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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minutemen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Минътмен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минътмен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minutemen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman" title="Minuteman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minuteman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(Miliz)" title="Minutemen (Miliz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minutemen (Miliz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(milicia)" title="Minutemen (milicia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minutemen (milicia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minutemen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%9B%EB%A7%A8" title="미닛맨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미닛맨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մինիտմեններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինիտմեններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minutemen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(milizia)" title="Minutemen (milizia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minutemen (milizia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Minutemen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(militie)" title="Minutemen (militie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minutemen (militie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ミニットマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミニットマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(milits)" title="Minutemen (milits) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minutemen (milits)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman" title="Minuteman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minuteman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen_(mil%C3%ADcia)" title="Minutemen (milícia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minutemen (milícia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman" title="Minuteman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minuteman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Минитмены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минитмены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Минуташи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минуташи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuta%C5%A1i" title="Minutaši – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minutaši" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman" title="Minuteman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minuteman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman" title="Minuteman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minuteman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мінітмен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінітмен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%90%98%E4%BA%BA" title="分鐘人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分鐘人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">American Revolutionary War militia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Minute man" redirects here. For Fawcett Comics/DC Comics character, see <a href="/wiki/Minute-Man" title="Minute-Man">Minute-Man</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minutemen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minutemen (disambiguation)">Minutemen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg/220px-Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg/330px-Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg/440px-Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption><i>Lexington Minuteman</i>, a 1900 monument by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Kitson" title="Henry Hudson Kitson">Henry Hudson Kitson</a> pays tribute to the Minutemen during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Minutemen</b> were members of the organized <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonial <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> companies trained in weaponry, tactics, and military strategies during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. They were known for being ready at a minute's notice, hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_(1911)656_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_(1911)656-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minutemen provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that enabled the colonies to respond immediately to military threats. They were an evolution from the prior colonial rapid-response units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minutemen were among the first to fight in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Their teams constituted about a quarter of the entire militia. They were generally younger, more mobile, and provided with weapons and arms by the local governments. They were still part of the overall militia regimental organizations in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989131–134_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989131–134-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term has also been applied to various later <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> civilian <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> forces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868;"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">American Revolution</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><img alt="Declaration of Independence (painting)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/200px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/300px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/400px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of Independence (painting)</figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> presents their draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_leaders_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War">Military leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">Battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origins" title="American Revolution">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Context</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">Salutary neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a>"</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Conflict over taxation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act 1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of Correspondence">Committees of Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(after_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)">British Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political developments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Role of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_colonial_grievances" class="mw-redirect" title="27 colonial grievances">27 colonial grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signing</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Forming a republic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Dissent and rebellions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_Money_Riot" title="Paper