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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-La_protoindustrializacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_protoindustrializacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>La protoindustrializacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_protoindustrializacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Premiera_Revolucion_Industriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Premiera_Revolucion_Industriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>La Premiera Revolucion Industriala</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-La_Premiera_Revolucion_Industriala-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció La Premiera Revolucion Industriala</span> </button> <ul id="toc-La_Premiera_Revolucion_Industriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lei_factors_determinants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_factors_determinants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lei factors determinants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_factors_determinants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_dau_textil_e_de_la_metallurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_desvolopament_dau_textil_e_de_la_metallurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lo desvolopament dau textil e de la metallurgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_dau_textil_e_de_la_metallurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_generalizacion_de_l'usatge_de_la_vapor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_generalizacion_de_l'usatge_de_la_vapor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>La generalizacion de l'usatge de la vapor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_generalizacion_de_l'usatge_de_la_vapor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_premierei_regions_industrialas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_premierei_regions_industrialas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lei premierei regions industrialas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_premierei_regions_industrialas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'aparicion_dau_proletariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'aparicion_dau_proletariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>L'aparicion dau proletariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'aparicion_dau_proletariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Segonda_Revolucion_Industriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Segonda_Revolucion_Industriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>La Segonda Revolucion Industriala</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-La_Segonda_Revolucion_Industriala-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció La Segonda Revolucion Industriala</span> </button> <ul id="toc-La_Segonda_Revolucion_Industriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'aparicion_de_l'electricitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'aparicion_de_l'electricitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>L'aparicion de l'electricitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'aparicion_de_l'electricitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_petròli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_petròli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lo petròli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_petròli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_siderurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_siderurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>La siderurgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_siderurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'aparicion_de_l'industria_quimica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'aparicion_de_l'industria_quimica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>L'aparicion de l'industria quimica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'aparicion_de_l'industria_quimica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'automobila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'automobila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>L'automobila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'automobila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_revolucions_industrialas_ulterioras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_revolucions_industrialas_ulterioras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lei revolucions industrialas ulterioras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_revolucions_industrialas_ulterioras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Revolucion industriala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 140 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8volusi_industri" title="Rèvolusi industri - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rèvolusi industri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_Revolusie" title="Industriële Revolusie - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Industriële Revolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolution" title="Industrielle Revolution - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Industrielle Revolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5" title="የኢንዱስትሪ አብዮት - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኢንዱስትሪ አብዮት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" title="Revolución industrial - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Revolución industrial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة الصناعية - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الصناعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الثوره الصناعيه - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الثوره الصناعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B1" title="শিল্প বিপ্লৱ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিল্প বিপ্লৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" title="Revolución industrial - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución industrial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99naye_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Sənaye inqilabı - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sənaye inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صنایع اینقیلابی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صنایع اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Сәнәғәт инҡилабы - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәнәғәт инҡилабы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramuon%C4%97s_perversmos" title="Pramuonės perversmos - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pramuonės perversmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриална революция - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индустриална революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="শিল্প বিপ্লব - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিল্প বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispac%27h_Greantel" title="Dispac'h Greantel - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dispac'h Greantel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ажаүйлэдбэриин хубисхал - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ажаүйлэдбэриин хубисхал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Industrial" title="Revolució Industrial - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució Industrial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индустрин революци - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Индустрин революци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="شۆڕشی پیشەسازانە - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆڕشی پیشەسازانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanay%C4%B1_inqil%C3%A2b%C4%B1" title="Sanayı inqilâbı - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sanayı inqilâbı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%AFmyslov%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Průmyslová revoluce - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Průmyslová revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Chwyldro_Diwydiannol" title="Y Chwyldro Diwydiannol - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Chwyldro Diwydiannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recomanat"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_industrielle_revolution" title="Den industrielle revolution - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den industrielle revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolution" title="Industrielle Revolution - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Industrielle Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nq%C4%B1lab%C3%AA_senayiye" title="İnqılabê senayiye - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İnqılabê senayiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βιομηχανική επανάσταση - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιομηχανική επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_revolucio" title="Industria revolucio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Industria revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución Industrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6stuslik_p%C3%B6%C3%B6re" title="Tööstuslik pööre - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööstuslik pööre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_Iraultza" title="Industria Iraultza - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Industria Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Endustrial" title="Revolución Endustrial - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Revolución Endustrial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انقلاب صنعتی - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب صنعتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teollinen_vallankumous" title="Teollinen vallankumous - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teollinen vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCst%C3%BCsp%C3%B6%C3%B6req" title="Tüüstüspööreq - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tüüstüspööreq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ddna%C3%B0arkollveltingin" title="Ídnaðarkollveltingin - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ídnaðarkollveltingin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle" title="Révolution industrielle - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution industrielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzion_industri%C3%A2l" title="Rivoluzion industriâl - friolan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rivoluzion industriâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friolan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndustri%C3%ABle_Revol%C3%BAsje" title="Yndustriële Revolúsje - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndustriële Revolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_Thionscla%C3%ADoch" title="An Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="工業革命" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volousyon_endistri%C3%A8l" title="Révolousyon