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Aaron Swartz - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>PACER</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PACER-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Progressive Change Campaign Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demand_Progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand_Progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Demand Progress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demand_Progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Stop_Online_Piracy_Act_(SOPA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_Stop_Online_Piracy_Act_(SOPA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Opposition to the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Stop_Online_Piracy_Act_(SOPA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WikiLeaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WikiLeaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>WikiLeaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WikiLeaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>United States v. Aaron Swartz</i> case</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz_case-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>United States v. Aaron Swartz</i> case subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_download" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_download"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Article download</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_download-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_prosecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_prosecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arrest and prosecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_prosecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death,_funeral,_and_memorial_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death,_funeral,_and_memorial_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death,_funeral,_and_memorial_gatherings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death,_funeral,_and_memorial_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_and_memorial_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_and_memorial_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Funeral and memorial gatherings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_and_memorial_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Response</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Response subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Department_of_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>U.S. Department of Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Department_of_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Family response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>MIT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Hacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petition_to_the_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petition_to_the_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Petition to the White House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petition_to_the_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Open Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congressional_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Congressional investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendment_to_Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendment_to_Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amendment_to_Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aaron_Swartz_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aaron_Swartz_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Aaron Swartz Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aaron_Swartz_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Internet's_Own_Boy:_The_Story_of_Aaron_Swartz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Internet's_Own_Boy:_The_Story_of_Aaron_Swartz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span><i>The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Internet's_Own_Boy:_The_Story_of_Aaron_Swartz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killswitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killswitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span><i>Killswitch</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killswitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Documentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aaron Swartz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="آرون سوارتز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آرون سوارتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_%C5%9Evarts" title="Aaron Şvarts – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aaron Şvarts" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9C" title="অ্যারন সোয়ার্টজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যারন সোয়ার্টজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Арон Шварц – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арон Шварц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82" title="Άαρον Σουόρτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άαρον Σουόρτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="آرون سوارتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرون سوارتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%9D" title="એરન સ્વાર્ટઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એરન સ્વાર્ટઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%9F%B0_%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%8C%EC%B8%A0" title="에런 스워츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에런 스워츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81" title="Աարոն Շվարց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աարոն Շվարց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="एरॉन श्वार्ट्ज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एरॉन श्वार्ट्ज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="ארון שוורץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארון שוורץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆರೋನ್ ಸ್ವಾರ್ಟ್ಜ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರೋನ್ ಸ್ವಾರ್ಟ್ಜ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rons_%C5%A0varcs" title="Ārons Švarcs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārons Švarcs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആരൺ ഷ്വാർട്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആരൺ ഷ്വാർട്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="آرون سوارتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آرون سوارتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="アーロン・スワーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーロン・スワーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C" title="ଆରୋନ ସ୍ୱାର୍ଜ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆରୋନ ସ୍ୱାର୍ଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਐਰਨ ਸਵਾਰਟਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਰਨ ਸਵਾਰਟਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86,_%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шварц, Аарон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шварц, Аарон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aaron Swartz" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ஏரன் சுவோற்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏரன் சுவோற்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆరోన్ స్వార్ట్జ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆరోన్ స్వార్ట్జ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer programmer and activist (1986–2013)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British actor, see <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz_(actor)" title="Aaron Swartz (actor)">Aaron Swartz (actor)</a>. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Schwartz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aaron Schwartz (disambiguation)">Aaron Schwartz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Aaron Swartz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Swartz with glasses, smiling with Jason Scott (cut off from the picture from the left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg/220px-Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg/330px-Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg/440px-Aaron_Swartz_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1979" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Swartz in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Aaron Hillel Swartz</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1986-11-08</span>)</span>November 8, 1986<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 11, 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-01-11)</span> (aged 26)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Suicide by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalom_Memorial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalom Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Shalom Memorial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois" title="Arlington Heights, Illinois">Arlington Heights</a>, Illinois, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aaron_Swartz&params=42_07_49.9_N_88_00_03.1_W_region:US-IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°07′49.9″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°00′03.1″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.130528°N 88.000861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.130528; -88.000861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><br />(no degree)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Software developer</li><li>writer</li><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet activist">internet activist</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1999–2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> (development)</li><li>Jottit</li><li>Bitbots</li><li>Infogami</li><li><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> (co-founder)</li><li>Watchdog.net</li><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">DeadDrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee" title="Progressive Change Campaign Committee">Progressive Change Campaign Committee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_Progress" title="Demand Progress">Demand Progress</a> (co-founder)</li><li><a href="/wiki/ThoughtWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtWorks">ThoughtWorks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Fellow, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics">Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partners</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_Norton" title="Quinn Norton">Quinn Norton</a> (2007–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taren_Stinebrickner-Kauffman" title="Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman">Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman</a> (2011–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArsDigita_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="ArsDigita Prize">ArsDigita Prize</a> 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a> 2013 <i>(posthumously)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFF_Pioneer_Award" title="EFF Pioneer Award">EFF Pioneer Award</a> 2013 <i>(posthumously)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> 2013 <i>(posthumously)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/">aaronsw.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aaron Hillel Swartz</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/33\/En-us-Aaron_Hillel_Swartz.oga\/En-us-Aaron_Hillel_Swartz.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Aaron Hillel Swartz.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/En-us-Aaron_Hillel_Swartz.oga/En-us-Aaron_Hillel_Swartz.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Aaron_Hillel_Swartz.oga" title="File:En-us-Aaron Hillel Swartz.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; November 8, 1986 – January 11, 2013), also known as <b>AaronSw</b>, was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programmer">computer programmer</a>, entrepreneur, writer, political organizer, and Internet <a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">hacktivist</a>. As a programmer, Swartz helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">web feed</a> format <a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:136100_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:136100-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the technical architecture for <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>, an organization dedicated to creating copyright licenses;<sup id="cite_ref-:136100_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:136100-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Python website framework <a href="/wiki/Web.py" class="mw-redirect" title="Web.py">web.py</a>. Swartz helped define the syntax of <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Lightweight markup language">lightweight markup language</a> format <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a>, and was a co-owner of the <a href="/wiki/Social_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Social news">social news</a> aggregation website <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> and contributed to its development until he left the company in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often credited as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">prodigy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-martyr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martyr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prodigy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prodigy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of his work focused on <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civic awareness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Reddit was sold to <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Publications">Condé Nast Publications</a> in 2006, Swartz became more involved in activism, helping launch the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee" title="Progressive Change Campaign Committee">Progressive Change Campaign Committee</a> in 2009. In 2010, he became a <a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">research fellow</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption, directed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-safra_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the online group <a href="/wiki/Demand_Progress" title="Demand Progress">Demand Progress</a>, known for its campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a>. </p><p>On January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) police</a> on state breaking-and-entering charges, after connecting a computer to the MIT network in an unmarked and unlocked closet and setting it to download <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> articles from <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> using a guest user account issued to him by MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-gerstein_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerstein-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IncidentReport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal prosecutors, led by <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ortiz" title="Carmen Ortiz">Carmen Ortiz</a>, charged him with two counts of <a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud#Wire" title="Mail and wire fraud">wire fraud</a> and eleven violations of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying a cumulative maximum penalty of $1 million in fines, 35<span class="nowrap"> </span>years in prison, <a href="/wiki/Asset_forfeiture" title="Asset forfeiture">asset forfeiture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_probation_and_supervised_release" title="United States federal probation and supervised release">supervised release</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SwartzAaronPR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwartzAaronPR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz declined a <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargain</a> under which he would have served six months in federal prison.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days after the prosecution rejected a counter-offer by Swartz, he was found dead in his <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Swartz was inducted posthumously into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg/220px-Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg/330px-Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg/440px-Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Swartz in 2002 with <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> at the launch party for <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm/220px--Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="569" data-mwtitle="Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm/Aaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español (es)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAaron_Swartz_-_The_Network_Transformation.webm&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe (tr)" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Swartz describes the nature of the shift from centralized one-to-many systems to the decentralized many-to-many topology of network communication. San Francisco, April 2007 (9:29)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aaron Hillel Swartz<sup id="cite_ref-yearwood_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearwood-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park</a>, 25 miles (40 kilometers) north of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest child of Susan and Robert Swartz and brother to Noah and Ben Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-yearwood_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearwood-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folkhero_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkhero-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father founded the software firm <a href="/wiki/Mark_Williams_Company" title="Mark Williams Company">Mark Williams Company</a>. At an early age, Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers, programming, the Internet, and <a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Internet culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Story_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Story-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_Country_Day_School" title="North Shore Country Day School">North Shore Country Day School</a>, a small private school near Chicago, until ninth grade,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he left high school and enrolled in courses at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest_College" title="Lake Forest College">Lake Forest College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, at age 12, he created the website The Info Network, a user-generated encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site won the <a href="/wiki/ArsDigita_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="ArsDigita Prize">ArsDigita Prize</a>, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites and led to early recognition of Swartz's nascent talent in coding.<sup id="cite_ref-yearwood_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearwood-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 14, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/RSS-DEV_Working_Group" title="RSS-DEV Working Group">working group</a> that authored the <a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS 1.0</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">web syndication</a> <a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">specification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, he became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> but left the school after his first year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</h3></div> <p>During Swartz's first year at Stanford, he applied to <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a>'s first Summer Founders Program, proposing to work on a startup called Infogami, a flexible <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management system</a> designed to create rich and visually interesting websites<sup id="cite_ref-starsrise_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starsrise-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a form of <a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">wiki for structured data</a>. After working on it with co-founder Simon Carstensen over the summer of 2005, Swartz opted not to return to Stanford, choosing instead to continue to develop and seek funding for Infogami.<sup id="cite_ref-starsrise_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starsrise-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his work on Infogami, Swartz created the web.py <a href="/wiki/Web_application_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Web application framework">web application framework</a> because he was unhappy with other available systems in the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python programming language</a>. In the early fall of 2005, he worked with his fellow co-founders of another nascent Y-Combinator firm, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, to rewrite its <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> codebase using Python and web.py. Although Infogami's platform was abandoned after Not a Bug was acquired, Infogami's software was used to support the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> project and the web.py web framework was used as the basis for many other projects by Swartz and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Infogami failed to find further funding, Y-Combinator organizers suggested Infogami merge with Reddit,<sup id="cite_ref-infogami2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infogami2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it did in November 2005, creating a new firm, Not a Bug, devoted to promoting both products.<sup id="cite_ref-infogami2007_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infogami2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired-arrest_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-arrest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Swartz was given the title of co-founder of Reddit. Although both projects initially struggled, Reddit made large gains in popularity in 2005–2006. </p><p>In October 2006, based largely on Reddit's success, Not a Bug was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Publications">Condé Nast Publications</a>, owner of <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Story_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Story-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to continue to work on Reddit for <i>Wired</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Story_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Story-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found corporate office life uncongenial and in January 2007 was asked to resign from the company.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Chat_with_Aaron_Swartz_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Chat_with_Aaron_Swartz-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2007, he joined Infogami co-founder Simon Carstensen to launch a new firm, Jottit, in another attempt to create a <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a>-driven <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management system</a> in Python.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2></div> <p>In 2008, Swartz founded Watchdog.net, "the good government site with teeth", to aggregate and visualize data about politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, he wrote a widely circulated <i><a href="/wiki/Guerilla_Open_Access_Manifesto" title="Guerilla Open Access Manifesto">Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guard_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OAGM_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAGM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 27, 2010, he filed a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) request to learn about the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a>, alleged source for <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His activism has been praised by digital rights groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:136100_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:136100-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PACER">PACER</h3></div> <p>In 2008, Swartz downloaded about 2.7 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal court</a> documents stored in the <a href="/wiki/PACER_(law)" title="PACER (law)">PACER</a> (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) database managed by the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Office_of_the_United_States_Courts" title="Administrative Office of the United States Courts">Administrative Office of the United States Courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Huffington Post</i> characterized his actions this way: "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to make them available outside of the expensive service. The move drew the attention of the FBI, which ultimately decided not to press charges as the documents were, in fact, public."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PACER was charging eight cents per page for information that <a href="/wiki/Carl_Malamud" title="Carl Malamud">Carl Malamud</a>, who founded the nonprofit group <a href="/wiki/Public.Resource.Org" title="Public.Resource.Org">Public.Resource.Org</a>, contended should be free, because federal documents are not covered by copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singel2009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singel2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fees were "plowed back to the courts to finance technology, but the system [ran] a budget surplus of some $150 million, according to court reports," reported <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PACER used technology that was "designed in the bygone days of screechy telephone modems ... putting the nation's legal system behind a wall of cash and kludge."<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malamud appealed to fellow activists, urging them to visit one of 17 libraries conducting a free trial of the PACER system, download court documents, and send them to him for public distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reading Malamud's call for action,<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz used a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language#General-purpose_dynamic_languages" title="Scripting language">Perl computer script</a> running on <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon cloud servers</a> to download the documents, using credentials belonging to a Sacramento library.<sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica.com_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From September 4 to 20, 2008, it accessed documents and uploaded them to a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> service. He released the documents to Malamud's organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Singel2009_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singel2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 29, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a> suspended the free trial, "pending an evaluation" of the program. Swartz's actions were subsequently investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singel2009_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singel2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was closed after two months with no charges filed.<sup id="cite_ref-Singel2009_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singel2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz learned the details of the investigation after filing a FOIA request with the FBI, and described their response as the "usual mess of confusions that shows the FBI's lack of sense of humor."<sup id="cite_ref-Singel2009_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singel2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a 2013 memorial for Swartz, Malamud recalled their work with PACER. They brought millions of U.S. District Court records out from behind PACER's "pay wall", he said, and found them full of privacy violations, including medical records and the names of minor children and confidential informants. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts ... They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them ... The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. ... [To] the bureaucrats who ran the Administrative Office of the United States Courts ... we were thieves that took $1.6 million of their property. So they called the FBI ... [The FBI] found nothing wrong ...<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A more detailed account of his collaboration with Swartz on the PACER project appears in an essay on Malamud's website.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>, Timothy Lee,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a co-creator of RECAP, offered some insight into discrepancies in reports on how much data Swartz downloaded: "In a back-of-the-envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was shut down, Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in PACER. <i>The New York Times</i> similarly reported Swartz had downloaded "an estimated 20 percent of the entire database". Based on the facts that Swartz downloaded 2.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>million documents while PACER, at the time, contained 500 million, Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded less than one percent of the database.<sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica.com_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee">Progressive Change Campaign Committee</h3></div> <p>In 2009, wanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Change_Campaign_Committee" title="Progressive Change Campaign Committee">Progressive Change Campaign Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in his blog: "I spend my days experimenting with new ways to get <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> policies enacted and progressive politicians elected."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led the first <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> event of his career with the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, delivering thousands of "Honor Kennedy" petition signatures to Massachusetts legislators, asking them to fulfill former Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>'s last wish by appointing a senator to vote for <a href="/wiki/Obamacare" class="mw-redirect" title="Obamacare">healthcare reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demand_Progress">Demand Progress</h3></div> <p>In 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz co-founded <a href="/wiki/Demand_Progress" title="Demand Progress">Demand Progress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ibt_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a political advocacy group that organizes people online to "take action by contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and spreading the word" about civil liberties, government reform, and other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During academic year 2010–11, Swartz conducted research studies on political corruption as a Lab Fellow in Harvard University's Edmond J. Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidman_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-safra_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(Cory_Doctorow_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland (Cory Doctorow novel)">Homeland</a></i>, "drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign."<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <a href="/wiki/Afterword" title="Afterword">afterword</a> to the novel, Swartz wrote: "These political <a href="/wiki/Hacktivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacktivist">hacktivist</a> tools can be used by anyone motivated and talented enough.... Now it's up to you to change the system. ... Let me know if I can help."