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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Histology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Histology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thermal trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chemical injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormal_coloring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_coloring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abnormal coloring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_coloring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sclera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="صلبة (عين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صلبة (عين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklera" title="Sklera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sklera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="স্ক্লেরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ক্লেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Склера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Склера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionja%C4%8Da" title="Bionjača – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bionjača" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escler%C3%B2tica" title="Escleròtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escleròtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Blima" title="Bělima – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bělima" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sglera" title="Sglera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sglera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklera" title="Sklera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%80%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%A8" title="ލޮލުގެ ހުދުކަޅި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޮލުގެ ހުދުކަޅި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5vakest" title="Kõvakest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõvakest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σκληρός χιτώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκληρός χιτώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escler%C3%B3tica" title="Esclerótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclerótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklerotika" title="Esklerotika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esklerotika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87" title="صلبیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صلبیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scl%C3%A8re" title="Sclère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sclère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escler%C3%B3tica" title="Esclerótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esclerótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%A7%89" title="공막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="श्वेत पटल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेत पटल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjeloo%C4%8Dnica" title="Bjeloočnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjeloočnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklera" title="Sklera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sklera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augnhv%C3%ADta" title="Augnhvíta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Augnhvíta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sclera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לובן העין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לובן העין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklera" title="Sklera – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sklera" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ақ қабық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақ қабық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reqe_(anatom%C3%AE)" title="Reqe (anatomî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reqe (anatomî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Склера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Склера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odena" title="Odena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Белка (око) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белка (око)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1" title="സ്ക്ലീറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ക്ലീറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sclera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%86%9C" title="強膜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sclera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklera" title="Sklera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sklera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਕਲੇਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕਲੇਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tward%C3%B3wka_(anatomia)" title="Twardówka (anatomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Twardówka (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclera" title="Esclera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esclera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotic%C4%83" title="Sclerotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sclerotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Склера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Склера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sclera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sclera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_bielko" title="Očné bielko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Očné bielko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo%C4%8Dnica" title="Beločnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beločnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beonja%C4%8Da" title="Beonjača – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Beonjača" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjeloo%C4%8Dnica" title="Bjeloočnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bjeloočnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovakalvo_(silm%C3%A4)" title="Kovakalvo (silmä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kovakalvo (silmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gonvita" title="Ögonvita – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ögonvita" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Күз агы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күз агы" 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coverage for other species</a> and discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sclera" title="Talk:Sclera">talk page</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Sclera</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sclera.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sclera.PNG/300px-Sclera.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sclera.PNG/450px-Sclera.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sclera.PNG 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The sclera, as separated from the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">corneal limbus</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ciliary_arteries" title="Anterior ciliary arteries">Anterior ciliary arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_posterior_ciliary_arteries" title="Long posterior ciliary arteries">long posterior ciliary arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_posterior_ciliary_arteries" title="Short posterior ciliary arteries">short posterior ciliary arteries</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>sclera</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012590">D012590</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.02.