as a result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is a coincidence if the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> is growing in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plain_text_and_HTML">Plain text and HTML</h4></div> <p>Most modern graphic <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">email clients</a> allow the use of either <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> or <a href="/wiki/HTML#HTML_e-mail" title="HTML">HTML</a> for the message body at the option of the user. <a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email">HTML email</a> messages often include an automatic-generated <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> copy for compatibility. </p><p>Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous messages in <a href="/wiki/Block_quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Block quote">block quotes</a>, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as <a href="/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">underlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italics">italics</a>, and change <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about <a href="/wiki/Web_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Web bug">web bugs</a>, abuse of HTML email as a vector for <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malicious software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some e-mail clients interpret the body as HTML even in the absence of a <code>Content-Type: html</code> header field; this may cause various problems. </p><p>Some web-based <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a> recommend all posts be made in plain text, with 72 or 80 <a href="/wiki/Characters_per_line" title="Characters per line">characters per line</a> for all the above reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because they have a significant number of readers using <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients#Text-based" title="Comparison of email clients">text-based email clients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)" title="Mutt (email client)">Mutt</a>. Various informal conventions evolved for marking up plain text in email and <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">usenet</a> posts, which later led to the development of formal languages like <a href="/wiki/Setext" title="Setext">setext</a> <i>(c. 1992)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Lightweight markup language">many others</a>, the most popular of them being <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">markdown</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> email clients may allow rich formatting using their proprietary <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">Rich Text Format</a> (RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible email client.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Servers_and_client_applications">Servers and client applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png/220px-Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png/330px-Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png/440px-Mozilla_Thunderbird_3.1.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>The interface of an <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">email client</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Messages are exchanged between hosts using the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> with software programs called <a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">mail transfer agents</a> (MTAs); and delivered to a mail store by programs called <a href="/wiki/Mail_delivery_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail delivery agent">mail delivery agents</a> (MDAs, also sometimes called local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a <a href="/wiki/Bounce_message" title="Bounce message">bounce message</a> back to the sender, indicating the problem. </p><p>Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a> or <a href="/wiki/IMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAP">IMAP</a>, or, as is more likely in a large <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporate</a> environment, with a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> protocol specific to <a href="/wiki/Novell_Groupwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell Groupwise">Novell Groupwise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">Lotus Notes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Servers</a>. Programs used by users for retrieving, reading, and managing email are called <a href="/wiki/Mail_user_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">mail user agents</a> (MUAs). </p><p>When opening an email, it is marked as "read", which typically visibly distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. Email clients may allow hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the unread.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mail can be stored on the <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include <a href="/wiki/Maildir" title="Maildir">Maildir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mbox" title="Mbox">mbox</a>. Several prominent email clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving email from one server to another can be done with any <a href="/wiki/Mail_user_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">MUA</a> supporting the protocol. </p><p>Many current email users do not run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use a web-based email platform, such as <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Mail">Yahoo! Mail</a>, that performs the same tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, from any computer, rather than relying on a local email client. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filename_extensions">Filename extensions</h3></div> <p>Upon reception of email messages, email client applications save messages in operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is the <i>mbox</i> format. The specific format used is often indicated by special <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extensions</a>: </p> <dl><dt><code>eml</code></dt> <dd>Used by many email clients including <a href="/wiki/Novell_GroupWise" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Outlook Express">Microsoft Outlook Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus notes">Lotus notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Mail">Windows Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a>, and Postbox. The files contain the email contents as <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> in <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats.</dd> <dt><code>emlx</code></dt> <dd>Used by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a>.</dd> <dt><code>msg</code></dt> <dd>Used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Office Outlook</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=OfficeLogic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OfficeLogic (page does not exist)">OfficeLogic Groupware</a>.</dd> <dt><code>mbx</code></dt> <dd>Used by <a href="/wiki/Opera_Mail" title="Opera Mail">Opera Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/KMail" class="mw-redirect" title="KMail">KMail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a> based on the mbox format.</dd></dl> <p>Some applications (like <a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a>) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URI_scheme_mailto">URI scheme mailto</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>, as registered with the IANA, defines the <code>mailto:</code> scheme for SMTP email addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new message window of the user's mail client when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the <i>To:</i> field.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_2011_p._245_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_2011_p._245-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many clients also support query string parameters for the other email fields, such as its subject line or carbon copy recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-based_email">Web-based email</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">Webmail</a></div> <p>Many email providers have a web-based email client. This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so it cannot be read without a current Internet connection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="POP3_email_servers">POP3 email servers</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">Post Office Protocol</a> 3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> POP3 allows downloading messages on a local computer and reading them even when offline.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAP_email_servers">IMAP email servers</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a> (IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> are increasingly used to check email while traveling and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually, the mail is left in folders in the mail server. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MAPI_email_servers">MAPI email servers</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging Application Programming Interface</a> (MAPI) is used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a> to communicate to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Server</a>—and to a range of other email server products such as <a href="/wiki/Axigen" title="Axigen">Axigen Mail Server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerio_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerio Connect">Kerio Connect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalix" title="Scalix">Scalix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbra" title="Zimbra">Zimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_OpenMail" title="HP OpenMail">HP OpenMail</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Lotus Notes">IBM Lotus Notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarafa_(software)" title="Zarafa (software)">Zarafa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bynari" title="Bynari">Bynari</a> where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Email" title="Special:EditPage/Email">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_organizational_use">Business and organizational use</h3></div> <p>Email has been widely accepted by businesses, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace communication found 83% of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including: </p> <dl><dt>Facilitating logistics</dt> <dd>Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">telephone call</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Conference_call" title="Conference call">conference call</a> can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone call.