<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_Stop_Online_Piracy_Act_(SOPA)"><span id="Opposition_to_the_Stop_Online_Piracy_Act_.28SOPA.29"></span>Opposition to the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg/220px-AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg/330px-AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg/440px-AaronSwartzPIPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Swartz in 2012 protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA), along with <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement</figcaption></figure> <p>Swartz was involved in the campaign to prevent passage of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA), which sought to combat Internet copyright violations but was criticized on the basis that it would make it easier for the U.S. government to shut down web sites accused of violating copyright and would place intolerable burdens on Internet providers.<sup id="cite_ref-stuff1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the bill's defeat, Swartz was the keynote speaker at the F2C:Freedom to Connect 2012 event in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2012. In his speech, "How We Stopped SOPA", he said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>This bill ... shut down whole websites. Essentially, it stopped Americans from communicating entirely with certain groups....<br /> I called all my friends, and we stayed up all night setting up a website for this new group, Demand Progress, with an online petition opposing this noxious bill.... We [got] ... 300,000 signers.... We met with the staff of members of Congress and pleaded with them.... And then it passed unanimously....<br /> And then, suddenly, the process stopped. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> ... put a hold on the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-F2c2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2c2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agdemnow_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agdemnow-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>He added, "We won this fight because everyone made themselves the hero of their own story. Everyone took it as their job to save this crucial freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-F2c2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2c2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agdemnow_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agdemnow-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was referring to a series of protests against the bill by numerous websites, described by the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> as the biggest protest in Internet history, with over 115,000 sites participating according to the nonprofit organization <a href="/wiki/Fight_for_the_Future" title="Fight for the Future">Fight for the Future</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz also spoke on the topic at an event organized by <a href="/wiki/ThoughtWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtWorks">ThoughtWorks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup,_2009-08-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup%2C_2009-08-18.jpg/220px-Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup%2C_2009-08-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup%2C_2009-08-18.jpg/330px-Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup%2C_2009-08-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup%2C_2009-08-18.jpg/440px-Aaron_Swartz_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup%2C_2009-08-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Swartz at 2009 Boston Wikipedia Meetup</figcaption></figure> <p>Swartz participated in Wikipedia beginning in August 2003 under the username AaronSw.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he ran unsuccessfully for the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>'s Board of Trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Swartz wrote an analysis of how Wikipedia articles are written, and concluded that the bulk of its content came from tens of thousands of occasional contributors, or "outsiders," each of whom made few other contributions to the site, while a core group of 500 to 1,000 regular editors tended to correct spelling and other formatting errors.<sup id="cite_ref-whowriteswikipedia_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowriteswikipedia-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said: "The formatters aid the contributors, not the other way around."<sup id="cite_ref-whowriteswikipedia_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowriteswikipedia-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His conclusions, based on the analysis of edit histories of several randomly selected articles, contradicted the opinion of Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, who believed the core group of regular editors provided most of the content while thousands of others contributed to formatting issues. Swartz came to his conclusions by counting the number of characters editors added to particular articles, while Wales counted the total number of edits.<sup id="cite_ref-whowriteswikipedia_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowriteswikipedia-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</h3></div> <p>In January 2013, shortly after he died, <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> said that Aaron Swartz had helped WikiLeaks and talked to <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a> in 2010 and 2011. WikiLeaks also said they had "strong reasons to believe, but cannot prove" he may have been a source, possibly breaking WikiLeaks' rules about source anonymity. WikiLeaks may have made the statements to imply that Swartz was targeted by the US Attorney's Office and Secret Service in order to get at WikiLeaks.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz_case"><i>United States v. Aaron Swartz</i> case</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Aaron Swartz">United States v. Aaron Swartz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></div> <p>According to state and federal authorities, Swartz used <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital repository">digital repository</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to download a large number<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> articles through MIT's computer network over the course of a few weeks in late 2010 and early 2011. Visitors to MIT's "open campus" were authorized to access JSTOR through its network;<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz, as a research fellow at Harvard University, also had a JSTOR account.<sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_download">Article download</h3></div> <p>On September 25, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> 18.55.6.215, part of the MIT network, began sending hundreds of PDF download requests per minute to the JSTOR website, enough to slow the site's performance.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted a block of the IP address. In the morning, another IP address, also from within the MIT network, began sending more PDF download requests, resulting in a temporary block on the <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a> level of all MIT computers in the entire <a href="/wiki/List_of_assigned_/8_IPv4_address_blocks" title="List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks">18.0.0.0/8 range</a>. A JSTOR employee emailed MIT on September 29, 2010: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Note that this was an extreme case. We typically suspend just one individual IP at a time and do that relatively infrequently (perhaps 6 on a busy day, from 7000+ institutional subscribers). In this case, we saw a performance hit on the live site, which I have only seen about 3 or 4 times in my 5 years here. The pattern used was to create a new session for each PDF download or every few, which was terribly efficient, but not terribly subtle. In the end, we saw over 200K sessions in one hour's time during the peak.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to authorities, Swartz downloaded the documents through a laptop connected to a networking switch in a controlled-access <a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">wiring closet</a> at MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IncidentReport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closet's door was kept unlocked, according to press reports.<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JM_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was discovered, a video camera was placed in the room to record Swartz; his computer was left untouched. The recording was stopped once Swartz was identified, but rather than pursue a civil lawsuit against him, JSTOR settled with him in June 2011; under the terms of the settlement, he surrendered the downloaded data.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 30, 2013, JSTOR released 300 partially redacted documents used as incriminating evidence against Swartz, originally sent to the United States Attorney's Office in response to subpoenas in the case <i>United States v. Aaron Swartz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 1), showing a descriptive timeline of events from September 25, 2010, until December 26, 2010[91]"><img alt=""Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 1), showing a descriptive timeline of events from September 25, 2010, until December 26, 2010[91]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png/93px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png/140px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png/186px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3142.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 1), showing a descriptive timeline of events from September 25, 2010, until December 26, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 2), showing JSTOR response and incident resolution procedures[92]"><img alt=""Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 2), showing JSTOR response and incident resolution procedures[92]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png/93px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png/140px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png/186px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3143.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 2), showing JSTOR response and incident resolution procedures<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Email sent from JSTOR to Stephen Heymann (USAMA), estimating 3.5 million PDF files had been downloaded[93]"><img alt="Email sent from JSTOR to Stephen Heymann (USAMA), estimating 3.5 million PDF files had been downloaded[93]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png/93px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png/140px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png/186px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3127.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Email sent from JSTOR to Stephen Heymann (USAMA), estimating 3.5 million PDF files had been downloaded<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Email describing PDF download activity snapshots[94]"><img alt="Email describing PDF download activity snapshots[94]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png/93px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png/140px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png/186px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3128.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Email describing PDF download activity snapshots<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png" class="mw-file-description" title="PDF download activity, from JSTOR's databases to MIT computers, between November 1 and December 27[95]"><img alt="PDF download activity, from JSTOR's databases to MIT computers, between November 1 and December 27[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png/93px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png/140px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png/186px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3129.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PDF download activity, from JSTOR's databases to MIT computers, between November 1 and December 27<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png" class="mw-file-description" title="PDF activity, from JSTOR to MIT, between January 1 to 15[96]"><img alt="PDF activity, from JSTOR to MIT, between January 1 to 15[96]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png/93px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png/140px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png/186px-Swartz-jstor-evidence-pdf-page-3136.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PDF activity, from JSTOR to MIT, between January 1 to 15<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_prosecution">Arrest and prosecution</h3></div> <p>On the night of January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department">MIT Police</a> and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> agent, and arraigned in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_District_Court" title="Massachusetts District Court">Cambridge District Court</a> on two state charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony.<sup id="cite_ref-gerstein_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerstein-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IncidentReport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 11, 2011, he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of <a href="/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud">wire fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">computer fraud</a>, unlawfully obtaining information from a <a href="/wiki/Protected_computer" title="Protected computer">protected computer</a>, and recklessly damaging a protected computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 17, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a Middlesex County Superior Court grand jury on state charges of breaking and entering with intent, <a href="/wiki/Grand_larceny" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand larceny">grand larceny</a>, and unauthorized access to a computer network.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 16, 2011, state prosecutors filed a notice that they were dropping the two original charges,<sup id="cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IncidentReport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the charges listed in the November 17, 2011, indictment were dropped on March 8, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-StateDrop_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDrop-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a spokesperson for the Middlesex County prosecutor, this was done to avoid impeding a federal prosecution headed by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heymann" title="Stephen Heymann">Stephen P. Heymann</a>, supported by evidence provided by Secret Service agent Michael S. Pickett.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StateDrop_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDrop-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, 2012, federal prosecutors filed a superseding indictment adding nine more felony counts, increasing Swartz's maximum criminal exposure to 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>years of imprisonment and $1 million in <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zetter_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zetter-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During plea negotiations with Swartz's attorneys, the prosecutors offered to recommend a sentence of six months in a low-security prison if Swartz pled guilty to 13 federal crimes. Swartz and his lead attorney rejected the deal, opting instead for a trial where prosecutors would be forced to justify their pursuit of him.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal prosecution involved what was characterized by numerous critics (such as former <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> White House counsel <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a>) as an "<a href="/wiki/Overcharging_(law)" title="Overcharging (law)">overcharging</a>" 13-count indictment and "overzealous", "Nixonian" prosecution for alleged computer crimes, brought by then U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ortiz" title="Carmen Ortiz">Carmen Ortiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swartz died by suicide on January 11, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, federal prosecutors dropped the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 4, 2013, due to a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> suit by the investigations editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine, several documents related to the case were released by the Secret Service, including a video of Swartz entering the MIT network closet.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>Swartz was in an open relationship with Quinn Norton between 2007 and 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then dated Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman from 2011 till his death in 2013, and also contemplated marriage with her.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reportedly had same-sex relationships, and was against the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual identity</a> in relationships, saying that relationships are more of an act rather than being about identity.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from his work, he posted frequently on Twitter, Reddit and his personal website. He was an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death,_funeral,_and_memorial_gatherings"><span id="Death.2C_funeral.2C_and_memorial_gatherings"></span>Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myYzfsEOaDw"><span class="plainlinks">Aaron Swartz Memorial at The Great Hall of Cooper Union</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, (transcript)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3Fz1V3LZtw"><span class="plainlinks">Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, (partial transcript)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> DC Memorial: Darrell Issa, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Slmbmd69QHM"><span class="plainlinks">Alan Grayson</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <p>On the evening of January 11, 2013, Swartz's girlfriend, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, found him dead in his Brooklyn apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYDaily_20130112_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYDaily_20130112-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_20130112_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_20130112-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spokeswoman for <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Chief_Medical_Examiner_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York">New York's Medical Examiner</a> reported that he had hanged himself.<sup id="cite_ref-NYDaily_20130112_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYDaily_20130112-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_20130112_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_20130112-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lessig-obituary_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lessig-obituary-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">suicide note</a> was found.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz's family and his partner created a memorial website on which they issued a statement, saying: "He used his prodigious skills as a programmer and technologist not to enrich himself but to make the Internet and the world a fairer, better place."<sup id="cite_ref-Folkhero_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkhero-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Days before Swartz's funeral, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> eulogized his friend and sometime-client in an essay, "Prosecutor as Bully." He decried the <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">disproportionality</a> of Swartz's prosecution and said, "The question this government needs to answer is why it was so necessary that Aaron Swartz be labeled a 'felon'. For in the 18 months of negotiations, that was what he was not willing to accept."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a> wrote, "Aaron had an unbeatable combination of political insight, technical skill, and intelligence about people and issues. I think he could have revolutionized American (and worldwide) politics. His legacy may still yet do so."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_and_memorial_gatherings">Funeral and memorial gatherings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg/220px-2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg/330px-2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg/440px-2013-01-24_Aaron_Swartz_memorial_SF_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Aaron Swartz Memorial sign at Internet Archive headquarters, San Francisco, January 24, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Swartz's funeral services were held on January 15, 2013, at Central Avenue Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park</a>, Illinois. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, delivered a eulogy.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessInsider_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shalom_Memorial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shalom Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Shalom Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois" title="Arlington Heights, Illinois">Arlington Heights</a>. The same day, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> published a story based in part on an interview with Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She told the <i>Journal</i> that Swartz lacked the money to pay for a trial and "it was too hard for him to ... make that part of his life go public" by asking for help. He was also distressed, she said, because two of his friends had just been <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenaed</a> and because he no longer believed that MIT would try to stop the prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several memorials followed soon afterward. On January 19, hundreds attended a memorial at the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a>, speakers at which included Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, open source advocate <a href="/wiki/Doc_Searls" title="Doc Searls">Doc Searls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>' Glenn Otis Brown, journalist <a href="/wiki/Quinn_Norton" title="Quinn Norton">Quinn Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Singham" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Singham">Roy Singham</a> of <a href="/wiki/ThoughtWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtWorks">ThoughtWorks</a>, and David Segal of Demand Progress.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 24, there was a memorial at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> headquarters in San Francisco (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzMemorialAtTheInternetArchive?start=4365">video</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with speakers including Stinebrickner-Kauffman, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Stamos" title="Alex Stamos">Alex Stamos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)">Peter Eckersley</a>, and Carl Malamud.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 4, a memorial was held in the <a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon House Office Building</a> on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IssaWarren_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssaWarren-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speakers at this memorial included Senator <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> and Representatives <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Alan Grayson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IssaWarren_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssaWarren-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other lawmakers in attendance included Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> and Representatives <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoworld_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoworld-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IssaWarren_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssaWarren-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Silverglate" title="Harvey Silverglate">Harvey Silverglate</a> was a featured speaker at a rally by <a href="/wiki/Demand_Progress" title="Demand Progress">Demand Progress</a> in Swartz's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial also took place on March 12 at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swartz's family recommended <a href="/wiki/GiveWell" title="GiveWell">GiveWell</a> for donations in his memory, an organization that Swartz admired, had collaborated with and was the sole beneficiary of his will.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Department_of_Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ortiz" title="Carmen Ortiz">Carmen M. Ortiz</a>, then U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, said in a statement: "As a parent and a sister, I can only imagine the pain felt by the family and friends of Aaron Swartz, […] I must, however, make clear that this office's conduct was appropriate in bringing and handling this case."<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_response">Family response</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Aaron's death is not simply a personal tragedy. It is the product of a criminal justice system rife with intimidation and prosecutorial overreach. Decisions made by officials in the Massachusetts U.S. Attorney's office and at MIT contributed to his death.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Statement by his family and his partner<sup id="cite_ref-remember_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remember-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On January 12, 2013, Swartz's family and partner issued a statement criticizing the prosecutors and MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-remember_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remember-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking at his son's funeral on January 15, Robert Swartz said, "Aaron was killed by the government, and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Dolan_(executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Dolan (executive)">Tom Dolan</a>, husband of U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ortiz" title="Carmen Ortiz">Carmen Ortiz</a>, whose office prosecuted Swartz's case, replied with criticism of the Swartz family: "Truly incredible that in their own son's obit they blame others for his death and make no mention of the 6-month offer."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comment triggered some criticism; <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i> writer <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Pierce" title="Charlie Pierce">Charlie Pierce</a> replied, "the glibness with which her husband and her defenders toss off a 'mere' six months in federal prison, low-security or not, is a further indication that something is seriously out of whack with the way our prosecutors think these days."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIT">MIT</h3></div> <p>At the time, MIT maintained an open-campus policy along with an "open network."<sup id="cite_ref-JM_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days after Swartz's death, MIT President <a href="/wiki/L._Rafael_Reif" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Rafael Reif">L. Rafael Reif</a> commissioned professor <a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a> to lead an analysis of MIT's options and decisions relating to Swartz's "legal struggles."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help guide the fact-finding stage of the review, MIT created a website where community members could suggest questions and issues for the review to address.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swartz's attorneys requested that all pretrial discovery documents be made public, a move which MIT opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz allies have criticized MIT for its opposition to releasing the evidence without redactions.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 26, 2013, the Abelson panel submitted a 182-page report to MIT president, L. Rafael Reif, who authorized its public release on July 30.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel reported that MIT had not supported charges against Swartz and cleared the institution of wrongdoing. However, its report also noted that despite MIT's advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> culture at the institutional level and beyond, the university never extended that support to Swartz. The report revealed, for example, that while MIT considered the possibility of issuing a public statement about its position on the case, such a statement never materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg/170px-RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg/255px-RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg/340px-RIP_Aaron_Swartz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="3236" /></a><figcaption>Aaron Swartz mural by <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti art">graffiti artist</a> BAMN</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i> reported that "Ortiz has faced significant backlash for pursuing the case against Swartz, including a petition to the White House to have her fired."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other news outlets reported similarly.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> news agency called Swartz "an online icon" who "help[ed] to make a virtual mountain of information freely available to the public, including an estimated 19 million pages of federal court documents."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP) reported that Swartz's case "highlights society's uncertain, evolving view of how to treat people who break into computer systems and share data not to enrich themselves, but to make it available to others,"<sup id="cite_ref-stuff1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that JSTOR's lawyer, former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_White" title="Mary Jo White">Mary Jo White</a>, had asked the lead prosecutor to drop the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-stuff1_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As discussed by the editor <a href="/wiki/Hrag_Vartanian" title="Hrag Vartanian">Hrag Vartanian</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperallergic" title="Hyperallergic">Hyperallergic</a></i>, Brooklyn, New York muralist BAMN ("By Any Means Necessary") created a mural of Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Swartz was an amazing human being who fought tirelessly for our right to a free and open Internet," the artist explained. "He was much more than just the 'Reddit guy'." </p><p>Speaking on April 17, 2013, <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Noah Harari</a> described Swartz as "the first martyr of the Freedom of Information movement". However, according to Harari, Swartz's stance did not illustrate the belief in the freedom of persons or speech but stemmed from the increasing belief among the young generation that above anything else, information should be free.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swartz's legacy has been reported as strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to scholarship movement. In Illinois, his home state, Swartz's influence led state university faculties to adopt policies in favor of open access.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hacks">Hacks</h4></div> <p>On January 13, 2013, members of <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a> hacked two websites on the MIT domain, replacing them with tributes to Swartz that called on members of the Internet community to use his death as a rallying point for the <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> movement. The banner included a list of demands for improvements in the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">U.S. copyright</a> system, along with Swartz's <i><a href="/wiki/Guerilla_open_access_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla open access manifesto">Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of January 18, 2013, MIT's e-mail system was taken offline for ten hours.