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id="toc-1971–1980_period_(pre-antivirus_days)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1990_period_(early_days)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1990_period_(early_days)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1980–1990 period (early days) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1990_period_(early_days)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–2000_period_(emergence_of_the_antivirus_industry)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–2000_period_(emergence_of_the_antivirus_industry)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1990–2000 period (emergence of the antivirus industry) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–2000_period_(emergence_of_the_antivirus_industry)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–2005_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2005_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2000–2005 period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2005_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–2014_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2014_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2005–2014 period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2014_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014–present:_rise_of_next-gen,_market_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014–present:_rise_of_next-gen,_market_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2014–present: rise of next-gen, market consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014–present:_rise_of_next-gen,_market_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Identification methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identification_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identification methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identification_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signature-based_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signature-based_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Signature-based detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signature-based_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heuristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heuristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Heuristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heuristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rootkit_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rootkit_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rootkit detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rootkit_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-time_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-time_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Real-time protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-time_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_of_concern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_of_concern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Issues of concern </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_of_concern-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues of concern subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_of_concern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unexpected_renewal_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unexpected_renewal_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Unexpected renewal costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unexpected_renewal_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rogue_security_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rogue_security_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rogue security applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rogue_security_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_caused_by_false_positives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_caused_by_false_positives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Problems caused by false positives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_caused_by_false_positives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_and_interoperability_related_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_and_interoperability_related_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 System and interoperability related issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_and_interoperability_related_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 New viruses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rootkits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rootkits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Rootkits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rootkits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damaged_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damaged_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Damaged files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damaged_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firmware_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firmware_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Firmware infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firmware_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_and_other_drawbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_and_other_drawbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Performance and other drawbacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_and_other_drawbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Alternative solutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_solutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alternative solutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware_and_network_firewall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_and_network_firewall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hardware and network firewall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_and_network_firewall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_antivirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_antivirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cloud antivirus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_antivirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_scanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_scanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Online scanning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_scanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Specialized tools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_and_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_and_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage and risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_and_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antivirus software</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirenprogramm" title="Antivirenprogramm – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antivirenprogramm" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مضاد فيروسات (برمجيات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضاد فيروسات (برمجيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_proqram%C4%B1" title="Antivirus proqramı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antivirus proqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অ্যান্টিভাইরাস সফটওয়্যার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টিভাইরাস সফটওয়্যার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Антывірус (праграма) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антывірус (праграма)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Антывірус – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антывірус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антивирусен софтуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антивирусен софтуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirusni_program" title="Antivirusni program – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antivirusni program" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirov%C3%BD_program" title="Antivirový program – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antivirový program" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddalwedd_gwrth-firws" title="Meddalwedd gwrth-firws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meddalwedd gwrth-firws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirussoftware" title="Antivirussoftware – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antivirussoftware" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirenprogramm" title="Antivirenprogramm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antivirenprogramm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiruset%C3%B5rjetarkvara" title="Viirusetõrjetarkvara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viirusetõrjetarkvara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B9%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αντιιικό πρόγραμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιιικό πρόγραμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADvirusilo" title="Kontraŭvirusilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭvirusilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibirus" title="Antibirus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antibirus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نرم‌افزار ضدویروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار ضدویروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel_antivirus" title="Logiciel antivirus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logiciel antivirus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="바이러스 검사 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이러스 검사 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հակավիրուսային ծրագրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակավիրուսային ծրագրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="ऐंटिवायरस सॉफ़्टवेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐंटिवायरस सॉफ़्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirusni_program" title="Antivirusni program – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antivirusni program" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_antivirus" title="Perangkat lunak antivirus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak antivirus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אנטי-וירוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטי-וירוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_komputer" title="Antivirus komputer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antivirus komputer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಟಿವೈರಸ್ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಟಿವೈರಸ್ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ანტივირუსული პროგრამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტივირუსული პროგრამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вирусқа қарсы бағдарламалық жасақтама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вирусқа қарсы бағдарламалық жасақтама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Антивирустук программа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антивирустук программа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretv%C4%ABrusu_programmat%C5%ABra" title="Pretvīrusu programmatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pretvīrusu programmatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirusin%C4%97_programa" title="Antivirusinė programa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antivirusinė programa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrusirt%C3%B3" title="Vírusirtó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vírusirtó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Антивирус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антивирус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആന്റിവൈറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റിവൈറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_antivirus" title="Perisian antivirus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian antivirus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirussoftware" title="Antivirussoftware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antivirussoftware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="アンチウイルスソフトウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンチウイルスソフトウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirusprogram" title="Antivirusprogram – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antivirusprogram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Антивирус – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Антивирус" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਐਂਟੀਵਾਇਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਂਟੀਵਾਇਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_antywirusowy" title="Program antywirusowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program antywirusowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiv%C3%ADrus" title="Antivírus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antivírus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aw_awqaq_llamp%27ukaq" title="Añaw awqaq llamp'ukaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaw awqaq llamp'ukaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Антивирусная программа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антивирусная программа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Антивирус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Антивирус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programi_antivirus" title="Programi antivirus – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Programi antivirus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="වෛරස් නාශක මෘදුකාංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛරස් නාශක මෘදුකාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antivirus software" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiv%C3%ADrusov%C3%BD_softv%C3%A9r" title="Antivírusový softvér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antivírusový softvér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protivirusni_program" title="Protivirusni program – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protivirusni program" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Антивирус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антивирус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virustorjunta" title="Virustorjunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virustorjunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirusprogram" title="Antivirusprogram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antivirusprogram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="நச்சுநிரல் தடுப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நச்சுநிரல் தடுப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="โปรแกรมป้องกันไวรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรแกรมป้องกันไวรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Барномаи зиддивирусӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барномаи зиддивирусӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivir%C3%BCs_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Antivirüs yazılımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antivirüs yazılımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiwirus" title="Antiwirus – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Antiwirus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Антивірусна програма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антивірусна програма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus" title="Antivirus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antivirus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_di%E1%BB%87t_virus" title="Phần mềm diệt virus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm diệt virus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Malware_scanner&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Malware scanner">Malware scanner</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer software to defend against malicious computer viruses</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Antivirus" redirects here. For the medication, see <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drug</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClamTk_5.27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ClamTk_5.27.png/300px-ClamTk_5.27.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ClamTk_5.27.png/450px-ClamTk_5.27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ClamTk_5.27.png/600px-ClamTk_5.27.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ClamTk" title="ClamTk">ClamTk</a>, an open-source antivirus based on the <a href="/wiki/ClamAV" title="ClamAV">ClamAV</a> antivirus <a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">engine</a>, was originally developed by Tomasz Kojm in 2001.</figcaption></figure> Antivirus software (abbreviated to AV software), also known as anti-malware, is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> used to prevent, detect, and remove <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>. Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a>, hence the name. However, with the proliferation of other <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, antivirus software started to protect against other computer threats. Some products also include protection from malicious <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer viruses">History of computer viruses</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–1980_period_(pre-antivirus_days)">1971–1980 period (pre-antivirus days)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1971–1980 period (pre-antivirus days)">edit</a>]</div> The first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and was dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Creeper_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeper (program)">Creeper virus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This computer virus infected <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>'s (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>) <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> mainframe computers running the <a href="/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a> operating system.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a> and known as "<a href="/wiki/Reaper_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaper (program)">The Reaper</a>".<a href="#cite_note-John_Metcalf_2014-5">[5]</a> Some people consider "The Reaper" the first antivirus software ever written – it may be the case, but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus.<a href="#cite_note-John_Metcalf_2014-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses. The first known that appeared "in the wild" was "<a href="/wiki/Elk_Cloner" title="Elk Cloner">Elk Cloner</a>", in 1981, which infected <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> computers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1983, the term "computer virus" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Cohen" title="Fred Cohen">Fred Cohen</a> in one of the first ever published academic papers on <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Cohen used the term "computer virus" to describe programs that: "affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (note that a more recent definition of <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer virus</a> has been given by the Hungarian security researcher <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Sz%C5%91r" title="Péter Szőr">Péter Szőr</a>: "a code that recursively replicates a possibly evolved copy of itself").&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzor2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> "in the wild" computer virus, and one of the first real widespread infections, was "<a href="/wiki/Brain_(computer_virus)" title="Brain (computer virus)">Brain</a>" in 1986. From then, the number of viruses has grown exponentially.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-theregister-15">[15]</a> Most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self-reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code. That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming and created viruses that manipulated or even destroyed data on infected computers.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> connectivity was widespread, computer viruses were typically spread by infected <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a>. Antivirus software came into use, but was updated relatively infrequently. During this time, virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy disks and hard disks. However, as internet usage became common, viruses began to spread online.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1990_period_(early_days)">1980–1990 period (early days)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980–1990 period (early days)">edit</a>]</div> There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product. Possibly, the first publicly documented removal of an "in the wild" computer virus (the "Vienna virus") was performed by <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Fix" title="Bernd Fix">Bernd Fix</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1987, Andreas Lüning and Kai Figge, who founded <a href="/wiki/G_Data_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="G Data Software">G Data Software</a> in 1985, released their first antivirus product for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-Gdata-20">[20]</a> In 1987, the Ultimate Virus Killer (UVK) was also released.<a href="#cite_note-UniqueNameOfRef-21">[21]</a> This was the de facto industry standard virus killer for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atari_Falcon" title="Atari Falcon">Atari Falcon</a>, the last version of which (version 9.0) was released in April 2004.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1987, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a> company and, at the end of that year, he released the first version of <a href="/wiki/McAfee_VirusScan" title="McAfee VirusScan">VirusScan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Also in 1987 (in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>), Peter Paško, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hrub%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Hrubý">Rudolf Hrubý</a>, and Miroslav Trnka created the first version of <a href="/wiki/ESET_NOD32" title="ESET NOD32">NOD</a> antivirus.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1987, Fred Cohen wrote that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible computer viruses.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen1987-25">[25]</a> Finally, at the end of 1987, the first two <a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)" title="Heuristic (computer science)">heuristic</a> antivirus utilities were released: Flushot Plus by <a href="/wiki/Ross_Greenberg" title="Ross Greenberg">Ross Greenberg</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and Anti4us by Erwin Lanting.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a> book, Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows, Roger Grimes described Flushot Plus as "the first holistic program to fight malicious mobile code (MMC)."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> However, the kind of heuristic used by early AV engines was totally different from those used today. The first product with a heuristic engine resembling modern ones was <a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">F-PROT</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Early heuristic engines were based on dividing the binary into different sections: data section, code section (in a legitimate binary, it usually starts always from the same location). Indeed, the initial viruses re-organized the layout of the sections, or overrode the initial portion of a section in order to jump to the very end of the file where malicious code was located—only going back to resume execution of the original code. This was a very specific pattern, not used at the time by any legitimate software, which represented an elegant heuristic to catch suspicious code. Other kinds of more advanced heuristics were later added, such as suspicious section names, incorrect header size, regular expressions, and partial pattern in-memory matching. In 1988, the growth of antivirus companies continued. In Germany, Tjark Auerbach founded <a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira</a> (H+BEDV at the time) and released the first version of <a href="/wiki/AntiVir" class="mw-redirect" title="AntiVir">AntiVir</a> (named "Luke Filewalker" at the time). In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Vesselin Bontchev released his first freeware antivirus program (he later joined <a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">FRISK Software</a>). Also Frans Veldman released the first version of <a href="/wiki/ThunderByte_Antivirus" title="ThunderByte Antivirus">ThunderByte Antivirus</a>, also known as TBAV (he sold his company to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Safeground" title="Norman Safeground">Norman Safeground</a> in 1998). In <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Baudi%C5%A1" title="Pavel Baudiš">Pavel Baudiš</a> and Eduard Kučera founded <a href="/wiki/Avast_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Avast Software">Avast Software</a> (at the time ALWIL Software) and released their first version of avast! antivirus. In June 1988, in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Cheol-Soo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahn Cheol-Soo">Ahn Cheol-Soo</a> released its first antivirus software, called V1 (he founded AhnLab later in 1995). Finally, in autumn 1988, in the United Kingdom, Alan Solomon founded S&S International and created his <a href="/wiki/Dr_Solomon%27s_Antivirus" title="Dr Solomon's Antivirus">Dr. Solomon's Anti-Virus Toolkit</a> (although he launched it commercially only in 1991 – in 1998 Solomon's company was acquired by <a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, then known as Network Associates Inc.). In November 1988 a professor at the Panamerican University in Mexico City named Alejandro E. Carriles copyrighted the first antivirus software in Mexico under the name "Byte Matabichos" (Byte Bugkiller) to help solve the rampant virus infestation among students.