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A15.2.02.002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6750">6750</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma58269">58269</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193107" class="extiw" title="d:Q193107">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>sclera</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>white of the eye</b> or, in older literature, as the <b>tunica albuginea oculi</b>, is the opaque, fibrous, protective outer layer of the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> containing mainly <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and some crucial <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastic fiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the development of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, the sclera is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. People with dark skin can have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> pigmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, and some other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, the whole sclera is white or pale, contrasting with the coloured <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">cooperative eye hypothesis</a> suggests that the pale sclera evolved as a method of <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a> that makes it easier for one individual to identify where another individual is looking. Other mammals with white or pale sclera include <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg/200px-Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg/300px-Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg/400px-Closeup_of_goat_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a> eye with relatively dark sclera and horizontal pupil</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_cow%27s_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/A_cow%27s_eye.jpg/200px-A_cow%27s_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/A_cow%27s_eye.jpg/300px-A_cow%27s_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/A_cow%27s_eye.jpg/400px-A_cow%27s_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">Cow</a> eye with dark sclera</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Western_Lowland_Gorilla2010501A_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rare whites in a <a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla" title="Western lowland gorilla">western lowland gorilla</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The sclera forms the posterior five-sixths of the <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> coat of the <a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">human eyeball</a>. It is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dura mater</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>, and maintains the shape of the eyeball, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraocular muscle">extraocular muscle</a> insertions. The sclera is perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">optic disc</a>, the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some <a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">choroidal</a> tissue to form a plate (<a href="/wiki/Lamina_cribrosa_sclerae" title="Lamina cribrosa sclerae">lamina cribrosa</a>) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">fasciculi</a>) pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1 mm at the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pole" title="Posterior pole">posterior pole</a> to 0.3 mm just behind the insertions of the <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles#Recti_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">four rectus muscles</a>. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the <a href="/wiki/Episclera" class="mw-redirect" title="Episclera">episclera</a> render the inflamed eye bright red.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the sclera is reinforced with plates of <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, together forming a circular structure called the <b><a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">sclerotic ring</a></b>. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fishes</a>, and much higher in <a href="/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobe-finned fish">lobe-finned fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. The ring has disappeared in many groups, including living <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, some reptiles and fish, and all <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eyes of all non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> have been thought to be dark with small, barely visible sclera, but recent research has suggested that white sclera are not uncommon in chimpanzees, and are also present in other mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-“JHE”_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“JHE”-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histology">Histology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Histology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Histologically speaking, it is characterized as <a href="/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue" title="Dense connective tissue">dense connective tissue</a> made primarily of <a href="/wiki/Type_I_collagen" title="Type I collagen">type 1 collagen fibers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> of the sclera is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>. From outer to innermost, the four layers of the sclera are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episclera" class="mw-redirect" title="Episclera">episclera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprachoroid_lamina" title="Suprachoroid lamina">lamina fusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">endothelium</a></li></ul> <p>The sclera is opaque due to the irregularity of the Type I<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collagen fibers, as opposed to the near-uniform thickness and parallel arrangement of the corneal collagen. Moreover, the cornea bears more <a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">mucopolysaccharide</a> (a carbohydrate that has among its repeating units a nitrogenous sugar, hexosamine) to embed the fibrils. </p><p>The cornea, unlike the sclera, has six layers. The middle (third in number; provided the first layer being the anterior and outermost and the sixth layer being the posterior and the inner most), thickest layer is also called the stroma. The sclera, like the cornea, contains a basal endothelium, above which there is the lamina fusca, containing a high count of pigment cells.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, very small gray-blue spots can appear on the sclera, a harmless condition called scleral melanocytosis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human eyes are somewhat distinctive in the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> kingdom in that the sclera is very plainly visible whenever the eye is open. This is not just due to the white color of the human sclera, which many other species share, but also to the fact that the human <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> is relatively small and comprises a significantly smaller portion of the exposed eye surface compared to other animals. It is theorized that this adaptation evolved because of humans’ <a href="/wiki/Social_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social animal">social</a> nature as the eye became a useful <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communication</a> tool in addition to a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">sensory organ</a>. It is believed that the exposed sclera of the human eye makes it easier for one individual to identify where another individual is looking, increasing the efficacy of this particular form of <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">cooperative eye hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal researchers have also found that, in the course of their domestication, dogs have also developed the ability to pick up visual cues from the eyes of humans. Dogs do not seem to use this form of communication with one another and only look for visual information from the eyes of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_life_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret_life-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another hypothesis states that the distinctiveness of the human's sclera is due to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>. A visibly white sclera is perceived as a sign of good health and youthfullness,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this could have been a criterion of selection when looking for a mate. In this case, humans' ability to communicate with their eyes (glancing, cluing at others) would only be a consequence of a very visible sclera.