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 22, e-mail sent to MIT was redirected by hackers Aush0k and TibitXimer to the <a href="/wiki/KAIST" title="KAIST">Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology</a>. All other traffic to MIT was redirected to a computer at Harvard University that was publishing a statement headed "R.I.P Aaron Swartz,"<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with text from a 2009 posting by Swartz,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> version of "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>". MIT regained full control after about seven hours.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early hours of January 26, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sentencing_Commission" title="United States Sentencing Commission">U.S. Sentencing Commission</a> website, USSC.gov, was hacked by Anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The home page was replaced with an embedded YouTube video, <i>Anonymous Operation Last Resort</i>. The video statement said Swartz "faced an impossible choice".<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hacker downloaded "hundreds of thousands" of scientific-journal articles from a Swiss publisher's website and republished them on the open Web in Swartz's honor a week before the first anniversary of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petition_to_the_White_House">Petition to the White House</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ortiz" title="Carmen Ortiz">Carmen Ortiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heymann" title="Stephen Heymann">Stephen Heymann</a></div> <p>After Swartz's death, more than 50,000 people signed an online petition<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the White House calling for the removal of Ortiz, "for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar petition<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was submitted calling for prosecutor Stephen Heymann's firing.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2015, two years after Swartz's death, the White House declined both petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm/220px--Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm/Internet_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_2013-_Robert_Swartz.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Swartz' father Robert accepting his son's induction into the Internet Hall of Fame, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 3, 2013, Swartz was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a <a href="/wiki/Hackathon" title="Hackathon">hackathon</a> held in Swartz' memory around the date of his birthday in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the weekend of November 8–10, 2013, inspired by Swartz's work and life, a second annual hackathon was held in at least 16 cities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preliminary topics worked on at the 2013 Aaron Swartz Hackathon<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were privacy and software tools, transparency, activism, access, legal fixes and a low-cost book scanner.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2014, Lawrence Lessig led a walk across New Hampshire in honor of Swartz, rallying for campaign finance reform.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Turkish-Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_%C3%96g%C3%BCt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Ögüt">Ahmet Öğüt</a> commemorated Swartz through a work entitled "Information Power to The People" which depicted his bust.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg/220px-Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg/330px-Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg/440px-Aaron_Swartz_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A clay statue of Aaron Swartz at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Access">Open Access</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_Open_Access_Manifesto" title="Guerilla Open Access Manifesto">Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</a></div> <p>A long-time supporter of <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, Swartz wrote in his <i>Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-OAGM_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAGM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The world's entire scientific ... heritage ... is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations.... </p><p> The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet, under terms that allow anyone to access it.</p></blockquote> <p>Supporters of Swartz responded to news of his death with an effort called #PDFTribute to promote Open Access.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-musil_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musil-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 12, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Vivalt" title="Eva Vivalt">Eva Vivalt</a>, a development economist at the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, began posting her academic articles online using the <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> <i>#pdftribute</i> as a tribute to Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-musil_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musil-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars posted links to their works.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz' story has exposed the topic of open access to scientific publications to wider audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Swartz' wake, many institutions and personalities have campaigned for open access to scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz's death prompted calls for more open access to scholarly data (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">open science data</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Think Computer Foundation and the Center for Information Technology Policy (CITP) at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> announced scholarships awarded in memory of Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Swartz was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a> for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles."<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, the editor and editorial board of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Library_Administration" title="Journal of Library Administration">Journal of Library Administration</a></i> resigned <i>en masse</i>, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Swartz had stated that when he died, he wanted all the contents of his hard drives made publicly available.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress">Congress</h3></div> <p>Several members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> – Republican <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a> and Democrats <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> and subsequent Colorado Governor <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a> – all on the <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a>, raised questions regarding the government's handling of the case. </p><p> Calling the charges against him "ridiculous and trumped up," Polis said Swartz was a "martyr", whose death illustrated the need for Congress to limit the discretion of federal prosecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking at a memorial for Swartz on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, Issa said<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ultimately, knowledge belongs to all the people of the world.... Aaron understood that.... Our copyright laws were created for the purpose of promoting useful works, not hiding them.</p></blockquote> <p>Massachusetts Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> issued a statement saying "[Aaron's] advocacy for Internet freedom, social justice, and Wall Street reform demonstrated ... the power of his ideas ..."<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPo15_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo15-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> asked, "On what basis did the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts conclude that her office's conduct was 'appropriate'?" and "Was the prosecution of Mr. Swartz in any way retaliation for his exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information Act?"<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congressional_investigations">Congressional investigations</h4></div> <p>Issa, who chaired the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a>, announced that he would investigate the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement to <i>The Huffington Post</i>, he praised Swartz's work toward "open government and free access to the people." Issa's investigation has garnered some bipartisan support.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPo15_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo15-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 28, 2013, Issa and ranking committee member <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Elijah Cummings</a> published a letter to U.S. Attorney General Holder, questioning why federal prosecutors had filed the superseding indictment.<sup id="cite_ref-Zetter_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zetter-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 20, <a href="/wiki/WBUR" class="mw-redirect" title="WBUR">WBUR</a> reported that Ortiz was expected to testify at an upcoming Oversight Committee hearing about her office's handling of the Swartz case.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 22, Associate Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Steven_Reich" title="Steven Reich">Steven Reich</a> conducted a briefing for congressional staffers involved in the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Reich_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dirt_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirt-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were told that Swartz's <i>Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</i> played a role in prosecutorial decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reich_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dirt_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirt-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressional staffers left this briefing believing that prosecutors thought Swartz had to be convicted of a felony carrying at least a short prison sentence in order to justify having filed the case against him in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-Reich_221-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dirt_222-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirt-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excoriating the Department of Justice as the "Department of Vengeance", Stinebrickner-Kauffman told the <i>Guardian</i> that the DOJ had erred in relying on Swartz's <i>Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</i> as an accurate indication of his beliefs by 2010. "He was no longer a single issue activist," she said. "He was into lots of things, from healthcare, to climate change to money in politics."<sup id="cite_ref-Guard_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 6, Holder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the case was "a good use of prosecutorial discretion."<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stinebrickner-Kauffman issued a statement in reply, repeating and amplifying her claims of prosecutorial misconduct. Public documents, she wrote, reveal that prosecutor Stephen Heymann "instructed the Secret Service to seize and hold evidence without a warrant... lied to the judge about that fact in written briefs... [and] withheld exculpatory evidence... for over a year," violating his legal and ethical obligations to turn such evidence over to the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 22, Senator <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> wrote Holder a letter expressing concerns, writing that "charging a young man like Mr. Swartz with federal offenses punishable by over 35 years of federal imprisonment seems remarkably aggressive – particularly when it appears that one of the principal aggrieved parties ... did not support a criminal prosecution."<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amendment_to_Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act">Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron's Law">Aaron's Law</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rep_Zoe_Lofgren_Introduces_Bipartisan_Aaron%27s_Law" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Rep Zoe Lofgren Introduces Bipartisan Aaron's Law">Rep Zoe Lofgren Introduces Bipartisan Aaron's Law</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In 2013, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> (D-Calif.) introduced a bill, <i><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron's Law">Aaron's Law</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2454">H.R. 2454</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1196">S. 1196</a><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to exclude <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence Lessig wrote of the bill, "this is a critically important change.... The CFAA was the hook for the government's bullying.... This law would remove that hook. In a single line: no longer would it be a felony to breach a contract."<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Orin Kerr, a specialist in the nexus between computer law and criminal law, wrote that he had been arguing for precisely this sort of reform of the Act for years.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>, too, has called for reform of the CFAA to "remove the dangerously broad criminalization of online activity."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">EFF</a> has mounted a campaign for these reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lessig's inaugural Chair lecture as Furman Professor of Law and Leadership was entitled <i>Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age</i>; he dedicated the lecture to Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aaron's Law bill stalled in committee. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Knappenberger" title="Brian Knappenberger">Brian Knappenberger</a> alleges this was due to <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>'s financial interest in maintaining the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act">Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act" title="Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act">Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act</a> (FASTR) is a bill that would mandate earlier public release of taxpayer-funded research. FASTR has been described as "The Other Aaron's Law."<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Senator John Cornyn (R-Tex.) introduced the Senate version in 2013, 2015, and 2017 while the bill was introduced to the House by Reps. <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> (D-Calif.), <a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Doyle">Mike Doyle</a> (D-Pa.) and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Yoder" title="Kevin Yoder">Kevin Yoder</a> (R-Kans.). Senator Wyden wrote of the bill, "the FASTR act provides that access to taxpayer funded research should never be hidden behind a paywall."<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the legislation had not passed as of August 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Swartz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it helped to prompt some motion toward more open access on the part of the US administration. Shortly after the bill's original introduction, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> directed "each Federal agency with over $100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures to develop a plan to support increased public access to the results of research funded by the Federal Government."<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aaron_Swartz_Day">Aaron Swartz Day</h4></div> <p>Since 2013 Aaron Swartz Day has been celebrated on Aaron's birthday, November 11, with <a href="/wiki/Hackathons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackathons">hackathons</a> and livestreamed talks related to the many issues that Aaron was passionate about such as <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> politics & economics, and so on. Past speakers include <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Brown" title="Barrett Brown">Barrett Brown</a>, Trevor Timm from <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Cohn" title="Cindy Cohn">Cindy Cohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Leopold" title="Jason Leopold">Jason Leopold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <p>Swartz has been featured in various works of art and has posthumously received dedications from numerous artists. He himself starred in few documentaries, <a href="/wiki/Aardvark%27d:_12_Weeks_with_Geeks" title="Aardvark'd: 12 Weeks with Geeks">Aardvark'd: 12 Weeks with Geeks</a> with his Reddit colleagues and Paul Graham in 2005, and after leaving Reddit he appeared in <a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Steal This Film II">Steal This Film II</a> in 2007. Swartz's first posthumous work was in 2013, when <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Goldsmith" title="Kenneth Goldsmith">Kenneth Goldsmith</a> dedicated his "<a href="/wiki/Printing_out_the_Internet" title="Printing out the Internet">Printing out the Internet</a>" exhibition to Swartz.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also dedicated biographical films for Aaron: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Internet's_Own_Boy:_The_Story_of_Aaron_Swartz"><span id="The_Internet.27s_Own_Boy:_The_Story_of_Aaron_Swartz"></span><i>The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy:_The_Story_of_Aaron_Swartz" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz">The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz</a></div> <p>On January 11, 2014, marking the first anniversary of his death, a preview was released of <i>The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a documentary about Swartz, the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/SOPA" class="mw-redirect" title="SOPA">SOPA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was officially released at the January 2014 <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> covered the release of the documentary, as well as Swartz's life and legal case, in a sprawling interview with director <a href="/wiki/Brian_Knappenberger" title="Brian Knappenberger">Brian Knappenberger</a>, Swartz's father, brother, and his attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary is released under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons License">Creative Commons License</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it debuted in theaters and on-demand in June 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a> called the documentary "a powerful homage to Aaron Swartz". Its debut at <i>Sundance</i> received a standing ovation. <i>Mashable</i> printed, "With the help of experts, <i>The Internet's Own Boy</i> makes a clear argument: Swartz unjustly became a victim of the rights and freedoms for which he stood."<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> described it as a "heartbreaking" story of a "tech wunderkind persecuted by the U.S. government", and a must-see "for anyone who knows enough to care about the way laws govern information transfer in the digital age".<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killswitch"><i>Killswitch</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killswitch_(film)" title="Killswitch (film)">Killswitch (film)</a></div> <p>In October 2014, <i>Killswitch</i>, a documentary film featuring Swartz, as well as Lawrence Lessig, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, received its world premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Film_Festival" title="Woodstock Film Festival">Woodstock Film Festival</a>, where it won the award for Best Editing. The film focuses on Swartz's role in advocating for internet freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-von_Busack_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_Busack-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swegles_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swegles-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2015, <i>Killswitch</i> was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor Center in Washington, D.C., by Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Alan Grayson</a>. The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission's historic decision on <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>. Congressman Grayson, Lawrence Lessig, and <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(advocacy_group)" title="Free Press (advocacy group)">Free Press</a> CEO Craig Aaron spoke about Swartz and his fight on behalf of a free and open Internet at the event.<sup id="cite_ref-grayson.house.gov_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grayson.house.gov-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congressman Grayson states that <i>Killswitch</i> is "one of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet – and access to information itself."<sup id="cite_ref-grayson.house.gov_255-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grayson.house.gov-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Busack" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard von Busack">Richard von Busack</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Silicon_Valley" title="Metro Silicon Valley">Metro Silicon Valley</a> writes of <i>Killswitch</i>, "Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Café".<sup id="cite_ref-von_Busack_253-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_Busack-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fred Swegles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange County Register">Orange County Register</a></i> remarks, "Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by <i>Killswitch</i>, a gripping and fast-paced documentary."<sup id="cite_ref-Swegles_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swegles-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathy Gill of <a href="/wiki/GeekWire" title="GeekWire">GeekWire</a> asserts that "<i>Killswitch</i> is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Chris Dollar created a human-centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_films">Other films</h3></div> <p>He appeared in the film War for the Web where he had been interviewed a year prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary was ultimately cancelled as it failed to reach its funding goal, but the footage was later used in The Internet's Own Boy.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another biographical film about Swartz, <i>Think Aaron</i>, was being developed by <a href="/wiki/HBO_Films" title="HBO Films">HBO Films</a> as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a>: In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/John_Gruber" title="John Gruber">John Gruber</a>, Swartz co-created Markdown<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Lightweight markup language">lightweight markup language</a> for generating <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> – and was the author of its html2text translator. The syntax for Markdown was influenced by Swartz's earlier <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="atx"></span><span class="vanchor-text">atx</span></span></b> language (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which today is primarily remembered for its syntax for specifying headers, known as <i>atx-style headers:</i><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Markdown itself remains in widespread use, with websites such as <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> and <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> using it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a> at W3C: In 2001, Swartz joined the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>Core working group at the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C),<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he authored RFC 3870, Application/RDF+XML Media Type Registration. The document described a new <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">media type</a>, "RDF/XML", designed to support the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">DeadDrop</a>: In 2011–2012, Swartz, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Poulsen" title="Kevin Poulsen">Kevin Poulsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Dolan_(computer_security_expert)" title="James Dolan (computer security expert)">James Dolan</a> designed and implemented <i>DeadDrop</i>, a system that allows anonymous informants to send electronic documents without fear of disclosure. In May 2013, the first instance of the software was launched by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> under the name <i>Strongbox</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a> has since taken over development of the software, which has been renamed <i><a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a>: In 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swartz worked with <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Griffith" title="Virgil Griffith">Virgil Griffith</a> to design and implement <a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a>, an HTTP proxy for <a href="/wiki/Tor-hidden_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor-hidden service">Tor-hidden services</a>. The proxy was designed to provide easy access to Tor from a basic <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The software is now maintained by Giovanni Pellerano within the <a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a> project.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwartzHendler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz, Aaron; <a href="/wiki/James_Hendler" title="James Hendler">Hendler, James</a> (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogspace.com/rdf/SwartzHendler">"The Semantic Web: A network of content for the digital city"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Second Annual Digital Cities Workshop</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blogspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogspace">Blogspace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+Annual+Digital+Cities+Workshop&rft.atitle=The+Semantic+Web%3A+A+network+of+content+for+the+digital+city&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Hendler%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogspace.com%2Frdf%2FSwartzHendler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz, Aaron (January–February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/771/papers/ieeeIntelligentSystems/webservices/musicBrainz.pdf">"MusicBrainz: A Semantic Web service"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems" title="IEEE Intelligent Systems">IEEE Intelligent Systems</a></i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.380.9338">10.1.1.380.9338</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F5254.988466">10.1109/5254.988466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-1672">1541-1672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Intelligent+Systems&rft.atitle=MusicBrainz%3A+A+Semantic+Web+service&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.380.9338%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=1541-1672&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F5254.988466&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csee.umbc.edu%2Fcourses%2F771%2Fpapers%2FieeeIntelligentSystems%2Fwebservices%2FmusicBrainz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruberSwartz2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gruber" title="John Gruber">Gruber, John</a>; Swartz, Aaron (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/">"Markdown definition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daring_Fireball" class="mw-redirect" title="Daring Fireball">Daring Fireball</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040402182332/http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Markdown+definition&rft.pub=Daring+Fireball&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaringfireball.net%2Fprojects%2Fmarkdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2008" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto/Goamjuly2008_djvu.txt">"Guerilla Open Access Manifesto"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guerilla+Open+Access+Manifesto&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGuerillaOpenAccessManifesto%2FGoamjuly2008_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartzHendler2009" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Aaron; <a href="/wiki/James_Hendler" title="James Hendler">Hendler, James</a> (2009). <i>Building programmable Web sites</i>. S.F.: Morgan & Claypool. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-920-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-920-5"><bdi>978-1-59829-920-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+programmable+Web+sites&rft.place=S.F.&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59829-920-5&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Hendler%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Swartz, Aaron (Interviewee). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUt5gjqNI1w"><i>We can change the world</i></a> (Video). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/JUt5gjqNI1w">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+can+change+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJUt5gjqNI1w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Swartz, Aaron (Speaker) (May 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fgh2dFngFsg"><i>Keynote address at Freedom To Connect 2012: How we stopped SOPA</i></a> (Video). D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Fgh2dFngFsg">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keynote+address+at+Freedom+To+Connect+2012%3A+How+we+stopped+SOPA&rft.place=D.C.&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFgh2dFngFsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz, Aaron (February 2013) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morganclaypoolpublishers.com/catalog_Orig/9781627051699_WEB.pdf">"Aaron Swartz's <i>A Programmable Web</i>: An Unfinished Work"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology</i> (<span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). <b>3</b> (2). Morgan & Claypool Publishers: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2200%2FS00481ED1V01Y201302WBE005">10.2200/S00481ED1V01Y201302WBE005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42502385">42502385</a>. <q>To Dan Connolly, who not only created the Web but found time to teach it to me.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthesis+Lectures+on+the+Semantic+Web%3A+Theory+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%27s+A+Programmable+Web%3A+An+Unfinished+Work&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2200%2FS00481ED1V01Y201302WBE005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42502385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morganclaypoolpublishers.com%2Fcatalog_Orig%2F9781627051699_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartzLucchese2014" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron; Lucchese, Adriano (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverypublisher.com/publication/aaron-swartz-raw-thought-raw-nerve/">"Raw Thought, Raw Nerve: Inside the Mind of Aaron Swartz"</a> (<span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>/<a href="/wiki/EPub" class="mw-redirect" title="EPub">ePub</a>). New York City: Discovery Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raw+Thought%2C+Raw+Nerve%3A+Inside+the+Mind+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Discovery+Publisher&rft.date=2014-11&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Lucchese%2C+Adriano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverypublisher.com%2Fpublication%2Faaron-swartz-raw-thought-raw-nerve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2016" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Aaron (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewpress.com/books/boy-who-could-change-world"><i>The Boy Who Could Change the World: The Writings of Aaron Swartz</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25886237M">25886237M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boy+Who+Could+Change+the+World%3A+The+Writings+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25886237M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenewpress.com%2Fbooks%2Fboy-who-could-change-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q302817" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q302817"><b>Aaron Swartz <small>(Q302817)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">List of Wikipedia people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swartz' involvement in Reddit is debated. He is considered the co-founder of Reddit by <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a> as a result of the merger of Swartz' project Infogami and Reddit.