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Also in 1988, a mailing list named VIRUS-L<a href="#cite_note-VIRUS-L_mailing_list-33">[33]</a> was started on the <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Academic_Research_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="European Academic Research Network">EARN</a> network where new viruses and the possibilities of detecting and eliminating viruses were discussed. Some members of this mailing list were: Alan Solomon, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Kaspersky" title="Eugene Kaspersky">Eugene Kaspersky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_Sk%C3%BAlason" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðrik Skúlason">Friðrik Skúlason</a> (<a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">FRISK Software</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (<a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>), Luis Corrons (<a href="/wiki/Panda_Security" title="Panda Security">Panda Security</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Hypp%C3%B6nen" title="Mikko Hyppönen">Mikko Hyppönen</a> (<a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a>), <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Sz%C5%91r" title="Péter Szőr">Péter Szőr</a>, Tjark Auerbach (<a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira</a>) and Vesselin Bontchev (<a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">FRISK Software</a>).<a href="#cite_note-VIRUS-L_mailing_list-33">[33]</a> In 1989, in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_Sk%C3%BAlason" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðrik Skúlason">Friðrik Skúlason</a> created the first version of <a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">F-PROT Anti-Virus</a> (he founded <a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">FRISK Software</a> only in 1993). Meanwhile, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> (founded by Gary Hendrix in 1982) launched its first <a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Symantec antivirus for Macintosh</a> (SAM).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> SAM 2.0, released March 1990, incorporated technology allowing users to easily update SAM to intercept and eliminate new viruses, including many that didn't exist at the time of the program's release.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the end of the 1980s, in United Kingdom, Jan Hruska and Peter Lammer founded the security firm <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a> and began producing their first antivirus and encryption products. In the same period, in Hungary, <a href="/wiki/VirusBuster" title="VirusBuster">VirusBuster</a> was founded (and subsequently incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–2000_period_(emergence_of_the_antivirus_industry)">1990–2000 period (emergence of the antivirus industry)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990–2000 period (emergence of the antivirus industry)">edit</a>]</div> In 1990, in Spain, Mikel Urizarbarrena founded <a href="/wiki/Panda_Security" title="Panda Security">Panda Security</a> (Panda Software at the time).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In Hungary, the security researcher <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Sz%C5%91r" title="Péter Szőr">Péter Szőr</a> released the first version of Pasteur antivirus. In Italy, Gianfranco Tonello created the first version of <a href="/w/index.php?title=VirIT_eXplorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VirIT eXplorer (page does not exist)">VirIT eXplorer</a> antivirus, then founded <a href="/w/index.php?title=TG_Soft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TG Soft (page does not exist)">TG Soft</a> one year later.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Antivirus_Research_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Antivirus Research Organization">Computer Antivirus Research Organization</a> (<a href="/wiki/CARO" title="CARO">CARO</a>) was founded. In 1991, CARO released the "Virus Naming Scheme", originally written by <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_Sk%C3%BAlason" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðrik Skúlason">Friðrik Skúlason</a> and Vesselin Bontchev.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Although this naming scheme is now outdated, it remains the only existing standard that most computer security companies and researchers ever attempted to adopt. <a href="/wiki/CARO" title="CARO">CARO</a> members includes: Alan Solomon, Costin Raiu, Dmitry Gryaznov, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Kaspersky" title="Eugene Kaspersky">Eugene Kaspersky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_Sk%C3%BAlason" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðrik Skúlason">Friðrik Skúlason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Muttik" title="Igor Muttik">Igor Muttik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Hypp%C3%B6nen" title="Mikko Hyppönen">Mikko Hyppönen</a>, Morton Swimmer, Nick FitzGerald, <a href="/wiki/Padgett_Peterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Padgett Peterson">Padgett Peterson</a>, Peter Ferrie, Righard Zwienenberg and Vesselin Bontchev.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1991, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> released the first version of <a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Norton AntiVirus</a>. In the same year, in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Jan Gritzbach and Tomáš Hofer founded <a href="/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG Technologies</a> (Grisoft at the time), although they released the first version of their Anti-Virus Guard (AVG) only in 1992. On the other hand, in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a> (founded in 1988 by Petri Allas and Risto Siilasmaa – with the name of Data Fellows) released the first version of their antivirus product. <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a> claims to be the first antivirus firm to establish a presence on the World Wide Web.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_for_Computer_Antivirus_Research" title="European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research">European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research</a> (EICAR) was founded to further antivirus research and improve development of antivirus software.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1992, in Russia, Igor Danilov released the first version of SpiderWeb, which later became <a href="/wiki/Dr.Web" title="Dr.Web">Dr.Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/AV-TEST" title="AV-TEST">AV-TEST</a> reported that there were 28,613 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a> Over time other companies were founded. In 1996, in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitdefender" title="Bitdefender">Bitdefender</a> was founded and released the first version of Anti-Virus eXpert (AVX).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1997, in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Kaspersky" title="Eugene Kaspersky">Eugene Kaspersky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natalya_Kaspersky" title="Natalya Kaspersky">Natalya Kaspersky</a> co-founded security firm <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1996, there was also the first "in the wild" <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> virus, known as "<a href="/wiki/Staog" title="Staog">Staog</a>".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/AV-TEST" title="AV-TEST">AV-TEST</a> reported that there were 98,428 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2005_period">2000–2005 period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2000–2005 period">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, Rainer Link and Howard Fuhs started the first open source antivirus engine, called OpenAntivirus Project.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2001, Tomasz Kojm released the first version of <a href="/wiki/ClamAV" title="ClamAV">ClamAV</a>, the first ever open source antivirus engine to be commercialised. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/ClamAV" title="ClamAV">ClamAV</a> was bought by <a href="/wiki/Sourcefire" title="Sourcefire">Sourcefire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> which in turn was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2002, in United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Morten_Lund_(investor)" title="Morten Lund (investor)">Morten Lund</a> and Theis Søndergaard co-founded the antivirus firm BullGuard.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/AV-TEST" title="AV-TEST">AV-TEST</a> reported that there were 333,425 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005–2014_period">2005–2014 period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2005–2014 period">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/AV-TEST" title="AV-TEST">AV-TEST</a> reported a number of 5,490,960 new unique malware samples (based on MD5) only for that year.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a> In 2012 and 2013, antivirus firms reported a new malware samples range from 300,000 to over 500,000 per day.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Over the years it has become necessary for antivirus software to use several different strategies (e.g. specific email and network protection or low level modules) and detection algorithms, as well as to check an increasing variety of files, rather than just executables, for several reasons: <ul><li>Powerful <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>, presented a risk. Virus writers could use the macros to write viruses embedded within documents. This meant that computers could now also be at risk from infection by opening documents with hidden attached macros.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzor200566–67-57">[57]</a></li> <li>The possibility of embedding executable objects inside otherwise non-executable file formats can make opening those files a risk.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Later email programs, in particular Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerable</a> to viruses embedded in the email body itself. A user's computer could be infected by just opening or previewing a message.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ul> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a> was the first security firm that developed an Anti-Rootkit technology, called BlackLight. Because most users are usually connected to the Internet on a continual basis, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Oberheide" title="Jon Oberheide">Jon Oberheide</a> first proposed a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud-based</a> antivirus design in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In February 2008 McAfee Labs added the industry-first cloud-based anti-malware functionality to VirusScan under the name Artemis. It was tested by <a href="/wiki/AV-Comparatives" title="AV-Comparatives">AV-Comparatives</a> in February 2008<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and officially unveiled in August 2008 in <a href="/wiki/McAfee_VirusScan" title="McAfee VirusScan">McAfee VirusScan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Cloud AV created problems for comparative testing of security software – part of the AV definitions was out of testers control (on constantly updated AV company servers) thus making results non-repeatable. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Malware_Testing_Standards_Organization" title="Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization">Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organisation</a> (AMTSO) started working on method of testing cloud products which was adopted on May 7, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/AVG_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="AVG (software)">AVG</a> introduced a similar cloud service, called Protective Cloud Technology.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014–present:_rise_of_next-gen,_market_consolidation">2014–present: rise of next-gen, market consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2014–present: rise of next-gen, market consolidation">edit</a>]</div> Following the 2013 release of the APT 1 report from <a href="/wiki/Mandiant" title="Mandiant">Mandiant</a>, the industry has seen a shift towards signature-less approaches to the problem capable of detecting and mitigating <a href="/wiki/Zero-day_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-day (computing)">zero-day attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Numerous approaches to address these new forms of threats have appeared, including behavioral detection, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud-based file detection. According to Gartner, it is expected the rise of new entrants, such <a href="/wiki/VMware_Carbon_Black" title="VMware Carbon Black">Carbon Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylance" title="Cylance">Cylance</a> and <a href="/wiki/CrowdStrike" title="CrowdStrike">Crowdstrike</a> will force end point protection incumbents into a new phase of innovation and acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> One method from <a href="/wiki/Bromium" title="Bromium">Bromium</a> involves micro-virtualization to protect desktops from malicious code execution initiated by the end user. Another approach from <a href="/wiki/SentinelOne" title="SentinelOne">SentinelOne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Black_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Black (company)">Carbon Black</a> focuses on behavioral detection by building a full context around every process execution path in real time,<a href="#cite_note-NetworkWorld-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSToday.US-68">[68]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Cylance_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Cylance Inc.">Cylance</a> leverages an artificial intelligence model based on machine learning.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Increasingly, these signature-less approaches have been defined by the media and analyst firms as "next-generation" antivirus<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and are seeing rapid market adoption as certified antivirus replacement technologies by firms such as Coalfire and DirectDefense.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In response, traditional antivirus vendors such as <a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> have responded by incorporating "next-gen" offerings into their portfolios as analyst firms such as <a href="/wiki/Forrester_Research" title="Forrester Research">Forrester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> have called traditional signature-based antivirus "ineffective" and "outdated".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> As of <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, Windows includes its own free antivirus protection under the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defender">Windows Defender</a> brand. Despite bad detection scores in its early days, AV-Test now certifies Defender as one of its top products.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> While it isn't publicly known how the inclusion of antivirus software in Windows affected antivirus sales, Google search traffic for antivirus has declined significantly since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 2014 Microsoft bought McAfee.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Since 2016, there has been a notable amount of consolidation in the industry. <a href="/wiki/Avast" title="Avast">Avast</a> purchased <a href="/wiki/AVG_AntiVirus" title="AVG AntiVirus">AVG</a> in 2016 for $1.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira</a> was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Norton</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Gen_Digital" title="Gen Digital">Gen Digital</a> (then NortonLifeLock) in 2020 for $360 million.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2021, the Avira division of Gen Digital acquired BullGuard.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The BullGuard brand was discontinued in 2022 and its customers were migrated to Norton. In 2022, Gen Digital acquired Avast, effectively consolidating four major antivirus brands under one owner.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_methods">Identification methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identification methods">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Cohen" title="Fred Cohen">Frederick B. Cohen</a> demonstrated that the algorithm which would be able to detect all possible viruses can't possibly exist (like the algorithm which determines <a href="/wiki/Halting_problem" title="Halting problem">whether or not the given program halts</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cohen1987-25">[25]</a> However, using different layers of defense, a good detection rate may be achieved. There are several methods which antivirus engines can use to identify malware: <ul><li>Sandbox detection: a particular behavioural-based detection technique that, instead of detecting the behavioural fingerprint at run time, it executes the programs in a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual environment</a>, logging what actions the program performs. Depending on the actions logged which can include memory usage and network accesses,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> the antivirus engine can determine if the program is malicious or not.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> If not, then, the program is executed in the real environment. Although this technique has shown to be quite effective, given its heaviness and slowness, it is rarely used in end-user antivirus solutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzor2005474–481-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a> techniques: one of the latest approaches applied in malware detection. <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> algorithms are used to try to classify the behaviour of a file (as either malicious or benign) given a series of file features, that are extracted from the file itself.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signature-based_detection">Signature-based detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Signature-based detection">edit</a>]</div> Traditional antivirus software relies heavily upon signatures to identify malware.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Substantially, when a malware sample arrives in the hands of an antivirus firm, it is analysed by malware researchers or by dynamic analysis systems. Then, once it is determined to be a malware, a proper signature of the file is extracted and added to the signatures database of the antivirus software.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Although the signature-based approach can effectively contain malware outbreaks, malware authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing "<a href="/wiki/Oligomorphic_code" title="Oligomorphic code">oligomorphic</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_code" title="Polymorphic code">polymorphic</a>" and, more recently, "<a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_code" title="Metamorphic code">metamorphic</a>" viruses, which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise, so as to not match virus signatures in the dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzor2005252–288-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heuristics">Heuristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heuristics">edit</a>]</div> Many viruses start as a single infection and through either <a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_code" title="Polymorphic code">mutation</a> or refinements by other attackers, can grow into dozens of slightly different strains, called variants. Generic detection refers to the detection and removal of multiple threats using a single virus definition.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Vundo" title="Vundo">Vundo</a> <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan</a> has several family members, depending on the antivirus vendor's classification. <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> classifies members of the Vundo family into two distinct categories, Trojan.Vundo and Trojan.Vundo.B.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> While it may be advantageous to identify a specific virus, it can be quicker to detect a virus family through a generic signature or through an inexact match to an existing signature. Virus researchers find common areas that all viruses in a family share uniquely and can thus create a single generic signature. These signatures often contain non-contiguous code, using <a href="/wiki/Wildcard_character" title="Wildcard character">wildcard characters</a> where differences lie. These wildcards allow the scanner to detect viruses even if they are padded with extra, meaningless code.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A detection that uses this method is said to be "heuristic detection". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rootkit_detection">Rootkit detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rootkit detection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkit</a></div> Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits. A <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">rootkit</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> designed to gain administrative-level control over a computer system without being detected. Rootkits can change how the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective. Rootkits are also difficult to remove, in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-time_protection">Real-time protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Real-time protection">edit</a>]</div> Real-time protection, on-access scanning, background guard, resident shield, autoprotect, and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus, anti-spyware, and other anti-malware programs. This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious objects. Real-time protection detects threats in opened files and scans apps in real-time as they are installed on the device.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> When inserting a CD, opening an email, or browsing the web, or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_of_concern">Issues of concern</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Issues of concern">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unexpected_renewal_costs">Unexpected renewal costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unexpected renewal costs">edit</a>]</div> Some commercial antivirus software <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">end-user license agreements</a> include a clause that the <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> will be automatically renewed, and the purchaser's credit card automatically billed, at the renewal time without explicit approval. For example, <a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a> requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Bitdefender" title="Bitdefender">Bitdefender</a> sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Norton AntiVirus</a> also renews subscriptions automatically by default.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rogue_security_applications">Rogue security applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rogue security applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></div> Some apparent antivirus programs are actually <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> masquerading as legitimate software, such as <a href="/wiki/WinFixer" title="WinFixer">WinFixer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MS_Antivirus_(malware)" title="MS Antivirus (malware)">MS Antivirus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mac_Defender" title="Mac Defender">Mac Defender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_caused_by_false_positives">Problems caused by false positives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Problems caused by false positives">edit</a>]</div> A "false positive" or "false alarm" is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware. When this happens, it can cause serious problems. For example, if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files, as is common on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> antivirus applications, a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> or some applications unusable.