</dd> <dt>Helping with synchronization</dt> <dd>With <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real time</a> communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asynchrony" class="extiw" title="wikt:asynchrony">asynchrony</a>: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch processing of incoming emails can improve workflow compared to interrupting calls.</dd> <dt>Reducing cost</dt> <dd>Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or <a href="/wiki/Long_distance_telephone_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Long distance telephone call">long distance telephone calls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telegrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegrams">telegrams</a>.</dd> <dt>Increasing speed</dt> <dd>Much faster than most of the alternatives.</dd> <dt>Creating a "written" record</dt> <dd>Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on it.</dd> <dt>Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution</dt> <dd>As well pre-processing of customer's orders or addressing the person in charge can be realized by automated procedures.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Email_marketing">Email marketing</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Email_marketing" title="Email marketing">Email marketing</a> via "<a href="/wiki/Opt-in_email" title="Opt-in email">opt-in</a>" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the recipient's culture,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as unwelcome "<a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">email spam</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_use">Personal use</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_computer">Personal computer</h4></div> <p>Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> in their house or apartment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile">Mobile</h4></div> <p>Email has become used on <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away from home, whether they are across town or across the world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_2011_p._245_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_2011_p._245-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> accounts, making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that 30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their email at least once per day on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using email on a smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declining_use_among_young_people">Declining use among young people</h4></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down 18 percent. Young people preferred <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texting" class="mw-redirect" title="Texting">texting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that email was like the <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Still_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Still camera">film cameras</a>—no longer cool and something older people do.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 survey of <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a> 3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Email" title="Special:EditPage/Email">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachment_size_limitation">Attachment size limitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_attachment" title="Email attachment">Email attachment</a></div> <p>Email messages may have one or more attachments, which are additional files that are appended to the email. Typical attachments include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> documents, <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no technical restriction on the size or number of attachments. However, in practice, email clients, <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files, or complete email – typically to 25MB or less.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, due to technical reasons, attachment sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a file by email. Where larger files need to be shared, various <a href="/wiki/File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">file hosting services</a> are available and commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_overload">Information overload</h3></div> <p>The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and "white collar" employees has led to concerns that recipients face an "<a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a>" in dealing with increasing volumes of email.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growth in mobile devices, by default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working day. This can lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work. Some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic effect,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as efforts to read the many emails could reduce <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spam">Spam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a></div> <p>Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool. The US <a href="/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003" title="CAN-SPAM Act of 2003">CAN-SPAM Act of 2003</a> and similar laws elsewhere<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had some impact, and a number of effective <a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques_(email)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-spam techniques (email)">anti-spam techniques</a> now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or rejecting it for most users,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the volume sent is still very high—and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, but malicious content or links.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to legitimate email rose to 59.56%.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of spam email in 2021 is estimated to be 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malware">Malware</h3></div> <p>Emails are a major vector for the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often achieved by attaching malicious programs to the message and persuading potential victims to open the file.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types of malware distributed via email include <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worms</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email_spoofing">Email spoofing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a> occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source. <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal effort to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent email spoofing is if an individual creates an email that appears to be an invoice from a major company, and then sends it to one or more recipients. In some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported organization and even the email address may appear legitimate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email_bombing">Email bombing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_bomb" title="Email bomb">Email bomb</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Email_bomb" title="Email bomb">Email bombing</a> is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_concerns">Privacy concerns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_privacy" title="Email privacy">Email privacy</a></div> <p>Today it can be important to distinguish between the Internet and internal email systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender's or the recipient's control. During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content. Internal mail systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may be more secure, although <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> personnel and others whose function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other employees. </p><p>Email privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because: </p> <ul><li>email messages are generally not encrypted.</li> <li>email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.</li> <li>many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the mailbox.</li> <li>the "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Web bug">web bugs</a> invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of any email whenever an email is rendered as HTML (some e-mail clients do this when the user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It can also reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device via the <a href="/wiki/User_agent_string" class="mw-redirect" title="User agent string">user agent string</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above. For example, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Private Network">Virtual Private Networks</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor network</a> can be used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while <a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GPG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a>, SMEmail,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/S/MIME" title="S/MIME">S/MIME</a> can be used for <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end</a> message encryption, and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a>/Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the SMTP server. </p><p>Additionally, many <a href="/wiki/Mail_user_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">mail user agents</a> do not protect logins and passwords, making them easy to intercept by an attacker. Encrypted authentication schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Simple_Authentication_and_Security_Layer" title="Simple Authentication and Security Layer">SASL</a> prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards as those found in <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer filesharing</a>. Attached files may contain <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_contracts">Legal contracts</h3></div> <p>It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users must be careful about what they send through email correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A signature block on an email may be interpreted as satisfying a signature requirement for a contract.