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the merger of Infogami and Reddit, Swartz became a co-owner and director of parent company Not A Bug, Inc., along with Reddit cofounders <a href="/wiki/Steve_Huffman" title="Steve Huffman">Steve Huffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Ohanian" title="Alexis Ohanian">Alexis Ohanian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ohanian considers Swartz a co-owner of Reddit.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-arrest_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-arrest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The MIT network administration office told MIT police that "approximately 70 gigabytes of data had been downloaded, 98% of which was from JSTOR."<sup id="cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IncidentReport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first federal indictment alleged "approximately 4.8 million articles", "1.7 million" of which "were made available by independent publishers for purchase through JSTOR's Publisher Sales Service."<sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent DOJ press release alleged "over four million articles". The superseding indictment removed the estimates and instead characterized the amount as "a major portion of the total archive in which JSTOR had invested."<sup id="cite_ref-Indictment_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:136100-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:136100_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:136100_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:136100_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaser2014" class="citation web cs1">Glaser, April (November 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/11/weekend-join-us-honoring-legacy-aaron-swartz-hacking-better-world">"Join Us This Weekend in Honoring Aaron Swartz's Legacy by Hacking for a Better World"</a>. <i>Electronic Frontier Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214170715/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/11/weekend-join-us-honoring-legacy-aaron-swartz-hacking-better-world">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.atitle=Join+Us+This+Weekend+in+Honoring+Aaron+Swartz%27s+Legacy+by+Hacking+for+a+Better+World&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2014%2F11%2Fweekend-join-us-honoring-legacy-aaron-swartz-hacking-better-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagorio-Chafkin2018" class="citation book cs1">Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Are-Nerds-Tumultuous-Internets-Laboratory-ebook/dp/B079L5FTJD"><i>We Are the Nerds: The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit, the Internet's Culture Laboratory</i></a>. Hachette Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-43540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-43540-6"><bdi>978-0-316-43540-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025024/https://www.amazon.com/Are-Nerds-Tumultuous-Internets-Laboratory-ebook/dp/B079L5FTJD">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+the+Nerds%3A+The+Birth+and+Tumultuous+Life+of+Reddit%2C+the+Internet%27s+Culture+Laboratory&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-316-43540-6&rft.aulast=Lagorio-Chafkin&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FAre-Nerds-Tumultuous-Internets-Laboratory-ebook%2Fdp%2FB079L5FTJD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=30764772">"Not A Bug, Inc.: Private company information"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Business</i>. October 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609062129/http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=30764772">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft.atitle=Not+A+Bug%2C+Inc.%3A+Private+company+information&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D30764772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired-arrest-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired-arrest_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired-arrest_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingel2011" class="citation news cs1">Singel, Ryan (July 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2011/07/swartz-arrest/">"Feds Charge Activist as Hacker for Downloading Millions of Academic Articles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired magazine">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040815/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/swartz-arrest/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Feds+Charge+Activist+as+Hacker+for+Downloading+Millions+of+Academic+Articles&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.aulast=Singel&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fswartz-arrest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"There was a third 'co-founder' of reddit", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/d2njs/til_there_was_a_third_cofounder_of_reddit_who_was/c0x40yz"><i>Today I Learned</i></a>, Reddit, October 18, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421124704/https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/d2njs/til_there_was_a_third_cofounder_of_reddit_who_was/c0x40yz/">archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>, <q>Aaron isn't a founder of reddit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=There+was+a+third+%27co-founder%27+of+reddit&rft.btitle=Today+I+Learned&rft.pub=Reddit&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Ftodayilearned%2Fcomments%2Fd2njs%2Ftil_there_was_a_third_cofounder_of_reddit_who_was%2Fc0x40yz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martyr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martyr_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessig2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lessig, Lawrence</a> (December 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/12/aaron-swartz-obituary-101418/">"Why They Mattered: Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901125831/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/12/aaron-swartz-obituary-101418/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Then Aaron got lost in a story that Kafka could have penned—a two-year struggle with an over-eager federal prosecutor, keen to make an example out of this young man's delict but failing to see that instead he was making Aaron a martyr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Why+They+Mattered%3A+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2013%2F12%2Faaron-swartz-obituary-101418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuynn2013" class="citation web cs1">Guynn, Jessica (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2013-jan-29-la-fi-open-internet-20130130-story.html">"A martyr in the fight for free online access to research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130041343/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2013-jan-29-la-fi-open-internet-20130130-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+martyr+in+the+fight+for+free+online+access+to+research&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Guynn&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-xpm-2013-jan-29-la-fi-open-internet-20130130-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2014" class="citation web cs1">O'Brien, Terrence (June 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2014-06-27-aaron-swartz-documentary.html">"How Aaron Swartz went from internet activist to martyr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130041336/https://www.engadget.com/2014-06-27-aaron-swartz-documentary.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=How+Aaron+Swartz+went+from+internet+activist+to+martyr&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2014-06-27-aaron-swartz-documentary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoller2014" class="citation web cs1">Stoller, Matt (July 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wd4pb9/aaron-swartz-and-21st-century-martyrdom-709">"Aaron Swartz and 21st-Century Martyrdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motherboard_(Vice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherboard (Vice)">Motherboard</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130041336/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wd4pb9/aaron-swartz-and-21st-century-martyrdom-709">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motherboard&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+and+21st-Century+Martyrdom&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft.aulast=Stoller&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwd4pb9%2Faaron-swartz-and-21st-century-martyrdom-709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2013" class="citation web cs1">Lichfield, Gideon (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/43231/why-aaron-swartz-is-becoming-a-martyr-and-why-you-should-care">"Why Aaron Swartz is becoming a martyr, and why you should care"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130041343/https://qz.com/43231/why-aaron-swartz-is-becoming-a-martyr-and-why-you-should-care">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Why+Aaron+Swartz+is+becoming+a+martyr%2C+and+why+you+should+care&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F43231%2Fwhy-aaron-swartz-is-becoming-a-martyr-and-why-you-should-care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-prodigy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prodigy_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2013" class="citation web cs1">Carey, Bridget (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/culture/computer-prodigy-aaron-swartz-remembered/">"Computer prodigy Aaron Swartz remembered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130041336/https://www.cnet.com/culture/computer-prodigy-aaron-swartz-remembered/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Computer+prodigy+Aaron+Swartz+remembered&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fculture%2Fcomputer-prodigy-aaron-swartz-remembered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustin2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Gustin, Sam (January 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.time.com/2013/01/13/tech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide/">"Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224024335/https://business.time.com/2013/01/13/tech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide/">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%2C+Tech+Prodigy+and+Internet+Activist%2C+Is+Dead+at+26&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Gustin&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.time.com%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Ftech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2014" class="citation web cs1">O'Brien, Terrence (June 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2014-06-27-aaron-swartz-documentary.html">"How Aaron Swartz went from internet activist to martyr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130041336/https://www.engadget.com/2014-06-27-aaron-swartz-documentary.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=How+Aaron+Swartz+went+from+internet+activist+to+martyr&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2014-06-27-aaron-swartz-documentary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsden2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Amsden, David (February 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-177191/">"The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swarz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727183405/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-177191/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2021</span>. <q>As a teen programming prodigy, he had helped to develop RSS, the now-ubiquitous tool allowing users to self-syndicate information online, and at 19 he was one of the builders of Reddit, the social news site that was purchased by Condé Nast, which turned Swartz into a millionaire before he could legally order a beer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Brilliant+Life+and+Tragic+Death+of+Aaron+Swarz&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Amsden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-news%2Fthe-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-177191%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2013" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, John (January 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112224056/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/technology/aaron-swartz-internet-activist-dies-at-26.html">"Internet Activist, a Creator of RSS, Is Dead at 26, Apparently a Suicide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/technology/aaron-swartz-internet-activist-dies-at-26.html">the original</a></span> on January 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2013</span>. <q>She called Mr. Swartz "a complicated prodigy" and said "graybeards approached him with awe."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Internet+Activist%2C+a+Creator+of+RSS%2C+Is+Dead+at+26%2C+Apparently+a+Suicide&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Ftechnology%2Faaron-swartz-internet-activist-dies-at-26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/socvanthro">"Sociology or Anthropology"</a>. <i>Raw Thought</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116150943/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/socvanthro">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raw+Thought&rft.atitle=Sociology+or+Anthropology&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fsocvanthro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2008" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (May 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/socfunc">"Simplistic Sociological Functionalism"</a>. <i>Raw Thought</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194927/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/socfunc">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raw+Thought&rft.atitle=Simplistic+Sociological+Functionalism&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fsocfunc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2022" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34294156">"What's the most important problem in the world? Are you working on it?"</a>. <i>ycombinator.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hacker_News" title="Hacker News">Hacker News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425114243/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34294156">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2023</span>. <q>What is the most important thing you could be working on in the world right now? ... And if you're not working on that, why aren't you?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ycombinator.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+most+important+problem+in+the+world%3F+Are+you+working+on+it%3F&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ycombinator.com%2Fitem%3Fid%3D34294156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> Swartz may have been quoting <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a>'s talk <i>You and Your Research</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2013/01/aaron-swartzs-politics.html">"Aaron Swartz's Politics"</a>. January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aaron+Swartz%27s+Politics&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nakedcapitalism.com%2F2013%2F01%2Faaron-swartzs-politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seidman_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidman_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2011" class="citation web cs1">Seidman, Bianca (July 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/the-daily-need/internet-activist-charged-with-hacking-into-mit-network/">"Internet activist charged with hacking into MIT network"</a>. Arlington, Va.: Public Broadcasting Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022510/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/the-daily-need/internet-activist-charged-with-hacking-into-mit-network/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2017</span>. <q>[Swartz] was in the middle of a fellowship at Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, in its Lab on Institutional Corruption</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+activist+charged+with+hacking+into+MIT+network&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Va.&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fneed-to-know%2Fthe-daily-need%2Finternet-activist-charged-with-hacking-into-mit-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-safra-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-safra_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-safra_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529001045/http://ethics.harvard.edu/people/show-bio/all/352?layout=showbio">"Lab Fellows 2010–2011: Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics</i>. Harvard University. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethics.harvard.edu/people/show-bio/all/352?layout=showbio">the original</a> on May 29, 2013. <q>During the fellowship year, he will conduct experimental and ethnographic studies of the political system to prepare a monograph on the mechanisms of political corruption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edmond+J.+Safra+Center+for+Ethics&rft.atitle=Lab+Fellows+2010%E2%80%932011%3A+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethics.harvard.edu%2Fpeople%2Fshow-bio%2Fall%2F352%3Flayout%3Dshowbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerstein-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gerstein_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerstein_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstein2011" class="citation web cs1">Gerstein, Josh (July 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912185122/https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2011/07/mit-also-pressing-charges-against-hacking-suspect-037709">"MIT also pressing charges against hacking suspect"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2011/07/mit-also-pressing-charges-against-hacking-suspect-037709">the original</a> on September 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>. <q>[Swartz's] alleged use of MIT facilities and Web connections to access the JSTOR database ... resulted in two state felony charges for breaking into a 'depository' and breaking & entering in the daytime, according to local prosecutors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=MIT+also+pressing+charges+against+hacking+suspect&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Funder-the-radar%2F2011%2F07%2Fmit-also-pressing-charges-against-hacking-suspect-037709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IncidentReport-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IncidentReport_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Commonwealth v. Swartz</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitcrimeclub.org/SwartzFilings-state.pdf"> 11-52CR73 & 11-52CR75</a>, MIT Police Incident Report 11-351 (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_District_Court" title="Massachusetts District Court">Mass. Dist. Ct.</a> nolle prosequi December 16, 2011) ("Captain Albert P[...] and Special Agent Pickett were able to apprehend the suspect at 24 Lee Street.... He was arrested for two counts of Breaking and Entering in the daytime with the intent to commit a felony...."), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323203642/http://mitcrimeclub.org/SwartzFilings-state.pdf">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indictment-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indictment_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/217117-united-states-of-america-v-aaron-swartz">"Indictment, USA v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, No. 2 (D.Mass. July 14, 2011)"</a>. MIT. July 14, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085524/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/217117-united-states-of-america-v-aaron-swartz">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indictment%2C+USA+v.+Swartz%2C+1%3A11-cr-10260%2C+No.+2+%28D.Mass.+July+14%2C+2011%29&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F217117-united-states-of-america-v-aaron-swartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> Superseded by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Massachusetts_District_Court/1--11-cr-10260/USA_v_Swartz/53/">"Superseding Indictment, USA v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, No. 53 (D.Mass. September 12, 2012)"</a>. <i>Docketalarm.com</i>. September 12, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131319/https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Massachusetts_District_Court/1--11-cr-10260/USA_v._Swartz/53/">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Docketalarm.com&rft.atitle=Superseding+Indictment%2C+USA+v.+Swartz%2C+1%3A11-cr-10260%2C+No.+53+%28D.Mass.+September+12%2C+2012%29&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.docketalarm.com%2Fcases%2FMassachusetts_District_Court%2F1--11-cr-10260%2FUSA_v_Swartz%2F53%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwartzAaronPR-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SwartzAaronPR_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Attorney's_Office_District_of_Massachusetts2011" class="citation pressrelease cs1">US Attorney's Office District of Massachusetts (July 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526080523/http://www.justice.gov/usao/ma/news/2011/July/SwartzAaronPR.html">"Alleged Hacker Charged With Stealing Over Four Million Documents from MIT Network"</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/usao/ma/news/2011/July/SwartzAaronPR.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alleged+Hacker+Charged+With+Stealing+Over+Four+Million+Documents+from+MIT+Network&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.au=US+Attorney%27s+Office+District+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fusao%2Fma%2Fnews%2F2011%2FJuly%2FSwartzAaronPR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy" class="citation web cs1">Timothy, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/01/17/aaron-swartz-and-the-corrupt-practice-of-plea-bargaining/">"Aaron Swartz and the Corrupt Practice of Plea Bargaining"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007142901/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2013/01/17/aaron-swartz-and-the-corrupt-practice-of-plea-bargaining/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+and+the+Corrupt+Practice+of+Plea+Bargaining&rft.aulast=Timothy&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftimothylee%2F2013%2F01%2F17%2Faaron-swartz-and-the-corrupt-practice-of-plea-bargaining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.time.com/2013/01/13/tech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide/">"Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26"</a>. <i>Time</i>. January 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021193318/http://business.time.com/2013/01/13/tech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%2C+Tech+Prodigy+and+Internet+Activist%2C+Is+Dead+at+26&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.time.com%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Ftech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21001452">"Aaron Swartz, internet freedom activist, dies aged 26"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113035949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21001452">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%2C+internet+freedom+activist%2C+dies+aged+26&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-21001452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/press/latest-news/internet-hall-fame-announces-2013-inductees">"Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>. June 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321201839/https://www.internethalloffame.org//press/latest-news/internet-hall-fame-announces-2013-inductees">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Hall+of+Fame+Announces+2013+Inductees&rft.pub=Internet+Hall+of+Fame&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethalloffame.org%2Fpress%2Flatest-news%2Finternet-hall-fame-announces-2013-inductees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yearwood-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yearwood_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yearwood_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yearwood_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYearwood2013" class="citation news cs1">Yearwood, Pauline (February 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017101458/http://chicagojewishnews.com/story.htm?sid=1&id=255829">"Brilliant life, tragic death"</a>. <i>Chicago Jewish News</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagojewishnews.com/story.htm?sid=1&id=255829">the original</a> on October 17, 2013. <q>Aaron Hillel Swartz was not depressed or suicidal ... a rabbi's wife who has known him since he was a child says.... At age 13 he won the ArsDigita Prize, a competition for young people who create noncommercial websites....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Brilliant+life%2C+tragic+death&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Yearwood&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicagojewishnews.com%2Fstory.htm%3Fsid%3D1%26id%3D255829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaggs2013" class="citation web cs1">Skaggs, Paula (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patch.com/illinois/evanston/aaron-swartz-remembered-as-internet-activist-who-chanf229b36e26">"Aaron Swartz Remembered as Internet Activist who Changed the World"</a>. Patch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215052636/https://patch.com/illinois/evanston/aaron-swartz-remembered-as-internet-activist-who-chanf229b36e26">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aaron+Swartz+Remembered+as+Internet+Activist+who+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Patch&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Skaggs&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fillinois%2Fevanston%2Faaron-swartz-remembered-as-internet-activist-who-chanf229b36e26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-20130215?page=2">"The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. February 15, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004140052/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-20130215?page=2">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Brilliant+Life+and+Tragic+Death+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fnews%2Fthe-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-20130215%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://israelilifeusa.com/hi-tech/2298">"By Eternity Solomon, January 13, 2013, Israeli Life USA"</a>. January 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015232/http://israelilifeusa.com/hi-tech/2298">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+Eternity+Solomon%2C+January+13%2C+2013%2C+Israeli+Life+USA&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisraelilifeusa.com%2Fhi-tech%2F2298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folkhero-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folkhero_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folkhero_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2013" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Valerie J. (January 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-0113-aaron-swartz-20130113,0,5232490.story">"Aaron Swartz dies at 26; Internet folk hero founded Reddit"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113060034/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-0113-aaron-swartz-20130113,0,5232490.story">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+dies+at+26%3B+Internet+folk+hero+founded+Reddit&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-0113-aaron-swartz-20130113%2C0%2C5232490.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_Story-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Story_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Story_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Story_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2007" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (September 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011001237/https://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget">"How to get a job like mine"</a>. <i>(blog)</i>. Aaron Swartz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget">the original</a> on October 11, 2007. <q>We negotiated for months.... I started going crazy from having to think so much about money.... The company almost fell apart before the deal went through.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28blog%29&rft.atitle=How+to+get+a+job+like+mine&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaronsw.jottit.com%2Fhowtoget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/01/13/reddit-co-creator-aaron-swartz-dies-from-suicide/">"Reddit co-creator Aaron Swartz dies from suicide"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. January 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001954/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-01-13/news/chi-aaron-swartz-dead_1_reddit-computer-network-websites">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Reddit+co-creator+Aaron+Swartz+dies+from+suicide&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Freddit-co-creator-aaron-swartz-dies-from-suicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaggs2013" class="citation news cs1">Skaggs, Paula (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patch.com/illinois/desplaines/internet-activist-aaron-swartzs-teachers-remember-bric9fb0cae20">"Internet activist Aaron Swartz's teachers remember 'brilliant' student"</a>. <i>Patch</i>. Northbrook, Ill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170123/https://patch.com/illinois/desplaines/internet-activist-aaron-swartzs-teachers-remember-bric9fb0cae20">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Swartz ... attended North Shore Country Day School through 9th grade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patch&rft.atitle=Internet+activist+Aaron+Swartz%27s+teachers+remember+%27brilliant%27+student&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Skaggs&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fillinois%2Fdesplaines%2Finternet-activist-aaron-swartzs-teachers-remember-bric9fb0cae20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2002" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (January 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000101">"It's always cool to run..."</a> <i>Weblog</i>. Aaron Swartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031143009/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000101">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2013</span>. <q>I would have been in 10th grade this year.... Now I'm taking a couple of classes at a local college.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weblog&rft.atitle=It%27s+always+cool+to+run...