CINXE.COM
Glossary of Terms | Stanford Graduate School of Business
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//googletagmanager.com'> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/fonts/236F40_0_0.woff" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/fonts/236F40_C_0.woff" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/fonts/236F40_4_0.woff" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/fonts/236F40_2_0.woff" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/fonts/icons.woff" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content="Stanford University"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/mstile-144x144.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/mstile-70x70.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/mstile-150x150.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="//www-media.stanford.edu/assets/favicon/mstile-310x310.png" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"226564644",accountID:"2560090",trustKey:"66686",licenseKey:"NRJS-854fb4a20c94c27cca4",applicationID:"225730857"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <meta name="description" content="Definitions for frequently used terms in corporate governance." /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/node/369151" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 8 (http://drupal.org)" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Stanford Graduate School of Business" /> <meta property="og:type" content="page" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Glossary of Terms" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Definitions for frequently used terms in corporate governance." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@stanfordgsb" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Glossary of Terms" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/gsb/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var j=d.createElement(s);j.src='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js';j.async=true;d.head.appendChild(j);j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.defer=true;d.head.appendChild(j);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer', 'GTM-TRBK2F');</script> <script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={};a2a_config.templates.email = { subject: "From Stanford Business: ${title}", body: "${title}\n${link}" }; a2a_config.icon_color = "#000";</script> <script type='text/javascript'> try { window.addEventListener('load', async () => { try { await navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js'); console.log('Service worker registered successfully!'); } catch (error) { console.error('Failed to register service worker:', error); } }); } catch (error) { console.error(`Registration failed with ${error}`); } </script> <title>Glossary of Terms | Stanford Graduate School of Business</title> <style id="critical-css">.header--default .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3,.header--exec-ed .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;margin:0;font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.finder-subtitle,.header--default .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3,.header--exec-ed .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3,.header__brand-extras-link,.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle .tab-link,.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle span{font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-menu__item--mega-child,.c-menu__item--mega-primary.l-0,.header--exec-ed .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3,.view-entity-queues .field--name-title,input[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}img,select{max-width:100%}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}.c-menu,.c-menu--mega-child{list-style:none}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .scroll-to-explore::after,h2 a::after,h3 a::after{speak:none;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal}:root{--mm-line-height:20px;--mm-listitem-size:44px;--mm-navbar-size:44px;--mm-offset-top:0;--mm-offset-right:0;--mm-offset-bottom:0;--mm-offset-left:0;--mm-color-border:rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--mm-color-button:rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--mm-color-text:rgba(0, 0, 0, .75);--mm-color-text-dimmed:rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--mm-color-background:#f3f3f3;--mm-color-background-highlight:rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--mm-color-background-emphasis:rgba(255, 255, 255, .4);--mm-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--mm-line-height:20px;--mm-listitem-size:44px;--mm-navbar-size:44px;--mm-offset-top:0;--mm-offset-right:0;--mm-offset-bottom:0;--mm-offset-left:0;--mm-color-border:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--mm-color-button:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--mm-color-text:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);--mm-color-text-dimmed:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--mm-color-background:#f3f3f3;--mm-color-background-highlight:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--mm-color-background-emphasis:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);--mm-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--mm-iconbar-size:50px;--mm-iconpanel-size:50px;--mm-sidebar-collapsed-size:50px;--mm-sidebar-expanded-size:440px}.layout--twocol-section{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Light;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Light;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.eot) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:icons;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.eot);src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.woff) format("woff"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.svg#icons) format("svg");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}.c-menu--utility{font-size:1.125rem}.c-menu__item--utility{margin:0;padding:.8125rem .3125rem .8125rem 0;border-bottom:.0625rem solid #f2f2f2;background:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../images/arrow-utility-nav.svg) right center no-repeat content-box border-box}.c-menu__item--utility:first-of-type,.view .views-row:first-child,.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .field--name-items{padding-top:0}.c-menu__item-link--utility{padding:0;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;color:#231f20;text-decoration:none}.layout--twocol-section>.layout__column{flex:0 1 50%}.header__left,.header__wrapper{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-menu__item--expanded.mega-primary--expanded.l-0>a::after{content:"";speak:none;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-transform:none}.header--default .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3{box-sizing:border-box;color:#8c8c92;padding:1.875rem 0}.header--default{max-height:3.125rem}.header--default .block--gsb-menu-blockmega-main-menu{position:static}.header__wrapper--default{height:5.125rem}#off-canvas:not(.mm-menu),.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filters #program-location,.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filters #program-topic,.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filters select.select--custom,.isotopify .no-results-text,.overview-link-mobile-only,.program-page-wrapper h1.page-title,.responsive-menu-toggle .responsive-menu-toggle-icon span.icon,.responsive-menu-toggle .responsive-menu-toggle-icon span.label,.responsive-menu-toggle .responsive-menu-toggle-icon::after,.responsive-menu-toggle .responsive-menu-toggle-icon::before,.view-entity-queues h2>a:not([target=_blank])::after,.view-school-stories-news.view-display-id-homepage .school-stories-description{display:none}.play-btn,.responsive-menu-toggle,.responsive-menu-toggle.responsive-menu-toggle-wrapper{display:inline-block}.responsive-menu-toggle .responsive-menu-toggle-icon{background:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../images/icon-menu-white-54x54.png") center/49.5% no-repeat #6c6360;height:3.125rem;width:3.125rem}.header--exec-ed .header__wrapper .menu_link_content h3{padding:0 0 .625rem;color:#d9d9d9}.global-search,header{position:relative;line-height:0}.header{border-bottom:.0625rem solid #8c1515}.header .form-actions,.header .form-item{margin:1rem 0!important}.header .form-search-wrapper .form-item{margin:0!important}.header--exec-ed{height:3.125rem}.header__wrapper{justify-content:space-between;max-width:1170px;margin:0 auto}.header__left .branding{padding-left:.625rem;margin:.4375rem .625rem 0 0}.header__left--exec-ed,.header__right{display:flex;align-items:center}.header__left--exec-ed .branding{width:6.25rem}.header__brand-extras{position:relative;margin:0 0 0 .9375rem}.header__brand-extras::before{content:"";position:absolute;top:50%;left:-1.1875rem;width:.0625rem;height:1.875rem;transform:translateY(-50%);background-color:#d6d6d6}.btn.icon--search-button::after,.btn.icon--search::after,.c-menu__item--mega-child::before,.c-menu__item--mega-primary.l-0::before,.program-instance .program-title a::after{content:none}.header__brand-extras-link{display:inline-block;max-width:5rem;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.1;color:#231f20;text-decoration:none!important}.finder-subtitle{font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:400}.compare-button-wrapper .compare label,.program-instance ul.program-topic{font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3}.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle,.program-instance .program-format,.program-instance .program-teaser,.program-instance .program-text-date{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3}.block-gsb-program-finder select.select--custom{display:none!important}.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filter-checkboxes{width:16.875rem!important}.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filters>div{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filters>div .form-item,.form-search-wrapper .form-item,.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle.tabs,form{margin:0}h2,label{margin:0 0 .375rem}.block-gsb-program-finder .program-location,.block-gsb-program-finder .program-topic{margin-right:2.4375rem}.finder-title{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3125rem}.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;border-top:.0625rem solid #d9d9d9;padding:.625rem 0}.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle .tab-link,.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle span{color:#636f00;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle span.divider{color:#d9d9d9;margin:0 .5rem}.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle .tab-link.current{color:#231f20;font-weight:700}.view-entity-queues .field--name-title,.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .badge{color:#fff;font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.isotopify-filter-sort-toggle .tab-link:first-child{margin-left:.5rem}.compare-button-wrapper .compare{position:relative;background:#fff;border:.0625rem solid #d9d9d9;border-radius:1.25rem;display:flex;align-items:center;overflow:hidden;padding:.625rem 1rem}.compare-button-wrapper .compare label{line-height:1.4;float:left;color:#231f20;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:.5rem}.compare-button-wrapper .compare input{top:0;vertical-align:middle}.isotopify-item{border-top:.0625rem solid #d9d9d9;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;padding:1.25rem 0}.program-instance{padding-right:1.625rem}.program-instance .program-format,.program-instance .program-teaser,.program-instance .program-text-date,.program-instance .program-title,.view-school-stories-news.view-display-id-homepage .school-stories .views-stories-field{margin-bottom:.625rem}.program-instance .program-title a,.program-instance ul.program-topic a,.view-entity-queues h2 .field--name-title,.view-entity-queues h2>a::after{color:#8c1515}.program-instance .program-text-date{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.program-instance ul.program-topic{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-left:0}.program-instance ul.program-topic li{display:inline;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.program-filters-wrapper{background:#f4f4f4;padding:2.4375rem 0}@media (max-width:1189.98px){.layout--twocol-section>.layout__column{flex:0 1 100%}.overview-link-mobile-only{display:block}.header__wrapper{position:relative;height:3.125rem;padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.header__wrapper .c-menu--mega-primary{display:none}.program-filters-wrapper,.program-results{padding-left:1.625rem;padding-right:1.625rem}}#isotopify-filters-pane,.finder-subtitle,.finder-title{max-width:1170px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.program-results{max-width:51.1875rem;margin:1.625rem auto 3.25rem}.isotopify-title{margin-bottom:.3125rem;font-weight:400}#isotopify-filters-pane,.view .view-content{margin-top:1.625rem}.program-page-wrapper .paragraph--type--elements,main ul li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}body.page-exec-ed-programs .hero-content .view-content{margin-top:0!important}div.tabs{margin:1em 0}.paragraph--type--elements{margin-bottom:2.4375rem}.view-entity-queues .field--name-title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;padding-bottom:0}.c-menu__item-link--mega-child.link-title,main ul{font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem}.view-entity-queues a .field--name-title,.view-entity-queues h2{line-height:1.3;font-size:1.375rem}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1{background:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../images/photo-exec-ed-program-finder-cropped.webp") center center/cover no-repeat}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .badge{display:inline-block;padding:.375rem .5rem;background:#231f20;font-weight:400;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.2;text-transform:capitalize}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .field--name-items>.field__item{padding:0 1.625rem 1.625rem}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .view-content{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:3.125rem}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 h2{padding-bottom:.625rem;margin-top:1.125rem}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .views-row>.field--name-title{padding-top:2.5rem;padding-bottom:1.75rem}.view-entity-queues .view-content{padding:0}.view-entity-queues .container-fluid{max-width:73.125rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative}@media (max-width:1189.98px){.view-entity-queues .container-fluid{max-width:60rem}}@media (max-width:767.98px){.block-gsb-program-finder .isotopify-filter-checkboxes{width:100%}.compare-button-wrapper .compare{margin-top:1.625rem}.program-filters-wrapper,.program-results,.view-entity-queues .container-fluid{padding-left:.8125rem;padding-right:.8125rem}}.view-entity-queues .container-fluid>.row>.col{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.view-entity-queues a .field--name-title{font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video a,.no-video-text .ov-text .heading__link{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.0625rem;text-shadow:.125rem .375rem .25rem #53565a}.view-entity-queues h2{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:.3125rem}.view-entity-queues .field--name-items{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;padding-top:1.625rem}.view-entity-queues .field--name-items>.field__item{background:#fff;min-height:11.25rem;vertical-align:top;width:31%;margin:.0625rem .0625rem .625rem;box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.1) 0 1px 0,rgba(0,0,0,.1) 0 0 0 1px}@media (max-width:991.98px){.compare-button-wrapper{margin-top:.625rem;align-self:center}.isotopify-item{flex-direction:column}.program-instance{padding-right:0}#isotopify-filters{background:#f4f4f4;border-top:.1875rem solid #231f20;margin-top:1.625rem;margin-bottom:1.625rem}#isotopify-filters-pane{margin-top:0}.view-entity-queues.view-display-id-block_1 .field--name-items>.field__item{padding:0 1.125rem 1.125rem}.view-entity-queues .container-fluid{max-width:45rem}.view-entity-queues .field--name-items>.field__item{width:100%;min-height:auto}}.c-menu__item--mega-child{display:list-item;margin:0;padding:.625rem 0}.c-menu__item--mega-child:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-menu__item-link--mega-child{padding:0;font-family:NewsGothicBT-Light,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;color:#231f20;text-decoration:none}.c-menu__item-link--mega-child.link-title{font-weight:700}.layout{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.layout>.layout__column{padding-right:1.25rem}.layout--threecol-section>.layout__column{flex:0 1 33%}.columns-4>.layout__column{flex:0 1 25%}@media (max-width:1189.98px){.columns-4>.layout__column,.layout--threecol-section>.layout__column{flex:0 1 100%}}.c-menu--mega-primary{position:static;border-bottom:.1875rem solid #231f20;padding:.3125rem 0 0}.c-menu__item--mega-primary.l-0{position:static;display:list-item;margin:0;padding:0}.c-menu__item--mega-primary.l-0>.menu_link_content{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;background-color:#fff}.branding a,.c-hpvi__background.has-m-image .c-hpvi__m-image,article,header,label,main{display:block}.c-menu__item--active-trail.mega-primary--expanded.l-0>a::after,.c-menu__item--expanded.mega-primary--expanded.l-0>a::after{content:"";display:inline;speak:none;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-transform:none;line-height:1;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;font-family:icons;margin-left:.3125rem;color:#8c1515;float:right;font-size:1.125rem}.c-menu__item--active-trail.mega-primary--expanded.l-0 .c-menu,.c-menu__item--expanded.mega-primary--expanded.l-0 .c-menu{margin:20px 0 0}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary.l-0{display:block;margin:0;padding:1.25rem;background-color:#f4f4f4;color:#8c1515;border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary.l-0>span{padding:0}.c-menu--mega-primary-seed{position:relative;background-color:#6c6360}.page-title,h1{padding-bottom:1.625rem}.branding{display:inline-block;margin:.4375rem 0 0;border:.1875rem solid transparent;width:6.25rem;box-sizing:content-box}@media screen and (min-width:1190px){.branding{width:9.75rem}}.button,input[type=submit]{display:inline-block;font-size:1.125rem}.branding img{width:100%;height:auto}button,input,select{color:inherit;font:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:baseline}h1,h2,h2 a::after,h3,h3 a::after{font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}h1,h2,main ul{line-height:1.3}button{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}button,input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;-webkit-appearance:button;-moz-appearance:button;appearance:button}input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_0_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_1_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_2_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_3_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Light;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_4_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Light;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_5_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_C_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/236F40_D_0.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:icons;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.ttf") format("truetype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.svg#icons") format("svg");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}button,html,input,select{font-family:sans-serif}button,input{line-height:normal}input[type=checkbox]{margin-left:.0625rem;position:relative;top:-.0625rem;padding:0}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}h1,h2,h3{font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#231f20}input[type=text],select{color:#231f20;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;padding:.2625em .2625em .2625em .5em;height:2.25rem;margin-top:0;box-sizing:border-box;outline:0;background-color:#fff}h1{font-size:2.375rem;margin:0}h2{font-size:1.75rem}main label{font-weight:700}main ul{margin-left:.3125rem;margin-bottom:1.625rem;overflow:hidden}main ul li{position:relative;margin-bottom:.8125rem}.sr-only{position:absolute!important;width:.0625rem!important;height:.0625rem!important;padding:0 .0625rem!important;margin:-.0625rem!important;overflow:hidden!important;clip:rect(0,0,0,0)!important;white-space:nowrap!important;border:0}.sr-only::before{content:""}h2 a,h3 a{color:inherit}h2 a::after,h3 a::after{content:"";display:inline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;line-height:1;font-family:icons;font-size:1rem;margin-left:.3125rem;color:#636f00}input[type=text],select{border-radius:0;border:.0625em solid #7b7e7c;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}select{border-color:#f4f4f4;color:#231f20;font-size:.875rem;font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;height:2.25rem}html{-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}a{background-color:transparent;color:#8c1515;text-decoration:none}input{color:inherit;font:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:baseline;line-height:normal}body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}@font-face{font-family:CrimsonText-SemiBold;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/CrimsonText-SemiBold.eot");src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/CrimsonText-SemiBold.eot") format("embedded-opentype"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/CrimsonText-SemiBold.woff") format("woff"),url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/CrimsonText-SemiBold.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0){@font-face{font-family:icons;src:url(/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.svg#icons) format("svg");font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:icons;src:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../fonts/icons.svg#icons") format("svg");font-display:swap}}.bg-hpvi-teal{background-color:#279989;color:#fff;box-shadow:1.5625rem 0 0 #279989,-1.5625rem 0 0 #279989}ul{margin:.8125rem 0;padding-left:2.5rem}img{border:0;height:auto}input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}h3{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 .5rem;font-family:NewsGothicBT-Demi,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:#231f20}*{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0;font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#231f20;background:#fff}li a{color:#636f00}.c-menu li::before{content:none;content:none!important}.visually-hidden,.visually-hidden.focusable{position:absolute!important;height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px)}.form-actions,.form-item{margin:1.625rem 0!important}label{font-weight:700;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4}input[type=text]{width:100%;border-radius:0;border:.0625em solid #7b7e7c;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}.form-search-wrapper .form-search-input,html,input[type=submit]{font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}input[type=submit]{-moz-appearance:button;appearance:button;margin:.5rem .625rem 0 0;padding:.625rem 1.25rem .5rem;background:#636f00;color:#fff;border:0 #d9d9d9;border-radius:1.375rem;line-height:1.4;outline:0;overflow:visible}.button,.play-btn a{padding:.625rem 1.25rem}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:inherit}html{overflow-x:hidden;font-size:100%;line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box}.button{color:#fff;background-color:#636f00;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em}.button:first-child{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.label{display:inline;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700}.menu-item--expanded{list-style-type:circle;list-style-image:url(/core/themes/classy/css/components/../../../../misc/menu-expanded.png)}.menu-item{margin:0;padding-top:.2em}@media (min-width:768px){.header__brand-extras: :before{height:2.375rem}.header__brand-extras-link{display:inline;max-width:none;font-size:1.75rem}input[type=text]{max-width:31.25rem}body.path-frontpage .content-card-set.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item: first-child,body.path-frontpage .content-card-set.has-feature-content-group--list.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child{grid-area:left}body.path-frontpage .content-card-set.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.path-frontpage .content-card-set.has-feature-content-group--list.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2){grid-area:right}body.path-frontpage .content-card-set.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.path-frontpage .content-card-set.has-feature-content-group--list.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3){grid-area:cta}}@media (min-width:768px)and (max-width:1189.98px){body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item: first-child{grid-area:left}body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2){grid-area:right}body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.inner-fullwidth-page .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3){grid-area:cta}body.page-seed .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-seed .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-seed .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item: first-child{grid-area:left}}@media (min-width:992px)and (min-width:768px)and (max-width:1189.98px){body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item: first-child{grid-area:left}body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2){grid-area:right}body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group.has-feature-content-group--grid.count-3.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3){grid-area:cta}}@media (min-width:992px){body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-landscape .c-card__teaser-media,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-landscape .c-card__teaser-media,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-landscape .c-card__teaser-media{grid-area:right;padding-top:0!important}body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-portrait .c-card__teaser-media--expanded,body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-portrait .c-card__teaser-media--normal,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-portrait .c-card__teaser-media--expanded,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-portrait .c-card__teaser-media--normal,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(2),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-portrait .c-card__teaser-media--expanded,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .has-feature-content-group--list .c-card__teaser--normal.has-media.media-reverse.img-portrait .c-card__teaser-media--normal{grid-area:right}body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:first-child,body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item: first-child{grid-area:left}body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.inner-fullwidth-page .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-exec-ed .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-card-set.has-content-card-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3),body.page-seed .field--item-content_group .content-group--grid.count-3.has-feature-content-group--grid.has-text-cta-group--grid>.field__item:nth-child(3){grid-area:cta}}.c-menu{margin:0;padding:0;border:none;text-align:left}.c-menu__item-link{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-wrap:break-word;color:#8c1515}.c-menu .c-menu{margin:.5rem 0 0}.view-school-stories-news.view-display-id-homepage .school-stories__content-wrapper .school-stories-description{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400;font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:.625rem}.c-hpvi{position:relative}.c-hpvi__background{position:relative;width:100%;overflow:hidden;height:auto}.c-hpvi__background .bg-image{display:none;position:relative;width:100%;background-position:top center;background-size:cover}.c-hpvi__background.has-d-image .c-hpvi__d-image,.c-hpvi__background.has-m-image .c-hpvi__m-image .c-hpvi__d-image,.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .link,.c-hpvi__media-video,.default .scroll-to-explore,.hidden{display:none}.c-hpvi__overlay{position:absolute;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0}.c-hpvi__overlay-container{display:block;align-items:center;height:100%;max-width:73.125rem;margin:0 auto}.c-hpvi__overlay-container .link{padding:.625rem 1.25rem;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;display:inline-block}.c-hpvi__overlay-container .link:focus,.c-hpvi__overlay-container .link:hover{background:#00548f;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}.c-hpvi__overlay-container .link svg{margin-left:1rem}.c-hpvi__overlay-text{display:block;width:90%;max-width:34.125rem;position:relative;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:.5rem 1rem}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video:focus,.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video:hover,.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text:focus,.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text:hover{opacity:1}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text.no-link:focus,.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text.no-link:hover{opacity:.8}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a:focus,.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a:focus::after,.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a:hover::after{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a.has-icon::after{content:none;position:relative;font-weight:400;color:inherit;font-size:1.3125rem;top:.1875rem}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text.bg-hpvi-white{color:#231f20}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video a{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.6;max-height:13.5rem;display:block;overflow:hidden;color:#fff}.c-hpvi__overlay-text--has-video-bg.has-video-text .ov-text-image{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.c-hpvi__overlay-text--has-video-bg.has-video-text .ov-text-image a{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.6;max-height:9rem;display:block;overflow:hidden}@media(min-width:576px){.c-hpvi__background--has-video-bg .bg-image{display:none}.c-hpvi__background--has-video-bg .c-hpvi__media-video,.c-hpvi__background--has-video-bg .c-hpvi__media-video video,.c-hpvi__background--has-video-bg .c-hpvi__youtube-wrapper,.c-hpvi__background--has-video-bg .c-hpvi__youtube-wrapper iframe{display:block}.c-hpvi__overlay{padding:3.75rem}.c-hpvi__overlay-text--has-video-bg.has-video-text .ov-text-image{display:none!important}}.c-hpvi__overlay-text--has-video-bg.has-video-text .ov-text-video{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1.25rem}.c-hpvi__media-video video{display:none;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;min-width:100%;min-height:100%}.c-hpvi__youtube-wrapper{display:none;top:0;left:0;position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;width:100%}.c-hpvi__youtube-wrapper iframe,.video-iframe{width:100%;height:100%;top:0;position:absolute}.c-hpvi__youtube-wrapper iframe{left:0;border:0}.c-hpvi__scroll-to-next{align-self:flex-end}.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:absolute;bottom:3.75rem;left:50%;border-radius:1rem;background:rgba(35,31,32,.7);padding:.375rem;font-size:.75rem;color:#fff;text-align:center;transform:translateX(-50%);line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;height:auto;width:auto}.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore::after{margin-bottom:-.375rem;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .75rem .5rem;margin-left:0;color:#fff!important;content:"";display:inline-block;background-image:url("../images/arrow-down.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:100%;width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem;position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%)}.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore:focus,.