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flaming">Flaming</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming</a> occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word <i>incendiary</i> to describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email_bankruptcy">Email bankruptcy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_bankruptcy" title="Email bankruptcy">Email bankruptcy</a></div> <p>Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is not possible to read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a "boilerplate" message explaining that their email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the messages. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> law professor <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationalization">Internationalization</h3></div> <p>Originally Internet email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME now allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets, but other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have yet to be widely adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-first_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_email" title="International email">International email</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email_address#Internationalization" title="Email address">Email address § Internationalization</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_of_sent_mail">Tracking of sent mail</h3></div> <p>The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read. It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a failure notice (bounce message), but both software bugs and system failures can cause messages to be lost. To remedy this, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Delivery_Status_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="Delivery Status Notification">Delivery Status Notifications</a> (delivery receipts) and <a href="/wiki/Return_receipt#Email" title="Return receipt">Message Disposition Notifications</a> (return receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers: </p> <ul><li>Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so, this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed.</li> <li>If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (<a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">email spoofing</a>), then the innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail. These NDRs then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user.</li></ul> <p>In the absence of standard methods, a range of system based around the use of <a href="/wiki/Web_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Web bug">web bugs</a> have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only work with email clients that support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients now default to not showing "web content".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">Webmail</a> providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_remailer" title="Anonymous remailer">Anonymous remailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biff_(Unix)" title="Biff (Unix)">biff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_message" title="Bounce message">Bounce message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients" title="Comparison of email clients">Comparison of email clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Mail_Alliance" title="Dark Mail Alliance">Dark Mail Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_email_address" title="Disposable email address">Disposable email address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-card" title="E-card">E-card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_art" title="Email art">Email art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_authentication" title="Email authentication">Email authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_digest" title="Email digest">Email digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_encryption" title="Email encryption">Email encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_hosting_service" title="Email hosting service">Email hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_hub" title="Email hub">Email hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_storm" title="Email storm">Email storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_tracking" title="Email tracking">Email tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email">HTML email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Internet fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_email_subject_abbreviations" title="List of email subject abbreviations">List of email subject abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCI_Mail" title="MCI Mail">MCI Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Netiquette">Netiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_style" title="Posting style">Posting style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhanced_Electronic_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail">Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Push email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet_quoting" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet quoting">Usenet quoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">Webmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_webmail_providers" title="Comparison of webmail providers">Comparison of webmail providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Originating-IP" title="X-Originating-IP">X-Originating-IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.400" title="X.400">X.400</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM's system was available on request to customers prior to formal release.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not using Internationalized Email or MIME</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined, but it never gained traction; see RFCs 3885<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through 3888.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/datamail-worlds-first-free-linguistic-email-service-supports-eight-india-languages/articleshow/54923001.cms">"DataMail: World's first free linguistic email service supports eight India languages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022080739/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/datamail-worlds-first-free-linguistic-email-service-supports-eight-india-languages/articleshow/54923001.cms">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DataMail%3A+World%27s+first+free+linguistic+email+service+supports+eight+India+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Ftech%2Finternet%2Fdatamail-worlds-first-free-linguistic-email-service-supports-eight-india-languages%2Farticleshow%2F54923001.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.oed.com/appeals/email/">"email noun earlier than 1979"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. October 25, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100025/https://public.oed.com/appeals/email/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=email+noun+earlier+than+1979&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.oed.com%2Fappeals%2Femail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohlheiser_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ohlheiser_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohlheiser_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlheiser2015" class="citation news cs1">Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/07/28/why-the-first-use-of-the-word-e-mail-may-be-lost-forever/">"Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131904/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/07/28/why-the-first-use-of-the-word-e-mail-may-be-lost-forever/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+the+first+use+of+the+word+%27e-mail%27+may+be+lost+forever&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.aulast=Ohlheiser&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-intersect%2Fwp%2F2015%2F07%2F28%2Fwhy-the-first-use-of-the-word-e-mail-may-be-lost-forever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmos-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmos_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmos_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmos_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmosshoptalk.com/2017/10/11/from-e-mail-to-email-is-the-sky-falling/">"From E-mail to Email: Is the Sky Falling?"</a>. <i>CMOS Shop Talk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a>. October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CMOS+Shop+Talk&rft.atitle=From+E-mail+to+Email%3A+Is+the+Sky+Falling%3F&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmosshoptalk.com%2F2017%2F10%2F11%2Ffrom-e-mail-to-email-is-the-sky-falling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509154006/https://styleguide.yahoo.com/word-list/e">"Yahoo style guide"</a>. Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://styleguide.yahoo.com/word-list/e">the original</a> on May 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yahoo+style+guide&rft.pub=Styleguide.yahoo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstyleguide.yahoo.com%2Fword-list%2Fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/18/ap-removes-hyphen-from-em_n_837833.html">"AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i>. New York City. March 18, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055628/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/18/ap-removes-hyphen-from-em_n_837833.