UN Guidance on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>UN Guidance on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="Explainer of UN guidelines addressing abuse of "conscience claims" and how States can comply with international law for abortion care." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="New UN Guidance Calling for Restraints on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Explainer of UN guidelines addressing abuse of "conscience claims" and how States can comply with international law for abortion care." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-26T13:55:41+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/conscientious-objection_cropped.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="647" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Cynthia Soohoo, Jaime M. 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Gher" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="9 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/d0770995f277ebdff606206994eeda31"},{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/11e496318cbddecdd340c7523e20345b"}],"headline":"New UN Guidance Calling for Restraints on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care","datePublished":"2024-11-26T13:55:41+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-26T13:55:41+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/"},"wordCount":2017,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1619&ssl=1","keywords":["healthcare","Public Health","reproductive rights","United Nations","Women","Women's Rights"],"articleSection":["Human Rights","International Justice","United Nations"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/","name":"UN Guidance on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1619&ssl=1","datePublished":"2024-11-26T13:55:41+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-26T13:55:41+00:00","description":"Explainer of UN guidelines addressing abuse of \"conscience claims\" and how States can comply with international law for abortion care.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1619&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1619&ssl=1","width":2560,"height":1619,"caption":"A photo taken on November 11, 2014 shows the Sveti Duh (Holy Spirit) public hospital in Zagreb where none of its 18 gynecologists are ready to perform abortions on women's demands due to conscientious objection. In staunchly Catholic Croatia, the number of public hospital doctors refusing to perform abortion on a woman's demand over \"conscentious objection\" is on the rise with women's rights groups warning that the issue is entering a \"grey zone\". 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She has worked on sexual and reproductive health issues and U.S. human rights compliance with international legal obligations before U.N. human rights bodies, the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights, and in domestic courts. Prior to joining the CUNY faculty, Professor Soohoo served as Director of the U.S. Legal Program at the Center for Reproductive Rights. From 2001-2007, Professor Soohoo ran the U.S. Human Rights Program at Columbia Law School’s Human Rights Institute and was a supervising attorney for Columbia’s Human Rights Clinic. Professor Soohoo practiced law at Covington & Burling (formerly Howard, Darby & Levin) for six years, where she was co-counsel in the landmark Alien Tort Statute case, Doe v. Karadzic. She clerked for the Hon. Gerard L. Goettel, U.S.D.J., SDNY and is a former NYC Urban Fellow. Professor Soohoo has published multiple scholarly articles on access to abortion, forced sterilization and criminalization of reproductive choices and is co-editor of the book, Bringing Human Rights Home. Cynthia is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/soohoocynthia/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/11e496318cbddecdd340c7523e20345b","name":"Jaime M. Gher","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/309517d01837ed45672e358cba837481","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/847b89be1336cd95d238fd49946cae59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/847b89be1336cd95d238fd49946cae59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Jaime M. Gher"},"description":"Jaime M. Gher (@Jay4Rights) is a reproductive justice lawyer fighting for the human rights of women, gender-diverse individuals, and marginalized and criminalized populations worldwide. She has over two decades of research, litigation and advocacy experience. As a Senior Legal Advisor with the Global Justice Center, Jaime supports national-level strategy development, litigation, and afdvocacy to promote safe abortion access in the US. She also leads Family Advocates, a boutique private practice where she provides legal counselling and support for individuals and couples who rely on assisted reproductive technologies to create their families and works to ensure their legal protection through securing legal recognition of their parentage. Jaime has also worked as a Senior Legal Advisor and Strategic Litigation Specialist with Amnesty International, Human Rights Advisor and Programme Officer with the WHO and UNAIDS, and a Global Advocacy Fellow with the Center for Reproductive Rights. Jaime holds an LL.M. in international law and gender from American University, Washington College of Law, a J.D. from the University of San Francisco, School of Law, and a B.A. in sociology from the University of California Santa Barbara. She has published scholarly articles on access to abortion, infertility, gender persecution and criminalization of sexuality and reproduction. Jaime is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghermjaime/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/105169\/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1619&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>New UN Guidance Calling for Restraints on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/soohoocynthia/" title="Profile and articles