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore:focus>span,.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore:hover>span{text-decoration:underline}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .c-hpvi__overlay-text{max-width:none;text-align:center}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video a{font-family:CrimsonText-SemiBold,sans-serif;font-size:2.8125rem;line-height:1.5}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .scroll-to-explore{bottom:2.5rem;height:7.1875rem;width:9.375rem;padding:2.625rem 2.3125rem;background:url("../images/background-scroll-explore-video.svg") center no-repeat,rgba(0,0,0,0);background-size:contain;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;transform:translateX(-50%)}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .scroll-to-explore::after{content:"";text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:400;font-family:icons;margin-left:.5rem;background-image:none;padding:.625rem .75rem;position:static;transform:none;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;width:3.375rem;display:block;margin-bottom:-.625rem}@media(max-width:991.98px){.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .scroll-to-explore{bottom:1.5625rem}}@media(min-width:992px){.c-hpvi__overlay-container .link{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.6}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video{white-space:nowrap}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .scroll-to-explore{font-size:1rem;text-align:inherit;padding:5.375rem 1.125rem;height:12.5rem}.c-hpvi__inner-wrapper.homepage-video .scroll-to-explore::after{padding:.625rem 2.8125rem;text-align:center;transform:translateX(-5px)}}@media(min-width:768px){.c-hpvi__background{max-height:36.6875rem}.c-hpvi__background.has-t-image .c-hpvi__t-image{display:block}.c-hpvi__background.has-t-image .c-hpvi__d-image,.c-hpvi__background.has-t-image .c-hpvi__m-image{display:none}.c-hpvi__overlay-text{width:100%;padding:0}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a.has-icon::after{top:0}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text-video a,.no-video-text .ov-text{font-size:3rem;line-height:1.5}.no-desktop-video.c-hpvi__t-image{display:block!important}}@media(min-width:1190px){.c-hpvi__background{height:calc(100vh - 82px)}.c-hpvi__background.has-d-image .c-hpvi__d-image picture img{width:100%}.c-hpvi__background.has-d-image .c-hpvi__d-image{display:block}.c-hpvi__background.has-d-image .c-hpvi__m-image,.c-hpvi__background.has-d-image .c-hpvi__t-image,.no-desktop-video .c-hpvi__m-image,.no-desktop-video .c-hpvi__t-image{display:none}.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text{font-size:2.25rem;line-height:2}.c-hpvi__media-video{width:100%;height:100%}.no-desktop-video.c-hpvi__d-image{display:block!important}.no-desktop-video.c-hpvi__t-image{display:none!important}}@media(min-width:740px)and (max-width:767px){.no-desktop-video.c-hpvi__m-image{display:none!important}.no-desktop-video.c-hpvi__t-image{display:block!important}}.no-video-text .ov-text{padding:.8125rem 0;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;margin-bottom:1.25rem}@media(min-width:576px)and (max-width:991.98px){.no-video-text .ov-text{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:2.5}}@media(min-width:1190px){.no-video-text .ov-text{font-size:2.25rem;line-height:2}}.no-video-text .ov-text .heading__link{display:block;font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.6;color:#fff;max-height:9rem;overflow:hidden}@media(min-width:768px){.no-video-text .ov-text .heading__link{font-size:3rem;line-height:1.5;max-height:13.5rem}}.play-btn a{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block}.play-btn a:focus,.play-btn a:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#00548f;text-decoration:none}.play-btn a i.fa{padding-left:.5rem}.bg-hpvi-blue,.bg-hpvi-blue:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow:none}.default .c-hpvi__background{max-height:444px!important}@media(max-width:767.98px){.c-hpvi__overlay-text .ov-text a.has-icon::after{font-size:1.125rem}.c-hpvi .scroll-to-explore{bottom:1.875rem}.play-btn a{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5}.default .c-hpvi__background{height:15rem}.default .ov-text-video a{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.5}.default .ov-text-image a{font-size:1.5rem!important;line-height:1.5!important;max-height:4.5rem!important}}.btn.icon--search,.btn.icon--search-button{display:inline-block;background:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../images/icon-search-white.svg") center/48% no-repeat #8c1515;height:3.125rem;width:3.125rem;border-left:.0625rem solid transparent;padding:0;font-size:0}.form-search-wrapper{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:auto;right:inherit;left:0;border:0;z-index:99;width:calc(100% - 47px)}.form-search-wrapper .form-search-input{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;height:3.125rem;width:100%;max-width:none;border:.0625rem solid #8c1515;border-radius:0;padding:.625rem 2.1875rem .625rem .9375rem;outline:0;font-size:1.125rem;color:#231f20}@media (min-width:1190px){.responsive-menu-toggle.responsive-menu-toggle-wrapper{display:none}.header--exec-ed{height:5.125rem}.header--exec-ed .icon--search{height:5.125rem;border:0;top:-.0625rem}.header__wrapper .layout{max-width:1170px;margin:0 auto}.header__wrapper .layout--threecol-section{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;grid-gap:20px;justify-content:flex-start}.header__wrapper .layout.columns-4{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;grid-gap:20px;justify-content:flex-start}.header__left .branding{padding-left:0;margin:.4375rem 1.3125rem 0 0}.header__left--exec-ed .branding{width:8.125rem}.header__brand-extras: :before{height:4.375rem}.header__right--exec-ed .c-menu--mega-primary-seed .c-menu__item{max-width:8.875rem}.header__right--exec-ed .c-menu--mega-primary-seed .c-menu__item .menu_link_content .c-menu__item{max-width:none}.header__right--exec-ed .c-menu--mega-primary-seed .c-menu__item .menu_link_content .c-menu__item.utility{padding:.9375rem 0;border-bottom:.0625rem solid #f4f4f4;background:url("../images/arrow-utility-nav.svg") right center no-repeat content-box border-box}.header__right--exec-ed .c-menu--mega-primary-seed .c-menu__item .menu_link_content .c-menu__item.utility:first-child{padding-top:0}body[class*=page-exec-ed] .header__wrapper .icon--search{width:4.75rem;background-size:32%}body[class*=page-exec-ed] .header__wrapper .layout--threecol-section{grid-template-columns:15.5rem 15.5rem 15.5rem}body[class*=page-exec-ed] .header__wrapper .layout.columns-4{display:grid;grid-template-columns:15.5rem 15.5rem 15.5rem 15.5rem;grid-gap:20px;justify-content:flex-start}.c-menu--mega-primary{border:none}.c-menu__item--mega-primary.l-0>.menu_link_content{display:none;position:absolute;left:0}.c-menu__item--mega-primary.l-0{display:inline-block}.c-menu__item--active-trail.mega-primary--expanded.l-0>a::after,.c-menu__item--expanded.mega-primary--expanded.l-0>a: :after{content:none}.c-menu__item--active-trail.mega-primary--expanded.l-0 .c-menu,.c-menu__item--expanded.mega-primary--expanded.l-0 .c-menu{margin-top:0;padding-left:0}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary.l-0{font-size:1.25rem;border:none;display:inline-block;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);padding:0 .9375rem}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary.l-0.active-trail{color:#231f20}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary.l-0.active-trail>span{border-bottom:.375rem solid #8c1515}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary.l-0>span{display:inline;padding:0 0 1.3125rem}.c-menu--mega-primary-seed{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0}.c-menu__item--mega-primary-seed.l-0{border-right:.0625rem solid #7b7e7c;max-width:6.5rem;max-height:5.125rem;overflow:hidden}.c-menu__item--mega-primary-seed.l-0:nth-child(2){max-width:8.75rem}.c-menu__item--mega-primary-seed.l-0:last-child{border:none}.c-menu__item--mega-primary-seed.l-0 .c-menu--mega-child .c-menu__item-link--mega-child.link-secondary{font-size:1.25rem}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary-seed.l-0{font-family:NewsGothicBT,"Avant Garde",Futura,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;text-transform:none;color:#fff!important;padding:1.188rem .9375rem;max-height:5.125rem;height:100%;overflow-y:hidden}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary-seed.l-0.active-trail{color:#fff;background-color:#231f20}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary-seed.l-0>span{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom:none!important}.c-menu__item-link--mega-primary-seed.l-0>span::after{content:none!important}.btn.icon--search,.btn.icon--search-button{background:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../images/icon-search-red.svg") center/40% no-repeat #fff;box-shadow:none;height:3.75rem;width:3.75rem}.form-search-wrapper{top:auto;right:0;left:inherit;bottom:-5.375rem;width:auto;max-width:none}.form-search-wrapper .form-search-input{width:51.5625rem;height:3.75rem;padding:.375rem .625rem;box-shadow:none}}.form-search-wrapper .icon--search-button{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;background:url("/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/../images/icon-search-red.svg") center/40% no-repeat #fff;margin:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none}.form-search{position:relative}.clearfix:after{display:table;clear:both;content:""}.visually-hidden{position:absolute!important;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;word-wrap:normal}@media (max-width:575px){.responsive-menu-toggle-wrapper.responsive-menu-toggle{display:none}}.responsive-menu-toggle-icon{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:44px;height:35px;z-index:4;margin-top:0;position:relative}.responsive-menu-toggle-icon span.label{display:block;position:absolute;font-size:17px;text-transform:uppercase;top:2px;left:40px;color:#fff}.responsive-menu-toggle-icon span.icon,.responsive-menu-toggle-icon:after,.responsive-menu-toggle-icon:before{background:#fff;content:'';display:block;width:20px;height:3px;position:absolute;left:13px;border-radius:2px}.responsive-menu-toggle-icon:before{top:8px}.responsive-menu-toggle-icon span.icon{top:14px}.responsive-menu-toggle-icon:after{top:20px}.layout--threecol-section{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.layout--onecol .layout__region{width:100%}.horizontal-menu-toggle .horizontal-menu-toggle-icon{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.5;display:flex;align-items:center;outline:0}.horizontal-menu-toggle .horizontal-menu-toggle-icon .icon-wrapper{padding-top:.375rem}.horizontal-menu-toggle .horizontal-menu-toggle-icon .icon-wrapper svg path{stroke:#231f20}.horizontal-menu-toggle .horizontal-menu-toggle-icon span{padding-left:.5rem;font-weight:700}#horizontal-menu{background-color:#fff;width:20rem;display:none}.region-horizontal-navigation .whole-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;max-width:1170px;margin:0 auto}.region-horizontal-navigation .whole-wrapper #page{flex-shrink:0;margin-right:2rem}.region-horizontal-navigation .c-menu--horizontal-right-navigation{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;max-width:none}</style> <link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_jzZPGN563lFqSRB582oQZaW_psZyk20cNVB3-hlsM6c.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_jzZPGN563lFqSRB582oQZaW_psZyk20cNVB3-hlsM6c.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_jzZPGN563lFqSRB582oQZaW_psZyk20cNVB3-hlsM6c.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Lf4QwX337OGp-ltn7iFx18e8XWgLn8p7gYAld4_8MB4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Lf4QwX337OGp-ltn7iFx18e8XWgLn8p7gYAld4_8MB4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Lf4QwX337OGp-ltn7iFx18e8XWgLn8p7gYAld4_8MB4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-8h6hTwzlDnArmaXBl4RaELuQnGFWBTvOufGuLb316M.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-8h6hTwzlDnArmaXBl4RaELuQnGFWBTvOufGuLb316M.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-8h6hTwzlDnArmaXBl4RaELuQnGFWBTvOufGuLb316M.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_gKSBx9r1t761TekVyeaGDPksyLl1WC2jBQAV6sk-F48.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_gKSBx9r1t761TekVyeaGDPksyLl1WC2jBQAV6sk-F48.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_gKSBx9r1t761TekVyeaGDPksyLl1WC2jBQAV6sk-F48.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_qwsEbW-oRIIZlmRIzUQcTsoNQtdOt6iPPdEJM5U5-xI.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_qwsEbW-oRIIZlmRIzUQcTsoNQtdOt6iPPdEJM5U5-xI.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_qwsEbW-oRIIZlmRIzUQcTsoNQtdOt6iPPdEJM5U5-xI.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_mMrkvi5CpORZnUW_1-zuQ8GiFhh23mhPodMuFLQiWUs.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_mMrkvi5CpORZnUW_1-zuQ8GiFhh23mhPodMuFLQiWUs.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_mMrkvi5CpORZnUW_1-zuQ8GiFhh23mhPodMuFLQiWUs.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7avb5udtcz_nZ74u4D4v7zpN_BKnbjWG1MaAwGrDzB4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7avb5udtcz_nZ74u4D4v7zpN_BKnbjWG1MaAwGrDzB4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7avb5udtcz_nZ74u4D4v7zpN_BKnbjWG1MaAwGrDzB4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_DV79-pAKL3WDCeg1Ss87wOA4GETl4rinAz8Kn1t9evg.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_DV79-pAKL3WDCeg1Ss87wOA4GETl4rinAz8Kn1t9evg.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_DV79-pAKL3WDCeg1Ss87wOA4GETl4rinAz8Kn1t9evg.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_RxLFolD8IPVCViJ4810y1fvGJOZlfPuvE3OlRKD4c6k.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_RxLFolD8IPVCViJ4810y1fvGJOZlfPuvE3OlRKD4c6k.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_RxLFolD8IPVCViJ4810y1fvGJOZlfPuvE3OlRKD4c6k.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_H5LMZdGQNYApZ0gAjK306Z3_SuE33S7wZXVHrg8k51o.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_H5LMZdGQNYApZ0gAjK306Z3_SuE33S7wZXVHrg8k51o.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_H5LMZdGQNYApZ0gAjK306Z3_SuE33S7wZXVHrg8k51o.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_KXkrGH7Rjk6YiTB024HF_-XERr04NlwObFlNdmoHyjU.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_KXkrGH7Rjk6YiTB024HF_-XERr04NlwObFlNdmoHyjU.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_KXkrGH7Rjk6YiTB024HF_-XERr04NlwObFlNdmoHyjU.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_i8u6DUdBraJDET400vmZ59cLKvKliCLxES2-7NPriSo.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_i8u6DUdBraJDET400vmZ59cLKvKliCLxES2-7NPriSo.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_i8u6DUdBraJDET400vmZ59cLKvKliCLxES2-7NPriSo.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_FDnjFYFla6a7ajnXO72ViwbLZ7tTsFl9gTMfE3hg_Ls.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_FDnjFYFla6a7ajnXO72ViwbLZ7tTsFl9gTMfE3hg_Ls.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_FDnjFYFla6a7ajnXO72ViwbLZ7tTsFl9gTMfE3hg_Ls.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_CmTUPVURz_WZm8-Xr6x3hds79q8RaS1hcpf0HZBmNbM.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_CmTUPVURz_WZm8-Xr6x3hds79q8RaS1hcpf0HZBmNbM.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_CmTUPVURz_WZm8-Xr6x3hds79q8RaS1hcpf0HZBmNbM.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_EmtP4uuNVM5W23OD1-qHr2Mij6gxvbqNioJSasi3UHs.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_EmtP4uuNVM5W23OD1-qHr2Mij6gxvbqNioJSasi3UHs.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_EmtP4uuNVM5W23OD1-qHr2Mij6gxvbqNioJSasi3UHs.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_q27CP9TgYgr9gOonNq4m2kyH__yBhRzlOTG-SmuwyEc.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_q27CP9TgYgr9gOonNq4m2kyH__yBhRzlOTG-SmuwyEc.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_q27CP9TgYgr9gOonNq4m2kyH__yBhRzlOTG-SmuwyEc.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_87CrE_Ct9IB1Sft41f7wDXfrVks6SyDv_6_R7CqK3Vo.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_87CrE_Ct9IB1Sft41f7wDXfrVks6SyDv_6_R7CqK3Vo.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_87CrE_Ct9IB1Sft41f7wDXfrVks6SyDv_6_R7CqK3Vo.