Money Riot">Paper Money Riot</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Raftification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_quarter,_reverse_side,_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Massachusetts_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2000.jpg/220px-Massachusetts_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Massachusetts_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2000.jpg/330px-Massachusetts_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Massachusetts_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2000.jpg/440px-Massachusetts_quarter%2C_reverse_side%2C_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i>, a statue by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> on <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>' <a href="/wiki/State_quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="State quarter">state quarter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, all able-bodied men between the ages of 16 and 60 were required to participate in their local militia company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197659Tuchman198821_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197659Tuchman198821-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1645 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, some men were selected from the general ranks of "town-based training band" to be ready for rapid deployment. Men so selected were designated as minutemen. Their companies were organized by town, so it was very common for their counterpart militia company to contain relatives and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198961_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198961-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some towns in Massachusetts had a long history of designating a portion of their militia as minutemen, with "minute companies" constituting special units within the militia system whose members underwent additional training and held themselves ready to respond at a minute's notice to emergencies, which gave rise to their name as Minutemen. </p><p>The immediate predecessor to the organized Minuteman concept colony-wide was the Picket Guard, a concept of a rapid responder that never came to fruition because the legislation in the Colony of Massachusetts House of Representatives was never passed because the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the minutemen, in contrast to the regular militia, were no more than 30 years old, and were chosen for their enthusiasm, political reliability, and strength. They were the first armed militia to arrive at or await a battle. Officers were elected by popular vote, as in the rest of the militia, and each unit drafted a formal written <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(historical)" title="Covenant (historical)">covenant</a> to be signed upon enlistment. </p><p>The militia in the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonies were organized in regiments by county. The militia and minutemen companies still were organized by town and trained typically as an entire unit in each town two to four times a year with the Minutemen receiving extra training. From the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, this was normal during peacetime but, in the 1770s, as friction with <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> increased and the possibility of war became apparent, the militia trained three to four times a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198953–58_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198953–58-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these tensions, the Massachusetts Provincial legislators found that the colony's militia resources were short just before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, on October 26, 1774, after observing the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British military</a> buildup. They found that, "including the sick and absent, it amounted to about 17,000 men, far short of the number wanted, that the council recommended an immediate application to the New England governments to make up the deficiency", resolving to re-organize and increase the size of the militia:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1842134_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1842134-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts General Assembly">Massachusetts General Assembly</a> was stymied by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Governor Hutchinson</a> from passing a bill. As a result, resisting legislators, including <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> being among the leaders, set up <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of Correspondence</a> in parallel with their fellow <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> that recommended that the militia increase in size and reorganize and form special companies of minutemen, who should be equipped and prepared to march at the shortest notice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These minutemen were to comprise one-quarter of the whole militia, to be enlisted under the direction of the field-officers, and divide into companies, consisting of at least 50 men each. The privates were to choose their captains and subalterns, and these officers were to form the companies into battalions, and chose the field-officers to command the same. Hence the minute-men became a body distinct from the rest of the militia, and, by being more devoted to military exercises, they acquired skill in the use of arms. More attention than formerly was likewise bestowed on the training and drilling of militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1842133-134_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1842133-134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The need for efficient minuteman companies was illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a> of 1774. Militia companies were called out to engage British troops, who had been sent to capture ammunition stores. By the time the militia was ready, the British regulars had already captured the arms at Cambridge and Charlestown and had returned to Boston. </p><p>The reorganization increased the total size of the militia as well. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a>, the counties in the New England colonies had provided provincial regiments to the armies of the Crown. In Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a> provided two while most had provided one (except Worcester which had provided three).