by Cynthia Soohoo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cynthia Soohoo</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghermjaime/" title="Profile and articles by Jaime M. Gher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jaime M. Gher</a></p><p class="date">November 26, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-105169" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-105169" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-105169" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/healthcare/" rel="tag">healthcare</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/public-health/" rel="tag">Public Health</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/reproductive-rights/" rel="tag">reproductive rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/women/" rel="tag">Women</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/womens-rights/" rel="tag">Women's Rights</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/soohoocynthia/" title="Profile and articles by Cynthia Soohoo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cynthia Soohoo</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghermjaime/" title="Profile and articles by Jaime M. Gher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jaime M. Gher</a></p><p class="date">November 26, 2024</p></div><p>The United Nations Working Group on Discrimination Against Women and Girls (WGDAWG) this summer issued important new <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/tools-and-resources/ahrcwg11411-conscientious-objection-abortion-key-considerations">guidance</a> on how governments can comply with their obligations to ensure that individual refusals to provide health care services based on religion or conscience do not create a barrier to reproductive health services, including abortion services. The guidance responds to reports of widespread abuse of “conscience claims” that have undermined abortion access in many regions. As States now turn to the process of implementing the guidance, we offer an explainer on what it requires and why implementation is necessary for States to comply with their international legal obligations.</p> <p>Given the grave impact that delays or denial of care have on the health and lives of pregnant people, the WGDAWG’s guidance emphasizes that States should only allow conscience claims to refuse abortion services if they can ensure that pregnant people can promptly access these services from another provider. If States allow conscientious objection they must “immediately implement a human rights-compliant framework” which “clearly define[s] and regulate[s] the legal and ethical limits of health providers’ ability to refuse services.” This also may require taking action to ensure that there are adequate non-objecting providers.</p> <p>The guidance analyzes the problem of widespread, unregulated refusals of care and discusses the proper balance between religious accommodation and the right of women, girls (and others) to equality and to access sexual and reproductive health services. Its analysis starts from governments’ obligation to ensure nondiscriminatory access to sexual and reproductive health care as recognized under the <a href="https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQfQejF41Tob4CvIjeTiAP6sGFQktiae1vlbbOAekmaOwDOWsUe7N8TLm%2BP3HJPzxjHySkUoHMavD%2Fpyfcp3Ylzg">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, the <a href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a><u>, </u><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a><u>,</u> and the <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/crccgc15-general-comment-no-15-right-child-highest">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>. In addition, although the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) does not include the right to health, the <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g19/261/15/pdf/g1926115.pdf">Human Rights Committee</a> (HRC) has recognized that other rights protected by the ICCPR, including the right to life, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the right to non-discrimination and the right to privacy can require access to abortion. Because of these human rights obligations, the HRC and the <a href="https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQfQejF41Tob4CvIjeTiAP6sGFQktiae1vlbbOAekmaOwDOWsUe7N8TLm%2BP3HJPzxjHySkUoHMavD%2Fpyfcp3Ylzg">Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> have stated that States should remove barriers to effective access to sexual and reproductive health care and safe and legal abortion including unregulated or insufficiently regulated exercise of conscientious objection. Based on States’ obligations to ensure access to services without delay, the guidance sets forth the elements of a proper regulatory framework.</p> <p><strong>Widespread Abuse and Impact. </strong>The guidance responds to a global problem of “unchecked exercise of conscientious objection” and widespread claims that have resulted in lack of access across entire geographic regions.</p> <p>The guidance describes the ways conscience claims are abused. For example, when claims are “over-inclusive and inadequately or unclearly regulated,” providers decline to provide services based on their subjective views on a case-by-case basis (often rooted in patriarchal attitudes and gender stereotypes) about whether a particular abortion is justified. This allows health care providers to impose their views on their patients. The guidance also discusses instances where employers improperly coerce individual health care providers who would otherwise be willing to perform abortions to claim that they object.</p> <p>The WGDAWG further observes that widespread invocation of conscientious objection “strains health-care systems by increasing workloads for non-objecting providers and stigmatizing abortion provision, which in turn negatively impacts non-objecting providers’ career decisions and, ultimately reduces the availability of skilled workers.” This can result in the improper “defensive use” of conscientious objection where providers refuse to provide care out of fear of complaints, liability, harassment, adverse career impact, and poor working conditions.