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Examples of serious false-positives: <ul><li>May 2007: a faulty virus signature issued by <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> mistakenly removed essential operating system files, leaving thousands of PCs unable to <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">boot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>May 2007: the <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable file</a> required by <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Mail" title="Pegasus Mail">Pegasus Mail</a> on Windows was falsely detected by <a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Norton AntiVirus</a> as being a Trojan and it was automatically removed, preventing Pegasus Mail from running. Norton AntiVirus had falsely identified three releases of Pegasus Mail as malware, and would delete the Pegasus Mail installer file when that happened.<a href="#cite_note-v45x-118">[118]</a> In response to this Pegasus Mail stated:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On the basis that Norton/Symantec has done this for every one of the last three releases of Pegasus Mail, we can only condemn this product as too flawed to use, and recommend in the strongest terms that our users cease using it in favour of alternative, less buggy anti-virus packages.<a href="#cite_note-v45x-118">[118]</a></blockquote></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>April 2010: <a href="/wiki/McAfee_VirusScan" title="McAfee VirusScan">McAfee VirusScan</a> detected svchost.exe, a normal Windows binary, as a virus on machines running <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> with Service Pack 3, causing a reboot loop and loss of all network access.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>December 2010: a faulty update on the <a href="/wiki/AVG_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="AVG (software)">AVG</a> anti-virus suite damaged 64-bit versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, rendering it unable to boot, due to an endless boot loop created.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>October 2011: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Security_Essentials" title="Microsoft Security Essentials">Microsoft Security Essentials</a> (MSE) removed the <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> web browser, rival to Microsoft's own <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>. MSE flagged Chrome as a <a href="/wiki/Zeus_(malware)" title="Zeus (malware)">Zbot banking trojan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>September 2012: <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>' anti-virus suite identified various update-mechanisms, including its own, as malware. If it was configured to automatically delete detected files, Sophos Antivirus could render itself unable to update, required manual intervention to fix the problem.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>September 2017: the Google Play Protect anti-virus started identifying <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moto_G4" title="Moto G4">Moto G4</a> Bluetooth application as malware, causing Bluetooth functionality to become disabled.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>September 2022: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Defender">Microsoft Defender</a> flagged all Chromium based web browsers and Electron based apps like WhatsApp, Discord, Spotify as a severe threat.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_and_interoperability_related_issues">System and interoperability related issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: System and interoperability related issues">edit</a>]</div> Running (the real-time protection of) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> However, using a concept called <a href="/wiki/Multiscanning" title="Multiscanning">multiscanning</a>, several companies (including <a href="/wiki/G_Data_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="G Data Software">G Data Software</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently. It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update. Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade, e.g. when upgrading to a newer version of Windows "in place"—without erasing the previous version of Windows. Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Active anti-virus software can also interfere with a <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> update process.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software. For example, <a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a>, a disk encryption program, states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">SSL VPN remote access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_access_control" title="Network access control">network access control</a> products.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications that require an up-to-date antivirus to be installed and running. If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment, whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library, the user will be unable to connect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year, particularly against unknown or <a href="/wiki/Zero_day_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero day attack">zero day attacks</a>. The computer magazine <a href="/wiki/C%27t" title="C't">c't</a> found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40 to 50% in 2006 to 20–30% in 2007. At that time, the only exception was the <a href="/wiki/NOD32" class="mw-redirect" title="NOD32">NOD32</a> antivirus, which managed a detection rate of 68%.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> According to the ZeuS tracker website the average detection rate for all variants of the well-known <a href="/wiki/Zeus_(malware)" title="Zeus (malware)">ZeuS</a> trojan is as low as 40%.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors. Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present. At the time, viruses were written by amateurs and exhibited destructive behavior or <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_ad" title="Pop-up ad">pop-ups</a>. Modern viruses are often written by professionals, financed by <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">criminal organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Chen" title="Eva Chen">Eva Chen</a>, <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro</a>, stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are—and so has been misleading customers—for years.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provides 100% virus detection. The best ones provided as high as 99.9% detection for simulated real-world situations, while the lowest provided 91.1% in tests conducted in August 2013. Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well, identifying benign files as malware.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Although methods may differ, some notable independent quality testing agencies include <a href="/wiki/AV-Comparatives" title="AV-Comparatives">AV-Comparatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICSA_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="ICSA Labs">ICSA Labs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SE_Labs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SE Labs (page does not exist)">SE Labs</a>, West Coast Labs, <a href="/wiki/Virus_Bulletin" title="Virus Bulletin">Virus Bulletin</a>, <a href="/wiki/AV-TEST" title="AV-TEST">AV-TEST</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Malware_Testing_Standards_Organization" title="Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization">Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harley_2011-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_viruses">New viruses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New viruses">edit</a>]</div> Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses, even those that use non-signature-based methods that should detect new viruses. The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some new viruses, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_code" title="Polymorphic code">polymorphic code</a> to avoid detection by virus scanners. Jerome Segura, a security analyst with ParetoLogic, explained:<a href="#cite_note-CBC16Apr10-146">[146]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It's something that they miss a lot of the time because this type of [ransomware virus] comes from sites that use a polymorphism, which means they basically randomize the file they send you and it gets by well-known antivirus products very easily. I've seen people firsthand getting infected, having all the pop-ups and yet they have antivirus software running and it's not detecting anything. It actually can be pretty hard to get rid of, as well, and you're never really sure if it's really gone. When we see something like that usually we advise to reinstall the operating system or reinstall backups.<a href="#cite_note-CBC16Apr10-146">[146]</a></blockquote> A <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> virus has used the <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Processing Unit">Graphics Processing Unit</a> (GPU) to avoid detection from anti-virus software. The potential success of this involves bypassing the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rootkits">Rootkits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rootkits">edit</a>]</div> Detecting <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">rootkits</a> is a major challenge for anti-virus programs. Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the <a href="/wiki/Task_manager" title="Task manager">task manager</a>. Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and tamper with antivirus programs.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damaged_files">Damaged files</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Damaged files">edit</a>]</div> If a file has been infected by a computer virus, anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection, but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In such circumstances, damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">shadow copies</a> (this is also true for <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>); installed software that is damaged requires re-installation<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> (however, see <a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firmware_infections">Firmware infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Firmware infections">edit</a>]</div> Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> This is a major concern, as an infected <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> BIOS from infection.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In 2014, security researchers discovered that <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code (dubbed "<a href="/wiki/BadUSB" title="BadUSB">BadUSB</a>"), which anti-virus software cannot detect or prevent. The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_and_other_drawbacks">Performance and other drawbacks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Performance and other drawbacks">edit</a>]</div> Antivirus software has some drawbacks, first of which that it can impact a <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">computer's performance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Furthermore, inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer, considering their computers to be invulnerable, and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach. If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection, it must be fine-tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious (<a href="/wiki/False_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="False positive">false positive</a>).