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interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طوطی‌گنجشک‌مانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طوطی‌گنجشک‌مانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk-_en_pappegaai-eftigen" title="Mosk- en pappegaai-eftigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mosk- en pappegaai-eftigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir%C3%BBvdan%C3%AA_%C3%A7iv%C3%AEkan" title="Dirûvdanê çivîkan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dirûvdanê çivîkan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Попугай дон оравивлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Попугай дон оравивлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagai%C4%BCu_un_zvirbu%C4%BCu_virsk%C4%81rta" title="Papagaiļu un zvirbuļu virskārta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papagaiļu un zvirbuļu virskārta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psittacopasseres" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacopasserae" title="Psittacopasserae – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Psittacopasserae" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%A6%E9%9B%80%E6%80%BB%E7%9B%AE" title="鹦雀总目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鹦雀总目" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clade of birds</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Psittacopasseres<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br />Early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">54–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-boles97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boles97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.01538461538px; width:20.984615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.72307692308px; width:18.276923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.72307692308px; width:16.276923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <small>Possibly an earlier origin based on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kuhletal2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhletal2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_(53532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_%2853532%29.jpg/220px-House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_%2853532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_%2853532%29.jpg/330px-House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_%2853532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_%2853532%29.jpg/440px-House_sparrow_male_in_Prospect_Park_%2853532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3422" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">House sparrow</a>, <i>Passer domesticus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg/220px-Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg/330px-Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg/440px-Psittacus_erithacus_-perching_on_tray-8d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_parrot" title="Grey parrot">Grey parrot</a>, <i>Psittacus erithacus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Psittacopasseres" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psittacopasseres</a><br /><small>Suh <i>et al.</i>, 2011</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subtaxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Vastanavidae" title="Vastanavidae">Vastanavidae</a></li> <li><b>Psittacimorphae</b> <small>Huxley, 1867</small> <ul><li>?<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">Messelasturidae</a></li> <li>?<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Halcyornithidae" title="Halcyornithidae">Halcyornithidae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Quercypsittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercypsittidae">Quercypsittidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Passerimorphae</b> <small>Sibley et al., 1988</small> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Psittacopedidae" title="Psittacopedidae">Psittacopedidae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapasseres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapasseres (page does not exist)">Parapasseres</a></b> <small>Mayr, 2015</small> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Zygodactylidae" title="Zygodactylidae">Zygodactylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Psittacopasserae <small>Suh et al., 2011</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Psittacopasseres</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> consisting of the Passeriformes (<a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, a large group of perching birds) and Psittaciformes (<a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sanster-2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanster-2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per Ericson and colleagues, in analysing genomic DNA, revealed a lineage comprising passerines, psittacines and <a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ericson2006a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson2006a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was proposed following an alignment of nuclear intron sequences by Shannon Hackett et al. in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formally named as <i>Psittacopasserae</i> in a 2011 <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i> article by Alexander Suh and other authors working with Jürgen Schmitz's group,<sup id="cite_ref-Suh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on genetic analysis of the insertion of <a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">retroposons</a> into the genomes of key avian lineages over the course of evolution during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesozoic Era">Mesozoic Era</a>. This clade was defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i> by George Sangster and colleagues in 2022 as the least inclusive crown clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Psittacus_erithacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacus erithacus">Psittacus erithacus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Passer_domesticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Passer domesticus">Passer domesticus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanster-2023_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanster-2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="If formally named Psittacopasserae, why is this article at Psittacopasseres? (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_the_evolution_of_birdsong">Significance in the evolution of birdsong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psittacopasseres&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance in the evolution of birdsong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passerines are renowned as <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a> (technically this word refers to a clade of passerines), and parrots share a capacity for <a href="/wiki/Vocal_learning" title="Vocal learning">vocal learning</a>. Thus it is possible that vocal learning, and the corresponding variety of song, was present in a psittacopasseran ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Suh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psittacopasseres&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boles97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boles97_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoles,_Walter_E.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Boles, Walter E. (1997). 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