&rft.date=2002-01-14&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2F000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-177191/">"The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swarz"</a>. Penske Media Corporation. February 15, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727183405/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-177191/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brilliant+Life+and+Tragic+Death+of+Aaron+Swarz&rft.pub=Penske+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-news%2Fthe-brilliant-life-and-tragic-death-of-aaron-swartz-177191%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011201060346/http://arsdigita.org/prize/2000/">"Second ArsDigita Prize 2000 Finalists and Winners"</a>. December 1, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arsdigita.org/prize/2000/">the original</a> on December 1, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+ArsDigita+Prize+2000+Finalists+and+Winners&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farsdigita.org%2Fprize%2F2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2013" class="citation news cs1">Schofield, Jack (January 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/13/aaron-swartz">"Aaron Swartz obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920135628/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/13/aaron-swartz">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2016</span>. <q>At 13 [he] won an ArsDigita prize for creating a non-commercial website.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+obituary&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2Fjan%2F13%2Faaron-swartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/rss-creator-aaron-swartz-dead-at-26">"RSS creator Aaron Swartz dead at 26"</a>. <i>Harvard Magazine</i>. January 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128082901/https://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/rss-creator-aaron-swartz-dead-at-26">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Swartz helped create RSS—a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works (blog entries, news headlines, ...) in a standardized format—at the age of 14.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=RSS+creator+Aaron+Swartz+dead+at+26&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2013%2F01%2Frss-creator-aaron-swartz-dead-at-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessig2013" class="citation web cs1">Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/36298">"Remembering Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>Creative Commons</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204034753/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/36298">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Aaron was one of the early architects of Creative Commons. As a teenager, he helped design the code layer to our licenses...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Commons&rft.atitle=Remembering+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Fweblog%2Fentry%2F36298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekhri2013" class="citation web cs1">Sekhri, Aaron (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/01/13/aaron-swartz-prodigy-and-drop-out-takes-own-life/">"Aaron Swartz, prodigy and drop-out, takes own life"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320192105/https://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/01/13/aaron-swartz-prodigy-and-drop-out-takes-own-life/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%2C+prodigy+and+drop-out%2C+takes+own+life&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Sekhri&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Faaron-swartz-prodigy-and-drop-out-takes-own-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starsrise-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-starsrise_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-starsrise_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Ryan, Singel (September 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/09/68710">"Stars Rise at Startup Summer Camp"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130005503/http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/09/68710">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Stars+Rise+at+Startup+Summer+Camp&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Singel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fscience%2Fdiscoveries%2Fnews%2F2005%2F09%2F68710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrehan2011" class="citation web cs1">Grehan, Rick (August 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/2621361/application-development/pillars-of-python--web-py-web-framework.html">"Pillars of Python: Web.py Web framework"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128082842/https://www.infoworld.com/article/2621361/application-development/pillars-of-python--web-py-web-framework.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Web.py, the brainchild of Aaron Swartz, who developed it while working at Reddit.com, describes itself as a 'minimalist's framework.' ... Test Center Scorecard: Capability 7; Ease of Development 9; Documentation 7; ...; Overall Score 7.6, Good.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Pillars+of+Python%3A+Web.py+Web+framework&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Grehan&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F2621361%2Fapplication-development%2Fpillars-of-python--web-py-web-framework.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infogami2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infogami2007_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infogami2007_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2007" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224194042/http://infogami.com/blog/introduction">"Introducing Infogami"</a>. <i>Infogami</i>. CondeNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infogami.com/blog/introduction">the original</a> on December 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infogami&rft.atitle=Introducing+Infogami&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfogami.com%2Fblog%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823200504/http://startupstories.com/2006/11/29/passion-for-your-users-will-come-back-alexis-ohanian-co-founder-of-reddit/">"A passion for your users brings good karma: (Interview with) Alexis Ohanian, co-founder of reddit.com"</a>. <i>StartupStories</i>. November 11, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://startupstories.com/2006/11/29/passion-for-your-users-will-come-back-alexis-ohanian-co-founder-of-reddit/">the original</a> on August 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StartupStories&rft.atitle=A+passion+for+your+users+brings+good+karma%3A+%28Interview+with%29+Alexis+Ohanian%2C+co-founder+of+reddit.com&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstartupstories.com%2F2006%2F11%2F29%2Fpassion-for-your-users-will-come-back-alexis-ohanian-co-founder-of-reddit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/31/breaking-news-conde-nastwired-acquires-reddit/">"Breaking News: Condé Nast/Wired Acquires Reddit"</a>. <i>Techcrunch</i>. October 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215091751/https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/31/breaking-news-conde-nastwired-acquires-reddit/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techcrunch&rft.atitle=Breaking+News%3A+Cond%C3%A9+Nast%2FWired+Acquires+Reddit&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2006%2F10%2F31%2Fbreaking-news-conde-nastwired-acquires-reddit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Chat_with_Aaron_Swartz-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Chat_with_Aaron_Swartz_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenssen2007" class="citation web cs1">Lenssen, Philipp (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2007-05-07-n78.html">"A Chat with Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>Google Blogoscoped</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427085047/http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2007-05-07-n78.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Blogoscoped&rft.atitle=A+Chat+with+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lenssen&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogoscoped.com%2Farchive%2F2007-05-07-n78.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/2q1nf/aaron_swartzs_jottit_has_been_officially_released/">"Aaron Swartz's Jottit has been officially released"</a>. <i>Reddit</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418044705/https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/2q1nf/aaron_swartzs_jottit_has_been_officially_released/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reddit&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%27s+Jottit+has+been+officially+released&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Fprogramming%2Fcomments%2F2q1nf%2Faaron_swartzs_jottit_has_been_officially_released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2011" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Sam (July 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/sj/2011/07/24/aaron-swartz-v-united-states/">"Aaron Swartz vs. United States"</a>. <i>The Longest Now</i>. Weblogs at Harvard Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129051529/http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/sj/2011/07/24/aaron-swartz-v-united-states/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>. <q>In a 2008 'Guerilla Open Access Manifesto,' Swartz called for activists to 'fight back' against services that held academic papers hostage behind paywalls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=%27Guerilla+activist%27+releases+18%2C000+scientific+papers&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fnews%2F424780%2Fguerilla-activist-releases-18000-scientific-papers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold2013" class="citation web cs1">Leopold, Jason (January 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122000933/http://pubrecord.org/nation/10676/aaron-swartzs-requests-light-struggle/">"Aaron Swartz's FOIA Requests Shed Light on His Struggle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Record_(newspaper)" title="The Public Record (newspaper)">The Public Record</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Be curious. Read widely. Try new things. I think a lot of what people call intelligence just boils down to curiosity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aaronsw.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Get+a+Job+Like+Mine+%28Aaron+Swartz%27s+Raw+Thought%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fpcccjob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldProgressives2009" class="citation web cs1">BoldProgressives (September 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhSp2zp9GtY">"Victory! HonorKennedy.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423222429/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhSp2zp9GtY">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demand+Progress&rft.atitle=Our+Mission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdemandprogress.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homeland-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homeland_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homeland_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleight2013" class="citation news cs1">Sleight, Graham (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/homeland-by-cory-doctorow/2013/02/01/59ea6af0-67ec-11e2-9e1b-07db1d2ccd5b_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Homeland,' by Cory Doctorow"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/homeland-by-cory-doctorow/2013/02/01/59ea6af0-67ec-11e2-9e1b-07db1d2ccd5b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2017</span>. <q>As Doctorow made clear in his eloquent obituary, he drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign. ... One of the book's two afterwords is by Swartz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Homeland%2C%27+by+Cory+Doctorow&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.aulast=Sleight&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fhomeland-by-cory-doctorow%2F2013%2F02%2F01%2F59ea6af0-67ec-11e2-9e1b-07db1d2ccd5b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuff1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stuff1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuff1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuff1_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerVerena_Dobnik2013" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Daniel; Verena Dobnik (January 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swartz-death-fuels-debate-over-computer-crime">"Swartz' death fuels debate over computer crime"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330115737/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swartz-death-fuels-debate-over-computer-crime">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2013</span>. <q>JSTOR's attorney, Mary Jo White – formerly the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan – had called the lead Boston prosecutor in the case and asked him to drop it, said Peters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swartz%27+death+fuels+debate+over+computer+crime&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Verena+Dobnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fswartz-death-fuels-debate-over-computer-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F2c2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F2c2_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F2c2_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2012" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (May 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2013/1/14/freedom_to_connect_aaron_swartz_1986">"How we stopped SOPA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>Keynote address at the Freedom To Connect 2012 conference</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2013</span>. <q>[T]he 'Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeiting Act' ... was introduced on September 20th, 2010.... And [then] it began being called PIPA, and eventually SOPA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keynote+address+at+the+Freedom+To+Connect+2012+conference&rft.atitle=How+we+stopped+SOPA&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2013%2F1%2F14%2Ffreedom_to_connect_aaron_swartz_1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agdemnow-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agdemnow_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agdemnow_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Aaron Swartz (interviewee) & Amy Goodman (May 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120182634/http://www.democracynow.org/seo/2013/1/14/freedom_to_connect_aaron_swartz_1986"><i>Freedom to Connect: Aaron Swartz (1986–2013) on victory to save open Internet, fight online censors</i></a> (Video). 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September 24, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415092740/https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation_elections%2FBoard_elections%2F2006%2FResults%2Fen&direction=next&oldid=439637">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>. <q>6th – 423 (18%) – AaronSw (Aaron Swartz)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees+Election&rft.atitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2FBoard+elections%2F2006%2FResults%2Fen&rft.date=2006-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikimedia_Foundation_elections%2FBoard_elections%2F2006%2FResults%2Fen%26direction%3Dnext%26oldid%3D439637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowriteswikipedia-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whowriteswikipedia_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whowriteswikipedia_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whowriteswikipedia_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2006" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia">"Who Writes Wikipedia?"</a>. <i>Raw Thought</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raw+Thought&rft.atitle=Who+Writes+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fwhowriteswikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlodget2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Blodget" title="Henry Blodget">Blodget, Henry</a> (January 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway">"Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730101023/http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Who+The+Hell+Writes+Wikipedia%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2009-01-03&rft.aulast=Blodget&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F2009%2F1%2Fwho-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmody2013" class="citation web cs1">Carmody, Tim (January 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/19/3893268/wikileaks-tweets-aaron-swartz-was-ally-and-possibly-source">"WikiLeaks claims Aaron Swartz was an ally and possible source, breaking anonymity"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411044410/http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/19/3893268/wikileaks-tweets-aaron-swartz-was-ally-and-possibly-source">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+claims+Aaron+Swartz+was+an+ally+and+possible+source%2C+breaking+anonymity&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.aulast=Carmody&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F1%2F19%2F3893268%2Fwikileaks-tweets-aaron-swartz-was-ally-and-possibly-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy/wikileaks-says-aaron-swartz-may-have-been-a-source/">"WikiLeaks says Aaron Swartz may have been a 'source'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311180653/https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy/wikileaks-says-aaron-swartz-may-have-been-a-source/">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+says+Aaron+Swartz+may+have+been+a+%27source%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fprivacy%2Fwikileaks-says-aaron-swartz-may-have-been-a-source%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp">"Terms and Conditions of Use"</a>. <i>JSTOR</i>. New York: ITHAKA. January 15, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071433/http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2017</span>. <q>JSTOR's integrated digital platform is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to ... scholarly materials: journal issues ...; manuscripts and monographs; ...; spatial/geographic information systems data; plant specimens; ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR&rft.atitle=Terms+and+Conditions+of+Use&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpage%2Finfo%2Fabout%2Fpolicies%2Fterms.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macfarquhar-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarissa_MacFarquhar2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar" title="Larissa MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> (March 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140721140126/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/03/11/requiem-for-a-dream">"Requiem for a dream: The tragedy of Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/03/11/130311fa_fact_macfarquhar">the original</a></span> on July 21, 2014. <q>[Swartz] wrote a script that instructed his computer to download articles continuously, something that was forbidden by JSTOR's terms of service.... He spoofed the computer's address.... This happened several times. MIT traced the requests to his laptop, which he had hidden in an unlocked closet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Requiem+for+a+dream%3A+The+tragedy+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.au=Larissa+MacFarquhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2013%2F03%2F11%2F130311fa_fact_macfarquhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 136"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n136">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+136.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 134"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n134">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+134.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2011" class="citation news cs1">Lindsay, Jay (July 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/feds-harvard-fellow-hacked-millions-papers-203301454.html">"Feds: Harvard fellow hacked millions of papers"</a>. Boston. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116122908/http://news.yahoo.com/feds-harvard-fellow-hacked-millions-papers-203301454.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Feds%3A+Harvard+fellow+hacked+millions+of+papers&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ffeds-harvard-fellow-hacked-millions-papers-203301454.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.jstor.org/news/jstor-statement-misuse-incident-and-criminal-case">"JSTOR Statement: Misuse Incident and Criminal Case"</a>. JSTOR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112202533/http://about.jstor.org/news/jstor-statement-misuse-incident-and-criminal-case">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Statement%3A+Misuse+Incident+and+Criminal+Case&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.jstor.org%2Fnews%2Fjstor-statement-misuse-incident-and-criminal-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cohen_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohen_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (January 20, 2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/technology/how-mit-ensnared-a-hacker-bucking-a-freewheeling-culture.html">"How M.I.T. ensnared a hacker, bucking a freewheeling culture"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006015439/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/technology/how-mit-ensnared-a-hacker-bucking-a-freewheeling-culture.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Suspect is seen on camera entering network closet' [in an unlocked building] ... Within a mile of MIT ... he was stopped by an MIT police captain and [U.S. Secret Service agent] Pickett.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+M.I.T.+ensnared+a+hacker%2C+bucking+a+freewheeling+culture&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F21%2Ftechnology%2Fhow-mit-ensnared-a-hacker-bucking-a-freewheeling-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2013" class="citation news cs1">Peters, Justin (February 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210170319/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/02/aaron_swartz_he_wanted_to_save_the_world_why_couldn_t_he_save_himself.6.html">"The Idealist: Aaron Swartz wanted to save the world. Why couldn't he save himself?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. N.Y.C. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/02/aaron_swartz_he_wanted_to_save_the_world_why_couldn_t_he_save_himself.6.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The superseding indictment ... claimed that Swartz had 'contrived to break into a restricted-access wiring closet at MIT.' But the closet door had been unlocked—and remained unlocked even after the university and authorities were aware that someone had been in there trying to access the school's network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Idealist%3A+Aaron+Swartz+wanted+to+save+the+world.+Why+couldn%27t+he+save+himself%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2F02%2Faaron_swartz_he_wanted_to_save_the_world_why_couldn_t_he_save_himself.6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt2013" class="citation web cs1">Merritt, Jeralyn (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkleft.com/story/2013/1/14/51325/7871/crimenews/MIT-to-Conduct-Internal-Probe-on-its-Role-in-Aaron-Swartz-Case">"MIT to conduct internal probe on its role in Aaron Swartz case"</a>. <i>TalkLeft (blog)</i>. Att'y Jeralyn Merritt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070232/http://www.talkleft.com/story/2013/1/14/51325/7871/crimenews/MIT-to-Conduct-Internal-Probe-on-its-Role-in-Aaron-Swartz-Case">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The wiring closet was not locked and was accessible to the public. If you look at the pictures supplied by the Government, you can see graffiti on one wall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkLeft+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=MIT+to+conduct+internal+probe+on+its+role+in+Aaron+Swartz+case&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=Jeralyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkleft.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F1%2F14%2F51325%2F7871%2Fcrimenews%2FMIT-to-Conduct-Internal-Probe-on-its-Role-in-Aaron-Swartz-Case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.jstor.org/news/jstor-statement-misuse-incident-and-criminal-case">"JSTOR Statement: Misuse Incident and Criminal Case"</a>. JSTOR. July 19, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112202533/http://about.jstor.org/news/jstor-statement-misuse-incident-and-criminal-case">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Statement%3A+Misuse+Incident+and+Criminal+Case&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.jstor.org%2Fnews%2Fjstor-statement-misuse-incident-and-criminal-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/12/aaron-swartz_n_2463726.html">"Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer, Found Dead Amid Prosecutor 'Bullying' In Unconventional Case"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. January 12, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529201901/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/12/aaron-swartz_n_2463726.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%2C+Internet+Pioneer%2C+Found+Dead+Amid+Prosecutor+%27Bullying%27+In+Unconventional+Case&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Faaron-swartz_n_2463726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n0">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3142"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n3142">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+3142.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3143"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n3143">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+3143.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3127"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n3127">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+3127.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3128"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n3128">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+3128.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3129"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n3129">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+3129.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="evidence" class="citation web cs1">JSTOR (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf">"JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3136"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF-1.6)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100652/http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf#page/n3136">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span> – via archive.org/details/JSTORSwartzEvidenceAllDocs Archive.org].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSTOR+Evidence+in+United+States+vs.+Aaron+Swartz.+Page+3136.&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=JSTOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.jstor.org%2Fzips%2FJSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakPaz,_Gabriella2011" class="citation news cs1">Hak, Susana; Paz, Gabriella (January 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitcrimeclub.org/11pologDec15Jan20.pdf">"Compilation of December 15, 2010 – January 20, 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hak–De Paz Police Log Compilations</i>. MIT Crime Club. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317052243/http://mitcrimeclub.org/11pologDec15Jan20.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2013</span>. <q>January 6, 2:20 pm, Aaron Swartz, was arrested at 24 Lee Street as a suspect for breaking and entering....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hak%E2%80%93De+Paz+Police+Log+Compilations&rft.atitle=Compilation+of+December+15%2C+2010+%E2%80%93+January+20%2C+2011&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft.aulast=Hak&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft.au=Paz%2C+Gabriella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitcrimeclub.org%2F11pologDec15Jan20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingel2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Singel, Ryan (February 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2011/07/mit-webcam-swartz/">"Rogue academic downloader busted by MIT webcam stakeout, arrest report says"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. N.Y.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322040825/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/mit-webcam-swartz">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Swartz is accused ... of stealing the articles by attaching a laptop directly to a network switch in ... a 'restricted' room, though neither the police report nor the indictment [mentions] a door lock or signage indicating the room is off-limits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Rogue+academic+downloader+busted+by+MIT+webcam+stakeout%2C+arrest+report+says&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft.aulast=Singel&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fmit-webcam-swartz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilton2011" class="citation news cs1">Bilton, Nick (July 19, 2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/reddit-co-founder-charged-with-data-theft/">"Internet Activist Charged in Data Theft"</a></span>. Boston: Bits Blog, The New York Times Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030413/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/reddit-co-founder-charged-with-data-theft/">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+Activist+Charged+in+Data+Theft&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.aulast=Bilton&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F19%2Freddit-co-founder-charged-with-data-theft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkinson2011" class="citation news cs1">Hawkinson, John (November 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N53/swartz.html">"Swartz indicted for breaking and entering"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. MIT. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422191512/http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N53/swartz.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Swartz ... was indicted ... in Middlesex Superior Court ... for breaking and entering, larceny over $250, and unauthorized access to a computer network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Swartz+indicted+for+breaking+and+entering&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft.aulast=Hawkinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV131%2FN53%2Fswartz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231254/http://middlesexda.com/news/press-release.php?reference=456">"Cambridge man indicted on breaking & entering charges, larceny charges in connection with data theft"</a> (Press release). Middlesex District Attorney. November 17, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middlesexda.com/news/press-release.php?reference=456">the original</a> on June 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Swartz ... was indicted today on charges of Breaking and Entering with Intent to Commit a Felony, Larceny over $250, and Unauthorized Access to a Computer Network by a Middlesex Superior Grand Jury.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+man+indicted+on+breaking+%26+entering+charges%2C+larceny+charges+in+connection+with+data+theft&rft.pub=Middlesex+District+Attorney&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddlesexda.com%2Fnews%2Fpress-release.php%3Freference%3D456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateDrop-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateDrop_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDrop_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkinson, John <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N12/swartz.html"><i>State drops charges against Swartz; federal charges remain</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119215320/http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N12/swartz.html">Archived</a> November 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a>, March 16, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombardieri2014" class="citation news cs1">Bombardieri, Marcella (March 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/03/29/the-inside-story-mit-and-aaron-swartz/YvJZ5P6VHaPJusReuaN7SI/story.html">"The inside story of MIT and Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119210935/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/03/29/the-inside-story-mit-and-aaron-swartz/YvJZ5P6VHaPJusReuaN7SI/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+inside+story+of+MIT+and+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.aulast=Bombardieri&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2014%2F03%2F29%2Fthe-inside-story-mit-and-aaron-swartz%2FYvJZ5P6VHaPJusReuaN7SI%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120917/17393320412/us-government-ups-felony-count-jstoraaron-swartz-case-four-to-thirteen.shtml">"US Government Ups Felony Count in JSTOR/Aaron Swartz Case From Four To Thirteen"</a>. Tech dirt. September 17, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112202922/http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120917/17393320412/us-government-ups-felony-count-jstoraaron-swartz-case-four-to-thirteen.