CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134ea80285744b9',cH: 'gs4Fsa8gTYWDI.bOyvP6_ndOpn8hwrV7j_Jwo7njUDA-1739786275-1.2.1.1-BUso8w7AXU4pG0ATXeDv58_saZ1_EoKDN8jgxyLCcZ1vPFQGX3BQxjovOSF3YemF',cUPMDTk: "\/2045\/apa?__cf_chl_tk=NrB_p6.bTqS2ANaoa2FzEHsDQuYfthG2o.0HSWcavX4-1739786275-1.0.1.1-sfJf2UKcV6.T8Tb8pomjtN2FBl2.mJiD8qh39FqRbM4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786275',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/2045\/apa?__cf_chl_f_tk=NrB_p6.bTqS2ANaoa2FzEHsDQuYfthG2o.0HSWcavX4-1739786275-1.0.1.1-sfJf2UKcV6.T8Tb8pomjtN2FBl2.mJiD8qh39FqRbM4",md: "J1saN6Zopv6K_Z0adU1MoWAmv5PTc_cx_zs8DHSU7AA-1739786275-1.2.1.1-PPW1oDm6bVcOSeqyOdyx83EvFjHg5t1vSSvuKMj04yVeniJ8XRYPUi_RXlGgLsnm9ltpwuQGSEBlgND.kuwONhp9gIkxpS4R2pNq3XPPOj8BzCtH_SHlUl2dmtfCSUNp1EeMsCP6BB178vFqsZ922GeegrC_cCC2GqGSA0i5Fw9p0E1j3aCjMNHHTBYt_uNnDI_W_fXMwQhcsqwv2fy8hadDn69ar7aNAqmDCuioTQYb0xlSS93NBWF4RryWv37yDdIHztqMfGifoKI2qJupl.PhZc6t8Ih1vAF7jRk8oSVEtgZItHwtaVDSKVs0vwYEuhSveZ496AuaXb60PwJmWSzSMfQFoh2ytzY70kniPb9epkncOGSFEW5rxjYt7dqitWSjO0neFyuJZO1h3zPn2sa9eAYlKtYN9jNCC2i278TgFVRoRlPzdawdABoYXZBzRei1yYAxkmwsDmMVAlt_VHfoZ2BcbAdQ5ULLEg6UuI_Cl_eI2OhsWnuXZukot7b7hIe8zAG5SxnvpFkJLG9G1XKG071kWO1j4mPd68RfIwKztf.B.MduCHOAyCAVrx9ptWbFglsWQrM4_gliIgLDTzsOBtoU3xw3EGRQgoM8NOpxWNZ.x_ePqiUP6m6jAL.ua12SuW0XtHmeHlzuZun7tW9ZkDuFPKq0IVoKzXufLplN9dLolK_0iXSgURQ_97WozcZqRI7Ccu8vHpWZEqsdI0vew.AFcBYVTpYc3bFBFYXdgro.MIzAm5PwUOrrJ_jsuUZ4mO8y7fpcL97Qa0_.F4JhGR4RKCVTwBm4NglVOOJLJOoRjsUufWbW2tYyynoTHs2fHaOlYI4FebyxCNdSAqrkB1Pz0dzANe8H5Mo0xQO7YZStoY8gb_Hg5mZhIr6u07pqe0142.NJfA1BrObFQL7pMdiU6LnqzzntpmIn3qJ7CHVAEItYMeNjsyWC0xaPpi0FpLnIRSjCGanmWFBToXL2Lqnjbn3oc.Ob6b59pELqoRtyOf2KmFoiIerXngM2W.yJ9gBGXO8UHMraKO.M6q11ya2s4TnPkgPq8iI8Me_l5FOu7Kq5n2bYxY.C6pdyPPqX5NQqkK50oeLXceVR1AOArTSeOaWQOe6nCHzBy7iOM8h0rs47DuJFM8BUbzueeUuaocsF6k.Ynp0w09z52yTG0NHHjWIG7NdBhRafhxub6e_sMgiR8UIx4yCzoOnyi.b6ry870N87038UlWMDdCgEoecKQ23JIQynFp6F9Pf_RaGzHHzxFPOmTXxI_i9Gwju3VTobWut6aJlDZMlwdebJjTDMYVdjZNTfC0Fu2Bz3AH3JVirvvBwb44UztOSbbHi1nkgQZ1SADGbSebNmwq38U88gL20Kx5mbRIk0qLIwJ4_t_NGmz2VGJYBy8kSmsbA26UlYYM7EYjjWYsdpFV7BJu2a8uT34EqyLBP1mEe2wPaQPFPsDbw9Nt2wjKSIhYdGqzbPvAebxYbJt1x8sM4TDpa2kORFLBepd17W0WFPvUMivE9vZ2LOGjxlXhs8h5D0P7aM3Jy3evdK_SIpGYYuLLd4.2k4u9pviFS.rPJwyqlAUutaog6zh2rTHM8alN2Twwq_PwRPwOSoBdxSoccQXuRp6LGMJCfYyLJU9NMG.01NF8v40hg4Yp1AzJGBj.6QXoWRbhpEfTO.A282IbgNCepuBn.u8gsAlnvSKzRAhryojgcgk4ALsQ6w7sbx76pNexZ0K.U6rVkxlOSyqbZHhDpc0iSCM0yx0eltbswRWV0Ksv2fkTE11HLJvXGiLrlCPk6xS8uvaf7QLBuqyiKQsYPFc_bamDYDx5Fs7wwA9s5EHYW47Psi3bG2XJRSPegQCdzRlQ7RiZB5_WohCw",mdrd: "imVhIL0H9hSLye8HRqP9C7tKbocG3ioA_pkryIg9fYw-1739786275-1.2.1.1-.AIbWpWRXW3eYSBdqHlg2uueXZV5Pv0QqDB6jMwmCTAGqgsA9iGwoG0HIHoeILz9DEHiHlYThMuogdNbH57pRbC9TdY0VOpW6KFEWAetT1g3XGWaVTSSid.cTWrHwCmFGhQNNJBgh9Eqp8UyoK11pp5Rn3lkq9Pe3ZmcqdF9JoNKoP.y83cUYip0ABim2smhGRS8C8IipJmYCIGP0kRWMsWTvVkk3V7cPPtcYBj67WKVUhXnpvRlx.bZLN4JG5AuwVi8.xLSqOJoD6tJhj2aUI30gJn6vI2NFZHvQ2zx7ohYvK7sD9TxCcBE6ADbeSWpX.QKGxBhTN2DW7RE6sHcrglumKJUYypSNtrr5BKuj1iC6fNF3yKGLEmHyfC8aff87xvSnJ2vTJgn8CncXmWvCrok.vXEyD4MBewBg.C1e7iMtwL81r2eOWnrksyKO..Ol2bSdrWFeRvzdy3KlMp3B698.osRRn0wlxTFTCwie6dOvshbvk7AhvzR2pmYfD30tco7N27SlQNkvlFeLZ5urLRdtA87XKCAnQRwy3MLBAPjx4NbdA3RJJBD1kZdv3lyhsce1y8WmwdJHDJufU3Fqxctpzsx25KtBhE4ZzkDmt4jJg26ijScLD7c0fb3NWN6VnjsL.95J0gC2ecrRdAYogCRj2jgh2.Bzdg5RHiA17AGfydDW.KsJ_cLGbZ.VSksHi.hYxM4nSAJpEGRzohqeHS0GBCWTUE04n_hz39fuzKV7.j9Mhqtww5VJE4aF3SP5v28_yQo0QSjkxTh1eFfUmjLINnrCq3F4p9Qctz50Bh3tTHB5CzM8bm19Ow3fl3HpYJKRIALpPk2rL6ovD7kvWmZ_rSsGCHPXQOKBIWquL0yDlH8GBPYw_Fe9jXQF8daPr96ozzSQ5FpJJNni8HxxTEeFD9QoH65iDvZnn0nXRXtmVQg4SadMqmgIkoJV6Uc8ODF7rlIKGkKKaY0enBJtIHVYtGepzvlKlgadBU58Ngcw_NKsa6K_nCwSh6WIgP39fhwR1C0bRsAPgp0QJgA.o8DbKgY5BGfIROE5VczB.5HStKQCxC_MmyBjI_xdp7sXgDzJ7e8e5dnD8vegvVJiMNhtHohcUCbeSwshb_InqZkvIRKzYhQWFFgNMwd_MCx8GjY87CXm0O2MCK6Qm_BQB6v0emRR6yLoNKBEvG8rcQDeJ8_uZ5AelN1mre9xLSjGHrtD8g6m_7fX431Bks45es5JJlaZ9qjSPq9mnTitnc4yeeEAcmoXsrFtLl5yCKng9SujfNqQ.q2qN3Qai3bPXCvLcRMDCZ_KW3M1vEUOT3NPk3nxMpORoqhW9uyI0egASyBTaNgM4Yy6VwOzdoZOV5UD5viPiuh.hITeouFpDYTXM2EoYGIvrVMDKl9A.jrwOpPPASFVLc5qtdva0cz647HZ9uy3ayZj8TqroM9wpO1VQqiW3cPl1DeloYEFukGsa6Bctrv32sxqX1UOOszUVOnEbdMs_7_n1q7.y28lN4GK4whyC_nKeXjUTUzAL405Y7kSW80CUdCjYn8nyg7E99N_R5uDXYSt.aqF.jZrY4mnnDGJv0r4nnvhpnQ7edwKPX6VE1ntKF8jso.fyawrfCnaDsiTHPcRVKiVC5EoLqrxAURR8Wr74OMty9PADg3OvSDqseIiX37aePWJC3omHNRR10EBQHe5UicyvvGGACINv3_krx9a3UeEftXUTl_e1Jn.7X.ir2ZHyBwLcL1DJhzHwA7n_ivFX9O9zDDstkaTdd2u1_oVWZVQx9dLmkuDeOolHO2sUMbtmOBTZusaqwq5AgnGofp2Ut5042AAdO3zNGKWN2qeU5MP__ZnMVCQ7a_CUV9vGIOw.JVm_OLwdcIYRcVIwPXojdVMrYxonj6UGjG5.kWtPoi1nzgxLgjKSobvg.nZ6pvOSx_oqQk4Kp6ur17bA3oKW05xqIqrXnnI2yNWS0bXnz3FubiEBzCDpHD7yFscR0UUMzEHWR1xg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134ea80285744b9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/2045\/apa?__cf_chl_rt_tk=NrB_p6.bTqS2ANaoa2FzEHsDQuYfthG2o.0HSWcavX4-1739786275-1.0.1.1-sfJf2UKcV6.T8Tb8pomjtN2FBl2.mJiD8qh39FqRbM4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>