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style="background:none;padding-top:0;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren"><span style="color:#428c9c;">Schwarzenau Brethren</span></a> <div style="font-size:55%;">(the German Baptists or Dunkers)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:200_AlexanderMackSeal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Germantown congregation"><img alt="Seal of the Germantown congregation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/200_AlexanderMackSeal.jpg/125px-200_AlexanderMackSeal.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/200_AlexanderMackSeal.jpg/188px-200_AlexanderMackSeal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/200_AlexanderMackSeal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Doctrinal tenets</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren#Beliefs" title="Church of the Brethren">Non-creedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Trine baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Love feast">Love feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feet_washing" class="mw-redirect" title="Feet washing">Feet washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_kiss" title="Holy kiss">Holy kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_with_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing with oil">Anointing with oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resistance">Non-resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brethren_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren Card">The Brethren Card</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantilal_Bhagat" title="Shantilal Bhagat">Shantilal Bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bauman" title="Louis Bauman">Louis Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Beissel" title="Conrad Beissel">Conrad Beissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Durnbaugh" title="Donald F. Durnbaugh">Donald F. Durnbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernard_Eller" title="Vernard Eller">Vernard Eller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kinsey" title="Samuel Kinsey">Samuel Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kline_(elder)" title="John Kline (elder)">John Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nead" title="Peter Nead">Peter Nead</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christoph Sauer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Brethren_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren Church">Brethren Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Grace_Brethren_Churches,_International" title="Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International">Conservative Grace Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkard Brethren">Dunkard Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Grace_Brethren_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches">Grace Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Brethren">Old Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brethren_German_Baptist" title="Old Brethren German Baptist">Old Brethren German Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_German_Baptist_Brethren" title="Old German Baptist Brethren">Old German Baptist Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_German_Baptist_Brethren,_New_Conference" title="Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference">Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_German_Baptist_Brethren" title="Old Order German Baptist Brethren">Old Order German Baptist Brethren</a></li></ul> <p><i>Defunct groups</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrata_Cloister" title="Ephrata Cloister">Ephrata Cloister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(New_Dunkers)" title="Church of God (New Dunkers)">Church of God (New Dunkers)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_True_Inspiration" title="Community of True Inspiration">Community of True Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Template:Schwarzenau Brethren"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Template talk:Schwarzenau Brethren"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schwarzenau Brethren"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christoph Sauer</b> (1695 – September 25, 1758) was the first German-language printer and publisher in North America. </p><p>Johann Christoph Sauer was born in 1695 in <a href="/wiki/Ladenburg" title="Ladenburg">Ladenburg</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>), the son of a Reformed pastor. He came to the county (<i>Graftschaft</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Sayn-Wittgenstein" title="Sayn-Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a> in central Germany as a child with his widowed mother some time between 1700 and 1710. He was a graduate of a German university, and studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a>. At the time, its rulers were tolerant of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pietists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietists">Pietists</a> and other religious dissenters, most notably <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a>, who would found the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> and later emigrate to the United States. Most Brethren denominations descend from this original congregation. Johann Christoph Sauer married the widowed Maria Christina (born Gruber) in 1720. The family lived in the village of Schwarzenau, which now belongs to the town of <a href="/wiki/Berleburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Berleburg">Berleburg</a> though had ties to <a href="/wiki/Bad_Laasphe" title="Bad Laasphe">Laasphe</a> as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Sauer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in 1724, settling in <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Germantown</a>. Sauer worked as a tailor before moving in 1726 to <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> where he had a 50-acre (200,000 m<sup>2</sup>) farm.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1731, Sauer's wife, Maria Christina, joined <a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Beissel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Conrad Beissel">Johann Conrad Beissel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptist</a> community at <a href="/wiki/Ephrata_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephrata Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Ephrata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ephrata_Cloister" title="Ephrata Cloister">Ephrata Cloister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was known in Ephrata as "Sister Marcella," and eventually became sub-prioress of the community, which was dedicated to celibacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Christina's decision disabled Sauer's farming operation,<sup id="cite_ref-dab_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he moved with his son to Germantown where that same year he built a large dwelling for his residence.<sup id="cite_ref-anb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to supply the needs of other German-speaking people in the colonies who were liberally educated, especially in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, he obtained Bibles and religious works from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-RipleyDana1862_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RipleyDana1862-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almanac_Sauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Almanac_Sauer.jpg/220px-Almanac_Sauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Almanac_Sauer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Sauer's first almanac, printed 1739</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1735, Sauer took up the idea of becoming a printer and publisher. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> dominated this trade at the time, and was a supplier of printed materials to the large German community around Pennsylvania. Significantly, Franklin used only Roman typefaces. Sauer obtained <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> type from a foundry in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> originally purchased by Jacob Gass of the <a href="/wiki/Ephrata_Cloister" title="Ephrata Cloister">Ephrata Cloister</a>. In 1738 Sauer began to publish almanacs, calendars, books and newspapers in 1739 using a type face that his German readers could more easily read. </p><p>The press itself is believed to have come from Berleburg in Wittgenstein, with which he had remained in contact. It had been used by Pietist printers there. Sauer also made his own ink, which he eventually sold as “Sauer’s Curious Pennsylvania Ink-Powder.