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=AP+Removes+Hyphen+From+%27Email%27+In+Style+Guide&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F03%2F18%2Fap-removes-hyphen-from-em_n_837833.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt">"RFC Editor Terms List"</a>. IETF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152111/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+Editor+Terms+List&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Frfc-style-guide%2Fterms-online.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> This is suggested by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/rfc-style-manual-08.txt">RFC Document Style Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424002009/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/rfc-style-manual-08.txt">Archived</a> 2015-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskOxford_Language_Query_team" class="citation web cs1">AskOxford Language Query team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701194047/https://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/email?view=uk">"What is the correct way to spell 'e' words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?"</a>. <i>FAQ</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/email">the original</a> on July 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2009</span>. <q>We recommend email, this is the common form</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+correct+way+to+spell+%27e%27+words+such+as+%27email%27%2C+%27ecommerce%27%2C+%27egovernment%27%3F&rft.au=AskOxford+Language+Query+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fasktheexperts%2Ffaq%2Faboutspelling%2Femail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/email">"Reference.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094405/https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/email">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Femail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt">"<i>"RFC Style Guide"</i>, Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152111/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22RFC+Style+Guide%22%2C+Table+of+decisions+on+consistent+use+in+RFC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Frfc-style-guide%2Fterms-online.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael" class="citation web cs1">Israel, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxhowdoy.html">"How do you spell "e-mail"?"</a>. Alt-usage-english.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403084841/https://www.alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxhowdoy.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+do+you+spell+%22e-mail%22%3F&rft.pub=Alt-usage-english.org&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falt-usage-english.org%2Fexcerpts%2Ffxhowdoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthaigh2015" class="citation web cs1">thaigh (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigcis.org/ayyadurai">"Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?"</a>. <i>SIGCIS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417130400/https://www.sigcis.org/Ayyadurai">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIGCIS&rft.atitle=Did+V.A.+Shiva+Ayyadurai+Invent+Email%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.au=thaigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigcis.org%2Fayyadurai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnick2019" class="citation web cs1">Masnick, Mike (May 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190518/23370542236/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml">"Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email"</a>. <i>Techdirt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127173452/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190518/23370542236/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techdirt.&rft.atitle=Laying+Out+All+The+Evidence%3A+Shiva+Ayyadurai+Did+Not+Invent+Email&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20190518%2F23370542236%2Flaying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPexton2012" class="citation news cs1">Pexton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/omblog/post/origins-of-e-mail-my-mea-culpa/2012/03/01/gIQAiOD5kR_blog.html">"Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa"</a></span>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519192857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/omblog/post/origins-of-e-mail-my-mea-culpa/2012/03/01/gIQAiOD5kR_blog.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Origins+of+e-mail%3A+My+mea+culpa&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Pexton&rft.aufirst=Patrick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fomblog%2Fpost%2Forigins-of-e-mail-my-mea-culpa%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2FgIQAiOD5kR_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.1">"Mail Objects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321"><i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. 2.3.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>. <q>SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mail+Objects&rft.btitle=Simple+Mail+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pages=sec.-2.3.1&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-2.3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.1">"Mail Objects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321"><i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. 2.3.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>. <q>The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Tech+before+its+time%3A+Xerox%27s+shooting+Star+computer&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg21328521-800-tech-before-its-time-xeroxs-shooting-star-computer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html">"The Xerox Star"</a>. <i>toastytech.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030555/http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 30, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002807/http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/Digital/timeline/1982-4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, <i>ConneXions</i>, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn1999" class="citation web cs1">Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html">"A Brief History of the Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9901011">cs/9901011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999cs........1011L">1999cs........1011L</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811053448/https://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Internet&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F9901011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999cs........1011L&rft.aulast=Leiner&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Vinton+G.&rft.au=Clark%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Kleinrock%2C+Leonard&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Daniel+C.&rft.au=Postel%2C+Jon&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Larry+G.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walthowe.com%2Fnavnet%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutter2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Rutter, Dorian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf"><i>From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=From+Diversity+to+Convergence%3A+British+Computer+Networks+and+the+Internet%2C+1970-1995&rft.degree=Computer+Science&rft.inst=The+University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F1197%2F1%2FWRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-KellyGarcia-Swartz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=867087">"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives"</a>. <i>Journal of Information Technology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 18–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjit.2013.4">10.1057/jit.2013.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-3962">0268-3962</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41013">41013</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=867087">867087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Internet%3A+The+Missing+Narratives&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-33&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0268-3962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D867087%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fjit.2013.4&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Garcia-Swartz%2C+Daniel+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D867087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htm"><i>How E-mail Works</i></a>. howstuffworks.com. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611181852/https://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+E-mail+Works&rft.pub=howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Fe-mail-messaging%2Femail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dnsdb.cit.cornell.edu/explain_mx.html">"MX Record Explanation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117204846/https://dnsdb.cit.cornell.edu/explain_mx.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, it.cornell.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824005337/https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci782509,00.html">"What is open relay?"</a>. <i>WhatIs.