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198958_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198958-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new reorganization provided six regiments of militia with a nominal strength of 9,000 men with minuteman companies being formed from the younger, more physically fit men. The militia in New England was still midway through the process of splitting the Minutemen companies from the regular militia companies into their own regiments by the spring of 1775. For example, the old 2nd Middlesex Regiment of Foot, a provincial unit that had seen action in the French and Indian Wars, divided into a militia regiment under Colonel David Green and a Minuteman regiment Colonel Ebenezer Bridge. Colonel William Prescott's Middlesex regiment had not yet split and had ten companies of militia and seven of minutemen. Worcester County had managed to already complete the organization and staffing of three Minuteman regiments by April 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989133_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989133-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pequot_War">Pequot War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pequot War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></div> <p>In August 1636, the first offensive military attack by militias failed when Massachusetts dispatched <a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a> with four companies on an unsuccessful campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Pequot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pequot">Pequot</a> Indians. According to one account, the expedition succeeded only in killing one Indian and burning some <a href="/wiki/Wigwams" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigwams">wigwams</a>. </p><p>Weeks elapsed between the incidents that caused the march and the arrival of Endecott's men in the area. Once they got there, they did not know which Indians to fight or why. This feeble response served to encourage the Indians, and attacks increased on the settlers in the Connecticut Valley. </p><p>In the following year, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> again put a force on the field in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> and Connecticut. By the time that Plymouth had gotten their force packed and ready to march, the campaign had ended. Massachusetts Bay sent 150 militiamen, Plymouth sent 50, and Connecticut sent 90. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England_Confederation">New England Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New England Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a></div> <p>In May 1643, a joint council was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin19899_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin19899-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They published the articles of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a>. The real power of the confederation was that all four of the colonies promised to contribute soldiers to an alert force that would fight anywhere in the colonies. </p><p>On September 7, 1643, the towns were given more tactical control. A new rule allowed any general to call up his militia at any time. On August 12, 1645, 30% of all militia were made into short-notice groups (minutemen). Command and control were decentralized to the extent that individual company commanders could put their troops into a defensive battle if necessary. A portion of the militia was well trained and well equipped, and set aside as a ready force. </p><p>In May 1653, the Council of Massachusetts said that an eighth of the militia should be ready to march within one day to anywhere in the colony. Eighty militiamen marched on the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a> tribe in Massachusetts, though no fighting took place. Since the colonies were expanding, the Narragansetts got desperate and began raiding the colonists again. The militia chased the Indians, caught their chief, and got him to sign an agreement to end fighting. </p><p>In 1672, the Massachusetts Council formed a military committee to control the militia in each town. In 1675, the military committee raised an expedition to fight the raiding <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> tribe. A muster call was sent out and four days later, after harsh skirmishes with the Wampanoags, three companies arrived to help the locals. The expedition took heavy losses: two towns were raided, and one 80-man company was killed entirely, including their commander.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That winter, a thousand militiamen pushed out the Wampanoags. </p><p>In response to the success of the Wampanoags, in the spring of 1676 an alarm system of riders and signals was formed in which each town was required to participate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Indian War">Second Indian War</a> broke out in 1689, and militiamen throughout the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> began to muster in preparation for the fighting. In 1690, Colonel William Phips led 600 men to push back the French. Two years later he became governor of Massachusetts. When the French and Indians raided Massachusetts in 1702, Governor Phips created a bounty which paid 10 shillings each for the scalps of Indians. In 1703, snowshoes were issued to militiamen and bounty hunters to make winter raids on the Indians more effective. The minuteman concept was advanced by the snow shoe men. </p><p>The Minutemen always kept in touch with the political situation in Boston and their own towns. From 1629 to 1683, the towns had controlled themselves but in 1689, the King appointed governors. By 1772, James Otis and Samuel Adams used the Town Meetings to start a Committee of Correspondence. This instigated a boycott in 1774 of British goods. The Minutemen were aware of this as well. </p><p>With a rising number of Minutemen they faced another problem: a lack of gunpowder to support an army for long enough to fight a prolonged campaign against the British. The people of an island controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>, were supportive of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American revolutionaries</a>. As a token of support, they traded gunpowder to the Colonials for other goods needed in Europe. Not only did the Minutemen have political awareness of events in New England, but also of those occurring in Europe, such as Britain's lack of allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg/220px-Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg/330px-Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg/440px-Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>This stamp is one of a set of three issued in 1925; the poem on the plaques was authored by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1770, Samuel Adams had begun agitating for a reform and update of the militia in the provincial legislature. Hutchinson, the Royal Governor, had ignored him, but as tensions mounted, that tactic became less effective. Adams' and his like-minded friends were gaining more traction. In May 1774, Hutchinson was relieved by General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a>, who arrived with orders to close the port of Boston. Instead of tamping down disagreement between the colonists and the Crown, it escalated them. That same month, Parliament passed "An Act for the better regulating the Government of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay" and "An Act for the more impartial administration of justice in said Province," otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>, which were designed to remove power from the towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944-45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944-45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This brought many more citizens to Samuel Adams's side, and he pressed the Committees of Correspondence to hold County Conventions to revamp the