endistrièl - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Révolousyon endistrièl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionndadh_Gn%C3%AComhachais" title="Tionndadh Gnìomhachais - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tionndadh Gnìomhachais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Industrial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27aporeko_%C3%91epu%27%C3%A3" title="Mba'aporeko Ñepu'ã - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'aporeko Ñepu'ã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%94%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="ઔદ્યોગિક ક્રાંતિ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઔદ્યોગિક ક્રાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה התעשייתית - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה התעשייתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक क्रांति - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipari_forradalom" title="Ipari forradalom - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ipari forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արդյունաբերական հեղափոխություն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդյունաբերական հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Industri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Industrial" title="Revolution Industrial - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Revolution Industrial" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_a_Rebolusion" title="Industrial a Rebolusion - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Industrial a Rebolusion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriala_Revoluciono" title="Industriala Revoluciono - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Industriala Revoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0nbyltingin" title="Iðnbyltingin - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Iðnbyltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_industriale" title="Rivoluzione industriale - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione industriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="産業革命 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="産業革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoschrial_Revaluushan" title="Indoschrial Revaluushan - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indoschrial Revaluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volusi_indhustri" title="Révolusi indhustri - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Révolusi indhustri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინდუსტრიული რევოლუცია - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდუსტრიული რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ndiris_revolyutsiyas%C4%B1" title="Óndiris revolyutsiyası - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Óndiris revolyutsiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Индустриал револуциэ - kabardí" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Индустриал револуциэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%9Bl%C9%A9_l%C9%9B%C9%9Bz%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Ama_s%C9%94s%C9%94na_(R%C3%A9volution_industrielle)" title="Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle) - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Өнеркәсіп төңкерісі - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өнеркәсіп төңкерісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%A7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="បដិវត្តន៍ឧស្សាហកម្ម - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បដិវត្តន៍ឧស្សាហកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="산업 혁명 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산업 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриял революция - karatxai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Индустриял революция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatxai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eore%C5%9Fa_p%C3%AE%C5%9Fesaziy%C3%AA" title="Şoreşa pîşesaziyê - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şoreşa pîşesaziyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweldro_Dhiwysyansek" title="Hweldro Dhiwysyansek - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hweldro Dhiwysyansek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D3%A9%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Өнөр жай төңкөрүшү - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өнөр жай төңкөрүшү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversio_industrialis" title="Conversio industrialis - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conversio industrialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolui_Industrial" title="Revolui Industrial - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Revolui Industrial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3" title="ການປະຕິວັດອຸດສາຫະກຳ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການປະຕິວັດອຸດສາຫະກຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramon%C4%97s_perversmas" title="Pramonės perversmas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pramonės perversmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABpniecisk%C4%81_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Rūpnieciskā revolūcija - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūpnieciskā revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Revolusi Industri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индустриска револуција - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индустриска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യവസായവിപ്ലവം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യവസായവിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Аж үйлдвэрийн хувьсгал - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аж үйлдвэрийн хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="औद्योगिक क्रांती - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Perindustrian" title="Revolusi Perindustrian - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Perindustrian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzzjoni_Industrijali" title="Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebolu%C3%A7on_Andustrial" title="Reboluçon Andustrial - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Reboluçon Andustrial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရေး - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolutschoon" title="Industrielle Revolutschoon - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Industrielle Revolutschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriele_revoluty" title="Industriele revoluty - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Industriele revoluty" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_revolutie" title="Industriële revolutie - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Industriële revolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_industrielle_revolusjonen" title="Den industrielle revolusjonen - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den industrielle revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_industrielle_revolusjon" title="Den industrielle revolusjon - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den industrielle revolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸਨਅਤੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਨਅਤੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolushon_Industrial" title="Revolushon Industrial - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Revolushon Industrial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_przemys%C5%82owa" title="Rewolucja przemysłowa - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja przemysłowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="صنعتی انقلاب - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صنعتی انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="رغاويز اوښتون - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رغاويز اوښتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Industrial" title="Revolução Industrial - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Industrial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83" title="Revoluția industrială - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția industrială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Промышленная революция - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промышленная революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Промыслова револуція - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Промыслова револуція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolutzione_industriale" title="Rivolutzione industriale - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rivolutzione industriale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivuluzzioni_nnustriali" title="Rivuluzzioni nnustriali - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rivuluzzioni nnustriali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="කාර්මික විප්ලවය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාර්මික විප්ලවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priemyseln%C3%A1_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Priemyselná revolúcia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priemyselná revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucioni_Industrial" title="Revolucioni Industrial - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Revolucioni Industrial" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индустријска револуција - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индустријска револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriella_revolutionen" title="Industriella revolutionen - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Industriella revolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapinduzi_ya_Viwandani" title="Mapinduzi ya Viwandani - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapinduzi ya Viwandani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தொழிற்புரட்சி - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழிற்புரட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="การปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebolusyong_Industriyal" title="Rebolusyong Industriyal - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rebolusyong Industriyal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanayi_Devrimi" title="Sanayi Devrimi - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanayi Devrimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkutsulo_wa_Vumaki" title="Nkutsulo wa Vumaki - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nkutsulo wa Vumaki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4n%C3%A4%C4%9Fi_inq%C4%B1ylab" title="Sänäği inqıylab - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Sänäği inqıylab" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Промислова революція - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Промислова революція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="صنعتی انقلاب - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صنعتی انقلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoat_to%CA%BBntarishi" title="Sanoat toʻntarishi - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sanoat toʻntarishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialine_revol%C3%BCcii" title="Industrialine revolücii - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Industrialine revolücii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Cách mạng Công nghiệp - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Công nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebolusyon_Industriyal" title="Rebolusyon Industriyal - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rebolusyon Industriyal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一次工业革命" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינדוסטריעלע רעוואלוציע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינדוסטריעלע רעוואלוציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunghyez_gwzming" title="Gunghyez gwzming - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gunghyez gwzming" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次工业革命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="工業革命" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-gia%CC%8Dp_Kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命 - 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alt="Aqueste article es redigit en provençau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>Pintura d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolph_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolph Menzel (la pagina existís pas)">Adolph Menzel</a> representant una scena dins una usina dau sègle XIX durant la Revolucion Industriala.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>Revolucion Industriala</b> es l'ensemble dei fenomèns de transformacions e d'evolucions de la societat e de l'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a> que se debanèron en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Occidentala" title="Euròpa Occidentala">Euròpa Occidentala</a> e dins lo nòrd-èst deis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a> au sègle XIX. Entraïnèron lo desvolopament de l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme">capitalisme</a>. Lei causas d'aquela evolucion, relativament lònga car durèt mai d'un sègle, foguèron una tiera d'innovacions <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnicas</a> que favorizèron la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecanizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecanizacion (la pagina existís pas)">mecanizacion</a> e PERU Y LIBE EN MARITXUS 2025 SE LIAN l'integracion dei mejans de produccion dins un endrech unic (l'<a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usina</a>) a l'entorn de <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a> costosas crompadas per de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietat_privada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proprietat privada (la pagina existís pas)">capitaus privats</a>. Veguèt una aumentacion sensa precedents dins l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">umana</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Productivitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Productivitat (la pagina existís pas)">productivitat</a> e lei sectors industriaus novèus se multipliquèron rapidament (<a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">siderurgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a>...). </p><p>Lei consequéncias d'aquela evolucion foguèron fòrça nombrosas. Au nivèu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geopolitica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geopolitica (la pagina existís pas)">geopolitic</a>, l'Occident venguèt la premiera poissança mondiala e lo capitalisme lo sistèma economic e politic predominant. Au nivèu economic, leis obradors individuaus dispareguèron au profiech de companhiás emplegant de centenaus ò de miliers de salariats organizats segon de principis <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientifics</a> coma lo <a href="/wiki/Taylorisme" title="Taylorisme">taylorisme</a> ò lo <a href="/wiki/Fordisme" title="Fordisme">fordisme</a>. Esplechada dins de condicions duras, aquela <a href="/wiki/Classa_sociala" title="Classa sociala">classa</a> demandèt pauc a cha pauc lo respècte de sei <a href="/wiki/Drechs_de_l%27%C3%92me" class="mw-redirect" title="Drechs de l'Òme">drechs fondamentaus</a>. Aquò entraïnèt l'aparicion d'un modèl opausat au <a href="/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme">capitalisme</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme">comunisme</a>, que comencèt una lucha acarnada còntra son rivau. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_protoindustrializacion">La protoindustrializacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : La protoindustrializacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La protoindustrializacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Revolucion Industriala es la consequéncia de l'existéncia d'un quadre « protoindustriau » aparegut en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> dins lo corrent dau sègle XVIII<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Èra caracterizat per doas evolucions importantas que transformèron lentament lo quadre productiu eissit dau sistèma <a href="/wiki/Feudalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudalisme">feudau</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La premiera foguèt lo declin progressiu dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privil%C3%A8gi_(Ancian_Regime)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privilègi (Ancian Regime) (la pagina existís pas)">privilègis</a> que protegissián leis agents economics <a href="/wiki/Tradicion" title="Tradicion">tradicionaus</a> (companhiás reialas, <a href="/wiki/Corporacion" title="Corporacion">corporacions</a>...). La segonda, en partida responsabla de la premiera, foguèt l'expansion dau <a href="/wiki/Mercat" title="Mercat">mercat</a>, especialament dins lo domeni textil. Entraïnèron pauc a cha pauc la mesa en plaça d'una desparticion dei pretzfachs entre lei <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vilas</a> (qu'avián lo mestritge dei <a href="/wiki/Capitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitau">capitaus</a> e qu'asseguravan la finicion dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A8stit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vèstit (la pagina existís pas)">vèstits</a>) e lei zònas ruralas (qu'avián la fòrça de trabalh<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Lei marchands ò lei proprietaris circulant regularament entre lei <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vilas</a>, lei <a href="/wiki/Borg" title="Borg">borgs</a> e lei campanhas, en particular lei teisseires, aguèron un ròtle sovent important dins aqueleis evolucions. </p><p>Aqueleis ensembles protoindustriaus èran presents dins mai d'una region dau <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>. Pasmens, èran localizats dins d'endrechs precís e trabalhavan per de mercats determinats e relativament fixs. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/Occit%C3%A0nia" title="Occitània">Occitània</a>, lei productors de <a href="/wiki/Lana" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lana">lana</a> de <a href="/wiki/Lengad%C3%B2c" title="Lengadòc">Lengadòc</a> <a href="/wiki/Exportacion" title="Exportacion">exportavan</a> unicament sei produchs dins lo <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">bacin mediterranèu</a>. Una autra particularitat d'aquelei rets èra son implantacion fòrta dins lo teissut sociau car, dins mai d'una region, resistiguèron a l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industrializacion</a> fins a la fin dau sègle XIX<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_Premiera_Revolucion_Industriala">La Premiera Revolucion Industriala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : La Premiera Revolucion Industriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Premiera Revolucion Industriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_factors_determinants">Lei factors determinants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei factors determinants" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei factors determinants"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrializacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrializacion (la pagina existís pas)">industrializacion</a> foguèt la consequéncia de l'interaccion entre mai d'un factor : </p> <ul><li>la creissença <a href="/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia">demografica</a> <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">europèa</a> dau sègle XVIII que permetèt de formar de <a href="/wiki/Mercat" title="Mercat">mercats</a> intèrnes relativament importants e de provesir la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_d%27%C3%B2bra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man d'òbra (la pagina existís pas)">man d'òbra</a> necessària ais activitats.</li> <li>lei progrès <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricòlas</a> que favorizèron una aumentacion de la produccion de norridura, capabla de sostenir la creissença demografica<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>lo melhorament dei vias de comunicacion (<a href="/wiki/Rota" title="Rota">rotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canau">canaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rt" class="mw-disambig" title="Pòrt">pòrts</a>...) que favorizèt lei cambis de marchandisas.</li> <li>l'aparicion dei premierei <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a>.</li> <li>la formacion d'un quadre legau permetent a la <a href="/wiki/Borgesi%C3%A1" title="Borgesiá">borgesiá</a> d'investir dins leis estructuras <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economicas</a> novèlas (circulacion pus liura dei <a href="/wiki/Capitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitau">capitaus</a>, desvolopament dei <a href="/wiki/Banca" title="Banca">bancas</a>...)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>Aquelei transformacions foguèron iniciadas au <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a> gràcias a una evolucion dau ròtle de l'<a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estat</a> que menèt a l'adopcion de <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politicas</a> pus <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberalas</a>. Pasmens, d'autrei poissanças l'imitèron coma <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> qu'engatjèt de mejans importants per mantenir son reng de poissança majora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_desvolopament_dau_textil_e_de_la_metallurgia">Lo desvolopament dau textil e de la metallurgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo desvolopament dau textil e de la metallurgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo desvolopament dau textil e de la metallurgia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg/220px-Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg/330px-Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg/440px-Filatures_des_Calquieres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telier (la pagina existís pas)">Telier</a> mecanic de tipe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mule-jenny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mule-jenny (la pagina existís pas)">mule-jenny</a> de <a href="/wiki/1825" class="mw-redirect" title="1825">1825</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_textila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria textila (la pagina existís pas)">Industria textila</a>.