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. July 19, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci782509,00.html">the original</a> on August 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatIs.com&rft.atitle=What+is+open+relay%3F&rft.date=2004-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchnetworking.techtarget.com%2FsDefinition%2F0%2C%2Csid7_gci782509%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCh_Seetha_Ram2010" class="citation book cs1">Ch Seetha Ram (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bHAGrUxqRsC&pg=PA164"><i>Information Technology for Management</i></a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8450-267-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8450-267-1"><bdi>978-81-8450-267-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Technology+for+Management&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8450-267-1&rft.au=Ch+Seetha+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bHAGrUxqRsC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2002" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Paul (August 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070118121843/https://www.imc.org/ube-relay.html">"Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Series of Surveys"</a>. <i>IMC Reports</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Mail_Consortium" title="Internet Mail Consortium">Internet Mail Consortium</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imc.org/ube-relay.html">the original</a> on January 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMC+Reports&rft.atitle=Allowing+Relaying+in+SMTP%3A+A+Series+of+Surveys&rft.date=2002-08-20&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imc.org%2Fube-relay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Internet message format is also used for <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">network news</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2008" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Ken (October 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mailchannels.com/2008/10/update-to-email-standards.html">"An update to the email standards"</a>. MailChannels Blog Entry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006080735/https://blog.mailchannels.com/2008/10/update-to-email-standards.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+update+to+the+email+standards&rft.pub=MailChannels+Blog+Entry&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mailchannels.com%2F2008%2F10%2Fupdate-to-email-standards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Klensin2008" class="citation cs2">J. Klensin (October 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.1">"Mail Objects"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321"><i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i></a>, sec. 2.3.1, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>, <q>SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mail+Objects&rft.btitle=Simple+Mail+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pages=sec.-2.3.1&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft.au=J.+Klensin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-2.3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Crocker2009" class="citation cs2">D. Crocker (July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598#section-4.1">"Message Data"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598"><i>Internet Mail Architecture</i></a>, sec. 4.1, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5598">10.17487/RFC5598</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598">5598</a>, <q>A message comprises a transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains information used by the MHS. The content is divided into a structured header and the body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Message+Data&rft.btitle=Internet+Mail+Architecture&rft.pages=sec.-4.1&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5598&rft.au=D.+Crocker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5598%26%23035%3Bsection-4.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5322-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5322_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Resnick2008" class="citation cs1">P. Resnick, ed. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322"><i>Internet Message Format</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5322">10.17487/RFC5322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Message+Format&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Draft Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2822">2822</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4021">4021</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6854">6854</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2047-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2047_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Moore1996" class="citation cs1">K. Moore (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2047"><i>MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2047">10.17487/RFC2047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2047">2047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MIME+%28Multipurpose+Internet+Mail+Extensions%29+Part+Three%3A+Message+Header+Extensions+for+Non-ASCII+Text&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2047&rft.au=K.+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Draft Standard.</i> Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2184">2184</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2231">2231</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1590">1590</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1522">1522</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1521">1521</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc6532-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6532_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._YangS._SteeleN._Freed2012" class="citation cs1">A. Yang; S. Steele; N. Freed (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6532"><i>Internationalized Email Headers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6532">10.17487/RFC6532</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6532">6532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internationalized+Email+Headers&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6532&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.au=A.+Yang&rft.au=S.+Steele&rft.au=N.+Freed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5335">5335</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2045">2045</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc6531-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6531_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._YaoW._Mao2012" class="citation cs1">J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6531"><i>SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6531">10.17487/RFC6531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6531">6531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SMTP+Extension+for+Internationalized+Email&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6531&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.au=J.+Yao&rft.au=W.+Mao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5336">5336</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/now-get-your-email-address-in-hindi/articleshow/53830034.cms">"Now, get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828044631/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/now-get-your-email-address-in-hindi/articleshow/53830034.cms">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Now%2C+get+your+email+address+in+Hindi+-+The+Economic+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Ftech%2Finternet%2Fnow-get-your-email-address-in-hindi%2Farticleshow%2F53830034.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2008" class="citation cs1">Resnick, P, ed. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.6">"Field Definitions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322"><i>Internet Message Format</i></a>. sec. 3.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5322">10.17487/RFC5322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Field+Definitions&rft.btitle=Internet+Message+Format&rft.pages=sec.-3.6&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5322%26%23035%3Bsection-3.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2008" class="citation cs1">Resnick, P, ed. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.6.4">"Identification Fields"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322"><i>Internet Message Format</i></a>. sec. 3.6.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5322">10.17487/RFC5322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identification+Fields&rft.btitle=Internet+Message+Format&rft.pages=sec.-3.6.4&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5322%26%23035%3Bsection-3.6.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5064-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5064_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Duerst2007" class="citation cs1">M. Duerst (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5064"><i>The Archived-At Message Header Field</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5064">10.17487/RFC5064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5064">5064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archived-At+Message+Header+Field&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5064&rft.au=M.+Duerst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft, Auto Response Suppress, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee219609(v=EXCHG.80).aspx">Microsoft reference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407033540/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee219609(v=EXCHG.80).aspx">Archived</a> 2011-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2010 Sep 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Klensin2008" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a> (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321#section-4.4">"Trace Information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321"><i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. 4.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trace+Information&rft.btitle=Simple+Mail+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pages=sec.-4.4&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft.au=John+Klensin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-4.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Levine2012" class="citation web cs1">John Levine (January 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/apps-discuss/current/msg04115.html">"Trace headers"</a>. <i>email message</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811135249/https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/apps-discuss/current/msg04115.