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Government+Ups+Felony+Count+in+JSTOR%2FAaron+Swartz+Case+From+Four+To+Thirteen&rft.pub=Tech+dirt&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20120917%2F17393320412%2Fus-government-ups-felony-count-jstoraaron-swartz-case-four-to-thirteen.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zetter-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zetter_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetter_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetter2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Zetter, Kim (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/01/doj-briefing-on-aaron-swartz/">"Congress Demands Justice Department Explain Aaron Swartz Prosecution | Threat Level"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131204737/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/01/doj-briefing-on-aaron-swartz/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Congress+Demands+Justice+Department+Explain+Aaron+Swartz+Prosecution+%26%23124%3B+Threat+Level&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Zetter&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fdoj-briefing-on-aaron-swartz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Spark" class="citation news cs1">Smith-Spark, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/17/tech/aaron-swartz-death/index.html">"Prosecutor defends case against Aaron Swartz"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830194859/http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/17/tech/aaron-swartz-death/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+defends+case+against+Aaron+Swartz&rft.aulast=Smith-Spark&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F01%2F17%2Ftech%2Faaron-swartz-death%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenEllement" class="citation news cs1">Cullen, Kevin; Ellement, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/01/14/mit-hacking-case-lawyer-says-aaron-swartz-was-offered-plea-deal-six-months-behind-bars/hQt8sQI64tnV6FAd7CLcTJ/story.html">"MIT hacking case lawyer says Aaron Swartz was offered plea deal of six months behind bars"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140721052709/http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/01/14/mit-hacking-case-lawyer-says-aaron-swartz-was-offered-plea-deal-six-months-behind-bars/hQt8sQI64tnV6FAd7CLcTJ/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=MIT+hacking+case+lawyer+says+Aaron+Swartz+was+offered+plea+deal+of+six+months+behind+bars&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Ellement%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fmetrodesk%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Fmit-hacking-case-lawyer-says-aaron-swartz-was-offered-plea-deal-six-months-behind-bars%2FhQt8sQI64tnV6FAd7CLcTJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://verdict.justia.com/2013/01/25/dealing-with-aaron-swartz-in-the-nixonian-tradition">"Dealing With Aaron Swartz in the Nixonian Tradition: Overzealous Overcharging Leads to a Tragic Result"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126220259/http://verdict.justia.com/2013/01/25/dealing-with-aaron-swartz-in-the-nixonian-tradition">Archived</a> January 26, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justia" title="Justia">Justia</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a>, January 25, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeri2013" class="citation web cs1">Boeri, David (February 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbur.org/2013/02/20/carmen-ortiz-investigation">"Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern"</a>. WBUR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102080907/http://www.wbur.org/2013/02/20/carmen-ortiz-investigation">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ortiz+Under+Fire%3A+Critics+Say+Swartz+Tragedy+Is+Evidence+Of+Troublesome+Pattern&rft.pub=WBUR&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.aulast=Boeri&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2F2013%2F02%2F20%2Fcarmen-ortiz-investigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandergan2013" class="citation news cs1">Landergan, Katherine (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/yourcampus/news/mit/2013/01/us_district_court_drops_charges_against_aaron_swartz.html">"US District Court drops charges against Aaron Swartz – MIT – Your Campus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008022550/http://www.boston.com/yourcampus/news/mit/2013/01/us_district_court_drops_charges_against_aaron_swartz.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=US+District+Court+drops+charges+against+Aaron+Swartz+%E2%80%93+MIT+%E2%80%93+Your+Campus&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Landergan&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fyourcampus%2Fnews%2Fmit%2F2013%2F01%2Fus_district_court_drops_charges_against_aaron_swartz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Swartz" title="United States v. Swartz">United States v. Swartz</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Massachusetts_District_Court/1--11-cr-10260/USA_v_Swartz/106/"> 1:11-cr-10260</a>, 106 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">D. Mass.</a> filed January 14, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510011510/https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Massachusetts_District_Court/1--11-cr-10260/USA_v._Swartz/106/">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulsen2013" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Poulsen" title="Kevin Poulsen">Poulsen, Kevin</a> (December 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/12/swartz-video/">"This Is the MIT Surveillance Video That Undid Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205030417/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/12/swartz-video/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=This+Is+the+MIT+Surveillance+Video+That+Undid+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Poulsen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fswartz-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2013" class="citation news cs1">Norton, Quinn (January 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quinnnorton.com/said/?p=644">"My Aaron Swartz, whom I loved"</a>. <i>Quinn Said</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quinn+Said&rft.atitle=My+Aaron+Swartz%2C+whom+I+loved&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quinnnorton.com%2Fsaid%2F%3Fp%3D644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peltz, Jennifer (19 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/01/19/hundreds-honor-information-activist-swartz-in-nyc/1848493/">"Hundreds honor information activist Swartz"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316213515/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/01/19/hundreds-honor-information-activist-swartz-in-nyc/1848493/">Archived</a> 16 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2009" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (September 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/notgay">"Why I Am Not Gay (Aaron Swartz's Raw Thought)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Am+Not+Gay+%28Aaron+Swartz%27s+Raw+Thought%29&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fnotgay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-the-internets-robin-hood-remembered-1.5234097">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Repairing the World' Was Aaron Swartz's Calling"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304110227/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-the-internets-robin-hood-remembered-1.5234097">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive+Blogs&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz%2C+hero+of+the+open+world%2C+dies&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Brewster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.archive.org%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Faaron-swartz-hero-of-the-open-world-rip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.archive.org/2013/01/15/memorial-for-aaron-swartz/">"Memorial for Aaron Swartz | Internet Archive Blogs"</a>. January 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+for+Aaron+Swartz+%26%23124%3B+Internet+Archive+Blogs&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.archive.org%2F2013%2F01%2F15%2Fmemorial-for-aaron-swartz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaronswartzdcmemorial.eventbrite.com/">"Aaron Swartz DC Memorial"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aaron+Swartz+DC+Memorial&rft.pub=Aaronswartzdcmemorial.eventbrite.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaronswartzdcmemorial.eventbrite.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farrell_(political_scientist)" title="Henry Farrell (political scientist)">Farrell, Henry</a> (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crookedtimber.org/2013/01/29/aaron-swartz-memorial-in-washington-dc/">"Aaron Swartz Memorial in Washington DC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Timber" title="Crooked Timber">Crooked Timber</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195958/http://crookedtimber.org/2013/01/29/aaron-swartz-memorial-in-washington-dc/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crooked+Timber&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+Memorial+in+Washington+DC&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrookedtimber.org%2F2013%2F01%2F29%2Faaron-swartz-memorial-in-washington-dc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infoworld-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infoworld_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/t/federal-regulations/lawmakers-pledge-change-hacking-law-during-swartz-memorial-212254">Gross, Grant, <i>Lawmakers pledge to change hacking law during Swartz memorial</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111010746/http://www.infoworld.com/t/federal-regulations/lawmakers-pledge-change-hacking-law-during-swartz-memorial-212254">Archived</a> November 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>, February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IssaWarren-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IssaWarren_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IssaWarren_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IssaWarren_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2013" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Zach (February 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/aaron-swartz-memorial-darrell-issa_n_2619872.html">"Aaron Swartz Memorial on Capitol Hill Draws Darrell Issa, Elizabeth Warren"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130205065846/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/aaron-swartz-memorial-darrell-issa_n_2619872.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TarenSK%3A+MIT+Memorial+Service&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.au=Taren+Stinebrickner-Kauffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarensk.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F45281114505%2Fmit-memorial-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> including links to video of the ceremony/speeches.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Fishman2013" class="citation web cs1">Rob Fishman (January 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/robf4/grief-and-anger-at-aaron-swartzs-memorial">"Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz's Memorial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019221536/http://www.buzzfeed.com/robf4/grief-and-anger-at-aaron-swartzs-memorial">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=Grief+And+Anger+at+Aaron+Swartz%27s+Memorial&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.au=Rob+Fishman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Frobf4%2Fgrief-and-anger-at-aaron-swartzs-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden_Karnofsky2013" class="citation web cs1">Holden Karnofsky (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.givewell.org/2013/01/16/in-memory-of-aaron-swartz/">"In memory of Aaron Swartz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827214000/http://blog.givewell.org/2013/01/16/in-memory-of-aaron-swartz/">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+memory+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.au=Holden+Karnofsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.givewell.org%2F2013%2F01%2F16%2Fin-memory-of-aaron-swartz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_M._Ortiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justice.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+Of+United+States+Attorney+Carmen+M.+Ortiz+Regarding+The+Death+Of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Carmen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fusao-ma%2Fpr%2Fstatement-united-states-attorney-carmen-m-ortiz-regarding-death-aaron-swartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remember-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-remember_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-remember_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112234743/http://rememberaaronsw.tumblr.com/post/40372208044/official-statement-from-the-family-and-partner-of-aaron">"Remember Aaron Swartz"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/business/17594002-420/aaron-swartz-memorialized-at-service.html">the original</a> on August 24, 2014. <q>Swartz's father ... said that at a school event, 3-year-old Aaron read to his parents while all of the other parents read to their children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+was+%27killed+by+government%2C%27+father+says+at+funeral&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fbusiness%2F17594002-420%2Faaron-swartz-memorialized-at-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/01/16/attorney-husband-causes-backlash-twitter-with-posts-hacker-suicide/3Vm20xBaXXtYk6KgolSUxO/story.html">Murphey, Shelly, <i>US attorney's husband stirs Twitter storm on Swartz case</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009230053/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/01/16/attorney-husband-causes-backlash-twitter-with-posts-hacker-suicide/3Vm20xBaXXtYk6KgolSUxO/story.html">Archived</a> October 9, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, January 16, 2013.. 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Abelson to lead a thorough analysis of MIT's involvement from the time that we first perceived unusual activity on our network in fall 2010....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Reif+writes+to+MIT+community+regarding+Aaron+Swartz&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2013%2Fletter-on-death-of-aaron-swartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swartz-review.mit.edu/">"homepage"</a>. <i>Swartz Review</i>. MIT. January 23, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206144900/http://swartz-review.mit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2013. <q>IS&T has created this web site so [community members] can suggest questions and issues to guide the review... What questions should MIT be asking at this stage of the Aaron Swartz review?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swartz+Review&rft.atitle=homepage&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswartz-review.mit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanos2013" class="citation web cs1">Nanos, Janelle (January 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2013/01/24/mit-announces-plans-swartz-review/">"MIT prof announces plans for Swartz review: A website is launched allowing for discussion of how his case was handled"</a>. <i>Boston Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016072352/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2013/01/24/mit-announces-plans-swartz-review/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved January 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stout, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/01/ortiz_we_never_intended_full_penalty_swartz">"Ortiz: We never intended full penalty for Swartz"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118035256/http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/01/ortiz_we_never_intended_full_penalty_swartz">Archived</a> January 18, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i>, January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globallegalpost.com/big-stories/hackers-suicide-linked-to-overzealous-prosecutors-37383540/">"Hacker's suicide linked to 'overzealous' prosecutors"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182053/http://www.globallegalpost.com/big-stories/hackers-suicide-linked-to-overzealous-prosecutors-37383540/">Archived</a> August 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Legal_Post" title="The Global Legal Post">The Global Legal Post</a></i>, January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobuzinskisP.J._Huffstutter2013" class="citation news cs1">Dobuzinskis, Alex; P.J. Huffstutter (January 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/13/net-us-swartz-internet-idUSBRE90B0G320130113">"Internet activist, programmer Aaron Swartz dead at 26"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173154/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/13/net-us-swartz-internet-idUSBRE90B0G320130113">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2017</span>. <q>That belief – that information should be shared and available for the good of society – prompted Swartz to found the nonprofit group Demand Progress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Internet+activist%2C+programmer+Aaron+Swartz+dead+at+26&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Dobuzinskis&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=P.J.+Huffstutter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Fnet-us-swartz-internet-idUSBRE90B0G320130113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVartanian2013" class="citation web cs1">Vartanian, Hrag (February 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperallergic.com/64680/a-roller-tribute-to-two-digital-anarchist-heroes/">"A roller tribute to two digital anarchist heroes"</a>. Brooklyn, NY: Hyperallergic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605153231/http://hyperallergic.com/64680/a-roller-tribute-to-two-digital-anarchist-heroes/">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+roller+tribute+to+two+digital+anarchist+heroes&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=Hyperallergic&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Vartanian&rft.aufirst=Hrag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F64680%2Fa-roller-tribute-to-two-digital-anarchist-heroes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuval_Noah_Harari2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Noah Harari</a> (April 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VJMYWKH-W8&t=1590">"Data Processing – Part 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224193000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VJMYWKH-W8&t=1590">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Data+Processing+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft.au=Yuval+Noah+Harari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6VJMYWKH-W8%26t%3D1590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeilman,_John2016" class="citation news cs1">Keilman, John (January 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/highland-park/news/ct-aaron-swartz-open-access-met-20160117-story.html">"Legacy of open access activist still growing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132756/https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/highland-park/news/ct-aaron-swartz-open-access-met-20160117-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+open+access+activist+still+growing&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.au=Keilman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fsuburbs%2Fhighland-park%2Fnews%2Fct-aaron-swartz-open-access-met-20160117-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/anonymous-hacks-mit-sites-to-post-aaron-swartz-tribute-call-to-arms/2013/01/14/ff6f706c-5e44-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html">"Anonymous hacks MIT Web sites to post Aaron Swartz tribute, call to arms"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019043659/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/anonymous-hacks-mit-sites-to-post-aaron-swartz-tribute-call-to-arms/2013/01/14/ff6f706c-5e44-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Anonymous+hacks+MIT+Web+sites+to+post+Aaron+Swartz+tribute%2C+call+to+arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Fanonymous-hacks-mit-sites-to-post-aaron-swartz-tribute-call-to-arms%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Fff6f706c-5e44-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_print.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKao2013" class="citation news cs1">Kao, Joanna (January 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130217100217/http://techblogs.mit.edu/news/2013/01/mit-email-was-down-for-10-hours-last-night-mystery-hunt-temporarily-affected/">"MIT email was down for 10 hours last night, Mystery Hunt temporarily affected"</a>. <i>Tech Blogs</i>. MIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techblogs.mit.edu/news/2013/01/mit-email-was-down-for-10-hours-last-night-mystery-hunt-temporarily-affected/">the original</a> on February 17, 2013. <q>A mail loop caused by a series of malformed email messages led to an exhaustion of system resources....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tech+Blogs&rft.atitle=MIT+email+was+down+for+10+hours+last+night%2C+Mystery+Hunt+temporarily+affected&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.aulast=Kao&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechblogs.mit.edu%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2Fmit-email-was-down-for-10-hours-last-night-mystery-hunt-temporarily-affected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAush0kTibitXimer2013" class="citation web cs1">Aush0k; TibitXimer (January 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627114525/http://www.mit.edu/">"R.I.P Aaron Swartz"</a>. [harvard.edu]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/">the original</a> on June 27, 2017. <q>hacked by aush0k and tibitximer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.I.P+Aaron+Swartz&rft.pub=%5Bharvard.edu%5D&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.au=Aush0k&rft.au=TibitXimer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2009" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (August 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/immoral">"Life in a world of pervasive immorality: The ethics of being alive"</a>. <i>Raw Thought: Aaron Swartz's Weblog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031034217/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/immoral">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Is there sense in following [the] rules or are they just another example of the world's pervasive immorality?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raw+Thought%3A+Aaron+Swartz%27s+Weblog&rft.atitle=Life+in+a+world+of+pervasive+immorality%3A+The+ethics+of+being+alive&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fimmoral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKao2013" class="citation news cs1">Kao, Joanna (January 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N63/hack.html">"MIT DNS hacked; traffic redirected"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. MIT. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223060949/http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N63/hack.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>. <q>From 11:58 a.m. to 1:05 pm, MIT's DNS was redirected ... to CloudFlare, where the hackers had configured servers to return a Harvard IP address.... By 7:15 pm, CloudFlare removed the 'mail.mit.edu' record, which referred to the machine ... at KAIST.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=MIT+DNS+hacked%3B+traffic+redirected&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Kao&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV132%2FN63%2Fhack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReported_by_Sabari_Selvan" class="citation web cs1">Reported by Sabari Selvan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehackingnews.com/2013/01/ussc-hacked-by-anonymous.html">"United States Sentencing Commission(ussc.gov) hacked and defaced by Anonymous | Security updates"</a>. Ehackingnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129011605/http://www.ehackingnews.com/2013/01/ussc-hacked-by-anonymous.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Sentencing+Commission%28ussc.gov%29+hacked+and+defaced+by+Anonymous+%26%23124%3B+Security+updates&rft.pub=Ehackingnews.com&rft.au=Reported+by+Sabari+Selvan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehackingnews.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fussc-hacked-by-anonymous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hackers-take-over-sentencing-commission-website">"Hackers take over sentencing commission website"</a>. Associated Press. January 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018235920/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hackers-take-over-sentencing-commission-website">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2013</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Two weeks ago today, a line was crossed,' the statement said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hackers+take+over+sentencing+commission+website&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fhackers-take-over-sentencing-commission-website&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarons_ArkAngel2013" class="citation web cs1">Aarons ArkAngel (January 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaPni5O2YyI">"Anonymous Operation Last Resort: Anonymous hacked USSC.GOV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Flash video)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824021840/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaPni5O2YyI">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2013</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anonymous+Operation+Last+Resort%3A+Anonymous+hacked+USSC.GOV&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft.au=Aarons+ArkAngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWaPni5O2YyI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21213793">"Anonymous hackers target US agency site"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926054736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21213793">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2018</span>. <q>The hackers ... said the site was chosen for symbolic reasons. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Aaron%27s+Walk%3A+The+New+Hampshire+Rebellion&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Flawrence-lessig%2Faarons-walk-the-new-hamps_b_4572544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyko2014" class="citation web cs1">Boyko, Brian (January 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhrebellion.org/it_begins">"It Begins. Thank you"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904202256/http://www.nhrebellion.org/it_begins">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+Begins.+Thank+you.&rft.date=2014-01-11&rft.aulast=Boyko&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhrebellion.org%2Fit_begins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahmetogut.com/ahmetwebaaron.html">"Information Power to The People"</a>. <i>Ahmet Öğüt's website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403210500/http://www.ahmetogut.com/ahmetwebaaron.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahmet+%C3%96%C4%9F%C3%BCt%27s+website&rft.atitle=Information+Power+to+The+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahmetogut.com%2Fahmetwebaaron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2013" class="citation news cs1">Cutler, Kim-Mai (January 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/13/pdf-tribute/">"PDF tribute to Aaron Swartz attracts roughly 1,500 links to copyright-protected research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130053/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/13/pdf-tribute/">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=PDF+tribute+to+Aaron+Swartz+attracts+roughly+1%2C500+links+to+copyright-protected+research&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Kim-Mai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2013%2F01%2F13%2Fpdf-tribute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musil-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musil_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musil_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil2013" class="citation news cs1">Musil, Steven (January 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57563701-93/researchers-honor-swartzs-memory-with-pdf-protest/">"Researchers honor Swartz's memory with PDF protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CNet News">CNet News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214003359/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57563701-93/researchers-honor-swartzs-memory-with-pdf-protest/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Researchers+honor+Swartz%27s+memory+with+PDF+protest&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-1023_3-57563701-93%2Fresearchers-honor-swartzs-memory-with-pdf-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivalt2013" class="citation web cs1">Vivalt, Eva (January 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073622/http://aideconomics.com/index.php/2013/01/12/in-memoriam">"In memoriam"</a>. <i>Aid Economics</i>. Eva Vivalt. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+are&rft.pub=aidgrade.org&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidgrade.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlheiser2013" class="citation web cs1">Ohlheiser, Abby (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2013/01/14/aaron_swartz_death_pdftribute_hashtag_aggregates_copyrighted_articles_released.html">"Aaron Swartz death: #pdftribute hashtag aggregates copyrighted articles released online in tribute to internet activist"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115221328/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2013/01/14/aaron_swartz_death_pdftribute_hashtag_aggregates_copyrighted_articles_released.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+death%3A+%23pdftribute+hashtag+aggregates+copyrighted+articles+released+online+in+tribute+to+internet+activist&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Ohlheiser&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe_slatest%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Faaron_swartz_death_pdftribute_hashtag_aggregates_copyrighted_articles_released.