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma">Trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera. However, if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object, the recovery of full former vision is usually rare. If pressure is applied slowly, the eye is actually very elastic. However, most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity. The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head-on blunt forces, but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion. Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common, along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light. However, a low-velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object. Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</a>, causing no other damage or discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_trauma">Thermal trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thermal trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sclera is rarely damaged by brief exposure to heat: the eyelids provide exceptional protection, and the fact that the sclera is covered in layers of moist tissue means that these tissues are able to cause much of the offending heat to become dissipated as steam before the sclera itself is damaged. Even relatively low-temperature molten metals when splashed against an open eye have been shown to cause very little damage to the sclera, even while creating detailed casts of the surrounding eyelashes. Prolonged exposure, however—on the order of 30 seconds—at temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) will begin to cause scarring, and above 55 °C (131 °F) will cause extreme changes in the sclera and surrounding tissue. Such long exposures even in industrial settings are virtually nonexistent.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_injury">Chemical injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals. The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants, preventing further harm. Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic burn risk, with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, the kind present in car batteries and therefore commonly available, being among the most dangerous in this regard. However, acid burns, even severe ones, seldom result in loss of the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2012_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alkali burns, on the other hand, such as those resulting from exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5, will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponify</a> and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2012_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abnormal_coloring">Abnormal coloring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abnormal coloring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Red sclera" redirects here. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">Red eye (medicine)</a>.</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Red_sclera"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pink_sclera"></span><span class="anchor" id="Purple_sclera"></span><span class="anchor" id="Yellow_sclera"></span><span class="anchor" id="Green_sclera"></span><span class="anchor" id="Blue_sclera"></span><span class="anchor" id="Black_sclera"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sclera" title="Special:EditPage/Sclera">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Redness of the sclera is typically caused by <a href="/wiki/Eye_irritation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye irritation">eye irritation</a> causing blood vessels to expand, such as in <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a> ("pink eye"). <a href="/wiki/Episcleritis" title="Episcleritis">Episcleritis</a> is a generally benign condition of the <a href="/wiki/Episclera" class="mw-redirect" title="Episclera">episclera</a> causing eye redness. <a href="/wiki/Scleritis" title="Scleritis">Scleritis</a> is a serious inflammatory disease of the sclera causing redness of the sclera often progressing to purple. </p><p>Yellowing or a light green color of the sclera is a visual symptom of <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>. </p><p>In cases of <a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">osteogenesis imperfecta</a>, the sclera may appear to have a blue tint, more pronounced than the slight blue tint seen in children. The blue tint is caused by the showing of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Uveal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Uveal tract">uveal tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">choroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">retinal pigment epithelium</a>). </p><p>In those with <a href="/wiki/Ehlers-Danlos_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehlers-Danlos syndrome">Ehlers-Danlos syndrome</a>, the sclera may be tinted blue due to the lack of proper connective tissue. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In very rare but severe cases of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>, the sclera may turn black.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_implant" title="Extraocular implant">Extraocular implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular muscles</a> <ul><li>Rectus muscles: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" title="Inferior rectus muscle">Inferior rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle" title="Lateral rectus muscle">Lateral rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">Medial rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" title="Superior rectus muscle">Superior rectus muscle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleral_tattooing" title="Scleral tattooing">Scleral tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerotomy" title="Sclerotomy">Sclerotomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>sclera</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; both are common), plural <i>sclerae</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <i>scleras</i>, is from the Greek <i>skleros</i>, meaning hard.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary</i> (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. 1994. p. 1402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815161134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815161134"><bdi>978-0815161134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosby%27s+Medical%2C+Nursing%2C+and+Allied+Health+Dictionary&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pages=1402&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0815161134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassinSolomon1990" class="citation book cs1">Cassin, Barbara; Solomon, Sheila A.B. (1990). <i>Dictionary of Eye Terminology</i> (2nd ed.). Gainesville, Fla.: Triad Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0937404331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0937404331"><bdi>978-0937404331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Eye+Terminology&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Fla.