</div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_textila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria textila (la pagina existís pas)">industria textila</a> foguèt lo premier sector tocat per l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industrializacion</a> au <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a>. D'efiech, a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1730" title="Ans 1730">ans 1730</a>, divèrseis <a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">invencions</a> favorizèron la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecanizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecanizacion (la pagina existís pas)">mecanizacion</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filatura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filatura (la pagina existís pas)">filatura</a> e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teissedura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teissedura (la pagina existís pas)">teissedura</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a>. La premiera innovacion importanta foguèt la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naveta_volanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naveta volanta (la pagina existís pas)">naveta volanta</a> concebuda vèrs <a href="/wiki/Ans_1730" title="Ans 1730">1730</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kay (la pagina existís pas)">John Kay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1700" title="Ans 1700">1704</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1780" title="Ans 1780">1780</a>). Fòrça utilizada a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1750" title="Ans 1750">ans 1750</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1760" title="Ans 1760">1760</a>, permetèt d'aumentar fòrça la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Productivitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Productivitat (la pagina existís pas)">productivitat</a> dei filaturas. Puei, apareguèron de <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a> de teissedura coma la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning-jenny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinning-jenny (la pagina existís pas)">spinning-jenny</a>, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water-frame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water-frame (la pagina existís pas)">water-frame</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mule-jenny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mule-jenny (la pagina existís pas)">mule-jenny</a>. Aquela darriera, imaginada per <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1770" title="Ans 1770">1779</a>, permetèt d'obtenir un fieu fin, resistent e de <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> amb una productivitat ben superiora a aquela dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torn_(textil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torn (textil) (la pagina existís pas)">torns</a> tradicionaus<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La generalizacion d'aquelei <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a> a la fin dau sègle XVIII entraïnèt la <a href="/wiki/Racionalisme" title="Racionalisme">racionalizacion</a> dei metòdes de produccion textils en <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a>. Maugrat de resisténcias importantas, lo procès s'impausèt durant la premiera mitat dau sègle XIX amb una transicion vèrs lo modèl de « l'<a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usina</a> » mecanizada. Aqueu fenomèn foguèt acompanhat per de transformacions socialas coma la demenicion dei salaris dei teisseires, l'aparicion d'una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classa_obriera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classa obriera (la pagina existís pas)">classa obriera</a> e la femenizacion deis emplecs. Au nivèu tecnic, a partir de <a href="/wiki/Ans_1780" title="Ans 1780">1785</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor">maquina de vapor</a> se generalizèt per produrre l'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> necessària au foncionament dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telier (la pagina existís pas)">teliers</a> mecanics. </p> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">Metallurgia</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> foguèt l'autre sector economic que conoguèt un desvolopament major durant la premiera fasa de la Revolucion Industriala. Coma per lo textil, divèrsei descubèrtas realizadas durant lo sègle XVIII favorizèron aquela expansion gràcias a de cambiaments progressius dins lei procès de fabricacion. Per exemple, vèrs <a href="/wiki/Ans_1710" title="Ans 1710">1710</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1720" title="Ans 1720">1720</a>, l'usatge dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B2c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Còc (la pagina existís pas)">còc</a> se desvolopèt. Puei, venguèron l'aparicion dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminador (la pagina existís pas)">laminador</a>, de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maquina_a_alisar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maquina a alisar (la pagina existís pas)">maquina a alisar</a> e dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puddlage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puddlage (la pagina existís pas)">puddlage</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquela darriera <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnica</a> foguèt fòrça importanta car permetèt de convertir la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonda_(metau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonda (metau) (la pagina existís pas)">fonda</a> en <a href="/wiki/Acier" class="mw-redirect" title="Acier">acier</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descarburacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descarburacion (la pagina existís pas)">descarburacion</a>. A partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1780" title="Ans 1780">ans 1780</a>, l'acier industriau trobèt donc rapidament d'aplicacions dins la construccion d'infrastructuras ò de <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> e l'extraccion de <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">minerau</a> de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> aumentèt (2,5 Mt a la fin dau sègle XVIII, 10 Mt en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1800" title="Ans 1800">1800</a> e 50 Mt en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">1850</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_generalizacion_de_l'usatge_de_la_vapor"><span id="La_generalizacion_de_l.27usatge_de_la_vapor"></span>La generalizacion de l'usatge de la vapor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La generalizacion de l'usatge de la vapor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La generalizacion de l'usatge de la vapor"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:McConnel_%26_Company_mills,_about_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/220px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/330px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/440px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Usina de filatge mecanic de coton vèrs 1820 amb lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamin%C3%A8ia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaminèia (la pagina existís pas)">chaminèias</a> dei maquinas de vapor.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor">Maquina de vapor</a>.</div> <p>Lei transformacions dau <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">teissut economic</a> permesas per la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecanizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecanizacion (la pagina existís pas)">mecanizacion</a> foguèron possiblas gràcias a l'<a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">invencion</a> e a la generalizacion de la <a href="/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor">maquina de vapor</a>. D'efiech, capabla de transformar de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> en <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>, aquela <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquina</a> permetèt d'alimentar lei maquinas de produccion e d'accelerar lei transpòrts amb lo desvolopament dau <a href="/wiki/Camin_de_f%C3%A8rre" title="Camin de fèrre">camin de fèrre</a> e dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naviri_de_vapor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naviri de vapor (la pagina existís pas)">naviris de vapor</a>. </p><p>De mai, la construccion dei rets ferroviàrias, iniciats dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830">ans 1830</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Occidentala" title="Euròpa Occidentala">Euròpa Occidentala</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, favorizèt la difusion dei <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologias</a> e deis idèas novèlas. Entraïnèt tanben la formacion dei premierei regions industrialas modèrnas en <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a>, dins lo nòrd-èst de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> ò en <a href="/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica">Belgica</a>. En <a href="/wiki/America_dau_N%C3%B2rd" class="mw-redirect" title="America dau Nòrd">America dau Nòrd</a>, accelerèt la conquista dau <i>Far West</i> per leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estatsunidencs</a>. D'un biais pus generau, favorizèt l'expansion de la <a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">siderurgia</a> e dei construccions metallicas e lei companhiás ferroviàrias foguèron a l'origina de la creacion de sistèmas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manejament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manejament (la pagina existís pas)">manejament</a> novèus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_dau_trabalh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division dau trabalh (la pagina existís pas)">division dau trabalh</a> entre servicis, ierarquizacion, especializacion...) que prefigurèron aquelei dau sègle XX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_premierei_regions_industrialas">Lei premierei regions industrialas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei premierei regions industrialas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei premierei regions industrialas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La premiera Revolucion Industriala regardèt un nombre limitat de país e de regions. Son centre principau foguèt <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a> onte lo fenomèn comencèt tre la fin dau sègle XVIII. Gràcias a aquela precocitat, l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> anglesa predominèt aisament fins a la fin dau sègle XIX. <a href="/wiki/Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Escòcia">Escòcia</a> foguèt tanben tocada per lo movement. Sus lo <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrializacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrializacion (la pagina existís pas)">industrializacion</a> comencèt a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820">ans 1820</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830">1830</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica">Belgica</a> i aguèt un ròtle decisiu car l'organizacion protoindustriala de <a href="/wiki/Flandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Flandra">Flandra</a> capitèt una conversion rapida gràcias a la descubèrta de ressorsas <a href="/wiki/Mina_(ja%C3%A7)" title="Mina (jaç)">minieras</a> importantas<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo nòrd-èst de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, la vau de <a href="/wiki/Ren_(fluvi)" title="Ren (fluvi)">Ren</a> e <a href="/wiki/So%C3%AFssa" title="Soïssa">Soïssa</a> conoguèron de movements similars. Enfin, un darrier pòl industriau se formèt dins lo nòrd-èst deis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a> gràcias a la difusion dei sabers <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnics</a> <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanics</a> e ai besonhs dau <a href="/wiki/Mercat" title="Mercat">mercat</a> interior <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'aparicion_dau_proletariat"><span id="L.27aparicion_dau_proletariat"></span>L'aparicion dau proletariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : L'aparicion dau proletariat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'aparicion dau proletariat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Revolte_des_Canuts_-_Lyon_1831_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Revolte_des_Canuts_-_Lyon_1831_-_1.jpg/220px-Revolte_des_Canuts_-_Lyon_1831_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Revolte_des_Canuts_-_Lyon_1831_-_1.jpg/330px-Revolte_des_Canuts_-_Lyon_1831_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Revolte_des_Canuts_-_Lyon_1831_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Illustracion representant una insureccion dei canuts lionés en 1831.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a>.</div> <p>Lo desvolopament <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriau</a> aguèt plusors consequéncias que transformèron la societat dei país industrializats. La premiera foguèt la generalizacion progressiva dau modèl de l'<a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usina</a> integrada. Permetent d'aumentar considerablament la produccion de bens, entraïnèt la concentracion dei mejans de produccion dins un endrech unic e menèt a la disparicion deis obradors domestics ruraus. Au meteis temps, se formèt una classa de proto-obriers migrant entre lei zònas ruralas durant lei periòdes de trabalhs <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricòlas</a> (recòltas...) e leis <a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usinas</a> durant lo rèsta de l'<a href="/wiki/Annada" title="Annada">annada</a>. Un esfòrç important foguèt entreprés per lei proprietaris industriaus per fixar aquela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_d%27%C3%B2bra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man d'òbra (la pagina existís pas)">man d'òbra</a> (construccion d'ostaus, instauracion dau salariat...). Aquò foncionèt lentament car la tèrra demorèt lòngtemps lo còr de la richessa dins l'imaginari collectiu. Pasmens, lei <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vilas</a> conoguèron pauc a cha pauc una creissença <a href="/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia">demografica</a> importanta e venguèron lo centre de l'activitat <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economica</a>. </p><p>Aqueleis evolucions afebliguèron lo teissut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artesan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artesan (la pagina existís pas)">artesanau</a> dei zònas ruralas e l'emigracion vèrs lei vilas venguèt la solucion unica per lei populacions pus pauras (fenomèn d'<a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%B2de_rurau" class="mw-redirect" title="Exòde rurau">exòde rurau</a>). Marcadas per la pèrda de sei tradicions e per de condicions de trabalh fòrça duras, i constituïguèron lo « proletariat » (o classa obriera) identificat per <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tre leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820">ans 1820</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830">1830</a>, sei condicions de vida suscitèron de revòutas violentas coma, per exemple, leis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev%C3%B2uta_dei_canuts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revòuta dei canuts (la pagina existís pas)">insureccions dei canuts lionés de 1831 e de 1834</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo proletariat urban tenguèt tanben un ròtle important dins leis insureccions de la <a href="/wiki/Prima_dels_p%C3%B2bles" title="Prima dels pòbles">Prima dei pòbles</a>. </p><p>A partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">ans 1850</a>, aquela <a href="/wiki/Classa_sociala" title="Classa sociala">classa</a> comencèt de s'organizar per defendre seis interès e portar sei revendicacions. Se turtèt a l'oposicion dau poder que sosteniá leis interès de la <a href="/wiki/Borgesi%C3%A1" title="Borgesiá">borgesiá</a> capitalista. Après divèrsei luchas, aquò entrainèt la definicion e l'adopcion de drechs novèus coma lo drech de crear un <a href="/wiki/Sindicat" title="Sindicat">sindicat</a> ò lo drech de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%A8va&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grèva (la pagina existís pas)">grèva</a> per permetre ais obriers de negociar un melhorament de sei condicions de vida. Pasmens, lo conflicte entre la borgesiá e lo proletariat contunièt durant la màger part dau sègle XX. D'efiech, leis adversaris dau capitalisme prepausèron de sistèmas politics, sociaus e economics rivaus coma lo <a href="/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme">comunisme</a> ò l'<a href="/wiki/Anarquisme" title="Anarquisme">anarquisme</a>. Aquò entraïnèt d'insureccions e de <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_civila" title="Guèrra civila">guèrras civilas</a> dins mai d'un país<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, dins la vida vidanta deis usinas, la repression dau sindicalisme èra frequentament organizada per lei patrons elei meteissei. Un cas extrèm, mai pas unic, es aqueu d'<a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> que s'associèt amb la mafia de <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> per crear una mena de <a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia" title="Milícia">milícia</a> privada destinada a combatre lei sindicalistas de sa companhiá. La Revolucion Industriala es ansin un periòde de tensions socialas creissentas fins a l'aparicion de movements obriers reformators e a la mesa en plaça de politicas socialas pus favorablas ais obriers a la fin dau sègle XIX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_Segonda_Revolucion_Industriala">La Segonda Revolucion Industriala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : La Segonda Revolucion Industriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Segonda Revolucion Industriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Segonda Revolucion Industriala regardèt premier lei país industrializats durant la Premiera Revolucion. Pasmens, lo centre de l'industria mondiala migrèt pauc a pauc d'Anglatèrra vèrs leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a>. D'autra part, foguèt un movement pus internacionau amb l'aparicion de centres <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriaus</a> dins d'autrei regions d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, vau de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2" title="Pò">Pò</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%A8mia" title="Boèmia">Boèmia</a>...) e en <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'aparicion_de_l'electricitat"><span id="L.27aparicion_de_l.27electricitat"></span>L'aparicion de l'electricitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : L'aparicion de l'electricitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'aparicion de l'electricitat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg/220px-Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg/330px-Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg/440px-Yablochkov_candles_illuminating_Avenue_de_l%27Opera_ca1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Demonstracion d'utilizacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a> per l'esclairatge public a <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="París">París</a> en 1878.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">Electricitat</a>.