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.fr/story/67263/suicide-aaron-swartz-economie-publication-scientifique-libre-acces">"Economie de la publication scientifique et libre accès: un débat relancé par la mort d'Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>Slate</i> (in French). January 21, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008175330/http://www.slate.fr/story/67263/suicide-aaron-swartz-economie-publication-scientifique-libre-acces">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Economie+de+la+publication+scientifique+et+libre+acc%C3%A8s%3A+un+d%C3%A9bat+relanc%C3%A9+par+la+mort+d%27Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.fr%2Fstory%2F67263%2Fsuicide-aaron-swartz-economie-publication-scientifique-libre-acces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaronLessigBortolottiSzidon2017" class="citation book cs1">Aaron, Swartz; Lessig, Lawrence; Bortolotti, Marie-Mathilde; Szidon, Amarante (March 22, 2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celuiquipourrait0000swar"><i>Celui qui pourrait changer le monde: Aaron Swartz, écrits 1986–2013</i></a></span>. Éditions B42 – DL 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-917855-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-917855-77-5"><bdi>978-2-917855-77-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993094009">993094009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celui+qui+pourrait+changer+le+monde%3A+Aaron+Swartz%2C+%C3%A9crits+1986%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+B42+%E2%80%93+DL+2017&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993094009&rft.isbn=978-2-917855-77-5&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.aufirst=Swartz&rft.au=Lessig%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Bortolotti%2C+Marie-Mathilde&rft.au=Szidon%2C+Amarante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fceluiquipourrait0000swar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echosciences-grenoble.fr/articles/la-controverse-en-matiere-de-publication-des-articles-scientifiques">"La controverse en matière de publication des articles scientifiques"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061220/https://www.echosciences-grenoble.fr/articles/la-controverse-en-matiere-de-publication-des-articles-scientifiques">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+controverse+en+mati%C3%A8re+de+publication+des+articles+scientifiques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echosciences-grenoble.fr%2Farticles%2Fla-controverse-en-matiere-de-publication-des-articles-scientifiques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manjoo, Farhad <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/01/aaron_swartz_jstor_mit_can_honor_the_internet_activist_by_fighting_to_make.html"><i>How MIT Can Honor Aaron Swartz</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819115439/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/01/aaron_swartz_jstor_mit_can_honor_the_internet_activist_by_fighting_to_make.html">Archived</a> August 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Slate</i>, January 31, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/02/01/will-aaron-swartzs-death-open-up-the-academy-">Chan, Jennifer, <i>To honor Aaron Swartz, let knowledge go free</i>, U.S. News & World Report, 1 February 2013.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114623/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/02/01/will-aaron-swartzs-death-open-up-the-academy-">Archived</a> August 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved February 2, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject" class="citation web cs1">Project, Free Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recapthelaw.org/2013/04/02/two-recap-grants-awarded-in-memory-of-aaron-swartz/">"RECAP Project – Turning PACER Around"</a>. <i>recapthelaw.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509034029/https://www.recapthelaw.org/2013/04/02/two-recap-grants-awarded-in-memory-of-aaron-swartz/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=recapthelaw.org&rft.atitle=RECAP+Project+%E2%80%93+Turning+PACER+Around&rft.aulast=Project&rft.aufirst=Free+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recapthelaw.org%2F2013%2F04%2F02%2Ftwo-recap-grants-awarded-in-memory-of-aaron-swartz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopfstein2013" class="citation web cs1">Kopfstein, Janus (March 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/13/4099792/aaron-swartz-to-receive-posthumous-freedom-of-information-award-for">"Aaron Swartz to receive posthumous 'Freedom of Information' award for open access advocacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315223429/http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/13/4099792/aaron-swartz-to-receive-posthumous-freedom-of-information-award-for">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 17, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322035516/http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/james-madison-award">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison+Award&rft.pub=Ala.org&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fawardsgrants%2Fjames-madison-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/26/4149752/library-journal-resigns-for-open-access-citing-aaron-swartz">"Entire library journal editorial board resigns, citing 'crisis of conscience' after death of Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. March 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231215050/http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/26/4149752/library-journal-resigns-for-open-access-citing-aaron-swartz">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Entire+library+journal+editorial+board+resigns%2C+citing+%27crisis+of+conscience%27+after+death+of+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F3%2F26%2F4149752%2Flibrary-journal-resigns-for-open-access-citing-aaron-swartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew2013" class="citation web cs1">New, Jake (March 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/journals-editorial-board-resigns-in-protest-of-publishers-policy-toward-authors/43149">"Journal's Editorial Board Resigns in Protest of Publisher's Policy Toward Authors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108055058/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/journals-editorial-board-resigns-in-protest-of-publishers-policy-toward-authors/43149">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Journal%27s+Editorial+Board+Resigns+in+Protest+of+Publisher%27s+Policy+Toward+Authors&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fwiredcampus%2Fjournals-editorial-board-resigns-in-protest-of-publishers-policy-toward-authors%2F43149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chrisbourg.wordpress.com/2013/03/23/my-short-stint-on-the-jla-editorial-board/">"It was just days after Aaron Swartz' death, and I was having a crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access"</a>. <i>Feral Librarian</i>. March 23, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824063817/http://chrisbourg.wordpress.com/2013/03/23/my-short-stint-on-the-jla-editorial-board/">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feral+Librarian&rft.atitle=It+was+just+days+after+Aaron+Swartz%27+death%2C+and+I+was+having+a+crisis+of+conscience+about+publishing+in+a+journal+that+was+not+open+access.&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchrisbourg.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fmy-short-stint-on-the-jla-editorial-board%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030117084743/http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/continuity">"If I get hit by a truck..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/continuity">the original</a> on January 17, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+I+get+hit+by+a+truck...&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2F2002%2Fcontinuity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21569674-aaron-swartz-computer-programmer-and-activist-committed-suicide-january-11th-aged-26-aaron">"Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. January 19, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119230958/http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21569674-aaron-swartz-computer-programmer-and-activist-committed-suicide-january-11th-aged-26-aaron">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fobituary%2F21569674-aaron-swartz-computer-programmer-and-activist-committed-suicide-january-11th-aged-26-aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoJennifer_Martinez2013" class="citation web cs1">Sasso, Brendan; Jennifer Martinez (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/technology/139354-lawmakers-slam-doj-prosecution-of-swartz-as-ridiculous-absurd/">"Lawmakers slam DOJ prosecution of Swartz as 'ridiculous, absurd'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hillicon Valley</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thehill.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Thehill.com">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417115912/http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/277353-lawmakers-blast-trumped-up-doj-prosecution-of-internet-activist">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hillicon+Valley&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+slam+DOJ+prosecution+of+Swartz+as+%27ridiculous%2C+absurd%27&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Sasso&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=Jennifer+Martinez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Ftechnology%2F139354-lawmakers-slam-doj-prosecution-of-swartz-as-ridiculous-absurd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPo15-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPo15_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPo15_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2013" class="citation news cs1">Reilly, Ryan J. (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/15/darrell-issa-aaron-swartz-_n_2481450.html">"Darrell Issa Probing Prosecution of Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer Who Killed Himself"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120072228/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/15/darrell-issa-aaron-swartz-_n_2481450.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Darrell+Issa+Probing+Prosecution+of+Aaron+Swartz%2C+Internet+Pioneer+Who+Killed+Himself&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F15%2Fdarrell-issa-aaron-swartz-_n_2481450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornyn.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=74c0afb3-1bc2-49f5-9150-0a8f004ef438">"United States Senator John Cornyn, Texas"</a>. <i>United States Senator John Cornyn, Texas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210528/http://www.cornyn.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=74c0afb3-1bc2-49f5-9150-0a8f004ef438">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senator+John+Cornyn%2C+Texas&rft.atitle=United+States+Senator+John+Cornyn%2C+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornyn.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2F%3Fa%3DFiles.Serve%26File_id%3D74c0afb3-1bc2-49f5-9150-0a8f004ef438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2013" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, Matt (January 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-aaron-swartz-congressional-scrutiny-20130118,0,640020.story">"Aaron Swartz suicide has U.S. lawmakers scrutinizing prosecutors"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120061624/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-aaron-swartz-congressional-scrutiny-20130118,0,640020.story">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+suicide+has+U.S.+lawmakers+scrutinizing+prosecutors&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fnationnow%2Fla-na-nn-aaron-swartz-congressional-scrutiny-20130118%2C0%2C640020.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2013" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Zach (January 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/18/john-cornyn-eric-holder-aaron-swartz_n_2505528.html">"John Cornyn Criticizes Eric Holder Over Aaron Swartz's Death"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050630/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/18/john-cornyn-eric-holder-aaron-swartz_n_2505528.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=John+Cornyn+Criticizes+Eric+Holder+Over+Aaron+Swartz%27s+Death&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F18%2Fjohn-cornyn-eric-holder-aaron-swartz_n_2505528.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/inside-politics/2013/jan/18/top-senator-scolds-holder-over-reddit-founders-sui/">"Top senator scolds Holder over Reddit founder's suicide"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. January 18, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119223248/http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/inside-politics/2013/jan/18/top-senator-scolds-holder-over-reddit-founders-sui//">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Top+senator+scolds+Holder+over+Reddit+founder%27s+suicide&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fblog%2Finside-politics%2F2013%2Fjan%2F18%2Ftop-senator-scolds-holder-over-reddit-founders-sui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010125/http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2013-01-28-DEI-EEC-to-Holder-re-Aaron-Schwartz-prosecution.pdf">"Issa letter to Holder on Aaron Swartz case"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2013-01-28-DEI-EEC-to-Holder-re-Aaron-Schwartz-prosecution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issa+letter+to+Holder+on+Aaron+Swartz+case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foversight.house.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F01%2F2013-01-28-DEI-EEC-to-Holder-re-Aaron-Schwartz-prosecution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeri, David and David Frank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbur.org/2013/02/20/carmen-ortiz-investigation"><i>Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102080907/http://www.wbur.org/2013/02/20/carmen-ortiz-investigation">Archived</a> November 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBUR" class="mw-redirect" title="WBUR">WBUR</a>, February 20, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reich-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reich_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reich_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reich_221-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reilly, Ryan J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/22/aaron-swartz-prosecutors_n_2735675.html"><i>Aaron Swartz Prosecutors Weighed 'Guerilla' Manifesto, Justice Official Tells Congressional Committee</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625235548/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/22/aaron-swartz-prosecutors_n_2735675.html">Archived</a> June 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>, February 22, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dirt-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dirt_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirt_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirt_222-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masnick, Mike, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130223/02284022080/doj-admits-it-had-to-put-aaron-swartz-jail-to-save-face-over-arrest.shtml"><i>DOJ Admits It Had To Put Aaron Swartz In Jail To Save Face Over The Arrest</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625235549/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130223/02284022080/doj-admits-it-had-to-put-aaron-swartz-jail-to-save-face-over-arrest.shtml">Archived</a> June 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techdirt" title="Techdirt">techdirt</a>, February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnick2013" class="citation web cs1">Masnick, Mike (March 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130306/13444122220/holder-doj-used-discretion-bullying-swartz-press-lacked-discretion-quoting-facts.html">"Holder: DOJ used discretion in bullying Swartz, press lacked discretion in quoting facts"</a>. Techdirt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065823/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130306/13444122220/holder-doj-used-discretion-bullying-swartz-press-lacked-discretion-quoting-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holder%3A+DOJ+used+discretion+in+bullying+Swartz%2C+press+lacked+discretion+in+quoting+facts&rft.pub=Techdirt&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20130306%2F13444122220%2Fholder-doj-used-discretion-bullying-swartz-press-lacked-discretion-quoting-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnick2013" class="citation web cs1">Masnick, Mike (March 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130308/01330322250/aaron-swartzs-partner-accuses-doj-lying-seizing-evidence-without-warrant-withholding-exculpatory-evidence.html">"Aaron Swartz's partner accuses DOJ of lying, seizing evidence without a warrant & withholding exculpatory evidence"</a>. Techdirt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065814/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130308/01330322250/aaron-swartzs-partner-accuses-doj-lying-seizing-evidence-without-warrant-withholding-exculpatory-evidence.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aaron+Swartz%27s+partner+accuses+DOJ+of+lying%2C+seizing+evidence+without+a+warrant+%26+withholding+exculpatory+evidence&rft.pub=Techdirt&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20130308%2F01330322250%2Faaron-swartzs-partner-accuses-doj-lying-seizing-evidence-without-warrant-withholding-exculpatory-evidence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2013" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Zach (March 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/22/al-franken-eric-holder_n_2934627.html">"Al Franken Sends Eric Holder Letter Over 'Remarkably Aggressive' Aaron Swartz Prosecution"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325115528/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/22/al-franken-eric-holder_n_2934627.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Al+Franken+Sends+Eric+Holder+Letter+Over+%27Remarkably+Aggressive%27+Aaron+Swartz+Prosecution&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F22%2Fal-franken-eric-holder_n_2934627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2454">H.R. 2454</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress.gov</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr2454">H.R. 2454</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715064344/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr2454">Archived</a> July 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/GovTrack" title="GovTrack">GovTrack</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opencongress.org/bill/113-h2454/">H.R. 2454</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112102251/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/113-h2454/">Archived</a> November 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenCongress" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCongress">OpenCongress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1196">S. 1196</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress.gov</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s1196">S. 1196</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715040512/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s1196">Archived</a> July 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/GovTrack" title="GovTrack">GovTrack</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opencongress.org/bill/113-s1196/">S. 1196</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112102253/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/113-s1196/">Archived</a> November 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenCongress" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCongress">OpenCongress</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil2011" class="citation web cs1">Musil, Steven (November 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57564193-93/new-aarons-law-aims-to-alter-controversial-computer-fraud-law/">"New 'Aaron's Law' aims to alter controversial computer fraud law"</a>. <i>Internet & Media News</i>. CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116153556/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57564193-93/new-aarons-law-aims-to-alter-controversial-computer-fraud-law/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+%26+Media+News&rft.atitle=New+%27Aaron%27s+Law%27+aims+to+alter+controversial+computer+fraud+law&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-1023_3-57564193-93%2Fnew-aarons-law-aims-to-alter-controversial-computer-fraud-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2013" class="citation news cs1">Greenberg, Andrew 'Andy' (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/01/16/aarons-law-suggests-reforms-to-hacking-acts-but-not-enough-to-have-protected-aaron-swartz/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Aaron's Law' Suggests Reforms To Computer Fraud Act (But Not Enough To Have Protected Aaron Swartz)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120090102/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/01/16/aarons-law-suggests-reforms-to-hacking-acts-but-not-enough-to-have-protected-aaron-swartz/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%27Aaron%27s+Law%27+Suggests+Reforms+To+Computer+Fraud+Act+%28But+Not+Enough+To+Have+Protected+Aaron+Swartz%29&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Andrew+%27Andy%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fandygreenberg%2F2013%2F01%2F16%2Faarons-law-suggests-reforms-to-hacking-acts-but-not-enough-to-have-protected-aaron-swartz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, Oren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volokh.com/2013/01/27/aarons-law-drafting-the-best-limits-of-the-cfaa-and-a-reader-poll-on-a-few-examples-part-i/"><i>Aaron's Law, Drafting the Best Limits of the CFAA, And A Reader Poll on A Few Examples</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114902/http://volokh.com/2013/01/27/aarons-law-drafting-the-best-limits-of-the-cfaa-and-a-reader-poll-on-a-few-examples-part-i/">Archived</a> August 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Volokh_Conspiracy" title="The Volokh Conspiracy">Volokh Conspiracy</a>, January 27, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/secure/ask-congress-to-decriminalize-internet-terms-service">"Help Protect The Next Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>. Aclu.org. January 11, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130205224514/https://www.aclu.org/secure/ask-congress-to-decriminalize-internet-terms-service">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=Help+Protect+The+Next+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fsecure%2Fask-congress-to-decriminalize-internet-terms-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://action.eff.org/o/9042/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=9005">"Reform Draconian Computer Crime Law"</a>. Action.eff.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207081356/https://action.eff.org/o/9042/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=9005">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reform+Draconian+Computer+Crime+Law&rft.pub=Action.eff.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faction.eff.org%2Fo%2F9042%2Fp%2Fdia%2Faction%2Fpublic%2F%3Faction_KEY%3D9005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HAw1i4gOU4">"Video of Lawrence Lessig's lecture, <i>Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age</i>"</a>. February 20, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324010436/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HAw1i4gOU4">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2013</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+of+Lawrence+Lessig%27s+lecture%2C+Aaron%27s+Laws%3A+Law+and+Justice+in+a+Digital+Age&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9HAw1i4gOU4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Lessig" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence Lessig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lessig.org/2013/01/the-next-words-a-lecture-on-aarons-law/">"the next words: A Lecture on Aaron's Law"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+next+words%3A+A+Lecture+on+Aaron%27s+Law&rft.pub=Lessig&rft.au=Lawrence+Lessig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lessig.org%2F2013%2F01%2Fthe-next-words-a-lecture-on-aarons-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122174846/http://www.correntewire.com/transcript_lawrence_lessig_on_aarons_laws_law_and_justice_in_a_digital_age">"Transcript: Lawrence Lessig on 'Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.correntewire.com/transcript_lawrence_lessig_on_aarons_laws_law_and_justice_in_a_digital_age">the original</a> on November 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript%3A+Lawrence+Lessig+on+%27Aaron%27s+Laws%3A+Law+and+Justice+in+a+Digital+Age%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.correntewire.com%2Ftranscript_lawrence_lessig_on_aarons_laws_law_and_justice_in_a_digital_age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardcrcl.org/a-summary-of-laurence-lessigs-chair-lecture-at-harvard-law-school/">"Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review – A summary of Lawrence Lessig's Chair Lecture at Harvard Law School"</a>. Harvardcrcl.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=White+House+Issues+Public+Access+Directive&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Fdigital%2Fcopyright%2Farticle%2F56076-in-historic-act-obama-administration-issues-public-access-directive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaronswartzday.org">Aaron Swartz Day</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak2013" class="citation news cs1">Zak, Dan (July 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/print-this-web-page-mail-it-to-mexico-citys-labor-gallery-make-art/2013/07/26/534e2582-f320-11e2-ae43-b31dc363c3bf_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Printing Out the Internet' exhibit is crowdsourced work of art"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017162802/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-26/lifestyle/40864364_1_aaron-swartz-art-gallery-gesture">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Printing+Out+the+Internet%27+exhibit+is+crowdsourced+work+of+art&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fprint-this-web-page-mail-it-to-mexico-citys-labor-gallery-make-art%2F2013%2F07%2F26%2F534e2582-f320-11e2-ae43-b31dc363c3bf_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crowdsourced-art-project-aims-to-print-out-entire-internet-1.1355322">"Crowdsourced art project aims to print out entire internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crowdsourced+art+project+aims+to+print+out+entire+internet&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fcrowdsourced-art-project-aims-to-print-out-entire-internet-1.1355322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takepart.com/internets-own-boy">"Aaron Swartz documentary"</a>. <i>TakePart</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119173725/http://www.takepart.com/internets-own-boy">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=The+Internet%27s+Own+Boy%3A+The+Story+of+Aaron+Swartz%3A+Sundance+Review&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.aulast=DeFore&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Freview%2Finternets-own-boy-story-aaron-672701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-von_Busack-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-von_Busack_253-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-von_Busack_253-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Busack" class="citation news cs1">von Busack, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html">"Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest"</a>. <i>Metro Silicon Valley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916122214/http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Silicon+Valley&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Internet%3A+Killswitch+Screens+at+Cinequest&rft.aulast=von+Busack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcinequest-2015%2FKillswitch-Edward-Snowden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swegles-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swegles_254-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swegles_254-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwegles" class="citation news cs1">Swegles, Fred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html/">"Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie"</a>. <i>Orange County Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404084902/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=Battle+for+Internet+Control+Fuels+O.C.+-produced+Movie&rft.aulast=Swegles&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2Farticles%2Ffilm-657978-internet-big.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grayson.house.gov-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grayson.house.gov_255-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grayson.house.gov_255-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson" class="citation news cs1">Grayson, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162553/http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary">"Grayson Screen Award Winning "Killswitch" Documentary"</a>. Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary">the original</a> on February 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Price+That+You+Pay+for+Rocking+The+Boat&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frep-alan-grayson%2Faaron-swartz-killswitch_b_6957576.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation news cs1">Gill, Kathy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekwire.com/2015/lawrence-lessig-seattle-money-politics-battle-internet/">"Lawrence Lessig at 'Killswitch' Seattle Premiere: Money, Politics, and the Battle for the Internet"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Lessig+at+%27Killswitch%27+Seattle+Premiere%3A+Money%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Battle+for+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekwire.com%2F2015%2Flawrence-lessig-seattle-money-politics-battle-internet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OhyBJxg9RA">"Aaron's excerpt in War for the Web"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. January 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Aaron%27s+excerpt+in+War+for+the+Web&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-OhyBJxg9RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/review/rw3699631/?ref_=tt_urv">"Comment about the cancellation of the documentary by peter-400-501642"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=%27Think+Aaron%27+Movie+Based+on+Life+Of+%22Hacktivist%27+Aaron+Swartz+in+Works+at+HBO+Films&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2017%2F12%2Fthink-aaron-movie-based-on-life-of-hacktivist-aaron-swartz-in-works-at-hbo-films-1202218389%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendler2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hendler" title="James Hendler">Hendler, James</a> (November 10, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aaron_Swartz_s_A_Programmable_Web_An_Unfinished_Work.pdf&page=11">"Foreword by James Hendler"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Aaron_Swartz_s_A_Programmable_Web_An_Unfinished_Work.pdf"><i>Aaron Swartz's A Programmable Web: An Unfinished Work</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Synthesis Lectures on Data, Semantics, and Knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Nature Switzerland">Springer Nature Switzerland</a>. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-79444-5">10.1007/978-3-031-79444-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-79444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-79444-5"><bdi>978-3-031-79444-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112032656/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Aaron_Swartz_s_A_Programmable_Web_An_Unfinished_Work.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>This document was originally produced in "markdown" format, a simplified HTML/Wiki format that Aaron co-designed with John Gruber ca. 2004.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+by+James+Hendler&rft.btitle=Aaron+Swartz%27s+A+Programmable+Web%3A+An+Unfinished+Work&rft.series=Synthesis+Lectures+on+Data%2C+Semantics%2C+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Switzerland&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-79444-5&rft.isbn=978-3-031-79444-5&rft.aulast=Hendler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3AAaron_Swartz_s_A_Programmable_Web_An_Unfinished_Work.pdf%26page%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrewinkelWinkler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krewinkel, Albert; Winkler, Robert (May 8, 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peerj.com/articles/cs-112/">"Formatting Open Science: agilely creating multiple document formats for academic manuscripts with Pandoc Scholar"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/PeerJ_Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="PeerJ Computer Science">PeerJ Computer Science</a></i>. <b>3</b>: 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj-cs.112">10.7717/peerj-cs.112</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202050144/https://peerj.com/articles/cs-112.