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> level of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files, creating a potential avenue of <a href="/wiki/Attack_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (computing)">attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) and the UK <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) intelligence agencies, respectively, have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system, which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Kaspersky-targeted-162">[162]</a> Additionally anti-virus software is "years behind security-conscious client-side applications like browsers or document readers. It means that Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Word or Google Chrome are harder to exploit than 90 percent of the anti-virus products out there", according to Joxean Koret, a researcher with Coseinc, a Singapore-based <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> consultancy.<a href="#cite_note-Kaspersky-targeted-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_solutions">Alternative solutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Alternative solutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClamAV0.95.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ClamAV0.95.2.png/220px-ClamAV0.95.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ClamAV0.95.2.png/330px-ClamAV0.95.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ClamAV0.95.2.png/440px-ClamAV0.95.2.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>The command-line virus scanner of <a href="/wiki/ClamAV" title="ClamAV">Clam AV 0.95.2</a> running a virus signature definition update, scanning a file, and identifying a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan</a></figcaption></figure> Antivirus software running on individual computers is the most common method employed of guarding against malware, but it is not the only solution. Other solutions can also be employed by users, including <a href="/wiki/Unified_Threat_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Threat Management">Unified Threat Management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_Threat_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Threat Management">UTM</a>), hardware and network firewalls, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud-based</a> antivirus and online scanners. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_and_network_firewall">Hardware and network firewall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hardware and network firewall">edit</a>]</div> Network firewalls prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system. However, they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything. They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">network</a>, and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP/IP</a> ports. A <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a> is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_antivirus">Cloud antivirus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cloud antivirus">edit</a>]</div> Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer, while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider's infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines. This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV. CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">network cloud</a> where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates. Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues. CloudAV can also perform "retrospective detection", whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed. Finally, CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are <a href="/wiki/Panda_Cloud_Antivirus" title="Panda Cloud Antivirus">Panda Cloud Antivirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunet" title="Immunet">Immunet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comodo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Group">Comodo Group</a> has also produced cloud-based anti-virus.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_scanning">Online scanning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Online scanning">edit</a>]</div> Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer, critical areas only, local disks, folders or files. Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats. One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_tools">Specialized tools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Specialized tools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png/220px-Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png/330px-Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png/440px-Rkhunter_Ubuntu.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The command-line <a href="/wiki/Rkhunter" title="Rkhunter">rkhunter</a> scanner is an engine to scan for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">rootkits</a> running on <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>.</figcaption></figure> Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or a certain type of infection. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Windows_Malicious_Software_Removal_Tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool">Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspersky">Kaspersky</a> Virus Removal Tool,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a> Scan & Clean.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> It is also worth noting that sometimes antivirus software can produce a false-positive result, indicating an infection where there is none.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> A rescue disk that is bootable, such as a CD or USB storage device, can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system in order to remove infections while they are dormant. A bootable rescue disk can be useful when, for example, the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software. Examples of software that can be used on a bootable rescue disk include the <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspersky">Kaspersky</a> Rescue Disk,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro</a> Rescue Disk,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comodo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Group">Comodo</a> Rescue Disk.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_risks">Usage and risks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Usage and risks">edit</a>]</div> According to an FBI survey, major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> A survey by <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> in 2009 found that a third of small to medium-sized business did not use antivirus protection at that time, whereas more than 80% of home users had some kind of antivirus installed.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> According to a sociological survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/G_Data_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="G Data Software">G Data Software</a> in 2010 49% of women did not use any antivirus program at all.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malware#Antivirus_/_Anti-malware_software" title="Malware">Anti-virus and anti-malware software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARO" title="CARO">CARO</a>, the Computer Antivirus Research Organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_antivirus_software" title="Comparison of antivirus software">Comparison of antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_viruses" title="Comparison of computer viruses">Comparison of computer viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EICAR_(Research_institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="EICAR (Research institute)">EICAR</a>, the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpoint_detection_and_response" title="Endpoint detection and response">Endpoint detection and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine_(antivirus_program)" title="Quarantine (antivirus program)">Quarantine (antivirus program)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">Sandbox (computer security)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus hoax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/security/resources/antivirus-whatis.aspx">"What is antivirus software?"</a>. 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Retrieved March 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=PC+virus+celebrates+20th+birthday&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft.aulast=Leyden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F01%2F19%2Fpc_virus_at_20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/technology/digital-world/the-history-of-computer-viruses/">"The History of Computer Viruses"</a>. November 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Computer+Viruses&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbvaopenmind.com%2Fen%2Ftechnology%2Fdigital-world%2Fthe-history-of-computer-viruses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanda_Security2004" class="citation web cs1">Panda Security (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802042225/http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/media/press-releases/viewnews?noticia=4974&entorno=&ver=&pagina=&producto=">"(II) Evolution of computer viruses"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/media/press-releases/viewnews?noticia=4974&entorno=&ver=&pagina=&producto=">the original</a> on August 2, 2009. 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Retrieved June 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virus+timeline&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1996-08-30&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fantivirus%2Ftimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gdata-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Gdata_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG_Data_Software_AG2017" class="citation web cs1">G Data Software AG (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdatasoftware.com/about-g-data/company-profile">"G Data presents first Antivirus solution in 1987"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315111115/https://www.gdatasoftware.com/about-g-data/company-profile">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G+Data+presents+first+Antivirus+solution+in+1987&rft.date=2017&rft.au=G+Data+Software+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdatasoftware.com%2Fabout-g-data%2Fcompany-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniqueNameOfRef-21"><a href="#cite_ref-UniqueNameOfRef_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsmakers2010" class="citation web cs1">Karsmakers, Richard (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-news.com/uvk-book/">"The ultimate Virus Killer Book and Software"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729032353/http://st-news.com/uvk-book/">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2016. 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Paul Bernabeo. p. 1033. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761477679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761477679"><bdi>978-0761477679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventors+and+Inventions%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=1033&rft.pub=Paul+Bernabeo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0761477679&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYcPvV893aXgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eset.com/int/about/">"About ESET Company"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028220311/https://www.eset.com/int/about/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+ESET+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eset.com%2Fint%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsquare.co.th/index.php?option=com_djcatalog2&view=item&id=7:eset-nod32-antivirus&cid=1:soft-ware&Itemid=159">"ESET NOD32 Antivirus"</a>. 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April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427213954/http://www.spgedwards.com/2012/04/anti-virus-is-30-years-old.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-virus+is+30+years+old&rft.pub=spgedwards.com&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spgedwards.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fanti-virus-is-30-years-old.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techlineinfo.com/a-brief-history-of-antivirus-software/">"A Brief History of Antivirus Software"</a>. techlineinfo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120523/http://www.techlineinfo.com/a-brief-history-of-antivirus-software/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Antivirus+Software&rft.pub=techlineinfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techlineinfo.com%2Fa-brief-history-of-antivirus-software%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2001" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, Roger A. 