militia. Gage tried to seat his own court in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, but the townspeople blocked the court from sitting. Two thousand militiamen marched to intimidate the judges and get them to leave. This was the first time that the militia was used by the people to block the king's representatives from acting on royal orders and against popular opinion. Gage responded by preparing to march to collect munitions from the provincials. For 50 miles around Boston, militiamen were marching in response. By noon the next day, almost 4,000 people were on the common in Cambridge. The provincials got the judges to resign and leave. Gage backed off from trying to seat a court in Worcester. </p><p>The colonials in Worcester met and came up with a new militia mobilization plan in their County Convention. The Convention required that all current militia officers resign; the motive being that ranking officers in the militia could be considered strong Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198947_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198947-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officers were then elected by their regiments. In turn, the officers then appointed one third of their militia regiment as Minutemen. Other counties followed Worcester's lead, electing new militia officers and appointing Minutemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198951–52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198951–52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British practiced formations with their weapons, focusing on marching formations on the battlefield. It is a myth that the British and other professional armies of the 1700s did not practice marksmanship with their muskets; the military ammunition of the time was made for fast reloading and more than a dozen consecutive shots without cleaning. Accuracy of the musket was sacrificed for speed and repetitive loading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerson20045_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerson20045-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The militia prepared with elaborate plans to alarm and respond to movements by the king's forces out of Boston. The frequent mustering of the minute companies also built unit cohesion and familiarity with live firing, which increased the minute companies' effectiveness. The royal authorities inadvertently gave the new Minuteman mobilization plans validation by several "show the flag" demonstrations by General Gage through 1774.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2016)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The royal authorities in Boston had seen these increasing numbers of militia appearing and thought that the militia would not interfere if they sent a sizable force to Concord to seize munitions and stores there (which they considered the King's property, since it was paid for to defend the colonies from the American Indian threat). The British officers were proven wrong. Shooting erupted at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington</a>. There is still a debate as to whether it was a colonist or a British soldier who fired the first shot.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia left the area, and the British moved on. The British then moved to Concord and faced a larger number of militia. The British were rapidly outnumbered at Concord, with the arrival of the slower moving militia; they had not counted on a long fight, and so had not brought additional ammunition beyond the standard issue in the soldiers' cartridge boxes. This then forced a strategic defeat on Colonel Smith, forcing him back to Boston. </p><p>A "running fight" began during the retreat. Militiamen knew the local countryside and were familiar with "skulking" or "Indian warfare". They used trees and other obstacles to cover themselves from British gunfire and pursuit by British soldiers, while the militia were firing and moving. This kept the British under sporadic fire, and caused them to exhaust their limited ammunition. Only the timely arrival of a relief column under Lord Percy prevented the annihilation or surrender of the original road column. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment,_training,_and_tactics"><span id="Equipment.2C_training.2C_and_tactics"></span>Equipment, training, and tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equipment, training, and tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg/220px-Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg/330px-Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg/440px-Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis,_New_Hampshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg/220px-Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg/330px-Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg/440px-Minutemen_monument_in_Hollis%2C_New_Hampshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Minutemen monument in <a href="/wiki/Hollis,_New_Hampshire" title="Hollis, New Hampshire">Hollis, New Hampshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While a lot of Colonial militia units did not receive either arms or uniforms and were required to equip themselves, through colonial history both the Crown and local governments had issued arms and sometimes uniforms for provincial soldiers. Many simply wore their own farmers' or workmen's clothes and, in some cases, they wore cloth hunting frocks. Many farmers who owned separate guns such as <a href="/wiki/Fowling_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowling piece">fowling pieces</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> (though rarer in southern New England) would use them instead of the militia muskets if the muskets they bought for their duties were old or inoperative. These pieces gradually appeared in quantity, but neither fowling pieces nor rifles had <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>. Some colonies purchased muskets, cartridge boxes, and bayonets from England, and maintained armories within the colony. </p><p>Muskets were usually shipped to Crown authorities, where they became provincial arms and then sold to the towns or individuals who would pay for them as only the wealthy few could purchase arms directly from arms manufacturers. On several occasions, the Crown authorities had issued muskets as recruitment tools, such as for the 1709 Quebec expedition and the 1710 Port Royal expedition. The Crown often used such opportunities to clear their storehouses of outmoded and inferior weapons, but local Crown authorities were horrified and it became more usual for provincial troops to turn in muskets unless they bought them for use in the organized militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEames2011113-115_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEames2011113-115-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">regulars</a> received European-style military training later in the American Revolutionary War, but the militias did not get much of this. Like the militia organization itself, training day had a large administrative mission. Four times each year, militia companies were legally obligated to document all persons living within their areas of responsibility who qualified for the militia and a report on the number and condition of