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Markdown was originally developed by John Gruber in collaboration with Aaron Swartz, with the goal to simplify the writing of HTML documents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Formatting+Open+Science%3A+agilely+creating+multiple+document+formats+for+academic+manuscripts+with+Pandoc+Scholar&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj-cs.112&rft.aulast=Krewinkel&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeerj.com%2Farticles%2Fcs-112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/intro.html">"atx, the true structured text format"</a>. <i>www.aaronsw.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125194440/http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aaronsw.com&rft.atitle=atx%2C+the+true+structured+text+format&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2F2002%2Fatx%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gruber" title="John Gruber">Gruber, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#philosophy">"Daring Fireball – Markdown – Syntax"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daring_Fireball" class="mw-redirect" title="Daring Fireball">Daring Fireball</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222052002/http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#philosophy">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daring+Fireball+%E2%80%93+Markdown+%E2%80%93+Syntax&rft.pub=Daring+Fireball&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaringfireball.net%2Fprojects%2Fmarkdown%2Fsyntax%23philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/members.html">"RDFCore Working Group Membership"</a>. W3. December 1, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115180239/http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/members.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RDFCore+Working+Group+Membership&rft.pub=W3&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Fsw%2FRDFCore%2Fmembers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz, A. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3870">"Request for Comments No. 3870, 'application/rdf+xml' Media Type Registration"</a>. <i>Network Working Group</i>. The Internet Society. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3870">10.17487/RFC3870</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917134108/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3870">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>. <q>A media type for use with the Extensible Markup Language serialization of the Resource Description Framework.... [It] allows RDF consumers to identify RDF/XML documents....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Network+Working+Group&rft.atitle=Request+for+Comments+No.+3870%2C+%27application%2Frdf%2Bxml%27+Media+Type+Registration&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3870&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc3870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulsen2013" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Poulsen" title="Kevin Poulsen">Poulsen, Kevin</a> (March 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/05/strongbox-and-aaron-swartz.html">"Strongbox and Aaron Swartz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605165342/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/05/strongbox-and-aaron-swartz.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Strongbox+and+Aaron+Swartz&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Poulsen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fnewsdesk%2F2013%2F05%2Fstrongbox-and-aaron-swartz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2013" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Davidson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Davidson (author)">Davidson, Amy</a> (May 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/05/introducing-strongbox-anonymous-document-sharing-tool.html">"Introducing Strongbox"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629182444/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/05/introducing-strongbox-anonymous-document-sharing-tool.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Introducing+Strongbox&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fcloseread%2F2013%2F05%2Fintroducing-strongbox-anonymous-document-sharing-tool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassner2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Kassner, Michael (May 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/aaron-swartz-legacy-lives-on-with-new-yorkers-strongbox-how-it-works/">"Aaron Swartz legacy lives on with <i>New Yorker</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Strongbox: How it works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechRepublic" title="TechRepublic">TechRepublic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729032429/http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/aaron-swartz-legacy-lives-on-with-new-yorkers-strongbox-how-it-works/">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz+legacy+lives+on+with+New+Yorker%27s+Strongbox%3A+How+it+works&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft.aulast=Kassner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Fblog%2Fit-security%2Faaron-swartz-legacy-lives-on-with-new-yorkers-strongbox-how-it-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton2013" class="citation web cs1">Charlton, Alistair (October 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090350/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/514298/20131016/securedrop-aaron-swartz-wikileaks-style-anonymous-submission.htm">"Aaron Swartz-Designed Whistleblower Tool SecureDrop Launched by Press Freedom Foundation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/514298/20131016/securedrop-aaron-swartz-wikileaks-style-anonymous-submission.htm">the original</a> on October 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Aaron+Swartz-Designed+Whistleblower+Tool+SecureDrop+Launched+by+Press+Freedom+Foundation&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F514298%2F20131016%2Fsecuredrop-aaron-swartz-wikileaks-style-anonymous-submission.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron2008" class="citation web cs1">Aaron, Swartz (October 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/tor2web">"In Defense of Anonymity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820145558/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/tor2web">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Anonymity&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.aufirst=Swartz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Ftor2web&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetter2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Zetter, Kim (December 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2008/12/tor-anonymized/">"New Service Makes Tor Anonymized Content Available to All"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318042302/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/12/tor-anonymized/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=New+Service+Makes+Tor+Anonymized+Content+Available+to+All&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft.aulast=Zetter&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2008%2F12%2Ftor-anonymized%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2008" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Jacqui (December 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/12/tor2web-brings-anonymous-tor-sites-to-the-regular-web/">"tor2web brings anonymous Tor sites to the "regular" web"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102014621/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/12/tor2web-brings-anonymous-tor-sites-to-the-regular-web/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=tor2web+brings+anonymous+Tor+sites+to+the+%22regular%22+web&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Funcategorized%2F2008%2F12%2Ftor2web-brings-anonymous-tor-sites-to-the-regular-web%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?409990-4/justin-peters-discusses-idealist">Presentation by Justin Peters on <i>The Idealist</i>, June 11, 2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanos,_Janelle2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nanos, Janelle (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026160508/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2014/01/02/bob-swartz-losing-aaron/">"Losing Aaron"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_(magazine)" title="Boston (magazine)">Boston</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2014/01/02/bob-swartz-losing-aaron/">the original</a> on October 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston&rft.atitle=Losing+Aaron&rft.date=2014-01&rft.au=Nanos%2C+Janelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2014%2F01%2F02%2Fbob-swartz-losing-aaron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Justin (2016). <i>The Idealist: Aaron Swartz and the Rise of Free Culture on the Internet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-6772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-6772-7"><bdi>978-1-4767-6772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idealist%3A+Aaron+Swartz+and+the+Rise+of+Free+Culture+on+the+Internet&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-6772-7&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAaron+Swartz" class="Z3988"></span> Biography of Swartz.</li> <li>Poulsen, Kevin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/07/mit-swartz-intervene/">MIT Moves to Intervene in Release of Aaron Swartz's Secret Service File</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. July 18, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary">Documentary</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Knappenberger" title="Brian Knappenberger">Brian Knappenberger</a> (Producer and Director), <i><a href="//archive.org/details/TheInternetsOwnBoyTheStoryOfAaronSwartz" class="extiw" title="iarchive:TheInternetsOwnBoyTheStoryOfAaronSwartz">The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz</a>.</i> Participant Media: 2014. <small>Via The Internet Archive, Run time: 105 minutes.</small></li> <li>Ali Akbarzadeh (Director), <i><a href="/wiki/Killswitch_(film)" title="Killswitch (film)">Killswitch: The Battle to Control the Internet</a></i>, Akorn Entertainment: 2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Aaron Swartz</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aaron_Swartz" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Aaron Swartz">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Aaron_Swartz" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Aaron Swartz">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" class="extiw" title="q:Aaron Swartz">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Aaron_Hillel_Swartz" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Aaron Hillel Swartz">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302817" class="extiw" title="d:Q302817">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302817#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/aaronsw">Aaron Swartz</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/aaronsw">Aaron Swartz</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302817#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114025008/http://www.rememberaaronsw.com/">Remembrances</a> (2013– ) with obituary and official statement from family and partner</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/aaronsw" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aaronsw"><i>The Aaron Swartz Collection</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> (2013– ) (podcasts, e-mail correspondence, other materials)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2290901/">Aaron Swartz</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/gov.uscourts.mad.137971" class="extiw" title="iarchive:gov.uscourts.mad.137971">Case Docket: <i>US v. Swartz</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swartz-report.mit.edu">Report to the President: MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.jstor.org/">JSTOR Evidence in <i>United States vs. Aaron Swartz</i></a> – A collection of documents and events from JSTOR's perspective. Hundreds of emails and other documents they provided the government concerning the case.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swartzfiles.com/">Federal law enforcement documents about Aaron Swartz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212094612/https://swartzfiles.com/">Archived</a> December 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, released under the Freedom of Information Act</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_Hall_of_Fame80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Internet Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Internet Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_Hall_of_Fame80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pioneers80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pioneers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Cohen_(computer_scientist)" title="Danny Cohen (computer scientist)">Danny Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Elizabeth J. Feinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Charles Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David Farber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_(network_engineer)" title="Howard Frank (network engineer)">Howard Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchana_Kanchanasut" title="Kanchana Kanchanasut">Kanchana Kanchanasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Murai" title="Jun Murai">Jun Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Neggers" title="Kees Neggers">Kees Neggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Quaynor" title="Nii Quaynor">Nii Quaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ricart" title="Glenn Ricart">Glenn Ricart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Stephen Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Zorn" title="Werner Zorn">Werner Zorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrada" title="Susan Estrada">Susan Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Jennings_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)">Dennis Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Nordhagen_(physicist)" title="Rolf Nordhagen (physicist)">Rolf Nordhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global_connectors80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global connectors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Bush_(scientist)" title="Randy Bush (scientist)">Randy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilnam_Chon" title="Kilnam Chon">Kilnam Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hafkin" title="Nancy Hafkin">Nancy Hafkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Huston_(scientist)" title="Geoff Huston (scientist)">Geoff Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Karrenberg" title="Daniel Karrenberg">Daniel Karrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Takahashi_(Internet)" title="Toru Takahashi (Internet)">Toru Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tin_Wee" title="Tan Tin Wee">Tan Tin Wee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Banks" title="Karen Banks">Karen Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gihan_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gihan Dias (page does not exist)">Gihan Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anriette_Esterhuysen" title="Anriette Esterhuysen">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Goldstein_(NSF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Goldstein (NSF) (page does not exist)">Steve Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teus_Hagen" title="Teus Hagen">Teus Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Holz" title="Ida Holz">Ida Holz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiheng" title="Hu Qiheng">Qiheng Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruhisa_Ishida" title="Haruhisa Ishida">Haruhisa Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Leiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Leiner (page does not exist)">Barry Leiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sadowsky" title="George Sadowsky">George Sadowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Davies_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Davies (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">Dai Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi_Getschko" title="Demi Getschko">Demi Getschko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaki_Hirabaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaki Hirabaru (page does not exist)">Masaki Hirabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Huizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Huizer (page does not exist)">Erik Huizer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Huter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Huter (page does not exist)">Steve Huter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Induruwa" title="Abhaya Induruwa">Abhaya Induruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_Muthoni" title="Dorcas Muthoni">Dorcas Muthoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabir_Pun" title="Mahabir Pun">Mahabir Pun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srinivasan_Ramani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srinivasan Ramani (page does not exist)">Srinivasan Ramani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(internet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Roberts (internet) (page does not exist)">Michael Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Segal_(computer_scientist)" title="Ben Segal (computer scientist)">Ben Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Van_Houweling" title="Douglas Van Houweling">Douglas Van Houweling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Bukhalid" title="Nabil Bukhalid">Nabil Bukhalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Fuchs" title="Ira Fuchs">Ira Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeki_Goto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeki Goto (page does not exist)">Shigeki Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jensen_(internet_pioneer)" title="Mike Jensen (internet pioneer)">Mike Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermanno_Pietrosemoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermanno Pietrosemoli (page does not exist)">Ermanno Pietrosemoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Takahashi" title="Tadao Takahashi">Tadao Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Utreras" title="Florencio Utreras">Florencio Utreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jianping" title="Wu Jianping">Wu Jianping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Innovators80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Innovators</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Landweber" title="Lawrence Landweber">Lawrence Landweber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zimmermann" title="Phil Zimmermann">Phil Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fl%C3%BCckiger" title="François Flückiger">François Flückiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">Stephen Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder" title="Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder">Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Schulzrinne" title="Henning Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cioffi" title="John Cioffi">John Cioffi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hualin_Qian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hualin Qian (page does not exist)">Hualin Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Akkerhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Akkerhuis (page does not exist)">Jaap Akkerhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Andres" title="Yvonne Andres">Yvonne Marie Andres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Krol" title="Ed Krol">Ed Krol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_LaQuey_Parker" title="Tracy LaQuey Parker">Tracy LaQuey Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Partridge" title="Craig Partridge">Craig Partridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inductees_since_201980" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees since 2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiel_Akplogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiel Akplogan (page does not exist)">Adiel Akplogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Claffy" title="KC Claffy">Kimberly Claffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Comer" title="Douglas Comer">Douglas Comer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elise_Gerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elise Gerich (page does not exist)">Elise Gerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Irving" title="Larry Irving">Larry Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Lynch" title="Daniel C. Lynch">Dan Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Armour_Polly" title="Jean Armour Polly">Jean Armour Polly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Soriano (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">José Soriano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Stanton_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Stanton (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Michael Stanton</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stanton" class="extiw" title="pt:Michael Stanton">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Wierenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Wierenga (page does not exist)">Klaas Wierenga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suguru_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suguru Yamaguchi (page does not exist)">Suguru Yamaguchi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:山口英">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Afonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Afonso (page does not exist)">Carlos Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Blokzijl" title="Rob Blokzijl">Rob Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Braun (page does not exist)">Hans-Werner Braun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Braun" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Werner Braun">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frode_Greisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frode Greisen (page does not exist)">Frode Greisen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gruntorad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gruntorad (page does not exist)">Jan Gruntorad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Hahn (page does not exist)">Saul Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hubbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hubbard (page does not exist)">Kim Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ibarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Ibarra (page does not exist)">Rafael Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xing_Li_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xing Li (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Xing Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">Yngvar Lundh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" title="Dan Kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DaeYoung_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DaeYoung Kim (page does not exist)">DaeYoung Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Klingenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Klingenstein (page does not exist)">Kenneth Klingenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Pisanty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Pisanty (page does not exist)">Alejandro Pisanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rekhter" title="Yakov Rekhter">Yakov Rekhter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Smith_(network_engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Smith (network engineer) (page does not exist)">Philip Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liane_Tarouco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liane Tarouco (page does not exist)">Liane Tarouco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Margarida_Rockenbach_Tarouco" class="extiw" title="pt:Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Travers (page does not exist)">Virginia Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixia_Zhang" title="Lixia Zhang">Lixia Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Bhushan" title="Abhay Bhushan">Abhay Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Breeden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Breeden (page does not exist)">Laura Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Moura_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Moura Campos (page does not exist)">Ivan Moura Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Cisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Cisler (page does not exist)">Steve Cisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)">Peter Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Richard_Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Richard Glaser (page does not exist)">Hartmut Richard Glaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Simon S. Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schrader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schrader (page does not exist)">William Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_T%C3%A9ramond_Peralta" title="Guy de Téramond Peralta">Guy de Téramond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reddit349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ff4500; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reddit" title="Template:Reddit"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reddit" title="Template talk:Reddit"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reddit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reddit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reddit349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Reddit</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Reddit" title="Timeline of Reddit">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mister_Splashy_Pants" title="Mister Splashy Pants">Mister Splashy Pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Button_(Reddit)" title="The Button (Reddit)">The Button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/place" title="R/place">Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Reddit_API_controversy" title="2023 Reddit API controversy">2023 API controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Number_Six" title="Celebrity Number Six">Celebrity Number Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">Subreddits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R/AmItheAsshole" title="R/AmItheAsshole">AmItheAsshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/art" title="R/art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/AskHistorians" title="R/AskHistorians">AskHistorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/AskReddit" title="R/AskReddit">AskReddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/BreadStapledToTrees" title="R/BreadStapledToTrees">BreadStapledToTrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/changemyview" title="R/changemyview">ChangeMyView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/dataisbeautiful" title="R/dataisbeautiful">DataIsBeautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/Feminism" title="R/Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/HaveWeMet" title="R/HaveWeMet">HaveWeMet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/IAmA" title="R/IAmA">IAmA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/malefashionadvice" title="R/malefashionadvice">MaleFashionAdvice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/nosleep" title="R/nosleep">nosleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Polandball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/science" title="R/science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/wallstreetbets" title="R/wallstreetbets">WallStreetBets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GameStop_short_squeeze" title="GameStop short squeeze">GameStop short squeeze</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Controversial_subreddits61" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6"><a href="/wiki/Controversial_Reddit_communities" title="Controversial Reddit communities">Controversial subreddits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">antiwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain_Award" title="Herman Cain Award">HermanCainAward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoFap" title="NoFap">NoFap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctioned_Suicide" title="Sanctioned Suicide">SanctionedSuicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snark_subreddits" title="Snark subreddits">Snark subreddits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/The_Donald" title="R/The Donald">The_Donald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">Current executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Huffman" title="Steve Huffman">Steve Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Seibel" title="Michael Seibel">Michael Seibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Slowe" title="Christopher Slowe">Christopher Slowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">Former executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Ohanian" title="Alexis Ohanian">Alexis Ohanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pao" title="Ellen Pao">Ellen Pao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Wong" title="Yishan Wong">Yishan Wong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">Users</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9" title="9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9">_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gill" title="Keith Gill">DeepFuckingValue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Janse_van_Rensburg" title="Hector Janse van Rensburg">Shitty_Watercolour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidan" title="Unidan">Unidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Morrison" title="Ryan Morrison">VideoGameAttorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Blue" title="Alien Blue">Alien Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeaningCloud" title="MeaningCloud">MeaningCloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #dae0e6">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(app)" title="Apollo (app)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imgur" title="Imgur">Imgur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedditGifts" title="RedditGifts">RedditGifts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #7193ff; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Reddit" title="Category:Reddit"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1768" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1768" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000401839430">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/296671122">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1929384/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrQjwhT6ggDybYm9CYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/104371300X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013012100">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17135357x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17135357x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017947426&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p402092414">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1470399605852">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007360426305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/51/3799">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/26467fed-1c0b-4039-926a-b5879da6ea90">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/181263181">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7dfdf5498‐rs44d Cached time: 20250220114047 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.726 seconds Real time usage: 3.114 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21537/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 738883/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18707/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 24/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1072454/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.726/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13966558/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 280 ms 14.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 240 ms 12.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 200 ms 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