CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" /> <meta charset="utf-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"edc4967dfd",applicationID:"70828766"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <title>Graduate & Professional Study | Yale University</title>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#00356b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon.ico"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/favicons/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.yale.edu/academics/graduate-professional-study" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.yale.edu/node/59" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Yale University" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.yale.edu/academics/graduate-professional-study" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Graduate & Professional Study" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2022-08-10T08:35:01-04:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.yale.edu/academics/graduate-professional-study" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Graduate & Professional Study" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-08-03T11:47:10-04:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-08-10T08:35:01-04:00" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_RuHKBBm6OYqkjSeQK2mF9fQpeWuco3DyDng1XVpC1Ww.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_wTttUvLLkpbnKFb8mVr2FiTMc9bXV18KTC7HphY8NV4.css" media="all" /> <style type="text/css" media="all"> <![CDATA[/*> </style> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_bdASfrJ-HN4bZA4ZeInKDEQA-yQwy-PmUYD0NGiAad4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_bW21uq73DsUuXApUzfWtSyRLInK7JZxAwG_WYNt2yR4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_8R_0pUYRsUgcn_DqYThF9sN84SOtqZb5hkODYP6qLV8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_25.css?sndln1" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_26.css?sndln1" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_28.css?sndln1" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_34.css?sndln1" media="all" />   <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/css/site.css?t=202411210242">       <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_rpAwC7cddiEuKQzuro46QwxuNJ50C48xsD6vgW-SmVY.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?sndln1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_f_6-OzlFXjayKlsU5sJKLwjz7LFQvdIZDm-Mt6jKwyM.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_yNfHAywP7GBJ6Vi07N10W_3PHPAVmK6ZffYq2Eg6sYI.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/googleanalytics/js?sndln1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Xp42x4IeuhdbL6uORzJ6WS2Q7LigXFqtOWo49t50sgc.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </head> <body id="top" class="fs-grid html not-front not-logged-in two-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-59 node-type-flexible-subpage academics graduate-professional-study" tabindex="-1"> <span role="navigation" aria-labelledby="skip_to_content"><a href="#page" id="skip_to_content">Skip to Main Content</a></span> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MCLMJ9V" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="body_wrapper "> <section class="site_message bg_dusty color_black" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="site_message_row"> <div class="site_message_cell"> <div class="site_message_description heading_4"> <p>It looks like you're trying to zoom in on this page. For best results: use the most recent version of your browser, disable your browser's 'zoom text only' setting, and use your browser's default font size settings.</p> <p>To zoom in, use [Ctrl] + [+] in Windows, and [Cmd] + [+] on a Mac. To zoom out, use the keyboard shortcut [Ctrl] + [-] in Windows and [Cmd] + [-] on a Mac.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <header id="header" class="header js-toggle">  <div class="header_row">  <div class="header_cell">  <a href="/" class="logo_main icon_only" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CollegeOrUniversity"> <h1 class="offscreen" itemprop="name">Yale University</h1> <img src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/logo-print.png" class="print" alt=""> </a>   <div class="region region-header"> <div class="deskHeader"> <nav class="secondary_nav" aria-labelledby="secondary_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="secondary_nav_label">Secondary Navigation</h2> <div class="secondary_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-2 menu-name-menu-secondary-navigation parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <a class="secondary_nav_link" href="/calendars"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Calendars</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://forhumanity.yale.edu"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Give</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://news.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">News</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://directory.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Directories</span></a> </div> </nav> <a class="btn_site_seach js-toggle_handle" href="/search" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="btn_site_seach_text">Search</span> </a> <button class="mobile_nav_handle">Navigation</button><form class="gateway_form" action="" method="post"> <label class="visually_hidden" for="gateway_select">Info for...