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Triad+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0937404331&rft.aulast=Cassin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Sheila+A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann D. Schubert. <i>Anatomy of the Orbit</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008043132/http://www.nyee.edu/pdf/schubert.pdf">"New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai - New York City - NYEE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyee.edu/pdf/schubert.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Eye+and+Ear+Infirmary+of+Mount+Sinai+-+New+York+City+-+NYEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyee.edu%2Fpdf%2Fschubert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukamal2020" class="citation web cs1">Mukamal, Reena (30 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/discolored-sclera-whites-of-my-eyes-turn-yellow">"Why Are the Whites of My Eyes Discolored?"</a>. <i>American Academy of Ophthalmology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Why+Are+the+Whites+of+My+Eyes+Discolored%3F&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.aulast=Mukamal&rft.aufirst=Reena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aao.org%2Feye-health%2Ftips-prevention%2Fdiscolored-sclera-whites-of-my-eyes-turn-yellow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkLeePouxLangergraber2023" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Isabelle R.; Lee, Kevin C.; Poux, Tucker; Langergraber, Kevin E.; Mitani, John C.; Watts, David; Reed, James; Sandel, Aaron A. (2023-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9998187">"White sclera is present in chimpanzees and other mammals"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>176</b>: 103322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHumE.17603322C">2023JHumE.17603322C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2022.103322">10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484">0047-2484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9998187">9998187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706647">36706647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256314941">256314941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=White+sclera+is+present+in+chimpanzees+and+other+mammals&rft.volume=176&rft.pages=103322&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9998187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256314941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023JHumE.17603322C&rft.issn=0047-2484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2022.103322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36706647&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Isabelle+R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kevin+C.&rft.au=Poux%2C+Tucker&rft.au=Langergraber%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Mitani%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Watts%2C+David&rft.au=Reed%2C+James&rft.au=Sandel%2C+Aaron+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9998187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_2006_Ultimate_Reference_Suite_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD">Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD</a> 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VB_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. 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"Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: the cooperative eye hypothesis" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/eyes-cooperation.pdf">http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/eyes-cooperation.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret_life-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-secret_life_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Director and Producer: Dan Child, Executive Producer: Andrew Kohen (2010-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00pssgh">"The Secret Life of the Dog"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)"><i>Horizon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC2">BBC2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horizon&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00pssgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, R., Sweda, J. R., Porcheron, A., & Mauger, E. (2014). Sclera color changes with age and is a cue for perceiving age, health, and beauty. <i>Psychology and Aging, 29</i>(3), 626–635. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036142">https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036142</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caspar, K.R., Biggemann, M., Geissmann, T. <i>et al.</i> Ocular pigmentation in humans, great apes, and gibbons is not suggestive of communicative functions. <i>Sci Rep</i> 11, 12994 (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92348-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92348-z</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson2012_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson2012_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_G_Watson2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter G Watson (11 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlqhV7jUmQC&pg=PA293">"Chapter 9"</a>. <i>The Sclera and Systemic Disorders</i>. JP Medical Ltd. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907816-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907816-07-9"><bdi>978-1-907816-07-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9&rft.btitle=The+Sclera+and+Systemic+Disorders&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=JP+Medical+Ltd&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-907816-07-9&rft.au=Peter+G+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHlqhV7jUmQC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASclera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asanad, S., Bayomi, M., Brown, D., Buzzard, J., Lai, E., Ling, C., Miglani, T., Mohammed, T., Tsai, J., Uddin, O., & Singman, E. (2022). Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and their manifestations in the visual system. Frontiers in Medicine, 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.996458">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.996458</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_anatomy" title="Template:Eye anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_anatomy" title="Template talk:Eye anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">globe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a> <br />(outer)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcleral_layer" title="Episcleral layer">Episcleral layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Limbus</a></li> <li><i>layers</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_layer" title="Bowman's layer">Bowman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua%27s_layer" title="Dua's layer">Dua's layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemet%27s_membrane" title="Descemet's membrane">Descemet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">Endothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina"><img alt="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/300px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/400px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" usemap="#ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f" resource="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f"><area href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="50,21,7" alt="1: posterior segment" title="1: posterior segment" /><area href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" shape="circle" coords="38,30,7" alt="2: ora serrata" title="2: ora serrata" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" shape="circle" coords="28,40,7" alt="3: ciliary muscle" title="3: ciliary muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" shape="circle" coords="20,53,7" alt="4: ciliary zonules" title="4: ciliary zonules" /><area href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" shape="circle" coords="12,66,7" alt="5: Schlemm's canal" title="5: Schlemm's canal" /><area href="/wiki/Pupil" shape="circle" coords="9,80,7" alt="6: pupil" title="6: pupil" /><area