the units' weapons. Another mission was military training to prepare the provincial soldiers for combat and the nature of that combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEames2011172-173_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEames2011172-173-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since British doctrine usually counted on the militia as augmentees to the regular forces as skirmishers and irregular auxiliaries, the provincial soldiers were more frequently trained as irregulars or skirmishers rather than in the traditional dense lines and columns. When used in conjunction with continental regulars, the militia would frequently fire ragged irregular volleys from a forward skirmish line or from the flanks of the Continental Army, while Continental soldiers held the center. </p><p>Minutemen tended to get more training in line tactics and drill than the regular militia. Many Minutemen company commanders put their men through more training separate from the rest of the militia. Some also expended time, money, and effort to make sure their Minutemen were well-armed. For example, Captain <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Davis_(soldier)" title="Isaac Davis (soldier)">Isaac Davis</a> who was a gunsmith in his civilian occupation built a firing range on his farm to train his men in firing and drill. He also made sure that every man in his company had a good musket, cartridge box, canteen, and bayonet. This was one of the reasons that his company was in the lead of Colonel Barrett's Middlesex Minutemen regiment as the Rebels marched down to face the regulars at the Old North Bridge at the Battle of Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989149_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were still some cases where men in the Minuteman companies had to be provided arms. In Concord's two Minutemen companies, fifteen of the 104 still needed to be provided with muskets from the town's arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197659-70_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197659-70-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their experience suited irregular warfare. In the colonial agrarian society, many were familiar with hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>, and especially the recent <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, had given colonials valuable experience in irregular warfare and skirmishing, while British line companies (light infantry and grenadier companies were called flank companies and trained in skirmishing) troops were less familiar with this. The <a href="/wiki/Long_rifle" title="Long rifle">long rifle</a> was also well suited to this role. The <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a> (grooves inside the barrel) gave it a much greater range than the <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> musket, although it took much longer to load. Because of the lower rate of fire, rifles were not used by regular infantry, but were preferred for hunting. When performing as skirmishers, the militia could fire and fall back behind cover or behind other troops, before the British could get into range. The wilderness terrain that lay just beyond many colonial towns favored this style of combat and was very familiar to the local militia. In time, however, loyalists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Butler_(pioneer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Butler (pioneer)">John Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rogers (soldier)">Robert Rogers</a> mustered equally capable irregular forces (<a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_Rangers" title="Butler's Rangers">Butler's Rangers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Rangers" title="Queen's Rangers">Queen's Rangers</a>, led by Englishman <a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">John Graves Simcoe</a>). In addition, many British commanders learned from experience and effectively modified their light infantry tactics and battle dress to suit conditions in North America. </p><p>Through the remainder of the American Revolution, militias moved to adopting the minuteman model for rapid mobilization. With this rapid mustering of forces, the militia proved its value by augmenting the Continental Army on a temporary basis, occasionally leading to instances of numerical superiority. This was seen at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hubbardton" title="Battle of Hubbardton">Hubbardton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a> in the north and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a> in the south. Cowpens is notable in that <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a> used the militia's strengths and weaknesses skilfully to attain the double-envelopment of <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Tarleton</a>'s forces. </p><p>Historian M. L. Brown states that some of these men mastered the difficult handling of a rifle, though few became expert. Brown quotes Continental Army soldier Benjamin Thompson, who expressed the "common sentiment" at the time, which was that minutemen were notoriously poor marksmen with rifles: "Instead of being the best marksmen in the world and picking off every Regular that was to be seen, the continual firing which they kept up by the week and the month has had no other effect than to waste their ammunition and convince the King's troops that they are really not really so formidable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1980306_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1980306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a shortage of ammunition and supplies, and what they had were constantly being seized by British patrols. As a precaution, these items were often hidden or left behind by minutemen in fields or wooded areas. Other popular concealment methods were to hide items underneath floorboards in houses and <a href="/wiki/Barn_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barn (building)">barns</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minute_Man,_Daniel_Chester_French,_Concord_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Minute_Man%2C_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_Concord_MA.jpg/220px-Minute_Man%2C_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_Concord_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Minute_Man%2C_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_Concord_MA.jpg/330px-Minute_Man%2C_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_Concord_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Minute_Man%2C_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_Concord_MA.jpg/440px-Minute_Man%2C_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_Concord_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, erected in 1875 in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, depicting a typical Minuteman</figcaption></figure> <p>The Minuteman model for militia mobilization married with a very professional, small standing army was the primary model for the United States' land forces up until 1916 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills199934_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills199934-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In commemoration of the