</label> <select class="js-dropdown" id="gateway_select" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"Info for...","customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_midnight gateway_select"}'> <option value="https://secretary.yale.edu/student-life">Students</option><option value="/faculty">Faculty</option><option value="https://your.yale.edu/">Staff</option><option value="https://alumni.yale.edu">Alumni</option> </select> <button class="info_for_submit button_solid_charcoal color_white" type="submit">Go</button> </form> </div> </div>   <div class="region region-navbar"> <nav class="main_nav" aria-labelledby="main_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="main_nav_label">Main Navigation</h2> <div class="main_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/about-yale">About Yale</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/leadership-organization">Leadership & Organization</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/yale-facts">Yale Facts</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/traditions-history">Traditions & History</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/centers-institutes">Centers & Institutes</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="http://world.yale.edu">Yale & the World</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/about-yale/visiting">Visiting</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item active"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/academics">Academics</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/undergraduate-study">Undergraduate Study</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/graduate-professional-study">Graduate & Professional Study</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/departments-programs">Departments & Programs</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://world.yale.edu/academics-research">Global Education</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://summer.yale.edu/">Summer Session</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/academics/non-degree-offerings">Non-Degree Offerings</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://online.yale.edu/">Online Learning</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/admissions">Admissions</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://admissions.yale.edu/">Undergraduate</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/admissions/graduate-professional-schools">Graduate & Professional Schools</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/admissions/financial-aid">Financial Aid</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://world.yale.edu/admissions">International Students</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://summer.yale.edu/apply">Summer Session</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/admissions/non-degree-seeking-students">Non-Degree Seeking Students</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://worldfellows.yale.edu/the-program/application/">World Fellows Program</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/life-yale">Life at Yale</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/arts-culture">Arts & Culture</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/athletics-recreation">Athletics & Recreation</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://belong.yale.edu">Belonging at Yale</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/health-wellness">Health & Wellness</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/new-haven">New Haven</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://housing.yale.edu/">Residential Life</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/service">Service</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/life-yale/virtual-yale">Virtual Yale</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://secretary.yale.edu/student-life/student-groups-and-activities">Student Groups & Activities</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/collections">Collections</a><div class="main_nav_child"><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu">LUX: Yale Collections Discovery</a><a class="main_nav_child_link" href="/collections/museums-and-libraries">Museums and Libraries</a></div></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="https://research.yale.edu/">Research</a></div> </div> </nav> </div>  </div>  </div>   <form action="#" method="GET" class="site_search" role="search" aria-label="Search Site"> <div class="site_search_row"> <div class="site_search_cell"> <div class="site_search_fieldset border_dusty"> <input aria-label="search" class="site_search_input" type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search..." value=""> <button class="site_search_button" type="submit"> <span class="visually_hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </form>  </header>   <main id="page" class="page" tabindex="-1">  <div class="page_feature"> <div class="page_divider"> <div class="page_divider_cell"></div> </div> </div>   <div class="page_row">  <div class="page_header"> <nav class="breadcrumb_nav" aria-labelledby="breadcrumb_nav_label"><h2 class="visually_hidden" id="breadcrumb_nav_label">Breadcrumb</h2><div class="breadcrumb_item" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a href="/" class="breadcrumb_link breadcrumb_home" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="title">Home</span></a></div><div class="breadcrumb_item" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a href="/academics" class="breadcrumb_link" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="title">Academics</span></a></div><div class="breadcrumb_current" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><span itemprop="title">Graduate & Professional Study</span></div></nav> <div class="tabs"></div> </div>   <div class="page_container">  <div class="sub_nav_sidebar"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <h2 class="sub_nav_handle js-sub_nav_handle" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false">Additional Navigation</h2> <div class="sub_nav_wrapper js-navigation" data-navigation-options='{"labels":{"closed":"Additional Navigation"}}' data-navigation-handle=".js-sub_nav_handle"> <nav class="sub_nav" aria-labelledby="sub_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="sub_nav_label">Sub Navigation</h2> <div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary" href="/academics/undergraduate-study">Undergraduate Study</a></div><div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary active" href="/academics/graduate-professional-study">Graduate & Professional Study</a></div><div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary" href="/academics/departments-programs">Departments & Programs</a></div><div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary" href="https://world.yale.edu/academics-research">Global Education</a></div><div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary" href="https://summer.yale.edu/">Summer Session</a></div><div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary" href="/academics/non-degree-offerings">Non-Degree Offerings</a></div><div class="sub_nav_item"><a class="sub_nav_link sub_nav_link_primary" href="https://online.yale.edu/">Online Learning</a></div> </nav> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="page_content">  <div class="typography"> <h1>Graduate & Professional Study</h1> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="typography"> <div class="intro"> <div class="field field-name-field-subhead field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Yale offers advanced degrees through its Graduate School of Arts & Sciences and 13 professional schools. Browse the organizations below for information on programs of study, academic requirements, and faculty research.