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2012</span>. <q>there are many more trace fields than those two</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=email+message&rft.atitle=Trace+headers&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft.au=John+Levine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fmail-archive%2Fweb%2Fapps-discuss%2Fcurrent%2Fmsg04115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This extensible field is defined by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7001">7001</a>, this also defines an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> registry of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/email-auth/">Email Authentication Parameters</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7208">7208</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc6376-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6376_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._CrockerT._HansenM._Kucherawy2011" class="citation cs1">D. Crocker; T. Hansen; M. Kucherawy, eds. (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6376"><i>DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6376">10.17487/RFC6376</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6376">6376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DomainKeys+Identified+Mail+%28DKIM%29+Signatures&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force+%28IETF%29&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6376&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Internet Standard.</i> Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8301">8301</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8463">8463</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8553">8553</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8616">8616</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4871">4871</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5672">5672</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3834">3834</a>, and updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5436">5436</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5518">5518</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Hunt2002" class="citation book cs1">Craig Hunt (2002). <i>TCP/IP Network Administration</i>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00297-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00297-8"><bdi>978-0-596-00297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TCP%2FIP+Network+Administration&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00297-8&rft.au=Craig+Hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.konfinity.com/what-is-unicode">"What is unicode?"</a>. <i>Konfinity</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131083432/https://www.konfinity.com/what-is-unicode">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Konfinity&rft.atitle=What+is+unicode%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.konfinity.com%2Fwhat-is-unicode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070512053927/https://advosys.ca/papers/mail-policies.html">"Email policies that prevent viruses"</a>. <i>Advosys Consulting</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advosys.ca/papers/mail-policies.html">the original</a> on May 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advosys+Consulting&rft.atitle=Email+policies+that+prevent+viruses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvosys.ca%2Fpapers%2Fmail-policies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219024856/https://helpdesk.rootsweb.com/listadmins/plaintext.html">"Problem Solving: Sending Messages in Plain Text"</a>. RootsWeb HelpDesk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpdesk.rootsweb.com/listadmins/plaintext.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>. <q>When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list, your message should be sent as "plain text."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problem+Solving%3A+Sending+Messages+in+Plain+Text&rft.pub=RootsWeb+HelpDesk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelpdesk.rootsweb.com%2Flistadmins%2Fplaintext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openbsd.org/mail.html">"<i>Open</i>BSD Mailing Lists"</a>. OpenBSD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208005706/https://openbsd.org/mail.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Plain text, 72 characters per line</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenBSD+Mailing+Lists&rft.pub=OpenBSD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbsd.org%2Fmail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109193922/https://support.microsoft.com/kb/138053">"Verhindern, dass die Datei "Winmail.dat" an Internetbenutzer gesendet wird"</a> [How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Being Sent to Internet Users]. Microsoft Support. July 2, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/kb/138053">the original</a> on January 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verhindern%2C+dass+die+Datei+%22Winmail.dat%22+an+Internetbenutzer+gesendet+wird&rft.pub=Microsoft+Support&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F138053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In practice, some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the recipient</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/view-only-unread-messages-f2c8450c-9cd0-4037-a5d3-26f6946727ca">"View only unread messages"</a>. <i>support.microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113164358/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/view-only-unread-messages-f2c8450c-9cd0-4037-a5d3-26f6946727ca">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=support.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=View+only+unread+messages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Fview-only-unread-messages-f2c8450c-9cd0-4037-a5d3-26f6946727ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704154604/https://dir.yahoo.com/business_and_economy/business_to_business/communications_and_networking/internet_and_world_wide_web/email_providers/free_email/">"Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory"</a>. <i>dir.yahoo.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dir.yahoo.com/business_and_economy/business_to_business/communications_and_networking/internet_and_world_wide_web/email_providers/free_email/">the original</a> on July 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dir.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Free+Email+Providers+in+the+Yahoo%21+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdir.yahoo.com%2Fbusiness_and_economy%2Fbusiness_to_business%2Fcommunications_and_networking%2Finternet_and_world_wide_web%2Femail_providers%2Ffree_email%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the "mailto" URL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett_2011_p._245-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_2011_p._245_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_2011_p._245_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSmithHeer2011" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Derek; Smith, Marc A.; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Heer, Jeffrey</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCfrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245">"E-Mail"</a>. In Barnett, George A (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of social networks</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412994170" title="Special:BookSources/9781412994170"><bdi>9781412994170</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959670912">959670912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=E-Mail&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+social+networks&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959670912&rft.isbn=9781412994170&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Smith%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=Heer%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCfrCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">"Creating hyperlinks § E-mail links"</a>. <i>MDN Web Docs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818224233/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDN+Web+Docs&rft.atitle=Creating+hyperlinks+%C2%A7+E-mail+links&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FLearn%2FHTML%2FIntroduction_to_HTML%2FCreating_hyperlinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2004" class="citation book cs1">Allen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UD0h_GqgbHgC&q=network%2B+guide+to+networks"><i>Windows to Linux</i></a>. Prentice Hall. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1423902454" title="Special:BookSources/978-1423902454"><bdi>978-1423902454</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226051835/https://books.google.com/books?id=UD0h_GqgbHgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=network%2B+guide+to+networks&ct=result&resnum=1">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+to+Linux&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1423902454&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUD0h_GqgbHgC%26q%3Dnetwork%252B%2Bguide%2Bto%2Bnetworks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1733#section-4.5.">"Implementation and Operation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1733"><i>DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN IMAP4</i></a>. sec. 4.5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1733">10.17487/RFC1733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1733">1733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Implementation+and+Operation&rft.btitle=DISTRIBUTED+ELECTRONIC+MAIL+MODELS+IN+IMAP4&rft.pages=sec.-4.5.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1733%26%23035%3Bsection-4.5.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598#section-4.2.2.">"Message Store (MS)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598"><i>Internet Mail Architecture</i></a>. sec. 4.2.2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5598">10.17487/RFC5598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598">5598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Message+Store+%28MS%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Mail+Architecture&rft.pages=sec.-4.2.2.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5598%26%23035%3Bsection-4.2.2.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Om Malik, GigaOm. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gigaom.com/collaboration/is-email-a-curse-or-a-boon/">Is Email a Curse or a Boon?