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_oQliJlqRfkl99Pr_aiW4eXiYl9SW5usfUzCjbyT4Vps.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_oQliJlqRfkl99Pr_aiW4eXiYl9SW5usfUzCjbyT4Vps.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_oQliJlqRfkl99Pr_aiW4eXiYl9SW5usfUzCjbyT4Vps.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V0dmkNH2v7tNMQ4fVw47BIgj5Jcf-ZsEgWj-tdBkaxo.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V0dmkNH2v7tNMQ4fVw47BIgj5Jcf-ZsEgWj-tdBkaxo.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V0dmkNH2v7tNMQ4fVw47BIgj5Jcf-ZsEgWj-tdBkaxo.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_DUho32Ius7fjuSHl3YKMbhQPMJeG9PFJUOUcoXrggKM.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_DUho32Ius7fjuSHl3YKMbhQPMJeG9PFJUOUcoXrggKM.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_DUho32Ius7fjuSHl3YKMbhQPMJeG9PFJUOUcoXrggKM.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vFR2xprnCy7W9_nwBR1O-ZZpy9lU8NiLrTdoPvA89Tw.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vFR2xprnCy7W9_nwBR1O-ZZpy9lU8NiLrTdoPvA89Tw.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vFR2xprnCy7W9_nwBR1O-ZZpy9lU8NiLrTdoPvA89Tw.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_co8w_1T4Qu-R50LXpXtqrTWt5SmJ61HNfe-WmdP0o5U.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_co8w_1T4Qu-R50LXpXtqrTWt5SmJ61HNfe-WmdP0o5U.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_co8w_1T4Qu-R50LXpXtqrTWt5SmJ61HNfe-WmdP0o5U.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_bgAH0YVs2c3M_OQsBNFNz7DfDmUQHj37JVXlF3iY118.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_bgAH0YVs2c3M_OQsBNFNz7DfDmUQHj37JVXlF3iY118.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_bgAH0YVs2c3M_OQsBNFNz7DfDmUQHj37JVXlF3iY118.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_hmM9CUaP8kN6QPXb4xFBJyryVRNEOPypkHjmfYqJ7I0.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_hmM9CUaP8kN6QPXb4xFBJyryVRNEOPypkHjmfYqJ7I0.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_hmM9CUaP8kN6QPXb4xFBJyryVRNEOPypkHjmfYqJ7I0.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_dyOscigzfaPW1C4XwqRf-WLqlroaQBl5-WymX0y7p0Y.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_dyOscigzfaPW1C4XwqRf-WLqlroaQBl5-WymX0y7p0Y.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_dyOscigzfaPW1C4XwqRf-WLqlroaQBl5-WymX0y7p0Y.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V4rZJ0UwmR5V_2xk6gg98AlCvi_8l-wfS7ubrlYZGmw.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V4rZJ0UwmR5V_2xk6gg98AlCvi_8l-wfS7ubrlYZGmw.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_V4rZJ0UwmR5V_2xk6gg98AlCvi_8l-wfS7ubrlYZGmw.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7RyfuuZ1yE6Lh4ayNpcHA_5NdjuEp_FLDe188l4y9NE.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7RyfuuZ1yE6Lh4ayNpcHA_5NdjuEp_FLDe188l4y9NE.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7RyfuuZ1yE6Lh4ayNpcHA_5NdjuEp_FLDe188l4y9NE.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_D_IjTszIIhNIaOdsvhbrY5qkgq04P5pmUvINjX1WqJQ.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_D_IjTszIIhNIaOdsvhbrY5qkgq04P5pmUvINjX1WqJQ.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_D_IjTszIIhNIaOdsvhbrY5qkgq04P5pmUvINjX1WqJQ.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_YMKsbuZNPJXYNi3y_x4-Ph8P0jt-Bb-3-jxa2FtrkOU.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_YMKsbuZNPJXYNi3y_x4-Ph8P0jt-Bb-3-jxa2FtrkOU.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_YMKsbuZNPJXYNi3y_x4-Ph8P0jt-Bb-3-jxa2FtrkOU.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_CW3OSDNygaN7UlqSOvUX3yZ6dqIEys6H-3yLFbxWWpE.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_CW3OSDNygaN7UlqSOvUX3yZ6dqIEys6H-3yLFbxWWpE.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_CW3OSDNygaN7UlqSOvUX3yZ6dqIEys6H-3yLFbxWWpE.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7QJmbef_9A-2sRhpiZTy3nr7FIOFBrSiq_6PMnmUUEg.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7QJmbef_9A-2sRhpiZTy3nr7FIOFBrSiq_6PMnmUUEg.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7QJmbef_9A-2sRhpiZTy3nr7FIOFBrSiq_6PMnmUUEg.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_yaXDG4xEZcvx8HeUEz3sij1GFyXLcTsDFj6GPahdqOo.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_yaXDG4xEZcvx8HeUEz3sij1GFyXLcTsDFj6GPahdqOo.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_yaXDG4xEZcvx8HeUEz3sij1GFyXLcTsDFj6GPahdqOo.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9xcB_40TbBo2bQCCyqCM6rjxMtNTAlzIFOoc_JfQnfE.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9xcB_40TbBo2bQCCyqCM6rjxMtNTAlzIFOoc_JfQnfE.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9xcB_40TbBo2bQCCyqCM6rjxMtNTAlzIFOoc_JfQnfE.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_4pXmiqGjlisIUgAkQ5IbbiPNO-YwxFUYUdc9ts8oyZY.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_4pXmiqGjlisIUgAkQ5IbbiPNO-YwxFUYUdc9ts8oyZY.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_4pXmiqGjlisIUgAkQ5IbbiPNO-YwxFUYUdc9ts8oyZY.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AqGynJ9bfKC6vcX-hp_FKujqvs5Hsd30VgPAeSwXfLI.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AqGynJ9bfKC6vcX-hp_FKujqvs5Hsd30VgPAeSwXfLI.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AqGynJ9bfKC6vcX-hp_FKujqvs5Hsd30VgPAeSwXfLI.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ScedbXW4TcQNNe4cLeGzLIECpEJ4ucgvJj8GD0TCJSo.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ScedbXW4TcQNNe4cLeGzLIECpEJ4ucgvJj8GD0TCJSo.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ScedbXW4TcQNNe4cLeGzLIECpEJ4ucgvJj8GD0TCJSo.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_UTTCV32oUb43RgZ7pDU1tHQXfzkoFNVJeDnaKIbagRg.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_UTTCV32oUb43RgZ7pDU1tHQXfzkoFNVJeDnaKIbagRg.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_UTTCV32oUb43RgZ7pDU1tHQXfzkoFNVJeDnaKIbagRg.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Uqe11SAKY0asrsZCTM-C8S_P4G8HhjQe5ernngQRiVc.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Uqe11SAKY0asrsZCTM-C8S_P4G8HhjQe5ernngQRiVc.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Uqe11SAKY0asrsZCTM-C8S_P4G8HhjQe5ernngQRiVc.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_pAJDtmYxeCQA36Fqny0SbU_A_vNsP-J3TTjhLE7Mtns.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_pAJDtmYxeCQA36Fqny0SbU_A_vNsP-J3TTjhLE7Mtns.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_pAJDtmYxeCQA36Fqny0SbU_A_vNsP-J3TTjhLE7Mtns.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_R6VA-zr4YyR-O0XQ6TVYHCp4hZzHIpbK-1lEuQTqimM.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_R6VA-zr4YyR-O0XQ6TVYHCp4hZzHIpbK-1lEuQTqimM.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_R6VA-zr4YyR-O0XQ6TVYHCp4hZzHIpbK-1lEuQTqimM.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_1plN574CHZF5KBp3TeLi0lxTDHfXrqYMaTNOUV2ibA4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_1plN574CHZF5KBp3TeLi0lxTDHfXrqYMaTNOUV2ibA4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_1plN574CHZF5KBp3TeLi0lxTDHfXrqYMaTNOUV2ibA4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_NhXER9f-bRIMCqm59kwBSyDg0PUneVTV0gGnFs-usak.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_NhXER9f-bRIMCqm59kwBSyDg0PUneVTV0gGnFs-usak.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_NhXER9f-bRIMCqm59kwBSyDg0PUneVTV0gGnFs-usak.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9RQVJYBMoKY7S8BWiVhSxHUi_ZNU_Dm-mhxo_-3RGwM.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9RQVJYBMoKY7S8BWiVhSxHUi_ZNU_Dm-mhxo_-3RGwM.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9RQVJYBMoKY7S8BWiVhSxHUi_ZNU_Dm-mhxo_-3RGwM.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ktrWpAykq0LUJpqhOXEpEPYnKcvGJlmbBSVho4pbMcw.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ktrWpAykq0LUJpqhOXEpEPYnKcvGJlmbBSVho4pbMcw.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ktrWpAykq0LUJpqhOXEpEPYnKcvGJlmbBSVho4pbMcw.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OJh6_GYeG_uoKAJ0uA5PSnzCe4YkYGRFVwWNm2AG9S4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OJh6_GYeG_uoKAJ0uA5PSnzCe4YkYGRFVwWNm2AG9S4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OJh6_GYeG_uoKAJ0uA5PSnzCe4YkYGRFVwWNm2AG9S4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Yz_-YUpfx77AZs9SUV2ULMJEi9qHBBQyvlvVFZEKuSw.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Yz_-YUpfx77AZs9SUV2ULMJEi9qHBBQyvlvVFZEKuSw.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Yz_-YUpfx77AZs9SUV2ULMJEi9qHBBQyvlvVFZEKuSw.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lQG1UYcugXx6aofetvUtVCt5hT0i53bHiGGSq6NUVa4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lQG1UYcugXx6aofetvUtVCt5hT0i53bHiGGSq6NUVa4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lQG1UYcugXx6aofetvUtVCt5hT0i53bHiGGSq6NUVa4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AKvuzUS8Jf_Pz_b6bdWa9SwLz_TP9fAQClKTIkR1dyQ.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AKvuzUS8Jf_Pz_b6bdWa9SwLz_TP9fAQClKTIkR1dyQ.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AKvuzUS8Jf_Pz_b6bdWa9SwLz_TP9fAQClKTIkR1dyQ.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_VjznVJaexX1soMKBOjgvFJCekDn6qfHCvtM1jdeDTLE.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_VjznVJaexX1soMKBOjgvFJCekDn6qfHCvtM1jdeDTLE.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_VjznVJaexX1soMKBOjgvFJCekDn6qfHCvtM1jdeDTLE.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rBK9MqNH598QLG7OkuzzfHsieg4r-S-MoT2nB7cdop4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rBK9MqNH598QLG7OkuzzfHsieg4r-S-MoT2nB7cdop4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rBK9MqNH598QLG7OkuzzfHsieg4r-S-MoT2nB7cdop4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_QkPk7NEl0xX5tMi70IXUqqdlTdpOpRZtkY9-lPhRlh4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_QkPk7NEl0xX5tMi70IXUqqdlTdpOpRZtkY9-lPhRlh4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_QkPk7NEl0xX5tMi70IXUqqdlTdpOpRZtkY9-lPhRlh4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ggiMjcrdEGxc9aN8oSad8M8IbphPLNWtDPYG8A_xvwI.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ggiMjcrdEGxc9aN8oSad8M8IbphPLNWtDPYG8A_xvwI.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ggiMjcrdEGxc9aN8oSad8M8IbphPLNWtDPYG8A_xvwI.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lBRxHol-xScucbArT9u-kVDvuB5mo4mGdxIvp-GE2Zs.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lBRxHol-xScucbArT9u-kVDvuB5mo4mGdxIvp-GE2Zs.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_lBRxHol-xScucbArT9u-kVDvuB5mo4mGdxIvp-GE2Zs.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7niSEI0Fd7bG4cuegyIQxaJISa5x8Qi1YZz0RD9Tcc0.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7niSEI0Fd7bG4cuegyIQxaJISa5x8Qi1YZz0RD9Tcc0.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_7niSEI0Fd7bG4cuegyIQxaJISa5x8Qi1YZz0RD9Tcc0.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_2GAyQRokz3736UUEbpbL3Ncu5H6Xz1kQyc_soU5sDI8.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_2GAyQRokz3736UUEbpbL3Ncu5H6Xz1kQyc_soU5sDI8.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_2GAyQRokz3736UUEbpbL3Ncu5H6Xz1kQyc_soU5sDI8.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_TchJ1Ic92jED44qc12CXCRKytd0TeOiPGwmTVdbHNws.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_TchJ1Ic92jED44qc12CXCRKytd0TeOiPGwmTVdbHNws.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_TchJ1Ic92jED44qc12CXCRKytd0TeOiPGwmTVdbHNws.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_kZgM-S_1lkSOHwMntOT52d5MlYViLWEMQCMFJp3smyY.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_kZgM-S_1lkSOHwMntOT52d5MlYViLWEMQCMFJp3smyY.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_kZgM-S_1lkSOHwMntOT52d5MlYViLWEMQCMFJp3smyY.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_j2QxXjPUO2i71AmiVO6SMy9DQ7857DcWhAkb9TJnV6g.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_j2QxXjPUO2i71AmiVO6SMy9DQ7857DcWhAkb9TJnV6g.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_j2QxXjPUO2i71AmiVO6SMy9DQ7857DcWhAkb9TJnV6g.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OhJXeeMernQzvXjCKoW54rwIe82Bpxhpetwc2uTQHl0.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OhJXeeMernQzvXjCKoW54rwIe82Bpxhpetwc2uTQHl0.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OhJXeeMernQzvXjCKoW54rwIe82Bpxhpetwc2uTQHl0.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rjOBMXhJB_2FYVqsIxpKov7g_RL64iCDtOwEtWzRsuU.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rjOBMXhJB_2FYVqsIxpKov7g_RL64iCDtOwEtWzRsuU.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rjOBMXhJB_2FYVqsIxpKov7g_RL64iCDtOwEtWzRsuU.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wmNmHPF0oDmvSlRWtb6LJhE8fn2QBo0bCFvk5Mn7puA.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wmNmHPF0oDmvSlRWtb6LJhE8fn2QBo0bCFvk5Mn7puA.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wmNmHPF0oDmvSlRWtb6LJhE8fn2QBo0bCFvk5Mn7puA.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_0yXOnifQp7cjV-WKKuI4K_pE7OrFpeGOosk-TKKRylE.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_0yXOnifQp7cjV-WKKuI4K_pE7OrFpeGOosk-TKKRylE.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_0yXOnifQp7cjV-WKKuI4K_pE7OrFpeGOosk-TKKRylE.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ALtk86w6z-tPFR7wMx5wghwgtwE66MDqrVvhQ2r2EKc.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ALtk86w6z-tPFR7wMx5wghwgtwE66MDqrVvhQ2r2EKc.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ALtk86w6z-tPFR7wMx5wghwgtwE66MDqrVvhQ2r2EKc.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_pMebRLS-LXz188c3eCLIQcANb5-OdG_Y6mlxn7deFHo.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_pMebRLS-LXz188c3eCLIQcANb5-OdG_Y6mlxn7deFHo.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_pMebRLS-LXz188c3eCLIQcANb5-OdG_Y6mlxn7deFHo.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_W-sdS8yBA4hw_JzzyVMze4ZJD7AgIx3bLyrZeQtQBL4.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_W-sdS8yBA4hw_JzzyVMze4ZJD7AgIx3bLyrZeQtQBL4.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_W-sdS8yBA4hw_JzzyVMze4ZJD7AgIx3bLyrZeQtQBL4.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wizTOYpmVVL0NjYTbQFo40583ri7W9a4VUu91GRIJPU.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wizTOYpmVVL0NjYTbQFo40583ri7W9a4VUu91GRIJPU.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wizTOYpmVVL0NjYTbQFo40583ri7W9a4VUu91GRIJPU.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_xl7ZHWPfZeup_07feZV4ESFHuVeMWduVw1PlWZ0Ynp8.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_xl7ZHWPfZeup_07feZV4ESFHuVeMWduVw1PlWZ0Ynp8.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_xl7ZHWPfZeup_07feZV4ESFHuVeMWduVw1PlWZ0Ynp8.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/navbar.css?snja2e" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/navbar.css?snja2e" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/gsb/dist/css/navbar.css?snja2e" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OwRuz6QICwZvJmwFwExN0NVMvcFQjvATCuDrQUpvckc.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OwRuz6QICwZvJmwFwExN0NVMvcFQjvATCuDrQUpvckc.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OwRuz6QICwZvJmwFwExN0NVMvcFQjvATCuDrQUpvckc.css" /> </noscript><link rel="preload" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AxR63y4o732ailYEnQWsaCieYtAm5owyrfUIAZcmi1Y.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AxR63y4o732ailYEnQWsaCieYtAm5owyrfUIAZcmi1Y.css" data-onload-media="all" onload="this.onload=null;this.media=this.dataset.onloadMedia" /> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AxR63y4o732ailYEnQWsaCieYtAm5owyrfUIAZcmi1Y.css" /> </noscript> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/369151","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"responsive_menu":{"position":"left","theme":"theme-white","pagedim":"pagedim-black","modifyViewport":true,"use_bootstrap":true,"breakpoint":"(max-width: 575px)","drag":false,"custom":{"options":{"navbar":{"title":"Main Menu"},"navbars":[{"position":"top"}],"iconbar":{"use":true,"top":["\u003Ca class=\u0027home-icon\u0027 href=\u0027#mm-1\u0027\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0027fa fa-home\u0027\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E"]},"searchfield":{"add":false,"search":false}},"config":{"searchfield":{"clear":true}}}},"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":"100","back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":0,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":1,"back_to_top_button_type":"text","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"\/themes\/custom\/gsb\/src\/patterns\/01-atoms\/image\/place-holder\/place-holder.png","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"selection_sharer":{"jquery_selectors":[".page-node-type-story .block-system-main-block \u003E article p",".page-node-type-story .block-system-main-block article.media--type-quote div",".page-node-type-voices .block-system-main-block \u003E div[role=\u0022article\u0022] p",".page-node-type-voices .block-system-main-block article.media--type-quote div"]},"gsb":{"blockBackgroundColor":"#F4F4F4","blockTextColor":"#231F20"},"banner":{"bannerTextColor":"sbc-charcoal","bannerBackgroundColor":"mist"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"078f7aedf08947abc608db3d030a23765ca132ba916aeab0f46600983427679a"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_rK4tLTV8P4LZqYmgXz436hJQvNjbigDW0DxPuxsIsEs.