</p> </div></div></div> </div> </div>  <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_graduate_school_arts_and_sciences-2.jpg?itok=EgUa0ZU1"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_graduate_school_arts_and_sciences-2.jpg?itok=0ztezzsB"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_graduate_school_arts_and_sciences-2.jpg?itok=JhVUVEB4"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_graduate_school_arts_and_sciences-2.jpg?itok=kXFJCblo">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_graduate_school_arts_and_sciences-2.jpg?itok=kXFJCblo" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">Graduate School of Arts & Sciences</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Yale’s Graduate School of Arts & Sciences offers programs leading to M.A., M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees in 73 departments and programs.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://gsas.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_school_of_architecture.jpg?itok=Jdh64opR"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_school_of_architecture.jpg?itok=VlF_YCc9"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_school_of_architecture.jpg?itok=V5CxRHqA"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_of_architecture.jpg?itok=M1xRHLEk">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_of_architecture.jpg?itok=M1xRHLEk" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Architecture</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Yale School of Architecture’s mandate is for each student to understand architecture as a creative, productive, innovative, and responsible practice.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://www.architecture.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_school_of_art_0.jpg?itok=3uQIcPvs"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_school_of_art_0.jpg?itok=KzuR9XD7"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_school_of_art_0.jpg?itok=_-S0ucGP"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_of_art_0.jpg?itok=VZesE1TV">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_of_art_0.jpg?itok=VZesE1TV" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Art</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Yale School of Art has a long and distinguished history of training artists of the highest caliber.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://www.art.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_divinity_school-2.jpg?itok=gm6Uvf-p"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_divinity_school-2.jpg?itok=8RPRohZZ"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_divinity_school-2.jpg?itok=XYy3cQ7i"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_divinity_school-2.jpg?itok=uLCcoO4c">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_divinity_school-2.jpg?itok=uLCcoO4c" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">Divinity School</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Yale Divinity School educates the scholars, ministers, and spiritual leaders of the future.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://divinity.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_school_of_drama_0.jpg?itok=X9OcdY-c"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_school_of_drama_0.jpg?itok=3awVIQfb"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_school_of_drama_0.jpg?itok=JDfXjv09"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_of_drama_0.jpg?itok=Bb1EjPim">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_of_drama_0.jpg?itok=Bb1EjPim" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">David Geffen School of Drama</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The David Geffen School of Drama graduates have raised the standards of professional practice around the world in every theatrical discipline, creating bold art that engages the mind and delights the senses.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://www.drama.yale.edu/">School website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/the_malone_center.jpg?itok=X6ELmAP0"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/the_malone_center.jpg?itok=hkpFXdXI"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/the_malone_center.jpg?itok=7vDbsvYd"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/the_malone_center.jpg?itok=MzHmwr46">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/the_malone_center.jpg?itok=MzHmwr46" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Engineering & Applied Science</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science is at the cutting edge of research to develop technologies that address global societal problems.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://seas.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/kroon-hall.jpg?itok=mO18TUmh"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/kroon-hall.jpg?itok=O6mCSjr-"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/kroon-hall.jpg?itok=wsOsjU3E"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/kroon-hall.jpg?itok=HFMXhXIM">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/kroon-hall.jpg?itok=HFMXhXIM" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of the Environment</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The School of the Environment is dedicated聽to sustaining and restoring the long-term health of the biosphere and the well-being of its people.