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204012735/https://gigaom.com/collaboration/is-email-a-curse-or-a-boon/">Archived</a> 2010-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinVan_DurmeRaulasMerisavo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Brett A. 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March 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429184034/https://marketingland.com/smartphone-activities-study-email-web-facebook-37954">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Email+Is+Top+Activity+On+Smartphones%2C+Ahead+Of+Web+Browsing+%26+Facebook+%5BStudy%5D&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarketingland.com%2Fsmartphone-activities-study-email-web-facebook-37954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emailmonday.com/mobile-email-usage-statistics">"The ultimate mobile email statistics overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711160527/https://www.emailmonday.com/mobile-email-usage-statistics">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ultimate+mobile+email+statistics+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emailmonday.com%2Fmobile-email-usage-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichtel2010" class="citation news cs1">Richtel, Matt (December 20, 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/21/technology/21email.html">"E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405033137/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/21/technology/21email.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.com&rft.atitle=When+Email+Exchanges+Become+Binding+Contracts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fnewyorklawjournal%2FalmID%2F1202794877741%2FWhen-Email-Exchanges-Become-Binding-Contracts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatarinaFeitel2019" class="citation journal cs1">Catarina, Jessica; Feitel, Jesse (2019). "Inadvertent Contract Formation via Email under New York Law: An Update". <i>Syracuse Law Review</i>. <b>69</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syracuse+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Inadvertent+Contract+Formation+via+Email+under+New+York+Law%3A+An+Update&rft.volume=69&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Catarina&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Feitel%2C+Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield" class="citation news cs1">Corfield, Gareth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/09/30/email_signature_legally_binding_contract/">"UK court ruling says email signature blocks can sign binding contracts"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017063749/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/09/30/email_signature_legally_binding_contract/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=UK+court+ruling+says+email+signature+blocks+can+sign+binding+contracts&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2019%2F09%2F30%2Femail_signature_legally_binding_contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._KieslerD._ZubrowA.M._MosesV._Geller1985" class="citation journal cs1">S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion". <i>Human-Computer Interaction</i>. <b>1</b>: 77–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327051hci0101_3">10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human-Computer+Interaction&rft.atitle=Affect+in+computer-mediated+communication%3A+an+experiment+in+synchronous+terminal-to-terminal+discussion&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=77-104&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327051hci0101_3&rft.au=S.+Kiesler&rft.au=D.+Zubrow&rft.au=A.M.+Moses&rft.au=V.+Geller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2007" class="citation news cs1">Barrett, Grant (December 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/weekinreview/23buzzwords.html">"All We Are Saying"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417094849/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/weekinreview/23buzzwords.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+We+Are+Saying.&rft.date=2007-12-23&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F23%2Fweekinreview%2F23buzzwords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://registry.in/Internationalized_Domain_Names_IDNs">"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In"</a>. <i>registry.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012539/https://registry.in/Internationalized_Domain_Names_IDNs">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=registry.in&rft.atitle=Internationalized+Domain+Names+%28IDNs%29+%7C+Registry.In&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregistry.in%2FInternationalized_Domain_Names_IDNs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalconqurer.com/gadgets/made-india-datamail-empowers-russia-email-address-russian-language/">"Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror"</a>. December 7, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005327/https://digitalconqurer.com/gadgets/made-india-datamail-empowers-russia-email-address-russian-language/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Made+In+India+%27Datamail%27+Empowers+Russia+With+Email+Address+In+Russian+Language+-+Digital+Conqueror&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalconqurer.com%2Fgadgets%2Fmade-india-datamail-empowers-russia-email-address-russian-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RFC 3885, <i>SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RFC 3888, <i>Message Tracking Model and Requirements</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Harmon2000" class="citation news cs1">Amy Harmon (November 22, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE0D9143AF931A15752C1A9669C8B63">"Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising Privacy Concerns"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Software+That+Tracks+E-Mail+Is+Raising+Privacy+Concerns&rft.date=2000-11-22&rft.au=Amy+Harmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940CE0D9143AF931A15752C1A9669C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://email.about.com/od/emailbehindthescenes/a/html_return_rcp.htm">"About.com"</a>. Email.about.com. December 19, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827203219/https://email.about.com/od/emailbehindthescenes/a/html_return_rcp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About.com&rft.pub=Email.about.com&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femail.about.com%2Fod%2Femailbehindthescenes%2Fa%2Fhtml_return_rcp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slipstick.com/outlook/email/microsoft-outlook-web-bugs-blocked-html-images">"Outlook: Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218074718/https://www.slipstick.com/outlook/email/microsoft-outlook-web-bugs-blocked-html-images/">Archived</a> 2015-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, slipstick.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/12/gmail-blows-up-e-mail-marketing-by-caching-all-images-on-google-servers/">"Gmail blows up e-mail marketing..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607090403/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/12/gmail-blows-up-e-mail-marketing-by-caching-all-images-on-google-servers/">Archived</a> 2017-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ron Amadeo, Dec 13 2013, Ars Technica</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Cemil Betanov, <i>Introduction to X.400</i>, Artech House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89006-597-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89006-597-7">0-89006-597-7</a>.</li> <li>Marsha Egan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inboxdetox.com">Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520091235/http://www.inboxdetox.com/">Archived</a> May 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Acanthus Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815589-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815589-8-1">978-0-9815589-8-1</a></li> <li>Lawrence Hughes, <i>Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation</i>, Artech House Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89006-939-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89006-939-5">0-89006-939-5</a>.</li> <li>Kevin Johnson, <i>Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide</i>, Addison-Wesley Professional, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-43288-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-43288-9">0-201-43288-9</a>.</li> <li>Pete Loshin, <i>Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical</i>, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-34597-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-34597-0">0-471-34597-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2008" class="citation journal cs1">Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602161643/https://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/papers/email.pdf">"The Technical Development of Internet Email"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.2008.32">10.1109/mahc.2008.32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206442868">206442868</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/papers/email.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Technical+Development+of+Internet+Email&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-29&rft.date=2008-04%2F2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206442868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.2008.32&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ir.bbn.com%2F~craig%2Fpapers%2Femail.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sara Radicati, <i>Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards</i>, Mcgraw-Hill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-051104-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-051104-7">0-07-051104-7</a>.</li> <li>John Rhoton, <i>Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP</i>, Elsevier, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55558-212-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55558-212-5">1-55558-212-5</a>.</li> <li>John Rhoton, <i>X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols</i>, Elsevier, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55558-165-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55558-165-X">1-55558-165-X</a>.