href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="7,96,7" alt="7: anterior chamber" title="7: anterior chamber" /><area href="/wiki/Cornea" shape="circle" coords="7,111,7" alt="8: cornea" title="8: cornea" /><area href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" shape="circle" coords="9,125,7" alt="9: iris" title="9: iris" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_cortex" shape="circle" coords="15,139,7" alt="10: lens cortex" title="10: lens cortex" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_nucleus" shape="circle" coords="22,152,7" alt="11: lens nucleus" title="11: lens nucleus" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" shape="circle" coords="30,163,7" alt="12: ciliary process" title="12: ciliary process" /><area href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" shape="circle" coords="41,173,7" alt="13: conjunctiva" title="13: conjunctiva" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" shape="circle" coords="133,189,7" alt="14: inferior oblique muscule" title="14: inferior oblique muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="147,182,7" alt="15: inferior rectus muscule" title="15: inferior rectus muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="160,174,7" alt="16: medial rectus muscle" title="16: medial rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retinal_arteries_and_veins" shape="circle" coords="171,163,7" alt="17: retinal arteries and veins" title="17: retinal arteries and veins" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_disc" shape="circle" coords="180,152,7" alt="18: optic disc" title="18: optic disc" /><area href="/wiki/Dura_mater" shape="circle" coords="187,139,7" alt="19: dura mater" title="19: dura mater" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" shape="circle" coords="191,125,7" alt="20: central retinal artery" title="20: central retinal artery" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" shape="circle" coords="188,66,7" alt="21: central retinal vein" title="21: central retinal vein" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" shape="circle" coords="182,53,7" alt="22: optic nerve" title="22: optic nerve" /><area href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" shape="circle" coords="174,41,7" alt="23: vorticose vein" title="23: vorticose vein" /><area href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" shape="circle" coords="162,30,7" alt="24: bulbar sheath" title="24: bulbar sheath" /><area href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" shape="circle" coords="151,22,7" alt="25: macula" title="25: macula" /><area href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" shape="circle" coords="136,13,7" alt="26: fovea" title="26: fovea" /><area href="/wiki/Sclera" shape="circle" coords="121,8,7" alt="27: sclera" title="27: sclera" /><area href="/wiki/Choroid" shape="circle" coords="107,7,7" alt="28: choroid" title="28: choroid" /><area href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="93,7,7" alt="29: superior rectus muscle" title="29: superior rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retina" shape="circle" coords="79,8,7" alt="30: retina" title="30: retina" /></map><figcaption>1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea / vascular <br />tunic</a> (middle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_lamina_of_choroid" title="Capillary lamina of choroid">Capillary lamina of choroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruch%27s_membrane" title="Bruch's membrane">Bruch's membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattler%27s_layer" title="Sattler's layer">Sattler's layer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">Ciliary processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plicata" title="Pars plicata">Pars plicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plana" title="Pars plana">Pars plana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">Iris dilator muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">Iris sphincter muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_limiting_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner limiting membrane">Inner limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber layer">Nerve fiber layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">Ganglion cell layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">Inner plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">Inner nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">Outer plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_nuclear_layer" title="Outer nuclear layer">Outer nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_limiting_membrane" title="External limiting membrane">External limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_of_rods_and_cones" title="Layer of rods and cones">Layer of rods and cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a>) → (<a href="/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell" title="Retina horizontal cell">Horizontal cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">Bipolar cell</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cell" title="Amacrine cell">Amacrine cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retina ganglion cell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midget_cell" title="Midget cell">Midget cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasol_cell" title="Parasol cell">Parasol cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">Bistratified cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_retinal_ganglion_cells" title="Giant retinal ganglion cells">Giant retina ganglion cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>) → <i>Diencephalon</i>: <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perifovea" title="Perifovea">Perifoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafovea" title="Parafovea">Parafoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foveal_avascular_zone" title="Foveal avascular zone">Foveal avascular zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveola" title="Foveola">Foveola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_cup_(anatomical)" title="Optic cup (anatomical)">Optic cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical regions <br />of the eye</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Anterior segment of eyeball">Anterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tunic">Fibrous tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">Anterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">Posterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_lens" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Posterior segment of eyeball">Posterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_chamber" title="Vitreous chamber">Vitreous chamber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte" title="Corneal keratocyte">Keratocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_immune_system" title="Ocular immune system">Ocular immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography#Ophthalmology" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></li> <li><i>Physiological Optics</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_illusions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_illusions" title="Template:Optical illusions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_illusions" title="Template talk:Optical illusions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_illusions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical illusions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_illusions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions" title="List of optical illusions">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_room" title="Ames room">Ames room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barberpole_illusion" title="Barberpole illusion">Barberpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezold_effect" title="Bezold effect">Bezold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_wall_illusion" title="Café wall illusion">Café wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">Checker shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubb_illusion" title="Chubb illusion">Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornsweet_illusion" title="Cornsweet illusion">Cornsweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delboeuf_illusion" title="Delboeuf illusion">Delboeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebbinghaus_illusion" title="Ebbinghaus illusion">Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenstein_illusion" title="Ehrenstein illusion">Ehrenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_lag_illusion" title="Flash lag illusion">Flash lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_spiral_illusion" title="Fraser spiral illusion">Fraser spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_hill" title="Gravity hill">Gravity hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_illusion" title="Grid illusion">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hering_illusion" title="Hering illusion">Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_trident" title="Impossible trident">Impossible trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irradiation_illusion" title="Irradiation illusion">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrow_illusion" title="Jastrow illusion">Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilac_chaser" title="Lilac chaser">Lilac chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_bands" title="Mach bands">Mach bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCollough_effect" title="McCollough effect">McCollough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppel-Kundt_illusion" title="Oppel-Kundt illusion">Oppel-Kundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbison_illusion" title="Orbison illusion">Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_drift_illusion" title="Peripheral drift illusion">Peripheral drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poggendorff_illusion" title="Poggendorff illusion">Poggendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponzo_illusion" title="Ponzo illusion">Ponzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_illusion" title="Sander illusion">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schroeder_stairs" title="Schroeder stairs">Schroeder stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tables" title="Shepard tables">Shepard tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_dancer" title="Spinning dancer">Spinning dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternus_illusion" title="Ternus illusion">Ternus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical%E2%80%93horizontal_illusion" title="Vertical–horizontal illusion">Vertical–horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White%27s_illusion" title="White's illusion">White's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wundt_illusion" title="Wundt illusion">Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B6llner_illusion" title="Zöllner illusion">Zöllner</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/30px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/45px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/60px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectropia" title="Spectropia">Spectropia</a></i> (1864 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i> (1960 drawing)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i> (1961 drawing)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i> (2015 photograph)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_viewpoint" title="Accidental viewpoint">Accidental viewpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Temporal illusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_orbit_of_the_eye" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_anatomy" title="Template:Orbital anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_anatomy" title="Template talk:Orbital anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_orbit_of_the_eye" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">Frontal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">Zygomatic bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxillary bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">Sphenoid bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">Ethmoid bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">Palatine bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">Lacrimal bone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Muscles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" title="Superior rectus muscle">Superior rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" title="Inferior rectus muscle">Inferior rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle" title="Lateral rectus muscle">Lateral rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">Medial rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle" title="Superior oblique muscle">Superior oblique muscle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_superior_oblique" title="Trochlea of superior oblique">Trochlea of superior oblique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" title="Inferior oblique muscle">Inferior oblique muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle" title="Levator palpebrae superioris muscle">Levator palpebrae superioris muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(eyelids)" title="Tarsus (eyelids)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_palpebral_ligament" title="Medial palpebral ligament">Medial palpebral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicanthic_fold" title="Epicanthic fold">Epicanthic fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">Meibomian gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moll%27s_gland" title="Moll's gland">Ciliary glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">Eyelash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_fissure" title="Palpebral fissure">Palpebral fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canthus" title="Canthus">Canthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gland_of_Zeis" title="Gland of Zeis">Gland of Zeis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_apparatus" title="Lacrimal apparatus">Lacrimal apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_canaliculi" title="Lacrimal canaliculi">Lacrimal canaliculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_caruncle" title="Lacrimal caruncle">Lacrimal caruncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">Lacrimal gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_lacrimal_glands" title="Accessory lacrimal glands">Accessory lacrimal glands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krause%27s_glands" title="Krause's glands">Krause's glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaccio%27s_glands" title="Ciaccio's glands">Ciaccio's glands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_lake" title="Lacrimal lake">Lacrimal lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_papilla" title="Lacrimal papilla">Lacrimal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_punctum" title="Lacrimal punctum">Lacrimal punctum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_sac" title="Lacrimal sac">Lacrimal sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct" title="Nasolacrimal duct">Nasolacrimal duct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unibrow" title="Unibrow">Unibrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plica_semilunaris_of_conjunctiva" title="Plica semilunaris of conjunctiva">Plica semilunaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_septum" title="Orbital septum">Orbital septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periorbita" title="Periorbita">Periorbita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_eyeball" title="Suspensory ligament of eyeball">Suspensory ligament of eyeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" title="Tenon's capsule">Tenon's capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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