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1739 he brought out the first number of <i>Der Hoch-Deutsch Pensylvanische Geschichts-Schreiber</i>, a religious and secular journal, a small folio, 9 inches (230 mm) by 13 inches (330 mm), which attained a circulation of nearly 10,000, and had great influence among his countrymen. It was the first of its kind that was published in a non-English language in Pennsylvania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible">Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Sauer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1743, Sauer published the first German-language Bible to be printed in North America (the first in any European language). It was a quarto edition of the Bible in high German, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>'s translation, which was limited to 1,200 copies of 1,284 pages. All pages were hand-set and printed one sheet at a time. It bore the title "<i>Biblia, Das ist: Die Heilige Schrift Alten und Neuen Testaments, Nach der Deutschen Übersetzung D. Martin Luther</i>". (Bible: The Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments following the translation of Dr. Martin Luther). Another 40 years would pass before an English-language Bible would appear in North America. It was three years in press, the largest work as yet issued in the colonies, and was the first Bible printed in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a>'s Indian Bible. </p><p>Sauer's Bible emphasized passages most in sympathy with <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> and Pietist beliefs. It was rapidly accepted among the Mennonites, Amish and Brethren. It was well received by the German churches of Pennsylvania, who were in turn influential in what became the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian-Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian-Universalist">Universalist</a> church in the Middle Atlantic and New England states. <a href="/wiki/George_de_Benneville" title="George de Benneville">George de Benneville</a> (1703–1793) was an important influence on the early Universalists and, like Sauer, had sojourned among the Wittgenstein Pietists before coming to America. </p><p>Sauer remained active as a printer up until his death on September 25, 1758, in Germantown, but none of his other publications had the impact of the "Sauer Bible." The latter was re-published in 1763<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 1776 by his son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Sauer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_American_journalism" title="German American journalism">German American journalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Sauer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Durnbaugh, Donald F. (1958) "Christopher Sauer Pennsylvania-German Printer: His Youth in Germany and Later Relationships with Europe." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1958): 316–340.</li> <li>Durnbaugh, Donald F. (1969) "Was Christopher Sauer a Dunker?" <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1969): 383–391. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/viewFile/42534/42255">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/viewFile/41389/41110">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Frantz, John B. (1999). "Sower, Christopher, II". <i>American National Biography</i> New York: Oxford University Press; online</li> <li>Genzmer, George Harvey. "Sower, Christopher (1693 – September 25, 1758)". <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i> (Charles Scribner's Sons)</li> <li>Leaman, Hans. (2014) "Johann Christoph Sauer was the most active publisher of German-language print in colonial America. Through his publishing work, based in Germantown, Pennsylvania, he became the mouthpiece for many German immigrants’ opinions on the political and religious controversies of the mid-eighteenth century." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=195Biography">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215141/http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=195Biography">Archived</a> 2016-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Oller, Anna Kathryn. (1963) "Christopher Saur, Colonial Printer: A Study of the Publications of the Press, 1738–1758,” Ph.D. diss. (University of Michigan, 1963)</li> <li>Steckel, William R. <i>Pietist in Colonial Pennsylvania: Christopher Sauer, Printer, 1738–1758</i> (Stanford., 1949)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Sauer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-appletons-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-appletons_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sower, Christopher"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Sower,_Christopher">"Sower, Christopher" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sower%2C+Christopher&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristoph+Sauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frantz, John B. (1999). "Sower, Christopher, II". <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0100845">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sower%2C+Christopher%2C+II&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0100845&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristoph+Sauer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leaman, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=195">"Johann Christoph Sauer.</a>" In <i>Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present</i>, vol. 1, edited by Marianne S. Wokeck. German Historical Institute. Last modified March 07, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dab-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dab_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenzmer1928–1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Genzmer, George Harvey (1928–1990). "Sower, Christopher (1693 – September 25, 1758)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography" title="Dictionary of American Biography">Dictionary of American Biography</a></i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sower%2C+Christopher+%281693+%E2%80%93+September+25%2C+1758%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1928%2F1990&rft.aulast=Genzmer&rft.aufirst=George+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristoph+Sauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RipleyDana1862-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RipleyDana1862_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipleyDana1862" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKxJqxd6vnkC&pg=PA690">"Type"</a>. <i>The new American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge</i>. Vol. 15. D. Appleton and Company. p. 690<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Type&rft.btitle=The+new+American+cyclopaedia%3A+a+popular+dictionary+of+general+knowledge&rft.pages=690&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Dana%2C+Charles+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKxJqxd6vnkC%26pg%3DPA690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristoph+Sauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A leaf from a Germantown Bible. (1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/en/title/1147593907">WorldCat website</a> RIT Libraries. Cary Graphic Arts Collection. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Sauer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Sower, Christopher"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Sower,_Christopher">"Sower, Christopher" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sower%2C+Christopher&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristoph+Sauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/magazine/unabhaengig/eck_2e.htm">German language printing in America</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34890457">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/74245/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sauer, Christoph"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/189405597">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81066174">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p145722252">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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