</li> <li>David Wood, <i>Programming Internet Mail</i>, O'Reilly, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-479-7">1-56592-479-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/email" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:email">email</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outbox" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:outbox">outbox</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Email_Checklist" class="extiw" title="v:Email Checklist">Email Checklist</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers/perm-headers.html">IANA's list of standard header fields</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118062543/https://emailhistory.org/">The History of Email</a> is Dave Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort that also cites this page.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html">The History of Electronic Mail</a> is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circleid.com/posts/20140903_a_look_at_the_origins_of_network_email/">A Look at the Origins of Network Email</a> is a short, yet vivid recap of the key historical facts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/august/business-e-mail-compromise">Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat</a>, <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explained-from-first-principles.com/email/">Explained from first principles</a>, a 2021 article attempting to summarize more than 100 RFCs</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_(email_client)" title="Alpine (email client)">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(email_client)" title="Balsa (email client)">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel/UX" title="Citadel/UX">Citadel/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claws_Mail" title="Claws Mail">Claws Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleancode_eMail" title="Cleancode eMail">Cleancode eMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Evolution" title="GNOME Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetchmail" title="Fetchmail">fetchmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fdm_(software)" title="Fdm (software)">fdm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_(e-mail_client)" title="Geary (e-mail client)">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getmail" title="Getmail">getmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUMail" title="GNUMail">GNUMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">Gnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Messaging_Program" title="Internet Messaging Program">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-9_Mail" title="K-9 Mail">K-9 Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontact" title="Kontact">KMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(email_client)" title="Mahogany (email client)">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailpile" title="Mailpile">Mailpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailx" title="Mailx">Mailx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Project" title="Heirloom Project">Mailx (Heirloom Project)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_(email_client)" title="Modest (email client)">Modest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(email_client)" title="Mulberry (email client)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)" title="Mutt (email client)">Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MH_Message_Handling_System" title="MH Message Handling System">nmh / MH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OfflineIMAP" title="OfflineIMAP">OfflineIMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundcube" title="Roundcube">Roundcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquirrelMail" title="SquirrelMail">SquirrelMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylpheed" title="Sylpheed">Sylpheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojit%C3%A1" title="Trojitá">Trojitá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAM_(Yet_Another_Mailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAM (Yet Another Mailer)">YAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbra" title="Zimbra">Zimbra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex Communicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlitzMail" title="BlitzMail">BlitzMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_MM" title="Columbia MM">Columbia MM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(email_client)" title="Elm (email client)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)#FossaMail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">FossaMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_(software)" title="Hula (software)">Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailody" title="Mailody">Mailody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups">Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylas_N1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nylas N1">Nylas N1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freeware/Freemium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EM_Client" title="EM Client">eM Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmailTray" title="EmailTray">EmailTray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxmail" title="Foxmail">Foxmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe_Mail" title="Scribe Mail">i.Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbird" title="Mailbird">Mailbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(application)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (application)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(application)" title="Spike (application)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchMail" title="TouchMail">TouchMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_(email_client)" title="Hiri (email client)">Hiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomba" title="Bloomba">Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton (app)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Domino">HCL Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe_Mail" title="Scribe Mail">InScribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail (Windows)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_for_Windows" title="Outlook for Windows">Outlook for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupWise" title="GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_(email_client)" title="Airmail (email client)">Airmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postbox_(email_client)" title="Postbox (email client)">Postbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shareware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becky!" title="Becky!">Becky!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%A9_Agent" title="Forté Agent">Forté Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GyazMail" title="GyazMail">GyazMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bat!" title="The Bat!">The Bat!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Email" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Email">Samsung Email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Donationware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Mail" title="Pegasus Mail">Pegasus Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cc:Mail" title="Cc:Mail">cc:Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris_Emailer" title="Claris Emailer">Claris Emailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_(email_client)" title="Courier (email client)">Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdog" title="Cyberdog">Cyberdog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberjack" title="Cyberjack">Cyberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embrowser" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrowser">Embrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_(email_client)" title="Eudora (email client)">Eudora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_(application)" title="Mailbox (application)">Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage" title="Microsoft Entourage">Microsoft Entourage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Mail_and_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Mail and News">Microsoft Internet Mail and News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mail" title="Microsoft Mail">Microsoft Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Internet_Users_Essential_Tool" title="Minnesota Internet Users Essential Tool">MINUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Netscape Mail & Newsgroups">Netscape Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Messenger_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Messenger 9">Netscape Messenger 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTMail" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXTMail">NeXTMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mail" title="Opera Mail">Opera Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_(email_client)" title="Pine (email client)">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocomail" title="Pocomail">Pocomail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POPmail" class="mw-redirect" title="POPmail">POPmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_(software)" title="Turnpike (software)">Turnpike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSpyder" class="mw-redirect" title="WebSpyder">WebSpyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Mail" title="Windows Live Mail">Windows Live Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Windows Messaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol" title="JSON Meta Application Protocol">JMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Local Mail Transfer Protocol">LMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">Push-IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Access Protocol">SMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Email_clients" title="Category:Email clients">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients" title="Comparison of email clients">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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