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://environment.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/horchow_thumb_img_6185.jpg?itok=nrw_XmGl"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/horchow_thumb_img_6185.jpg?itok=De4nJn8z"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/horchow_thumb_img_6185.jpg?itok=oeek3nVK"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/horchow_thumb_img_6185.jpg?itok=e-ShVX_u">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/horchow_thumb_img_6185.jpg?itok=e-ShVX_u" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">Jackson School of Global Affairs</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Jackson School of Global Affairs trains and equips a new generation of leaders to devise thoughtful, evidence-based solutions for challenging global problems.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://jackson.yale.edu">School website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_law_school_0.jpg?itok=IsFXJt6G"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_law_school_0.jpg?itok=VeSLJijN"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_law_school_0.jpg?itok=69bpDzkq"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_law_school_0.jpg?itok=t2s3jY9t">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_law_school_0.jpg?itok=t2s3jY9t" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">Law School</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Yale Law School hones the world’s finest legal minds in an environment that features world-renowned faculty, small classes, and countless opportunities for clinical training and public service.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://law.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/edward_p._evans_hall_0.jpg?itok=ImD5xs87"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/edward_p._evans_hall_0.jpg?itok=NnbRrueM"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/edward_p._evans_hall_0.jpg?itok=LaeC8XaZ"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/edward_p._evans_hall_0.jpg?itok=47yTjleB">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/edward_p._evans_hall_0.jpg?itok=47yTjleB" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Management</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>School of Management students, faculty, and alumni are committed to understanding the complex forces transforming global markets and building organizations that contribute lasting value to society.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://som.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_school_medicine.jpg?itok=P7aqh_Aw"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_school_medicine.jpg?itok=1DzFXS_v"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_school_medicine.jpg?itok=Mbqw9q01"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_medicine.jpg?itok=ntDkU2QR">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_medicine.jpg?itok=ntDkU2QR" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Medicine</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Yale School of Medicine graduates go on to become leaders in academic medicine and health care, and innovators in clinical practice, biotechnology, and public policy.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://medicine.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/music.jpg?itok=9Ggadg7K"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/music.jpg?itok=evPQolxR"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/music.jpg?itok=MUP8RCqo"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/music.jpg?itok=TjxoMOUM">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/music.jpg?itok=TjxoMOUM" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Music</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Yale School of Music is an international聽leader in educating the creative musicians and cultural leaders of tomorrow.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://music.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/school_nursing.jpg?itok=OBF-g6zR"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/school_nursing.jpg?itok=BpRYc1G6"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/school_nursing.jpg?itok=qbxrt28a"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/school_nursing.jpg?itok=N-s9OTCY">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/school_nursing.jpg?itok=N-s9OTCY" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Nursing</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Yale School of Nursing community is deeply committed to the idea聽that access to high quality patient鈥恈entered health care is a social right, not a privilege.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>   <article class="related_links related_links_compact"> <figure class="related_links_figure related_links_figure_compact responsive_image bg_black"> <picture class="related_links_picture related_links_picture_compact">  <source media="(min-width: 1220px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_275x193/public/yale_school_public_health.jpg?itok=1SIyVZZb"> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_225x158/public/yale_school_public_health.jpg?itok=XUOQnJQM"> <source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_150x150/public/yale_school_public_health.jpg?itok=5zJl06-q"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" srcset="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_public_health.jpg?itok=5mNU40eq">  <img class="related_links_image related_links_image_compact" src="https://www.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_links_compact_295x208/public/yale_school_public_health.jpg?itok=5mNU40eq" alt=""> </picture> </figure> <div class="related_links_content related_links_content_compact"> <h2 class="related_links_title related_links_title_compact heading_3 color_midnight">School of Public Health</h2> <div class="related_links_description related_links_description_compact body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The School of Public Health supports research and innovative programs聽that聽protect and improve the health of people around the globe.