centenary of the first engagement of the American Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, in his first major commission, produced one of his best-known statues (along with the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i>. Inscribed on the pedestal is the opening stanza of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>'s 1837 "<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>" with the words, "<a href="/wiki/Shot_heard_%27round_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Shot heard 'round the world">Shot heard 'round the world</a>." The statue's likeness is not based on <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Davis_(soldier)" title="Isaac Davis (soldier)">Isaac Davis</a> as is widely asserted, the captain of the <a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a> militia and first to be killed in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> on April 19, 1775, but rather French used live models in the study of the anatomy and facial expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolles2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolles2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Minute Man</i> statue is still the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>, featured prominently on its seals. It was also the symbol of the former <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad" title="Boston and Maine Railroad">Boston and Maine Railroad</a>. </p><p>Minutemen are portrayed in "<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Ride (poem)">Paul Revere's Ride</a>", a poem by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>. Although historians criticize the work as being historically inaccurate, Longfellow understood the history and manipulated it for poetic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199512_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199512-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1925 <a href="/wiki/Lexington-Concord_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar">Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar</a> features a sculptural portrayal. </p><p>The athletic teams of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts-Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Massachusetts-Amherst">University of Massachusetts-Amherst</a> are nicknamed <a href="/wiki/UMass_Minutemen" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass Minutemen">the Minutemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/UMass_Minutemen" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass Minutemen">Minutewomen</a>. Until the 2003 rebranding featuring a modernized <a href="/wiki/Sam_the_Minuteman" title="Sam the Minuteman">Sam the Minuteman</a>, the logo featured the <i>Concord Minute Man</i> statue prominently. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> named the <a href="/wiki/LGM-30" class="mw-redirect" title="LGM-30">LGM-30</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Ballistic_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercontinental Ballistic Missile">Intercontinental Ballistic Missile</a> the "Minuteman", which was designed for rapid deployment in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear attack</a>. The "Minuteman III" LGM-30G remains in service. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/VR-55" title="VR-55">VR-55</a> Fleet Logistic Support Squadron is named "Minutemen" to highlight the rapid deployment and mobility nature of their mission. </p><p>One of the factions in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks" title="Bethesda Softworks">Bethesda</a>'s 2015 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_4" title="Fallout 4">Fallout 4</a></i>, which is set in Massachusetts, is called the "Commonwealth Minutemen". The inspiration for their namesake comes from the requirement to be ready "at a minute's notice" to defend any settlement in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> portrays Minute Men as paramilitary forces of <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Windrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Buzz Windrip">Buzz Windrip</a>'s despotic government in his 1935 book <i><a href="/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Can't Happen Here">It Can't Happen Here</a></i>. In the book, the fascist-like militia is called "Minnie Mouses" by the populace. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a>'s <i>Watchmen</i> graphic novel the first masked vigilantes assembled are titled the Minutemen. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minutemen_(anti-Communist_organization)" title="Minutemen (anti-Communist organization)">Minutemen</a> was a militant <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> organization in the early 1960s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a> was a militant anti-Mexican immigrants volunteer group formed in 2005. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a> is a 2004 organization that opposes Mexican immigration to US. </p><p>Minutemen are also featured in 2010 strategic video game <a href="/wiki/Civilization_V" title="Civilization V">Civilization V</a> by <a href="/wiki/Firaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Firaxis">Firaxis</a>. They can only be recruited by American Civilization and production is only available after researching Gunpowder technology in the game feature, which takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_(1911)656-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_(1911)656_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_(1911)">Encyclopedia Britannica (1911)</a>, p. 656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198927–33_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, pp. 27–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989131–134-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989131–134_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, pp. 131–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197659Tuchman198821-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197659Tuchman198821_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1976">Gross (1976)</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFTuchman1988">Tuchman (1988)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198961-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198961_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198953–58-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198953–58_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, pp. 53–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1842134-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1842134_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparks1842">Sparks (1842)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1842133-134-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1842133-134_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparks1842">Sparks (1842)</a>, p. 