</div> <p>Coneguda dempuei l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a> venguèt un objècte de recèrcas <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientificas</a> après la fabricacion de la premiera <a href="/wiki/Pila_electrica" title="Pila electrica">pila electrica</a> per <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820">1827</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1840" title="Ans 1840">1845</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1800" title="Ans 1800">1800</a>. Leis etapas pus importantas d'aqueu procès foguèron la descubèrta dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820">ans 1820</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830">1830</a> dei lèis depintant lo comportament d'un <a href="/wiki/Corrent_electric" title="Corrent electric">corrent electric</a> per <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/1775" class="mw-redirect" title="1775">1775</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830">1836</a>), <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simon_Ohm" title="Georg Simon Ohm">Georg Simon Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1780" title="Ans 1780">1789</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">1854</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1790" title="Ans 1790">1791</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1860" title="Ans 1860">1867</a>). Puei, d'<a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">inventors</a> coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A9nobe_Gramme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zénobe Gramme (la pagina existís pas)">Zénobe Gramme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820">1826</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1900" title="Ans 1900">1901</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1840" title="Ans 1840">1847</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1930" title="Ans 1930">1931</a>) prepausèron lei premiereis aplicacions industrialas. Vèrs <a href="/wiki/Ans_1880" title="Ans 1880">1880</a>, leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a> comencèron la construccion dei premierei rets d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Esclairatge_public&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esclairatge public (la pagina existís pas)">esclairatge public</a> e la « fada electricitat » venguèt lo simbòl dau progrès<sup id="cite_ref-Borbon_2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borbon_2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leis aplicacions <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industrialas</a> de l'electricitat apareguèron après la concepcion dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformator (la pagina existís pas)">transformator</a> que permetèt de transportar lo corrent sus de distàncias importantas en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890">1890</a><sup id="cite_ref-Borbon_2009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borbon_2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'efiech, aquò permetèt d'alunchar lei centres de produccion e lei zònas de consumacion e donc d'esplechar de ressorsas alunchadas dei centres urbans. Per d'utilizacions pus reduchas, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_electric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor electric (la pagina existís pas)">motor electric</a>, aparegut vèrs <a href="/wiki/Ans_1880" title="Ans 1880">1880</a>, donèt la possibilitat d'installar d'alimentacions individualas segon lei besonhs. De mai, a respècte dei mecanismes complèxes de transmission de l'energia producha per lei <a href="/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor">maquinas de vapor</a> (que necessitan d'<a href="/wiki/Engranatge" title="Engranatge">engranatges</a> e una maintenança regulara), lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fieu_electric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fieu electric (la pagina existís pas)">fieu electric</a> es un mejan simple de metre en plaça (e mens perilhós). </p><p>Lèu, gràcias a sa soplesa, l'electricitat entraïnèt una reorganizacion deis <a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usinas</a> segon una <a href="/wiki/Logica" title="Logica">logica</a> basada sus leis etapas de fabricacion. Aquò menèt a l'estudi dei pretzfachs e autorizèt una racionalizacion novèla deis activitats. Aparegut dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1910" title="Ans 1910">ans 1910</a> ais Estats Units e generalizada en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> dins l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_de_l%27armament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria de l'armament (la pagina existís pas)">industria de l'armament</a> per lei necessitats dau <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">premier conflicte mondiau</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Taylorisme" title="Taylorisme">taylorisme</a> ne'n foguèt l'aspècte pus visible. Pasmens, de transformacions importantas afectèron lo rèsta de la societat amb la modernizacion deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrastructura (la pagina existís pas)">infrastructuras</a> (electrificacion, mòdes de transpòrt...) e la formacion de companhiás privadas poderosas capablas de mobilizar lei ressorsas, sovent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietat_privada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proprietat privada (la pagina existís pas)">privadas</a>, necessàrias a la construccion d'aqueu sistèma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_petròli"><span id="Lo_petr.C3.B2li"></span>Lo petròli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo petròli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo petròli"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Standard_Oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Standard_Oil.jpg/220px-Standard_Oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Standard_Oil.jpg/330px-Standard_Oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Standard_Oil.jpg/440px-Standard_Oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Rafinariá de <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey (la pagina existís pas)">Standard Oil</a> en 1899.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">Petròli</a>.</div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> foguèt la segonda ressorsa majora de la Segonda Revolucion Industriala. Utilizat dempuei l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a> coma <a href="/wiki/Combustible_fossil" title="Combustible fossil">combustible</a> per de lumes dins plusors regions dau monde, trobèt durant lo sègle XIX d'aplicacions novèlas coma fònt d'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_premiera" title="Matèria premiera">matèria premiera</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Industria_quimica" title="Industria quimica">industria quimica</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinatge_dau_petr%C3%B2li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafinatge dau petròli (la pagina existís pas)">rafinatge</a> modèrne comencèt vèrs leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">ans 1850</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1860" title="Ans 1860">1860</a> ais <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e, a la fin dau sègle, una <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> integrada d'esplecha e de rafinatge èra estada creada a l'entorn de grops industriaus poderós coma la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey (la pagina existís pas)">Standard Oil</a>. Aquò suscitèt un interès novèu per l'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> onte lei premierei campanhas de cèrca de jaciments <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petroliers</a> foguèron organizadas au començament dau sègle XX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_siderurgia">La siderurgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : La siderurgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La siderurgia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bessemer_converter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bessemer_converter.jpg/220px-Bessemer_converter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bessemer_converter.jpg/330px-Bessemer_converter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bessemer_converter.jpg/440px-Bessemer_converter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Dessenh d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convertissor_Bessemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convertissor Bessemer (la pagina existís pas)">convertissor Bessemer</a> en <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">Siderurgia</a>.</div> <p>Dins la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a>, l'interès per l'<a href="/wiki/Acier" class="mw-redirect" title="Acier">acier</a> aumentèt encara durant la Segonda Revolucion Industriala. La dinamica d'innovacions de la premiera partida dau sègle XIX contunièt donc e menèt a de descubèrtas majoras coma lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convertissor_Bessemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convertissor Bessemer (la pagina existís pas)">convertissor Bessemer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">1855</a>) ò lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Thomas (la pagina existís pas)">procès Thomas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1870" title="Ans 1870">1877</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò entraïnèt una demenicion dau còst de produccion de la <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> d'acier durant lo darrier quart dau sègle XIX. De mai, gràcias a l'usatge de l'<a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a> dins lei procès de produccion (<a href="/wiki/Electrolisi" title="Electrolisi">electrolisi</a>, arc electric...), autorizèt tanben la fabricacion d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> novèus amb l'integracion de <a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8n" title="Tungstèn">tungstèn</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme">cròme</a> dins certaneis <a href="/wiki/Acier" class="mw-redirect" title="Acier">aciers</a>. </p><p>Ansin, la demanda d'acier contunièt d'aumentar amb l'aparicion d'aplicacions novèlas dins la construccion (<a href="/wiki/Gratac%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratacèu">gratacèus</a> deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890">ans 1890</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), dins la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construccion_navala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construccion navala (la pagina existís pas)">construccion navala</a> (disparicion progressiva dei <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> de vela a partir de <a href="/wiki/Ans_1880" title="Ans 1880">1880</a>), dins l'<a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a> (a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890">ans 1890</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) e dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aeronautica" title="Aeronautica">aeronautica</a> (a partir de la <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a>). En consequéncia, la <a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">siderurgia</a> venguèt una dei basas fondamentalas de l'<a href="/wiki/Industria_manufacturiera" title="Industria manufacturiera">industria</a> dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granda_poissan%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granda poissança (la pagina existís pas)">poissanças modèrnas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'aparicion_de_l'industria_quimica"><span id="L.27aparicion_de_l.27industria_quimica"></span>L'aparicion de l'industria quimica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : L'aparicion de l'industria quimica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'aparicion de l'industria quimica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Basf_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Basf_1865.jpg/220px-Basf_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Basf_1865.jpg/330px-Basf_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Basf_1865.jpg/440px-Basf_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dessenh" title="Dessenh">Dessenh</a> de l'usina <a href="/w/index.php?title=BASF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BASF (la pagina existís pas)">BASF</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwigshafen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwigshafen (la pagina existís pas)">Ludwigshafen</a> en <a href="/wiki/1865" class="mw-redirect" title="1865">1865</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/Industria_quimica" title="Industria quimica">Industria quimica</a>.