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="related_links_list related_links_list_compact"> <a class="related_links_link related_links_link_compact button_text color_black" href="https://ysph.yale.edu/">School Website</a> </div> </div> </article>  </div> </div>   <div class="page_sidebar"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second">  <article class="sidebar_callout sidebar_callout_text sidebar_callout_border_top theme_gray"> <div class="sidebar_callout_content sidebar_callout_text_content"> <div class="sidebar_callout_header sidebar_callout_text_header"> <h2 class="sidebar_callout_title sidebar_callout_text_title heading_4 text_divide" id="sidebar_callout_title13715">Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS)</h2> </div> <div class="sidebar_callout_description sidebar_callout_text_description body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is composed of the departments and academic programs that provide instruction in Yale College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <a class="sidebar_callout_button sidebar_callout_text_button button" href="https://fas.yale.edu/" 13715">Learn more <span class="element-invisible">Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS)</span></a> </div> </article>   <article class="sidebar_callout sidebar_callout_text sidebar_callout_border_top theme_white"> <div class="sidebar_callout_content sidebar_callout_text_content"> <div class="sidebar_callout_header sidebar_callout_text_header"> <h2 class="sidebar_callout_title sidebar_callout_text_title heading_4 text_divide" id="sidebar_callout_title1551">Centers & Institutes</h2> </div> <div class="sidebar_callout_description sidebar_callout_text_description body_text"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>A number of our centers and institutes offer additional opportunities for graduate and professional study.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <a class="sidebar_callout_button sidebar_callout_text_button button" href="https://www.yale.edu/research-collections/centers-institutes" 1551">Learn More <span class="element-invisible">Centers & Institutes</span></a> </div> </article>  </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </main>   <footer id="footer" class="footer">  <div class="footer_row">  <div class="footer_cell">  <div class="footer_nav_section"> <div class="region region-footer"> <form class="visitor_form"> <label class="visually_hidden" for="visitor_select">Info for Visiting Yale</label> <select class="js-dropdown" id="visitor_select" data-dropdown-options='{"label":"Info for Visiting Yale","links":true,"customClass":"dropdown_base dropdown_charcoal_trans visitor_select"}'> <option value="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/tours">Campus Tours</option><option value="/about-yale/visiting">Maps & Directions</option><option value="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/">Yale Visitor Center</option><option value="/collections/museums-and-libraries">Museums & Libraries</option><option value="/life-yale/new-haven">New Haven</option><option value="/about-yale/visiting">More Visit Resources</option> </select> </form> <nav class="footer_nav help_nav" aria-labelledby="help_nav_label"> <h2 class="footer_nav_label help_nav_label" id="help_nav_label">Helpful Links</h2> <div class="footer_nav_list help_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-menu-helpful-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://campushealth.yale.edu/covid-19-information">COVID-19 Info</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://your.yale.edu/work-yale/careers">Careers</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://emergency.yale.edu/">Emergency Info</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://privacy.yale.edu/resources/privacy-statement">Privacy Policy</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://your.yale.edu/community/public-safety">Public Safety</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://westcampus.yale.edu/">Yale West Campus</a><a class="footer_nav_link help_nav_link" href="https://statusboard.apps.yale.edu/">Yale Status Board</a> </div> </nav> <nav class="footer_nav visitor_nav" aria-labelledby="visitor_nav_label"> <h2 class="footer_nav_label visitor_nav_label" id="visitor_nav_label">Visiting Yale</h2> <div class="footer_nav_list visitor_nav_list"> <a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/tours">Campus Tours</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/about-yale/visiting">Maps & Directions</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="https://visitorcenter.yale.edu/">Yale Visitor Center</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/collections/museums-and-libraries">Museums & Libraries</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/life-yale/new-haven">New Haven</a><a class="footer_nav_link visitor_nav_link" href="/about-yale/visiting">More Visit Resources</a> </div> </nav> <p class="eo-text"><strong>Equal Opportunity and Nondiscrimination at Yale University:聽</strong>The university is committed to basing judgments concerning the admission, education, and employment of individuals upon their qualifications and abilities and affirmatively seeks to attract to its faculty, staff, and student body qualified persons of diverse backgrounds. University policy is committed to affirmative action under law in employment of women, minority group members, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans. Additionally, in accordance with Yale鈥檚 Policy Against Discrimination and Harassment, and as delineated by federal and Connecticut law, Yale does not discriminate in admissions, educational programs, or employment against any individual on account of that individual鈥檚 sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, race, color, national or ethnic origin, religion, age, disability, status as a special disabled veteran, veteran of the Vietnam era or other covered veteran. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 protects people from sex discrimination in educational programs and activities at institutions that receive federal financial assistance.聽Inquiries concerning this policy may be referred to the聽<a href="https://oiea.yale.edu/" title="//oiea.yale.edu/</p>