133-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198958-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198958_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989133-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989133_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin19899-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin19899_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944-45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198944-45_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198947-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198947_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin198951–52-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin198951–52_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerson20045-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerson20045_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmerson2004">Emerson (2004)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/american-revolution-1763-1783/first-shorts-of-war-1775/">"First Shots of War, 1775 | The American Revolution, 1763 - 1783 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>. <q>When British regulars (known as redcoats because of their uniform jackets) arrived at Lexington the next morning, they found several dozen minutemen waiting for them on the town's common. Someone fired--no one knows who fired first--and eight minutemen were killed and another dozen or so were wounded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=First+Shots+of+War%2C+1775+%7C+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763+-+1783+%7C+U.S.+History+Primary+Source+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fclassroom-materials%2Funited-states-history-primary-source-timeline%2Famerican-revolution-1763-1783%2Ffirst-shorts-of-war-1775%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEames2011113-115-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEames2011113-115_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEames2011">Eames (2011)</a>, p. 113-115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEames2011172-173-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEames2011172-173_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEames2011">Eames (2011)</a>, p. 172-173<br />This does not mean that the militia was incapable of drilling in formal line tactics. In the 1709 Quebe and the later Louisbourg expeditions, the militia from New Hampshire and Massachusetts drilled during the departure delays such that they achieved a proficiency in drill on par with the regular troops.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989149-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvin1989149_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvin1989">Galvin (1989)</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197659-70-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197659-70_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1976">Gross (1976)</a>, p. 59-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minutemansecurity.com/minutemen/">"Minutemen – Minuteman Security Systems"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutemen+%E2%80%93+Minuteman+Security+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminutemansecurity.com%2Fminutemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1980306-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1980306_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1980">Brown (1980)</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills199934-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills199934_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills1999">Wills (1999)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolles2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolles2012_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolles2012">Tolles (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199512-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199512_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1995">Fischer (1995)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/wikis/fallout-4/Minutemen">"Minutemen - Fallout 4 Wiki Guide"</a>. 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutemen+-+Fallout+4+Wiki+Guide&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fwikis%2Ffallout-4%2FMinutemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1980" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Martin L. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7QWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Firearms in Colonial America: The Impact on History and Technology, 1492–1792</i></a>. Washington , DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874742909" title="Special:BookSources/9780874742909"><bdi>9780874742909</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7254184">7254184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms+in+Colonial+America%3A+The+Impact+on+History+and+Technology%2C+1492%E2%80%931792&rft.place=Washington+%2C+DC&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7254184&rft.isbn=9780874742909&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7QWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuyDupuy1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ernest_Dupuy" title="Richard Ernest Dupuy">Dupuy, R. Ernest</a> & <a href="/wiki/Trevor_N._Dupuy" title="Trevor N. Dupuy">Dupuy, Trevor N.</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015029964452"><i>The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 BC to the Present</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th, 1993 Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row. p. 1654. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015029964452">2027/mdp.39015029964452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270056-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-270056-1"><bdi>0-06-270056-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681280769">681280769</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harper+Encyclopedia+of+Military+History%3A+From+3500+BC+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=1654&rft.edition=4th%2C+1993+Rev.&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015029964452&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681280769&rft.isbn=0-06-270056-1&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=R.+Ernest&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Trevor+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015029964452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEames2011" class="citation book cs1">Eames, Steven (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/13152"><i>Rustic Warriors: Warfare and the Provincial Soldier on the New England Frontier, 1689-1748</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). New York, NY: NYU Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814722718" title="Special:BookSources/9780814722718"><bdi>9780814722718</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758362461">758362461</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rustic+Warriors%3A+Warfare+and+the+Provincial+Soldier+on+the+New+England+Frontier%2C+1689-1748&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758362461&rft.isbn=9780814722718&rft.aulast=Eames&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F13152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2004" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, William K. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdHtJ9-jCsIC&pg=PA5"><i>Marksmanship in the U.S. Army: A History of Medals, Shooting Programs, and Training</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Norman , OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3575-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-3575-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872598791">872598791</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marksmanship+in+the+U.S.