</div> <p>Fondada a la fin dau sègle XVIII per lei trabalhs d'<a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1740" title="Ans 1740">1743</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1790" title="Ans 1790">1794</a>), la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> modèrna foguèt marcada per una tiera de descubèrtas majoras durant tot lo sègle XIX (sovent presentat coma lo « Sègle de la quimia »). Dins lo domeni de la <a href="/wiki/Quimia_organica" title="Quimia organica">quimia organica</a>, l'estudi dau <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> multipliquèt lo nombre de <a href="/wiki/Reaccion_quimica" title="Reaccion quimica">reactius</a> e lei possibilitats de sintèsi. Lei recèrcas sus l'<a href="/wiki/Az%C3%B2t" title="Azòt">azòt</a> menèron egalament a de progrès majors en matèria d'<a href="/wiki/Engrais" title="Engrais">engrais</a> (çò que sostenguèt la creissença <a href="/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia">demografica</a> <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">europèa</a>) e d'<a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">explosius</a>. La fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">compausats quimics</a> simples, coma l'<a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acid sulfuric</a> o la <a href="/wiki/Soda" class="mw-disambig" title="Soda">soda</a>, foguèt tanben facilitada. </p><p>Lèu, leis <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriaus</a> trobèron d'aplicacions comercialas d'aquelei progrès e de companhiás especializats dins la quimia apareguèron. Un dei simbòls d'aquela transformacion es lo grop <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemand</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BASF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BASF (la pagina existís pas)">BASF</a> que desvolopèt leis aplicacions dau <a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8n" title="Benzèn">benzèn</a> e de sei derivats, especialament aquelei de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anilina (la pagina existís pas)">anilina</a>, per fabricar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colorant (la pagina existís pas)">colorants</a> sintetics<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò permetèt a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_textila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria textila (la pagina existís pas)">industria textila</a> de s'afranquir dei productors de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planta_tinctoriala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planta tinctoriala (la pagina existís pas)">plantas tinctorialas</a> e de contentar la demanda de <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A8stit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vèstit (la pagina existís pas)">vèstits</a> <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colorats</a>. L'expansion dei matèrias <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plasticas</a> favorizèt tanben l'emergéncia de companhiás poderosas coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=DuPont_de_Nemours&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DuPont de Nemours (la pagina existís pas)">DuPont de Nemours</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'automobila"><span id="L.27automobila"></span>L'automobila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : L'automobila" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'automobila"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg/220px-Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg/330px-Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg/440px-Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Cadena d'assemblatge Ford en 1928.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">Automobila</a>.</div> <p>Durant la segonda mitat dau sègle XIX, divèrseis <a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhaires</a> e <a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">inventors</a>, coma la familha <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, assaièron de concebre un veïcul automobil. Mai d'una <a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">invencion</a> foguèt necessària per arribar a la premiera <a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a> vertadiera equipada d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_d%27explosion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor d'explosion (la pagina existís pas)">motor d'explosion</a> quatre temps, d'un sistèma de freinatge e de <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" title="Pneumatic">pneumatics</a> eficaç. La produccion se desvolopèt a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890">ans 1890</a>. Foguèt un vector major de desvolopament <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriau</a> de la premiera partida dau sègle XX amb l'introduccion dau <a href="/wiki/Taylorisme" title="Taylorisme">taylorisme</a> e de l'estandardizacion per <a href="/wiki/Ford" title="Ford">Ford</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1910" title="Ans 1910">1913</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò permetèt una produccion de massa gràcias a una organizacion metodica dau trabalh (division avançada dei pretzfachs, cronometratge de cada etapa, volontat d'optimizacion, introduccion de la cadena d'assemblatge...). Aqueleis evolucions novèlas aguèron una influéncia majora sus l'ensemble dau monde industriau en permetent una aumentacion fòrça importanta de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Productivitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Productivitat (la pagina existís pas)">productivitat</a>. Venguèron ansin un modèl seguit dins totei lei <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País">país</a> après la <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a>. Dins aquò, aguèron d'efiechs negatius sus la <a href="/wiki/Santat" title="Santat">santat</a> deis obriers en causa de la repetiticion dei pretzfachs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lei_revolucions_industrialas_ulterioras">Lei revolucions industrialas ulterioras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei revolucions industrialas ulterioras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei revolucions industrialas ulterioras"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La generalizacion de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatica (la pagina existís pas)">automatica</a> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1970" title="Ans 1970">ans 1970</a> e aquela dei <a href="/wiki/Tecnologias_de_l%27informacion" title="Tecnologias de l'informacion">tecnologias de l'informacion</a> dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_2000" title="Ans 2000">ans 2000</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_2010" title="Ans 2010">2010</a> son de còps dichas Tresena e Quatrena Revolucion Industriala. D'efiech, entraïnèron de transformacions importantas dins lei mòdes d'organizacion dau trabalh (demenicion de la man d'òbra necessària...) e dins l'<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8i_de_l%27of%C3%A8rta_e_de_la_demanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèi de l'ofèrta e de la demanda">ofèrta e la demanda</a> (aparicion de l'economia numerica...). Pasmens, en despiech de son importància <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economica</a>, aquelei transformacions son generalament pas tractadas dins lo quadre dei revolucions industrialas dau sègle XIX car cambièron mens la basa industriala de la societat modèrna. De mai, aguèron luòc dins de contèxtes socioeconomics fòrça diferents dei premierei revolucions industrialas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acier" class="mw-redirect" title="Acier">Acier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarquisme" title="Anarquisme">Anarquisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camin_de_f%C3%A8rre" title="Camin de fèrre">Camin de fèrre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme">Capitalisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitau">Capitau</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B2c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Còc (la pagina existís pas)">Còc</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">Colonialisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme">Comunisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">Electricitat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">Industria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industria_quimica" title="Industria quimica">Industria quimica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">Liberalisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">Maquina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor">Maquina de vapor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(ja%C3%A7)" title="Mina (jaç)">Mina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">Naviri</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">Petròli</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">Siderurgia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicalisme" title="Sindicalisme">Sindicalisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme" title="Socialisme">Socialisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tren" title="Tren">Tren</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">Usina</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Bibliografia sus l'istòria dei sciéncias e dei tecnicas :</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Fred Aftalion, <i>A History of the International Chemical Industry</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Matthieu Auzanneau, <i>Or noir, la grande histoire du pétrole</i>, La Découverte, 2015.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baudet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baudet (la pagina existís pas)">Jean Baudet</a>, <i>Histoire des techniques</i>, Vuibert, 2016.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Serge Bellu, <i>Histoire mondiale de l’automobile</i>, Flammarion, coll. « Histoire et Act », 1998.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Georges Delbart, « Le centenaire de l’invention du procédé Bessemer », <i>Atomes</i>, n° 123,‎ junh de 1956, pp. 185-191.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Peter G. McLaren, <i>Elementary Electric Power and Machines</i>, Ellis Horwood, 1984.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Dominique Pestre, Kapil Raj e Otto Sibum (dir.), <i>Histoire des sciences et des savoirs. - tome 2 Modernité et globalisation</i>, 2019.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Daniel Rivet, <i>L'acier et l'industrie sidérurgique</i>, París, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « Que sais-je? » (n° 561), 1978.