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_vxAakrs6ia4iCjDjCJ_7Nqc0q-rkHv2vfv_0cCJkFLY.js?scope=header&delta=1&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_VO0PBThTjppL31o53zHyy-vHN_-6825IkqZB45k2qYQ.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_p0DQizY84W023EWoYZk2R8Ivn3D-eM_apDx-urYh1eY.js?scope=header&delta=3&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_cRDzsEct9EOB-Zp-31vS0o6tVrjUbOBL60mYpIpiCN4.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_sjT9KflRwrdLUAqU9M5r0XsqJhyibVJJRGVILUZ52is.js?scope=header&delta=5&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> </head> <body class="page-faculty-research-labs-initiatives-cgri-research-glossary published path-node page-node-type-page"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TRBK2F" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header role="contentinfo" class="header header--default"> <!--googleoff: index--><!--googleoff: snippet--> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <!--googleon: index--><!--googleon: snippet--> <div class="header__wrapper header__wrapper--default"> <div class="header__left header__left--default"> <div id="block-responsivemenumobileicon" class="responsive-menu-toggle-wrapper responsive-menu-toggle block block-responsive-menu block-responsive-menu-toggle"> <a id="toggle-icon" class="toggle responsive-menu-toggle-icon" title="Menu" href="#off-canvas"> <span class="icon"></span><span class="label">Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="branding"> <a href="/" title="Stanford Graduate School of Business" rel="home"> <img src="/themes/custom/gsb/logo.svg" alt="Stanford Graduate School of Business" class="logo" width="156" height="43" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="header__right header__right--default"> <div id="block-megamainmenu" class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmega-main-menu block--gsb-menu-normal block--" id="block-megamainmenu" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: block megamainmenu"> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul data-region="header" region="header" class="c-menu c-menu--mega-primary"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--mega-primary l-0 mega-primary--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-primary l-0" href="/experience" aria-expanded="false" ><span>The Experience</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmega-main-menu view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--default columns-4"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content54e56769-68b3-4e91-b721-43777dd5fab8"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>About Stanford GSB</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-experience-leadership block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/experience/about" > About Us </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/about/leadership" > The Leadership </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/about/leadership/updates" > Dean’s Updates </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/experience/news-history" > School News & History </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0" href="/centennial" > Centennial </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/experience/voices" > Voices </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content674f99d7-dfb7-4494-96c7-57736c43add8"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div style="padding:45px;"></div></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-experience-school-new block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/business-government-society" > Business, Government & Society </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/experience/about/centers-institutes" > Centers & Institutes </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces" > Center for Entrepreneurial Studies </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi" > Center for Social Innovation </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/seed" > Stanford Seed </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentce538769-2409-498e-ad1e-5983539946b6"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>About the Experience</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-experience-learning block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/experience/learning" > Learning at Stanford GSB </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0" href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning" > Experiential Learning </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/learning/guest-speakers" > Guest Speakers </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship" > Entrepreneurship </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/learning/leadership" > Leadership </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/learning/social-innovation" > Social Innovation </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/learning/communication" > Communication </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content674f99d7-dfb7-4494-96c7-57736c43add8"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div style="padding:45px;"></div></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-experience-life block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/experience/life" > Life at Stanford GSB </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/life/collaborative-environment" > Collaborative Environment </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0" href="/experience/life/activities-organizations" > Activities & Organizations </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/life/student-services" > Student Services </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/life/housing-options" > Housing Options </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/experience/life/international-students" > International Students </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--mega-primary l-0 mega-primary--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-primary l-0" href="/programs" aria-expanded="false" ><span>The Programs</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmega-main-menu view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentd74ec086-fbe9-4a07-a1fe-1dc80417369c"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Full-Time Degree Programs</h3></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--default columns-4"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-mba block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/programs/mba" > MBA </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/mba/why-stanford-mba" > Why Stanford MBA </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/mba/academic-experience" > Academic Experience </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/mba/admission" > Admission </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid" > Financial Aid </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-msx block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/programs/msx" > MSx </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/msx/why-stanford-msx" > Why Stanford MSx </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/msx/academic-experience" > Academic Experience </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/msx/admission" > Admission </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/msx/financial-aid" > Financial Aid </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-phd block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/programs/phd" > PhD </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/phd/academic-experience" > Academic Experience </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/phd/admission" > Admission </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/phd/financial-aid" > Financial Aid </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/programs/research-fellows" > Research Fellows Program </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-utility block--gsb-menu-utility block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--utility"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="/programs" > See All Programs </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content41ee2e61-6835-49b8-932e-ceb1f04338c6"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Non-Degree & Certificate Programs</h3></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--default columns-4"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-execed block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/exec-ed" > Executive Education </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/exec-ed/programs/stanford-executive-program" > Stanford Executive Program </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/exec-ed/organizations" > Programs for Organizations </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/exec-ed/difference" > The Difference </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/exec-ed/admission" > Admission </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-online block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/exec-ed/programs/online-business-courses" > Online Programs </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/exec-ed/programs/stanford-lead-online-business-program" > Stanford LEAD </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-programs-seed block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/seed" > Stanford Seed </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/seed/programs/transformation" > Seed Transformation Program </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/seed/programs/aspire" > Aspire Program </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/seed/programs/spark" > Seed Spark Program </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--mega-primary l-0 mega-primary--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-primary l-0" href="/faculty-research" aria-expanded="false" ><span>Faculty & Research</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmega-main-menu view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--default columns-4"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta88e02e6-617f-4ba6-91b9-48063c262967"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Faculty</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-faculty block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/faculty" > Faculty Profiles </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas" > Academic Areas </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/faculty-research/faculty/awards-honors" > Awards & Honors </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars" > Seminars </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences" > Conferences </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/faculty-research/faculty/voices" > Voices </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentc1fafb6c-5b4a-471d-a4bd-d36362875466"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Faculty Research</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-faculty-research block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/publications" > Publications </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/working-papers" > Working Papers </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/case-studies" > Case Studies </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/books" > Books </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content3a04fe7a-5b2d-430e-a84a-722110897eaf"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Research Hub</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-faculty-centers block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives" > Research Labs & Initiatives </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/library" > Business Library </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/darc" > Data, Analytics & Research Computing </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab" > Behavioral Lab </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content674f99d7-dfb7-4494-96c7-57736c43add8"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div style="padding:45px;"></div></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmd-mm-faculty-and-research-utili block--gsb-menu-utility block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content _none _none" role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--utility"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting" > Faculty Recruiting </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="/jobs" > See All Jobs </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--threecol-section layout--threecol-section--33-34-33" class="layout layout--default columns-3 layout--threecol-section layout--threecol-section--33-34-33"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content894a2283-dd48-41d6-8c20-9756e13a4af5"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Research Labs</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-faculty-institutes block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/chs" > Cities, Housing & Society Lab </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil" > Golub Capital Social Impact Lab </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content04d2b2ca-236a-4a85-b30f-3ddd1077a816"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Research Initiatives</h3></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmd-mm-faculty-initiatives block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri" > Corporate Governance Research Initiative </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/casi" > Corporations and Society Initiative </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/pii" > Policy and Innovation Initiative </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi" > Rapid Decarbonization Initiative </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-content674f99d7-dfb7-4494-96c7-57736c43add8"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div style="padding:45px;"></div></div> </div> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmd-mm-faculty-slei block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/slei" > Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii" > Value Chain Innovation Initiative </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vci" > Venture Capital Initiative </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--mega-primary l-0 mega-primary--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-primary l-0" href="/insights" aria-expanded="false" ><span>Insights</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmega-main-menu view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentbc019ea6-bb9d-4c93-8947-8b17979803ce"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Topics</h3></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--default columns-4"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-insights-accounting block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/accounting" > Accounting </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/career-success" > Career & Success </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/climate-sustainability" > Climate & Sustainability </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/corporate-governance" > Corporate Governance </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/culture-society" > Culture & Society </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/economics" > Economics </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-insights-entrepreneur block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/entrepreneurship" > Entrepreneurship </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/finance-investing" > Finance & Investing </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/government-politics" > Government & Politics </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/healthcare" > Healthcare </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/innovation" > Innovation </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/leadership-management" > Leadership & Management </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-insights-nonprofit block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/marketing" > Marketing </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/markets-trade" > Markets and Trade </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/operations-logistics" > Operations & Logistics </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/opportunity-access" > Opportunity & Access </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/insights/technology-ai" > Technology & AI </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-insights-utility block--gsb-menu-utility block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--utility"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="/insights/opinion" > Opinion & Analysis </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility" href="/magazine" > Magazine </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility" href="/business-podcasts" > Podcasts </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility" href="/business-videos" > Videos </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility-insights"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility-insights" href="/insights/subscribe" > Email Newsletter </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--mega-primary l-0 mega-primary--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-primary l-0" href="/alumni" aria-expanded="false" ><span>Alumni</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmega-main-menu view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta9e5a801-178a-4447-918d-dcc405b0a246"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Welcome, Alumni</h3></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--default columns-4"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-alumni-communities block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/communities" > Communities </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/communities/alumni-network" > Digital Communities & Tools </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/communities/regional-chapters" > Regional Chapters </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs" > Women’s Programs </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/communities/identity-chapters" > Identity Chapters </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/reunions" > Find Your Reunion </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/featured-events" > Events </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-alumni-career-resourc block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/career-resources" > Career Resources </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search" > Job Search Resources </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions" > Career & Life Transitions </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/career-resources/programs-webinars" > Programs & Webinars </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/career-resources/video-library" > Career Video Library </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning" > Alumni Education </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources" > Research Resources </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/volunteering" > Volunteering </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-alumni-news block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/news" > Alumni News </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/news/class-notes" > Class Notes </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/news/voices" > Alumni Voices </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-secondary"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-secondary" href="/alumni/news/books" > Books </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/giving" > Giving </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/alumni/contact" > Contact Alumni Relations </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-alumni-utility block--gsb-menu-utility block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--utility"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility-alumni"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility-alumni" href="https://alumnidirectory.stanford.edu/?utm_source=other-website&utm_medium=navigation&utm_campaign=gsb&utm_content=alumni-directory" > Directory </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility-alumni"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility-alumni" href="https://groups.stanford.edu/events" > Upcoming Events </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="https://groups.stanford.edu/saml/sso" > Groups </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility-alumni"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility-alumni" href="https://myaccount.stanford.edu/alumni-email" > Email </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0 utility-alumni"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0 utility-alumni" href="https://myaccount.stanford.edu/" > My Account </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--mega-primary l-0 mega-primary--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-primary l-0" href="/events" aria-expanded="false" ><span>Events</span></a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmega-main-menu view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentb8dd05d7-b059-4f4c-8e30-65f73634e0d1"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h3>Admission Events & Information Sessions</h3></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout layout--threecol-section layout--threecol-section--33-34-33" class="layout layout--default columns-3 layout--threecol-section layout--threecol-section--33-34-33"> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-events-mba-program block--gsb-menu-mega-child block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--mega-child"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/programs/mba/admission/events/schedule" > MBA Program </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/programs/msx/admission/events" > MSx Program </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--mega-child l-0 link-title"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--mega-child l-0 link-title" href="/programs/phd/admission/events" > PhD Program </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-events-research-fello block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__column layout__column--default"> <div class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmenu-md-mm-events-utility block--gsb-menu-utility block--" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: "> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--utility"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="/alumni/featured-events" > Alumni Events </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility l-0" href="/events" > All Other Events </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-search"> <a data-drupal-selector="gsb-opensearch-form" id="block-gsbopensearch" class="btn icon--search gsb-opensearch-form form-search" href="#" aria-label="Open search" ></a> <div class="form-search-wrapper"> <form region="header" action="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" method="post" id="gsb-opensearch-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-search-keys js-form-item-search-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-search-keys" class="visually-hidden form-item__label"> Enter the terms you wish to search for. </label> <input class="form-search-input form-text form-item__textfield" data-drupal-selector="edit-search-keys" type="text" id="edit-search-keys" name="search_keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-uldkysdqmiri1h5dx8cswsvaci2ioph1mapodujd0p4" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-uLDKySDQMIrI1h5dX8cSWsvaci2iOpH1mApOdujD0p4" class="form-item__textfield" /> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-gsb-opensearch-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="gsb_opensearch_form" class="form-item__textfield" /> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input class="btn btn-primary icon--search-button button js-form-submit form-submit form-item__textfield" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="main-content" id="main-content"> <div id="banner" class="header-banner"> <div class="section"> <div class="banner-content"> <div class="region region-banner"> <div class="block-gsb-section-title"> <div class="section-title"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-link field--type-link field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri">Corporate Governance Research Initiative</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="horizontal-navigation" class="horizontal-nav-wrapper"> <div class="section"> <div class="banner-content"> <div class="region region-horizontal-navigation"> <div id="block-mainmenu-12" class="block block--gsb-menu block--gsb-custom-blocks block--gsb-menu-blockmain block--gsb-menu-horizontal-navigation block--" id="block-mainmenu-12" > <div class="block__content-wrapper" > <div class="block__content #F4F4F4 #231F20" role="navigation" aria-label="navigation: block mainmenu 12"> <div class="whole-wrapper"> <div id="page"> <div class="horizontal-menu-toggle"> <a href='#horizontal-menu' class="toggle horizontal-menu-toggle-icon"> <div class="icon-wrapper"> <svg width="20" height="21" viewBox="0 0 20 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g id="baseIcons"> <path id="Icon" d="M2.5 10.5H14.1667M2.5 5.5H17.5M2.5 15.5H17.5" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.67" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> </g> </svg> </div> <span>In This Section </span></a> </div> <div class="label"> </div> </div> <div id="horizontal-menu"> <ul region="horizontal_navigation" class="c-menu c-menu--horizontal-navigation"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--active-trail c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-0 horizontal-navigation--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-0 active-trail" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research" > Research </a> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--horizontal-navigation"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/closer-look" > Stanford Closer Look Series </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/quick-guides" > Quick Guides </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/core-concepts" > Core Concepts </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/surveys" > Surveys </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/books" > Books </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/journal-articles" > Journal Articles </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/working-papers" > Working Papers </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/case-studies" > Case Studies </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--active-trail c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1 active"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1 active-trail active" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" > Glossary of Terms <span class="sr-only"></span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/executive-education" > Executive Education </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/faculty-staff" > Faculty & Staff </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-0 horizontal-navigation--expanded"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/contact" > Contact </a> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--horizontal-navigation"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--horizontal-navigation l-1"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-navigation l-1" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/contact/subscribe" > Subscribe to Corporate Governance Emails </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="c-menu c-menu--horizontal-right-navigation"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--horizontal-right-navigation l-0 horizontal-right-navigation--expanded"> <a target="" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-right-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research"> Research </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--horizontal-right-navigation l-0 horizontal-right-navigation--expanded"> <a target="" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-right-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/executive-education"> Executive Education </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--horizontal-right-navigation l-0 horizontal-right-navigation--expanded"> <a target="" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-right-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/faculty-staff"> Faculty & Staff </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--expanded c-menu__item--horizontal-right-navigation l-0 horizontal-right-navigation--expanded"> <a target="" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--horizontal-right-navigation l-0" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/contact"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="hero"> <div class="section"> <div class="hero-content"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-sm-12 content"> <div class="region region-breadcrumb"> <div id="block-gsb-breadcrumbs" class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb" role="navigation"> <div class="breadcrumb"> <span class="breadcrumb__item"><a href="/faculty-research">Faculty & Research</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb__item"><a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives">Research Labs & Initiatives</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb__item"><a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri">Corporate Governance Research Initiative</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb__item"><a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research">Research</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb__item active is-active" aria-current="page">Glossary of Terms</span> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-pagetitle" class="block block-core block-page-title-block"> <h1 class="page-title"> <span property="schema:name" class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glossary of Terms</span> </h1> </div> <div id="block-gsb-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article about="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" typeof="schema:WebPage"> <span property="schema:name" content="Glossary of Terms" class="hidden"></span> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-content-row field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden count-item-5 field__items"> <div class="field__item field--item-text_block"> <div class="textblock textblock--unstyled paragraph-id-276630" > <div class="textblock__wrapper textblock__wrapper--unstyled"> <div class="textblock__content textblock__content--unstyled p"><p class="intro-copy">Definitions for frequently used terms in corporate governance.