</p> <p>The guidance also recognizes that conscientious objection disproportionately impacts the most marginalized and vulnerable patients, who already “face greater difficulties in accessing services or obtaining referrals due [in part] to power dynamics between providers and patients.” This makes “access to abortion services difficult or impossible for many, even in countries where patients are legally entitled to care.”</p> <p><strong>Conscientious Objection Cannot Violate the Rights of Others. </strong>Citing to jurisprudence from the <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/der/g05/451/53/pdf/g0545153.pdf">HRC</a> and <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/473/69/pdf/g1147369.pdf">CEDAW Committee</a>, the guidance emphasizes that “[a]utonomy in reproductive decision-making is fundamental to women’s and girls’ rights to equality and privacy [and r]eproductive autonomy is essential to matters of physical and psychological integrity.” Denial or restricting access to sexual and reproductive health services may infringe upon women and girls’ rights to life, health, and freedom from torture or ill-treatment. Further, the guidance states that “[d]enial of abortion is not acceptable, as the right to safe and legal abortion is protected under international law.”</p> <p>The guidance recognizes that reasonable accommodation for religious belief is an important pragmatic tool for States to overcome religious discrimination or intolerance. However, drawing on the work of the <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g20/217/76/pdf/g2021776.pdf">U.N. Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief</a>, it distinguishes between the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion and the right to manifest (or act on) those beliefs “which can be subject to limitation where necessary to protect the rights of others.”</p> <p>Indeed, the Special Rapporteur has stated that it is “difficult to justify the accommodation of religious beliefs when the consequences are discriminatory and impose harm on others, especially on groups that may have long faced discrimination and marginalization.” Further, the guidance notes that multiple U.N. human rights treaty bodies, including the <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g19/261/15/pdf/g1926115.pdf">HRC</a> “have emphasized that no woman or girl should face barriers or be denied sexual and reproductive health information and services due to a refusal of care or conscientious objection by health care providers.” Similarly, regional human rights bodies, including the <a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-114098">European Court of Human Rights </a>have recognized that if States allow conscientious objection by health care professionals they must ensure that it does not prevent patients from obtaining access to services to which they are entitled.</p> <p><strong>Ethical Obligations. </strong>The guidance also considers health care providers’ ethical obligations noting that the primary duty of health care providers is to “treat, provide benefits to and prevent harm to patients [and] refrain from denial of essential services.” Conscientious objection is “secondary to this primary duty.”</p> <p><strong>State Obligations if They Allow Conscientious Objection. </strong>According to the guidance, if States permit conscientious objection, “the State has an affirmative obligation to ensure that the invocation of conscientious objection by health-care providers does not infringe upon the sexual and reproductive health rights of women and girls.” Consistent with authority from the <a href="https://achpr.au.int/en/node/854">Af</a><a href="https://achpr.au.int/en/node/854">rican Commission on Human Rights</a> and the <a href="https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/women/docs/pdf/womenaccessinformationreproductivehealth.pdf">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> providing that if States allow conscientious objection they must provide the necessary infrastructure to ensure that patients can access care, including adequate referral mechanisms and prohibitions and sanctions for improper conscience claims, the guidance states that when governments allow conscientious objection it “is necessary to clearly define and regulate the legal and ethical limits of health providers’ ability to refuse services based on individual conscience and belief in health care settings.”</p> <p>The idea that States have an obligation to adopt regulations that may constrain or limit individual conduct is supported by States’ due diligence obligations recognized under international law. While human rights treaty obligations do not have “direct horizontal effect,” the <a href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/533996?ln=en&v=pdf">HRC</a> has noted that State failure to ensure or protect rights from acts by private parties can violate treaty obligations if the State fails to take “appropriate measures or to exercise due diligence to prevent, punish, investigate or redress the harm caused by such private persons or entities.” In <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g19/261/15/pdf/g1926115.pdf">General Comment 36</a> discussing the right to life, the HRC opines that the due diligence obligation to address reasonably foreseeable private threats to the right to life includes an obligation to adopt “reasonable positive measures,” including appropriate laws and procedures, that do not impose disproportionate burdens. The WGDAWG’s recommended regulatory framework, discussed in more detail below, is carefully crafted to address foreseeable threats to the human rights of women and girls when States permit health care providers to refuse to provide abortion care based on conscientious objection without imposing disproportionate burdens.