+Army%3A+A+History+of+Medals%2C+Shooting+Programs%2C+and+Training&rft.place=Norman+%2C+OK&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872598791&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3575-5&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdHtJ9-jCsIC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31559"><i>Paul Revere's Ride</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.31559">2027/heb.31559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199779659" title="Special:BookSources/9780199779659"><bdi>9780199779659</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120439180">1120439180</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%27s+Ride&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=445&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fheb.31559&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120439180&rft.isbn=9780199779659&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fheb.31559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvin1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Galvin" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Galvin">Galvin, John R.</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minutemenfirstfi0000galv"><i>The Minute Men: The First Fight : Myths and Realities of the American Revolution</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574880496" title="Special:BookSources/9781574880496"><bdi>9781574880496</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/621630025">621630025</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minute+Men%3A+The+First+Fight+%3A+Myths+and+Realities+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pergamon-Brassey%27s+International+Defense+Publisher&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F621630025&rft.isbn=9781574880496&rft.aulast=Galvin&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminutemenfirstfi0000galv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Gross_(historian)" title="Robert A. Gross (historian)">Gross, Robert A.</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overdrive.com/media/569087/the-minutemen-and-their-world"><i>The Minutemen and Their World</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(Kindle)</span> (25th Anniversary, Farrar, Straus and Giroux eBook . ed.). New York, NY: Hill and Wang. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374706395" title="Special:BookSources/9780374706395"><bdi>9780374706395</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872598791">872598791</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minutemen+and+Their+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=258&rft.edition=25th+Anniversary%2C+Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux+eBook+.&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872598791&rft.isbn=9780374706395&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.overdrive.com%2Fmedia%2F569087%2Fthe-minutemen-and-their-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Sparks, Jared</a> (1842). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgewash00spr/mode/2up"><i>The Life of George Washington</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd, 1851 ed.). Auburn, NY: Derby & Miller. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048303180">1048303180</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+George+Washington&rft.place=Auburn%2C+NY&rft.pages=258&rft.edition=2nd%2C+1851&rft.pub=Derby+%26+Miller&rft.date=1842&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048303180&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofgeorgewash00spr%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolles2012" class="citation web cs1">Tolles, Thayer . (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/3aa/3aa223.htm">"Daniel Chester French, 1850–1931 - The Minute Man, 1771-1775"</a>. <i>www.tfaoi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tfaoi.com&rft.atitle=Daniel+Chester+French%2C+1850%E2%80%931931+-+The+Minute+Man%2C+1771-1775&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tolles&rft.aufirst=Thayer+.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfaoi.com%2Faa%2F3aa%2F3aa223.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara W.</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeffco.axis360.baker-taylor.com/Title?itemid=0009861932"><i>The First Salute:A View of the American Revolution</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(eBook)</span> (Random House Digital ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307798572" title="Special:BookSources/9780307798572"><bdi>9780307798572</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155188271">1155188271</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Salute%3AA+View+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=361&rft.edition=Random+House+Digital&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1155188271&rft.isbn=9780307798572&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjeffco.axis360.baker-taylor.com%2FTitle%3Fitemid%3D0009861932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/necessaryevilhis0000will"><i>A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st Touchstone 2002 ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684844893" title="Special:BookSources/9780684844893"><bdi>9780684844893</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256521160">1256521160</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Necessary+Evil%3A+A+History+of+American+Distrust+of+Government&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=365&rft.edition=1st+Touchstone+2002&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256521160&rft.isbn=9780684844893&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnecessaryevilhis0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_(1911)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Minute Men"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Minute_Men">"Minute Men" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 656.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minute+Men&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=656&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinutemen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minutemen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Wright_Jr." title="Robert K. Wright Jr.">Robert K. Wright Jr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/Reference/mamil/Mamil.htm"><i>Massachusetts Militia Roots: A Bibliographic Study</i>.</a> (1986) 116th <a href="/wiki/Military_History_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military History Detachment">Military History Detachment</a> Virginia Army National Guard. Available at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020106142701/http://www.ushistory.org/Brandywine/special/art01.htm">Who Were the Minutemen? (ushistory.org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520114231/http://americanminuteman.com/">Organization of the Minute-Men</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mima">Minute Man National Historical Park</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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