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Munir Kotadia. CBS Interactive. October 21, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912083538/http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/security/soa/Norton-AntiVirus-ignores-malicious-WMI-instructions/0,130061744,139163678,00.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Munir+Kotadia&rft.atitle=Norton+AntiVirus+ignores+malicious+WMI+instructions&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fnorton-antivirus-ignores-malicious-wmi-instructions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/technology/nsa-and-gchq-attacked-antivirus-software-so-that-they-could-spy-on-people-leaks-indicate-31327280.html">"NSA and GCHQ attacked antivirus software so that they could spy on people, leaks indicate"</a>. June 24, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NSA+and+GCHQ+attacked+antivirus+software+so+that+they+could+spy+on+people%2C+leaks+indicate&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fnsa-and-gchq-attacked-antivirus-software-so-that-they-could-spy-on-people-leaks-indicate-31327280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaspersky-targeted-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaspersky-targeted_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaspersky-targeted_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2015/06/22/nsa-gchq-targeted-kaspersky/">"Popular security software came under relentless NSA and GCHQ attacks"</a>. Andrew Fishman, Morgan Marquis-Boire. June 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151320/https://theintercept.com/2015/06/22/nsa-gchq-targeted-kaspersky/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Fishman%2C+Morgan+Marquis-Boire&rft.atitle=Popular+security+software+came+under+relentless+NSA+and+GCHQ+attacks&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2015%2F06%2F22%2Fnsa-gchq-targeted-kaspersky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeltser2010" class="citation web cs1">Zeltser, Lenny (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.zeltser.com/post/1256199682/what-is-cloud-anti-virus">"What Is Cloud Anti-Virus and How Does It Work?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010113820/http://blog.zeltser.com/post/1256199682/what-is-cloud-anti-virus">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2010. 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Retrieved February 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=Antivirus+Software+Heads+for+the+Clouds&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fblog%2Fmain%2Farchives%2F2008%2F08%2Fantivirus_softw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikipost.org/topic/2h7PggduooGeXanMKUGFghAIw1AqK6Xg/Comodo-Cloud-Antivirus-Beta3-Version-1-0-376043-87-is-Released.html">"Comodo Cloud Antivirus released"</a>. wikipost.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517014934/http://wikipost.org/topic/2h7PggduooGeXanMKUGFghAIw1AqK6Xg/Comodo-Cloud-Antivirus-Beta3-Version-1-0-376043-87-is-Released.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comodo+Cloud+Antivirus+released&rft.pub=wikipost.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikipost.org%2Ftopic%2F2h7PggduooGeXanMKUGFghAIw1AqK6Xg%2FComodo-Cloud-Antivirus-Beta3-Version-1-0-376043-87-is-Released.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.comodo.com/uploads/helpers/Comodo_Cloud_Antivirus_ver.1.0_User_Guide.pdf">"Comodo Cloud Antivirus User Guideline PDF"</a> (PDF). help.comodo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604133713/https://help.comodo.com/uploads/helpers/Comodo_Cloud_Antivirus_ver.1.0_User_Guide.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comodo+Cloud+Antivirus+User+Guideline+PDF&rft.pub=help.comodo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.comodo.com%2Fuploads%2Fhelpers%2FComodo_Cloud_Antivirus_ver.1.0_User_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs,_Brian2007" class="citation news cs1">Krebs, Brian (March 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422182010/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2007/03/online_antivirus_scans_a_free.html">"Online Anti-Virus Scans: A Free Second Opinion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2007/03/online_antivirus_scans_a_free.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Online+Anti-Virus+Scans%3A+A+Free+Second+Opinion&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fsecurityfix%2F2007%2F03%2Fonline_antivirus_scans_a_free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=9905">"Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool 64-bit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Windows+Malicious+Software+Removal+Tool+64-bit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdetails.aspx%3Fid%3D9905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaspersky.com/downloads/free-virus-removal-tool">"Download Kaspersky Virus Removal Tool application"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaspersky+Lab&rft.atitle=Download+Kaspersky+Virus+Removal+Tool+application&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaspersky.com%2Fdownloads%2Ffree-virus-removal-tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/en-us/free-tools/virus-removal-tool">"Sophos Scan & Clean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sophos&rft.atitle=Sophos+Scan+%26+Clean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fen-us%2Ffree-tools%2Fvirus-removal-tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/180162/how-to-tell-if-a-virus-is-actually-a-false-positive/">"How To Tell If a Virus Is Actually a False Positive"</a>. How To Geek. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+To+Geek&rft.atitle=How+To+Tell+If+a+Virus+Is+Actually+a+False+Positive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F180162%2Fhow-to-tell-if-a-virus-is-actually-a-false-positive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaspersky.com/downloads/free-rescue-disk">"Download Kaspersky Rescue Disk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaspersky+Lab&rft.atitle=Download+Kaspersky+Rescue+Disk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaspersky.com%2Fdownloads%2Ffree-rescue-disk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/forHome/products/free-tools/rescue-disk.html">"Rescue Disk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro</a>. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trend+Micro&rft.atitle=Rescue+Disk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trendmicro.com%2Fen_us%2FforHome%2Fproducts%2Ffree-tools%2Frescue-disk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comodo.com/business-security/network-protection/rescue-disk.php">"Best Comodo Rescue Disk 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comodo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Group">Comodo Group</a>. 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Retrieved February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cyber+Security+Alliance&rft.atitle=Small+and+Medium+Size+Businesses+are+Vulnerable&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staysafeonline.org%2Fblog%2Fsmall-and-medium-size-businesses-are-vulnerable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spamfighter.com/News-15048-Nearly-50-Women-Dont-Use-Anti-virus-Software.htm">Nearly 50% Women Don’t Use Anti-virus Software</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513065750/http://www.spamfighter.com/News-15048-Nearly-50-Women-Dont-Use-Anti-virus-Software.htm">Archived</a> May 13, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Spamfighter.com (September 2, 2010). Retrieved on January 3, 2017. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzor2005" class="citation book cs1">Szor, Peter (2005). The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-30454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-30454-4"><bdi>978-0-321-30454-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Computer+Virus+Research+and+Defense&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-321-30454-4&rft.aulast=Szor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntivirus+software" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Automotive_security" title="Automotive security">Automotive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">Computer fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAJMK1209-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="vectorial version"><img alt="vectorial version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/150px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/225px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/300px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" 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bomb">Zip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM clobbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_sniffing" title="History sniffing">History sniffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">Cryptojacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">Data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">Drive-by download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Data scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecure_direct_object_reference" title="Insecure direct object reference">Insecure direct object reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke loggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">Payload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_engine" title="Polymorphic engine">Polymorphic engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellcode" title="Shellcode">Shellcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">Software bugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_Trojan" title="Hardware Trojan">Hardware Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_access_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote access trojan">Remote access trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_shell" title="Web shell">Web shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiper_(malware)" title="Wiper (malware)">Wiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secure_coding" title="Secure coding">Secure coding</a></li> <li>Secure by default</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_case" title="Misuse case">Misuse case</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Computer access control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">Multi-factor authentication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">Authorization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security_software" title="Computer security software">Computer security software</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-centric_security" title="Data-centric security">Data-centric security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_obfuscation" class="mw-redirect" title="Code obfuscation">Obfuscation (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_masking" title="Data masking">Data masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Host-based_intrusion_detection_system" title="Host-based intrusion detection system">Host-based intrusion detection system</a> (HIDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security_management" title="Information security management">Information security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information risk management">Information risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_information_and_event_management" title="Security information and event management">Security information and event management</a> (SIEM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_application_self-protection" title="Runtime application self-protection">Runtime application self-protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_isolation" title="Site isolation">Site isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malware_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malware" title="Template:Malware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malware" title="Template talk:Malware"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickjacking" title="Clickjacking">Clickjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">Man-in-the-browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">Man-in-the-middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malware for profit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeceware" title="Fleeceware">Fleeceware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_grabbing" title="Form grabbing">Form grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_bot#Malicious_purposes" title="Internet bot">Malbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_threat" title="Web