</p> <h2 id="A">A</h2> <h3>Abnormal (Excess) Returns (Alpha)</h3> <p>Excess returns are calculated as the difference between observed changes in stock price minus the expected return of the stock, adjusted for risk. Assuming reasonably efficient markets, excess returns provide one measure of the change in economic value for shareholders. Positive alpha is the measure of how much you are beating the market; negative alpha is the reverse.</p> <h3>Abnormal Accruals</h3> <p>The difference between accrued income and cash flows (adjusted for typical accruals that occur during the application of accounting standards). Abnormal accruals are sometimes measured as a test of earnings quality.</p> <h3>Accounting (Earnings) Quality</h3> <p>Accounting quality reflects the degree to which accounting figures precisely measure a company’s change in financial position, earnings, and cash flow during a reporting period.</p> <h3>Accounting Manipulation</h3> <p>The purposeful misapplication of generally accepted accounting standards in order to inflate reported financial results. Accounting manipulation, when it occurs, is intended to hide financial failures or fraud from auditors and stakeholders.</p> <h3>Accounting Restatement (Financial Restatement)</h3> <p>A company disclosure if the firm believes that previously issued financial statements should not be relied upon because of an error in the statements. Disclosure is required if the auditor believes that its previously issued audit reports or interim reviews on financial statements should not be relied upon. In both cases, the company also must disclose whether its audit committee, full board or authorized executive officers have discussed these matters with its auditor. Investors should pay attention to these disclosures, which could affect the company’s previously reported earnings. Companies generally restate their financial statements after the 8-K disclosure. The restatement could come at a much later date.</p> <h3>Accredited Investors</h3> <p>Investors with at least $1 million in investable assets or $200,000 in annual income. Accredited investors are considered to be “sophisticated” by the SEC, and therefore are given more leeway to invest in funds not covered by the Investment Company Act of 1940 (such as hedge funds).</p> <h3>Active Investors</h3> <p>Investors who are active in the trading of company securities (as opposed to passive investors). Active investors tend to care greatly about individual company outcomes. As a result, they might try to influence corporate activities to improve company performance (such as by meeting with management, lobbying to have board members removed, voicing concern over compensation practices, or advancing policy measures through the annual proxy).</p> <h3>Activist Investors</h3> <p>Investors who try to use an ownership position to actively pursue governance changes at a corporation. The objectives of the activist investor might differ from those of other shareholders. Examples of activist investors might include the following:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Pension funds that manage assets on behalf of union employees</li> <li>Institutional funds with a social mission, such as environmental, religious, or humanitarian causes</li> <li>Hedge fund managers driven by a desire for short-term gain</li> <li>Individual investors with outspoken personal beliefs</li> </ul></blockquote> <h3>Advisory Nonbinding Vote</h3> <p>On January 25, 2011, the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted amendments to its disclosure rules and forms to implement Section 951 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which added Section 14A to the Exchange Act. These amendments took effect on April 4, 2011. This section requires public companies subject to the federal proxy rules to:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Provide their shareholders with an advisory vote on executive compensation, generally known as “say-on-pay” votes. These are precatory, or nonbinding votes.</li> <li>Provide their shareholders with an advisory vote on the desired frequency of say-on-pay votes; and</li> <li>Provide their shareholders with an advisory vote on compensation arrangements and understandings in connection with merger transactions, known as “golden parachute” arrangements.</li> </ul></blockquote> <p>Such golden parachute arrangements would need to be disclosed in merger proxy statements.</p> <h3>Agency Costs</h3> <p>Costs resulting from agency problems. See “Agency Problem.”</p> <h3>Agency Problem</h3> <p>A situation of misaligned incentives which arises when a third-party agent is hired to act on one’s behalf. In a corporate setting, agency problems occur when a manager who is hired to run a company in the interest of shareholders and stakeholders takes actions which benefit himself or herself, with the costs borne by corporation and by extension, shareholders, etc. For example, an executive might manipulate accounting results to increase the size of his or her bonus, or might pursue an expensive acquisition, even though these actions are value destroying. Agency problems can be mitigated through corporate governance features which restrict or discourage these actions or through incentives which align the interest of management and the corporation.</p> <h3>Aligned Incentives (Alignment of Incentives)</h3> <p>In economic terms, where senior executive corporate goals and related compensation are in sync with the interests of shareholders. See “Pay-for-Performance.”</p> <h3>Amortization of Intangibles</h3> <p>Intangible assets are usually not physical in form and are difficult to assign a valuation. The following assets are section 197 intangibles as defined by the IRS and must be amortized over 180 months:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Goodwill;</li> <li>Going concern value;</li> <li>Workforce in place;</li> <li>Business books and records, operating systems, or any other information base, including lists or other information concerning current or prospective customers;</li> <li>A patent, copyright, formula, process, design, pattern, know-how, format, or similar item;</li> <li>A customer-based intangible;</li> <li>A supplier-based intangible;</li> <li>Any item similar to items (3) through (7);</li> <li>A license, permit, or other right granted by a governmental unit or agency (including issuances and renewals);</li> <li>A covenant not to compete entered into in connection with the acquisition of an interest in a trade or business;</li> <li>Any franchise, trademark, or trade name; and</li> <li>A contract for the use of, or a term interest in, any item in this list.</li> </ul></blockquote> <h3>Anglo-Saxon Model</h3> <p>A term used to describe governance models prevalent in the United Kingdom and United States. The Anglo-Saxon model is shareholder-centric (meaning that the primary purpose of the corporation is considered to be the maximization of shareholder value), with a single board of directors, management participation on the board (particularly the CEO), and an emphasis on transparency and disclosure through audited financial reports.</p> <h3>Annual Bonus</h3> <p>A variable compensation payment, usually in the form of cash, that is awarded to an executive if the yearly performance of the company exceeds specified financial and nonfinancial targets. The size of the bonus is commonly expressed as a percentage of base salary and might include a guaranteed minimum and specified maximum.</p> <h3>Annual Salary</h3> <p>A fixed cash compensation payment made evenly during the course of the year. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code limits the tax deductibility of executive compensation greater than $1 million, unless such compensation is performance driven. The fixed salary is typically set at the beginning of the year.</p> <h3>Assurance</h3> <p>How an organization provides stakeholders with a degree of confidence or level of comfort that everything is operating in a satisfactory manner. It involves independent conclusions about the impartial assessment or objective examination of a particular subject matter against specific pre-defined criteria. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Audit Committee</h3> <p>The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the company’s external audit and is the primary contact between the auditor and the company. This reporting relationship is intended to prevent management manipulation of the audit. Under Sarbanes-Oxley, the audit committee must have at least three members, all of whom are financially literate; the chair also must be a financial expert. The obligations of the audit committee include:</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Overseeing the financial reporting and disclosure process</li> <li>Monitoring the choice of accounting policies and principles</li> <li>Overseeing the hiring, performance, and independence of the external auditor</li> <li>Overseeing regulatory compliance, ethics, and whistleblower hotlines</li> <li>Monitoring internal control processes</li> <li>Overseeing the performance of the internal audit function</li> <li>Discussing risk-management policies and practices with management</li> </ol></blockquote> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="B">B</h2> <h3>Bankruptcy</h3> <p>A situation in which a corporation becomes insolvent (i.e., the value of its liabilities exceeds the value of its assets). In bankruptcy, the legal obligation of the corporation is to preserve and maximize the financial claims of creditors (rather than shareholders).</p> <h3>Benefits</h3> <p>Compensation benefits provided with employment, such as health insurance, post-retirement health insurance, defined contribution retirement accounts (401[k]), supplemental executive retirement plans (SERPs), life insurance, payment for the use of a personal financial planner, and reimbursement of taxes owed on taxable benefits.</p> <h3>Benchmarking Compensation (Compensation Benchmarking)</h3> <p>Compensation benchmarking is the process by which a company’s senior executive compensation levels and practices are compared to those of other companies (may be in same market, industry, etc.). Compensation benchmarking is one of the tools that compensation committee’s can use in determining executive pay.</p> <h3>Best Practices</h3> <p>Practices, procedures, or routines which are shown to improve financial and nonfinancial outcomes, on average and across a large number of firms.</p> <h3>Blackout Period</h3> <p>A period of time during which insiders are restricted from trading in company stock. Blackout periods are designed to protect executives from unintentially violating insider trading laws and are specified on a company-by-company basis in a company’s insider trading policy. Blackout periods typically occur between the time when material information is known (such as quarterly earnings, a new product launch, or acquisition) and the time when it is released to the public. Trades within the blackout period are prohibited, and trades outside the blackout period (during the “trading window”) commonly require approval in advance by the general counsel’s office.</p> <h3>Black-Scholes Pricing Model (Black-Scholes-Merton Model)</h3> <p>The Black-Scholes pricing model relies on expectations about future stock price volatility, interest rates, dividends, and number of years until exercise to arrive at an estimated value. For example, in a normal market environment, a stock option for shares in a technology company that are currently trading near $20, with an exercise price of $20, might have a Black-Scholes valuation of $10.</p> <h3>Blank Check Preferred Stock</h3> <p>A class of unissued preferred stock that is provided for in the articles of incorporation and that the company can issue when threatened by a corporate raider. The purchaser of the preferred stock obtains an economic position senior to that of common shareholders and also typically receives significant voting rights. Combined, these are used to block a corporate raider seeking to take control of the company or its board of directors.</p> <h3>Blockholder</h3> <p>An investor with a significant ownership position in a company’s common stock. No regulatory statute classifies an investor as a blockholder, although researchers generally define a blockholder as any shareholder with at least a 1 to 5 percent stake. A blockholder can be an executive, a director, an individual shareholder, another corporation, or an institutional investor. Blockholders with large ownership positions can exert significant influence (positive or negative) on the governance of a firm.</p> <h3>Board Diversity</h3> <p>The degree to which individual directors on a board represent a wide range of personal or professional backgrounds, experiences, or viewpoints.</p> <h3>Board Evaluation</h3> <p>The process by which the entire board, its committees, or individual directors are evaluated for their effectiveness in carrying out their stated responsibilities. In the United States, annual board evaluations are a listing standard of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which requires that the nominating and governance committee “oversee the evaluation of the board and management.” Furthermore, each committee (audit, compensation, and nominating and governance) is required to perform its own self-evaluation. The quality of board evaluations varies widely across companies.</p> <h3>Board of Directors</h3> <p>A group of individuals elected to represent the interests of shareholders and monitor the corporation and its management. Generally speaking, a board serves two roles: an advisory role and an oversight role. In its advisory capacity, the board consults with management regarding the strategic and operational direction of the company. Attention is paid to decisions that balance risk and reward. Board members are selected based on the skill and expertise they offer for this purpose, including previous experience in a relevant industry or function. In its oversight capacity, the board is expected to monitor management and ensure that it is acting diligently in the interests of shareholders. The board hires and fires the chief executive officer, measures corporate performance, evaluates management contribution to performance, and awards compensation. It also oversees legal and regulatory compliance, including the audit process, reporting requirements for publicly traded companies, and industry-specific regulations. In fulfilling these responsibilities, the board often relies on the advice of legal counsel and other paid professionals, such as external auditors, executive recruiters, compensation consultants, investment bankers, and tax advisors.</p> <h3>Board Structure</h3> <p>A description of a board based on its prominent structural attributes, such as size, professional and demographic information about the directors serving on it, their independence from management, number of committees, director compensation, etc. Although much attention is paid to board structure, most research evidence finds little relation between board structure and a company’s performance or governance quality.</p> <h3>Broker Nonvote</h3> <p>The shares held at a brokerage firm are registered under the name of the brokerage (“street name”), even though they are beneficially owned by the individual. Brokers are required to forward these shares to the beneficial owner and vote according to owner instructions. If the broker does not receive instructions within 10 days of the vote date, a broker nonvote is said to occur. New York Stock Exchange Rule 452 defines the situations in which a broker is allowed to use discretion in voting these shares and when he or she is disallowed. The treatment of broker non votes can be important in determining the outcome of closely contested proxy battles.</p> <h3>Bullet Dodging</h3> <p>The practice of waiting to award stock options to an executive or employee until after the release of unexpected negative news that is likely to drive down the price of a stock.