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> R. Norris Shreve e Joseph A. Brink Jr, <i>The Chemical Process Industries</i>, Nòva York, McGraw Hill, 1977.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> R. F. Tylecote, <i>A History of Metallurgy</i>, Londres, Maney Publishing, 1992.</li></ul> <p><b>Bibliografia sus lei mòdes de produccion preindustriaus :</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean Gimpel, <i>La Révolution industrielle du Moyen Âge</i>, Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1975.</li></ul> <p><b>Bibliografia sus l'istòria dei país industrializats :</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Kaspi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Kaspi (la pagina existís pas)">André Kaspi</a>, <i>Les Américains. Naissance et essor des États-Unis 1607-1945</i>, Éditions du Seuil, 1986.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Noisiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Noisiel (la pagina existís pas)">Gérard Noisiel</a>, <i>Une histoire populaire de la France</i>, Agone, coll. « Mémoires sociales », 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Franklin Mendels, « Des industries rurales à la protoindustrialisation : historique d'un changement de perspective », <i>Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations</i>, n° 5, 1984, pp. 977-1008.<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Franklin Mendels, « Protoindustrialization, the first phase of the industrialization process », <i>Journal of Economic History</i>, 1972.<br />Formulada per lo premier còp en <a href="/wiki/1969" class="mw-redirect" title="1969">1969</a>, la teoria de l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Mendels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Mendels (la pagina existís pas)">Franklin Mendels</a> (<a href="/wiki/1943" class="mw-redirect" title="1943">1943</a>-<a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>) es venguda relativament populara. Foguèt ansin l'objècte de desvolopaments importants dins lo corrent deis ans 1970-1980. A tanben l'interès d'identificar d'autrei regions protoindustrialas coma la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song">China dei Song</a>. La recèrca dei causas aguent empachat de revolucions industrialas dins aquelei regions permet d'estudiar lei particularitats de la transicion industriala europèa dau sègle XIX. Pasmens, la teoria de Mendels es encara criticada car exclutz plusors formas de produccion preindustrialas, especialament lei produccions localas asseguradas per de païsans desirós d'obtenir un complement de revenguts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasmens, fau ben sotalinhar lo caractèr lent e limitat d'aquelei transformacions. D'efiech, a l'excepcion de quauquei regions coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flandras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flandras (la pagina existís pas)">Flandras</a>, lei procès productius e agricòlas èran encara arcaïcas dins la màger part d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> a la fin dau sègle XVIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo trabalh productiu èra generalament realizat durant la <a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">sason</a> <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A8rn" title="Ivèrn">ivernenca</a> quand lo trabalh agricòla èra pauc important. I aviá sovent una especializacion dei pretzfachs segon lei <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8xe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèxe">sèxes</a> (textils per lei <a href="/wiki/Femna" title="Femna">femnas</a>, artesanat mecanic ò activitat miniera per leis òmes). Pasmens, aquò èra pas sistematica e de variacions importantas existián entre lei regions. De mai, aqueu trabalh aviá un ròtle sociau car permetiá d'ocupar lei velhadas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aquela separacion ben definida es de nuançar. Dins mai d'una region, d'investiments preindustriaus ò protoindustriaus èran realizats per de païsans que volián esplechar una ressorsa ò un saber-faire locau.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L'exemple pus conegut son lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedari%C3%A1s_de_Lion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedariás de Lion (la pagina existís pas)">sedariás de Lion</a> que subrevisquèron, après divèrseis adaptacions, fins a la <a href="/wiki/Crisi_economica_de_1929" title="Crisi economica de 1929">crisi economica de 1929</a> (Bernadette Angleraud e Catherine Pellissier, <i>Les dynasties lyonnaises : Des Morin-Pons aux Mérieux du XIXe siècle à nos jours</i>, París, Perrin, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gunter Mahlerwein, « Le rôle du travail dans la révolution agricole. L'exemple de la Hesse-Rhénanie aux xviiie et xixe siècles », <i>Histoire & Sociétés Rurales</i>, 2002, vol. 18, n° 2, pp. 41-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L'abolicion dei privilègis aguèt un ròtle important dins aquela liberalizacion de la circulacion dei <a href="/wiki/Capitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitau">capitaus</a>, dei bens e dei personas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Harold Catling, <i>The Spinning Mule</i>, Preston, The Lancashire Library, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Richard Hayman, <i>The shropshire wrought-iron industry c1600-1900 : A study of technological change</i>, University of Birmingham, 2003, pp. 88-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a>, l'interès deis investisseires per lo <a href="/wiki/Camin_de_f%C3%A8rre" title="Camin de fèrre">camin de fèrre</a> suscitèt un episòdi d'investiments importants, la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railway_mania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railway mania (la pagina existís pas)">Railway mania</a></i>, que comencèt en <a href="/wiki/1825" class="mw-redirect" title="1825">1825</a> (Fernand Braudel, <i>Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme – XVe – XVIIIe siècles</i>, Armand Colin, 1979). <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> imitèt lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a> un decenni pus tard (Patrick Verley, <i>La Révolution industrielle</i>, Folio-Histoire, 2008, p. 188).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En 1820, <a href="/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica">Belgica</a> agantèt ansin lo segond reng mondiau per la produccion industriala.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> André Kaspi, <i>Les Américains. Naissance et essor des États-Unis 1607-1945</i>, Éditions du Seuil, 1986, pp. 134-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Fritz J. Raddatz, <i>Karl Marx : une biographie politique</i>, Fayard, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Ludovic Frobert, <i>Les Canuts ou la démocratie turbulente. Lyon, 1831-1834</i>, Éditions Tallandier, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jacques Perdu, <i>La Révolte des canuts</i>, Spartacus, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei doas insureccions pus conegudas son la <a href="/wiki/Comuna_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1871)" title="Comuna de París (1871)">Comuna de París (1871)</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_Russa" title="Revolucion Russa">Revolucion Russa</a>. Dins aquò, i aguèt mai d'un conflicte locau per la defensa d'un drech particular ò per eliminar un responsable <a href="/wiki/Sindicat" title="Sindicat">sindicau</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borbon_2009-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Borbon_2009_17-0">17,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Borbon_2009_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Borvon, <i>Histoire de l'électricité, de l'ambre à l'électron</i>, Vuibert, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per exemple, lo <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimista</a> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Silliman_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Silliman Jr (la pagina existís pas)">Benjamin Silliman Jr</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816" class="mw-redirect" title="1816">1816</a>-<a href="/wiki/1885" class="mw-redirect" title="1885">1885</a>) realizèt de <a href="/wiki/Destillacion" title="Destillacion">destillacions</a> de mòstras de <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> que permetèron d'identificar plusors familhas de <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">produchs</a> coma lei <a href="/wiki/Quitran" title="Quitran">quitrans</a>, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubrificant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubrificant (la pagina existís pas)">lubrificants</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Nafta" class="mw-disambig" title="Nafta">nafta</a>, divèrsei <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> e l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ess%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esséncia (la pagina existís pas)">esséncia</a> (Arthur W. Wright, <i>Biographical Memoir of Benjamin Silliman</i>, National Academy of Sciences, 1911).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En <a href="/wiki/1859" class="mw-redirect" title="1859">1859</a>, la produccion de petròli deis Estats Units èra de 274 t. Passèt a 400 000 t en <a href="/wiki/1862" class="mw-redirect" title="1862">1862</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jacques Ferry e René Chatel, <i>L'acier</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, colleccion « Que sais-je ? », 1959, pp. 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Pierre-Julien Le Thomas, <i>La métallurgie</i>, Seuil, 1963, pp. 87-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Ambrose Gavin, Paul Harris e Sally Stone, <i>The Visual Dictionary of Architecture</i>, AVA Publishing SA, 2008, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Pierre Souvestre, <i>Histoire de l'automobile</i>, H. Dunod e E. Pinat, 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> W. Ludewig, « Highlights in the History of BASF », <i>Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers</i>, vol. 44, 1966, pp. 237-252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Pap Ndiaye, <i>Nylon and bombs : DuPont and the march of modern America</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Richard Bak, <i>Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire</i>, Wiley, 2003, pp. 54–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Allan Nevins e Frank Ernest Hill, <i>Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company</i>, Nòva York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1954, pp. 387-415.</span> </li> </ol> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&oldid=2455719">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_industriala&oldid=2455719</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 26 novembre de 2024 a 11.54.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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