threat">Web threats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By operating system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Android_(operating_system)_malware" title="Category:Android (operating system) malware">Android malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classic_Mac_OS_viruses" title="Category:Classic Mac OS viruses">Classic Mac OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IOS_malware" title="Category:IOS malware">iOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS_malware" title="Category:MacOS malware">MacOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_virus" title="Macro virus">Macro virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_malware" title="Mobile malware">Mobile malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS_viruses" title="Palm OS viruses">Palm OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperCard_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperCard viruses">HyperCard viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">Anti-keylogger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">Browser security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software" title="Data loss prevention software">Data loss prevention software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_computing" title="Defensive computing">Defensive computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">Honeypot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation:_Bot_Roast" title="Operation: Bot Roast">Operation: Bot Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antivirus_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antivirus_software" title="Template:Antivirus software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antivirus_software" title="Template talk:Antivirus software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antivirus_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antivirus software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antivirus_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antivirus software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitdefender" title="Bitdefender">Bitdefender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_Point" title="Check Point">Check Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZoneAlarm" title="ZoneAlarm">ZoneAlarm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClamWin_Free_Antivirus" title="ClamWin Free Antivirus">ClamWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Group">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr.Web" title="Dr.Web">Dr.Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESET" title="ESET">ESET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortinet" title="Fortinet">Fortinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">FRISK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Data_CyberDefense" title="G Data CyberDefense">G Data CyberDefense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_Digital" title="Gen Digital">Gen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avast" title="Avast">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_(software)" title="Norton (software)">Norton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intego" title="Intego">Intego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsoft" title="Kingsoft">Kingsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavasoft" title="Lavasoft">Lavasoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwarebytes" title="Malwarebytes">Malwarebytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NANO_Antivirus" title="NANO Antivirus">NANO Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_Security" title="Panda Security">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Heal" title="Quick Heal">Quick Heal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qihoo_360" title="Qihoo 360">Qihoo 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPRE" title="VIPRE">VIPRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirusBlokAda" class="mw-redirect" title="VirusBlokAda">VirusBlokAda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webroot" title="Webroot">Webroot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop, server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Total_Security" title="360 Total Security">360 Total Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Antivirus" title="Avast Antivirus">Avast Antivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVG_AntiVirus" title="AVG AntiVirus">AVG AntiVirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira Internet Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitdefender" title="Bitdefender">Bitdefender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClamTk" title="ClamTk">ClamTk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClamWin_Free_Antivirus" title="ClamWin Free Antivirus">ClamWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam_AntiVirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clam AntiVirus">Clam AntiVirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Antivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Antivirus">Comodo Antivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Internet_Security" title="Comodo Internet Security">Comodo Internet Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr.Web" title="Dr.Web">Dr.Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESET_NOD32" title="ESET NOD32">ESET NOD32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRISK_Software_International" title="FRISK Software International">F-PROT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortinet" title="Fortinet">Fortinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Data_CyberDefense" title="G Data CyberDefense">G Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunet" title="Immunet">Immunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intego" title="Intego">Mac Internet Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Anti-Virus" title="Kaspersky Anti-Virus">Kaspersky Anti-Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Internet_Security" title="Kaspersky Internet Security">Kaspersky Internet Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwarebytes_(software)" title="Malwarebytes (software)">Malwarebytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAfee_VirusScan" title="McAfee VirusScan">McAfee VirusScan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Microsoft Defender Antivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Security_Essentials" title="Microsoft Security Essentials">Microsoft Security Essentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NANO_Antivirus" title="NANO Antivirus">NANO Antivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_AntiVirus" title="Norton AntiVirus">Norton AntiVirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Internet_Security" title="Norton Internet Security">Norton Internet Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_Security" title="Panda Security">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symantec_Endpoint_Protection" title="Symantec Endpoint Protection">Symantec Endpoint Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware_Doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spyware Doctor">Spyware Doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro_Internet_Security" title="Trend Micro Internet Security">Trend Micro Internet Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vba32_AntiVirus" title="Vba32 AntiVirus">Vba32 AntiVirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirusBarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="VirusBarrier">VirusBarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZoneAlarm" title="ZoneAlarm">ZoneAlarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile, tablet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Antivirus" title="Avast Antivirus">Avast Antivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVG_AntiVirus" title="AVG AntiVirus">AVG AntiVirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avira" title="Avira">Avira Free Android Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitdefender" title="Bitdefender">Bitdefender Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_Mobile" title="Cheetah Mobile">CM Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Mobile_Security" title="Comodo Mobile Security">Comodo Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr.Web" title="Dr.Web">Dr.Web Mobile Security Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESET_NOD32" title="ESET NOD32">ESET Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourcefire" title="Sourcefire">FireAMP Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Data_CyberDefense" title="G Data CyberDefense">G Data Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend Micro Mobile Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirusBarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="VirusBarrier">VirusBarrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_antivirus_software" title="Comparison of antivirus software">Comparison of antivirus software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFGrimes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarleyMyersWillems\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris,_David2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins,_Kelly_Jackson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIllett,_Dan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIresh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser,_Michael2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsmakers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolterMaloof2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomashinskiyKotenko2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotadia2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebs,_Brian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyden,_John2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunden2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLvZengChenZhu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessmer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaveen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanda_Security2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Wagenseil2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtalinski,_Emil2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamiYadegariPeiravianHashemi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultzEskinZadokStolfo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShabtaiKanonovEloviciGlezer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiquiWangLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlipstick_Systems2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpywareWarrior2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrom2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymantec2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymantec_Corporation2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymantec_Corporation2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabishShafiqFarooq2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan,_Aaron2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Chen,_Jean-Marc_Robert2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVamosi,_Robert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeWangLiYe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeWangLiYe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYevics,_Patricia_A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeltser2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Antivirus software\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 121,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Information security\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Malware\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","22.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","100","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","8.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.8"],["match","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.4"],["[others]","340","28.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-lzfqw","timestamp":"20241125133527","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antivirus software","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antivirus_software","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q93249","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q93249","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-16T00:29:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T19:35:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/ClamTk_5.27.png","headline":"computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware"}</script> </body> </html>