<p>Click to follow link.">Office of Institutional Equity & Accessibility</a>. Inquiries may also be made to the U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights,聽<a href="mailto:ocr.boston@ed.gov">ocr.boston@ed.gov</a>.聽See Yale鈥檚 full <a href="/nondiscrimination">Nondiscrimination & Title IX Statement</a>.</p> </div> </div>  <hr class="footer_divider footer_divider_md" />  <div class="region region-footer-ig">  <a class="instagram_teaser" href="//instagram.com/yale/" target="_blank"> <figure class="instagram_teaser_figure responsive_image"> <span class="instagram_teaser_image"><img alt="Nathan Hale Statue on Old Campus" src="/sites/default/files/images/NathanHale-ig.png" /> </span> <figcaption class="instagram_teaser_caption button_text">Yale on Instagram</figcaption> </figure> <span class="overlay_bg"></span> </a>  </div>  <hr class="footer_divider footer_divider_lg" />  <div class="social_properties"> <div class="region region-footer-social">  <nav class="social_nav" aria-labelledby="social_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="social_nav_label">Social Links</h2> <div class="social_nav_list"> <a class="social_nav_link facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleUniversity" target="_blank"><span class="social_nav_link_icon"></span><span class="social_nav_link_text">Facebook</span></a><a class="social_nav_link youtube" href="http://www.youtube.com/yale" target="_blank"><span class="social_nav_link_icon"></span><span class="social_nav_link_text">YouTube</span></a><a class="social_nav_link weibo" href="http://weibo.com/yaleuniversity" target="_blank"><span class="social_nav_link_icon"></span><span class="social_nav_link_text">Sina Weibo</span></a> </div> </nav>  <a class="social_all_link button_text button_icon_right_arrow" href="/social-media">All Social Media</a> </div> </div>   <small class="footer_legal block"> <span class="footer_legal_copy">Copyright © 2024 Yale University</span> <span class="footer_legal_rights">All Rights Reserved</span> <a class="footer_legal_contact" href="/contact-us/contact-web-editor">Contact Web Editor</a> </small>   <div class="footer_to_top"> <a class="js-scroll_to button_full button_bordered_charcoal button_icon_up_arrow" href="#top">Back to top</a> </div>  </div>  </div>  </footer>   <aside role="dialog" aria-label="Mobile Menu" class="mobile_sidebar js-navigation" data-navigation-handle=".mobile_nav_handle" data-navigation-content=".page_wrapper" data-navigation-options='{"type":"reveal","labels":{"closed":"Navigation","open":"Close"}}'> <div class="mobile_sidebar_header"> <div class="header_row"> <div class="header_cell">  <a href="index.html" class="logo_main icon_only" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CollegeOrUniversity"> <h1 class="offscreen" itemprop="name">Yale University</h1> <img src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/images/logo-print.png" class="print" alt=""> </a>  <div class="deskHeader">  <a class="btn_site_seach" href="/search" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="btn_site_seach_text">Search</span> </a>  <button class="mobile_nav_handle"> Navigation <span class="mobile_nav_handle_icon"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="mobile_sidebar_body">  <div class="region region-mobile-main"> <nav class="main_nav" aria-labelledby="main_nav_mobile_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="main_nav_mobile_label">Main Navigation</h2> <div class="main_nav_list"> <div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/about-yale"><span class="main_nav_text">About Yale</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/academics"><span class="main_nav_text">Academics</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/admissions"><span class="main_nav_text">Admissions</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/life-yale"><span class="main_nav_text">Life at Yale</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="/collections"><span class="main_nav_text">Collections</span></a></div><div class="main_nav_item"><a class="main_nav_link" href="https://research.yale.edu/"><span class="main_nav_text">Research</span></a></div> </div> </nav> </div>   <div class="mobile_sidebar_row">  <div class="mobile_sidebar_nav_container">  <div class="region region-mobile-secondary"> <nav class="secondary_nav" aria-labelledby="mobile_secondary_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="mobile_secondary_nav_label">Secondary Navigation</h2> <div class="secondary_nav_list menu-block-wrapper menu-block-9 menu-name-menu-secondary-navigation parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <a class="secondary_nav_link" href="/calendars"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Calendars</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://forhumanity.yale.edu"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Give</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://news.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">News</span></a><a class="secondary_nav_link" href="https://directory.yale.edu/"><span class="secondary_nav_text">Directories</span></a> </div> </nav> </div>  </div>   <div class="mobile_sidebar_nav_container">  <div class="region region-mobile-gateway"> <nav class="gateway_nav" aria-labelledby="gateway_nav_label"> <h2 class="visually_hidden" id="gateway_nav_label">Gateway Navigation</h2> <div class="gateway_nav_list"> <a class="gateway_nav_link" href="https://secretary.yale.edu/student-life">Students</a><a class="gateway_nav_link" href="/faculty">Faculty</a><a class="gateway_nav_link" href="https://your.yale.edu/">Staff</a><a class="gateway_nav_link" href="https://alumni.yale.edu">Alumni</a> </div> </nav> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </aside>  </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>  <script src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/js/site.js?t=202411210242"></script>  <script src="/sites/all/themes/yale_blue/js/a11y.js?t=202411210242"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"edc4967dfd","applicationID":"70828766","transactionName":"ZVRWNxEACBZUAEFcW1weYREKTkkMWwdQTRpCWUQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":383,"atts":"SRNVQVkaGxg=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>