</p> <p>In order for states to accommodate individual conscience claims and prevent the creation of a barrier to care, according to the <a href="https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQfQejF41Tob4CvIjeTiAP6sGFQktiae1vlbbOAekmaOwDOWsUe7N8TLm%2BP3HJPzxjHySkUoHMavD%2Fpyfcp3Ylzg">Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, States must ensure that there are adequate health care providers able to provide services within reasonable geographic reach. This may require that States work to train and recruit providers, and the guidance suggests that, in some instances, States may require that health care workers are willing to provide abortions as a condition of employment. It describes a case where a Swedish court rejected a claim brought by a midwife who refused to provide abortions who claimed that the failure of three women’s health clinics to hire her violated her right to manifest her religion. The court held that the clinics were not obligated to hire the midwife because “any interference with religion was in pursuit of the legitimate aim of protecting the health of women seeking abortions and the Government of Sweden had an obligation to guarantee access to abortion.”</p> <p><strong>Human Rights Approach to Regulating Conscientious Objection. </strong>Drawing from U.N. treaty bodies, regional human rights bodies, decisions from national courts from Colombia, Spain, Mexico, and New Zealand, the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, and the World Health Organization, the guidance describes a “human rights-based” approach to regulating conscientious objection, which includes the following elements:</p> <ul> <li>Objections must be narrowly defined individual accommodations. The ability to object should be limited to the direct provider of the medical intervention and the objection must be based on the provider’s own convictions.</li> <li>Objections must be prohibited in emergency situations. Conscientious objection cannot be invoked where the pregnant person’s health is at serious risk and the patient requires emergency care or treatment.</li> <li>The ability to object should be contingent on the patient’s access to timely services. Refusals should not be permitted unless patients are given timely referrals to another provider who is willing and able to provide the services to ensure that care is not compromised by delays or denials.</li> <li>Institutional conscientious objection must be prohibited. “[P]artial or total privatization” of health care does not exempt the State from its obligation to ensure non-discriminatory access to services, and States must prohibit institutional conscientious objection, including <em>de facto </em>institutional objection resulting from <em>en mass</em>e staff denials.</li> <li>States that permit conscientious objection must have regulatory systems in place with strong monitoring mechanisms to prevent abuse, and legal recourse should be available for those denied abortion because of conscientious objection.</li> <li>States should organize health systems to ensure that sufficient non-objecting providers are hired and are distributed fairly across the country and educate and train health care workers and medical students about their obligations to provide emergency abortion care and post-abortion care and the rights of women and girls.</li> <li>States should decriminalize abortion to provide greater clarity about the legality of abortion to prevent invocation of conscientious objection to avoid potential legal liability.</li> <li>States should affirm the right to safe and legal abortion and recognize women’s and girls’ autonomy<strong>. </strong></li> </ul> <p>As abortion laws are liberalized around the world and conscientious objection increases, States must reconcile claims for religious accommodation with the impact that widespread and unregulated refusals to provide abortion care and other reproductive health services have on the lives, health, and rights of women, girls, and others who need care. The WGDAWG’s guidance outlines a much needed human rights-based approach to enable States to craft and refine policies to ensure their compliance with international law obligations.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: A photo taken on Nov. 11, 2014 shows the Sveti Duh (Holy Spirit) public hospital in Zagreb where none of its 18 gynecologists are ready to perform abortions on women’s demands due to conscientious objection. In staunchly Catholic Croatia, the number of public hospital doctors refusing to perform abortion on a woman’s demand over “conscentious objection” is on the rise with women’s rights groups warning that the issue is entering a “grey zone.” (STR/AFP via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/healthcare/" rel="tag">healthcare</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/public-health/" rel="tag">Public Health</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/reproductive-rights/" rel="tag">reproductive rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/women/" rel="tag">Women</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/womens-rights/" rel="tag">Women's Rights</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a 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class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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Gher (<a href=\"https://x.com/Jay4Rights\">@Jay4Rights</a>) is a reproductive justice lawyer fighting for the human rights of women, gender-diverse individuals, and marginalized and criminalized populations worldwide. </p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104922/early-warning-atrocities-technology/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Xinjiang-surveillance-scaled-e1731983570416.jpg?fit=768%2C287&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104922/early-warning-atrocities-technology/">Early Warning in Atrocity 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UN Guidance on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care