</p> <h3>Burn Rate</h3> <p>The ratio of shares granted through a company’s equity-based compensation plan and the number of shares outstanding (or authorized). Because equity compensation dilutes the ownership interest of shareholders, much attention is paid to the rate at which new shares are issued. Proxy advisory firms have proprietary models that calculate “appropriate” maximum burn rates, but there is no evidence that these models are correct (i.e., maximize shareholder value).</p> <h3>Business Judgment Rule</h3> <p>Under the business judgment rule, a court will not second guess a board’s decision (even if, in retrospect, it was proved to be seriously deficient) if the board followed a reasonable process by which it informed itself of key, relevant facts and then made a decision in good faith. Good faith requires that the board act without conflicting interests and that it not turn a blind eye to issues within its responsibility. If the board can demonstrate that it satisfied these criteria, the courts will not intervene. See “Duty of Care.”</p> <h3>Business Model</h3> <p>A model that links specific financial and nonfinancial measures in a logical chain to delineate how a company’s strategy translates into the accomplishment of stated financial goals. The board evaluates the business model for logical consistency, realism of targets, and statistical evidence that the relationships between performance metrics and stated goals are valid. See “Corporate Strategy” and “Key Performance Indicators.”</p> <h3>Busy Boards (Busy Directors)</h3> <p>Companies whose directors sit on multiple boards. The numeric threshold that constitutes a “busy” director is subject to discretion, although researchers generally consider a director to be busy if he or she sits on three or more boards. Similarly, a “busy” board is one in which a significant number of directors are busy.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="C">C</h2> <h3>Capital Market Efficiency</h3> <p>The degree to which markets set correct prices for labor, natural resources, and capital, based on the information available to both parties in a transaction. Accurate pricing is necessary for firms and individuals to make rational decisions about allocating capital to its most efficient uses. When capital markets are inefficient, prices are subject to distortion and corporate decision making suffers. Efficient capital markets can act as a disciplining mechanism on corporations. Companies are held to a “market standard” of performance, and those that fail to meet these standards are punished with a decrease in share price or increase in borrowing costs. Companies that do not perform well over time risk going out of business or becoming an acquisition target.</p> <h3>Cease-and-desist Order Under the FCPA (Cease-and-desist Proceedings)</h3> <p>An order given by a regulatory agency such as the <a href="http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/" target="_blank">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) or Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to stop any suspicious or illegal activities. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd-1, et seq. (“FCPA”), was enacted for the purpose of making it unlawful for certain classes of persons and entities to make payments to foreign government officials to assist in obtaining or retaining business.</p> <h3>Chaebol (Korea)</h3> <p>The conglomerate organizations that dominate the Korean economy. Chaebol, which means “financial house,” are not single corporations but groups of affiliated companies that operate under the strategic and financial direction of a central headquarters. A powerful group chairman holds ultimate decision-making authority on all investments and leads headquarters.</p> <h3>Chairman of the Board</h3> <p>The director who presides over meetings of the full board of directors. The chairman is responsible for setting the agenda, scheduling meetings, and coordinating actions of board committees. Because of his or her prominent position, the chairman is considered the most powerful board member and also the public “face” of the board. Traditionally, the CEO has served as the chairman of the board in most U.S. corporations. In recent years, however, it has become more common for a nonexecutive director to serve as chair.</p> <h3>Check the Boxes (Check the Box Mentality)</h3> <p>Simply making sure that some arbitrary list of criteria a satisfied without thinking about whether these criteria improve shareholder or stakeholder value.</p> <h3>Civil Law</h3> <p>A system of law that relies on comprehensive legal codes or statutes written by legislative bodies. The judiciary bases decisions on strict interpretation of the law instead of legal precedent. Civil law is also known as “code law.”</p> <h3>Classified (Staggered) Board Structure</h3> <p>A board structure in which directors are elected to multiple-year terms, with a only subset of directors standing for reelection each year. Under a typical staggered board, directors are elected to three-year terms, with one-third of the board standing for reelection every three years. As a result, it is not possible for the board to be ousted in a single year. Two election cycles are needed for a majority of the board to turn over. Staggered boards are an effective antitakeover defense. Staggered boards can be effective antitakeover defenses (if they are part of the corporation charter), and especially when combined with a “poison pill.”</p> <h3>Clause 49 (India)</h3> <p>The standard of corporate governance in India that applies to all listed companies. Important provisions of Clause 49 include the following:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>A majority of nonexecutive directors</li> <li>If the chairman is an executive of the company, at least half of the directors must be independent; otherwise, one-third must be independent.</li> <li>Board members are limited to serving on no more than ten committees across all boards to which they are elected.</li> <li>Audit committee consists of at least three members, two of whom must be independent.</li> <li>The CEO and CFO must certify financial statements.</li> <li>Extensive disclosure of related-party transactions, board of directors’ compensation and shareholdings in the company, and any financial relationships that might lead to board member conflicts.</li> </ul></blockquote> <p>Companies are required to include a section in the annual report explaining whether they are in compliance with these standards.</p> <h3>Clawbacks and Deferred Payouts</h3> <p> </p> <p>Provisions in the executive compensation contract that enable a company to reclaim compensation in future years if it becomes clear that bonus compensation should not have been awarded previously. Clawbacks are intended to discourage executives from artificially inflating financial results to increase the value of their bonuses. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act requires that companies develop, implement, and disclose clawback policies.</p> <h3>Code of Best Practices</h3> <p>Benchmark set of recommendations by blue-panel experts and others on corporate governance strategy, structure, model and other related dimensions that companies should incorporate to achieve “good governance” (e.g.; adoption of the chairman/CEO split). Also see:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>The Cadbury Committee (1992)</li> <li>The Greenbury Report (1995)</li> <li>The Hampel Report (1998)</li> <li>The Higgs Report (2003)</li> </ul></blockquote> <p>These recommendations might reflect a one-size-fits-all approach to governance and the propagation of “best practices” that the research literature has not supported. (Definition contributed by <a href="https://twitter.com/CGGovernance" target="_blank">@CGGovernance</a>.)</p> <h3>Codetermination</h3> <p>A system under which the interests of shareholders and employees are expected to be balanced in corporate decision-making. The philosophy of codetermination underlies German corporate law.</p> <h3>Common Law</h3> <p>A system of law under which judicial precedent shapes the interpretation and application of laws. Judges consider previous court rulings on similar matters and use this information as the basis for settling current claims.</p> <h3>Compensation Committee</h3> <p>The committee of the board that is responsible for setting the compensation of the CEO and for advising the CEO on the compensation of other senior executives. The responsibilities of the compensation committee are as follows:</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Set the compensation of the CEO.</li> <li>Set and review performance-related goals for the CEO</li> <li>Determine appropriate compensation structure for the CEO, given performance expectations</li> <li>Monitor CEO performance relative to targets</li> <li>Set or advise the CEO on other officers’ compensation</li> <li>Advise the CEO and oversee compensation of nonexecutive employees</li> <li>Set board compensation</li> <li>Hire consultants to assist in the compensation process, as appropriate.</li> </ol></blockquote> <h3>Compensation Discussion and Analysis (CD&A)</h3> <p>The CD&A section explains all material elements of the company’s executive compensation programs. The decision by a company regarding the amount and type of compensation to give an executive officer is a business decision and is not within the jurisdiction of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Rather, the SEC’s jurisdiction extends to disclosure - making sure that the investing public is provided with full and fair disclosure of material information on which to base informed investment and voting decisions. In this regard, the federal securities laws require disclosure of the amount and type of compensation paid to the company’s CEO and other highly-compensated executive officers.</p> <h3>Compliance</h3> <p>How an organization ensures its activities conform with all relevant mandatory and voluntary requirements. Successful compliance management involves clearly defining applicable laws, regulations, codes, best practices, and internal standards, and so on. It must demonstrate how the organization ensures that it is in strict adherence with all relevant requirements. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Compliance Risk</h3> <p>The degree to which a company complies with laws and regulations. Compliance risk is reflected in such factors as labor practices, environmental compliance, and consideration given to the regulatory requirements that govern the company’s products, processes, or publicly listed securities.</p> <h3>Comply or Explain (UK)</h3> <p>A system of governance under which public companies are not legally required to adopt recommended governance standards but instead required to issue an annual statement to shareholders explaining whether they are in compliance with these standards or, if not, stating their reasons for noncompliance. This practice allows companies to deviate from recommended practices if the company believes they are not appropriate for its specific situation. The “comply or explain” system originated in the United Kingdom but has also been adopted in other European countries.</p> <h3>Control Mechanism (Internal Controls)</h3> <p>The processes and procedures that a company puts in place to ensure that account balances are accurately recorded, financial statements reliably produced, and assets adequately protected from loss or theft. Effectively, internal controls act as the “cash register” of the corporation, a system that confirms that the level of assets inside the company is consistent with the level that should be there, given revenue and disbursement data recorded through the accounting system.</p> <h3>Control Systems (Internal Controls)</h3> <p>The processes and procedures that a company puts in place to ensure that account balances are accurately recorded, financial statements reliably produced, and assets adequately protected from loss or theft. Effectively, internal controls act as the “cash register” of the corporation, a system that confirms that the level of assets inside the company is consistent with the level that should be there, given revenue and disbursement data recorded through the accounting system.</p> <h3>Corporate Defense</h3> <p>In its broadest sense represents an organization’s collective program (formal or otherwise) for self-defense. It represents the measures taken by an organization to safeguard the interests of its stakeholders from a multitude of potential hazards (risks, threats, and vulnerabilities), the occurrence of which could be detrimental to the achievement of the organization’s objectives. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Corporate Defense Management (CDM)</h3> <p>The multi-dimensional framework employed by an organization to manage the critical components which constitute an organization’s corporate defense program. This includes the integrated management of its governance, risk, compliance, intelligence, security, resilience, controls, and assurance activities. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Corporate Governance</h3> <p>The need for corporate governance rests on the idea that when separation exists between the ownership of a company and its management, self-interested executives have the opportunity to take actions that benefit themselves, with shareholders and stakeholders bearing the cost of these actions. This scenario is typically referred to as the “agency problem,” with the costs resulting from this problem described as “agency costs.” Executives make investment, financing, and operating decisions that better themselves at the expense of other parties related to the firm. To lessen agency costs, some type of control or monitoring system is put in place in the organization. That system of checks and balances is called “corporate governance.” At a minimum, a governance system consists of a board of directors to oversee management and an external auditor to express an opinion on the reliability of financial statements. In most cases, however, governance systems are influenced by a much broader group of constituents, including owners of the firm, creditors, labor unions, customers, suppliers, investment analysts, the media, and regulators who all influence managerial behavior.</p> <h3>Corporate Monitors</h3> <p>Persons hired with the express purpose of preventing and detecting malfeasance within a corporation or firm (e.g. internal auditors). Many other parties also actively monitor the firm — debtholders, analysts, regulators, unions, etc.</p> <h3>Corporate Governance Ratings</h3> <p>Rating systems which attempt to grade or assess corporate governance quality. Rating systems might take the form of an index, where governance variables are quantified and the scores aggregated to arrive at a numerical value of governance quality. Alternatively, rating systems incorporate qualitative as well as quantitative assessments and assign letter grades to reflect governance quality. To date, no organization or researcher has developed a robust model for ratings that reliably predicts governance failures.</p> <h3>Corporate Strategy</h3> <p>The process by which a company expects to create long-term value for shareholders and stakeholders. The corporate strategy defines the businesses a company will participate in and outlines how the company expects to create value by participating in these businesses. See “Business Model” and “Key Performance Indicators.”</p> <h3>Creditworthiness</h3> <p>An assessment of the ability and willingness of a borrower to repay debt obligations. Creditworthiness is determined based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors, including availability of collateral, leverage ratios, interest coverage, and diversity and stability of revenue streams, among other factors. Institutional investors that invest in corporate debt use credit ratings to determine the likelihood that they will be paid the full principal and interest owed to them over the life of the bond. In some cases, investors such as money market funds are only allowed to invest in debt with a sufficiently high rating. Companies with higher credit ratings are generally rewarded in the market with lower interest rates on their borrowings, while companies with lower credit ratings are generally charged higher rates.</p> <h3>Cumulative Voting</h3> <p>A system for proxy voting that allows a shareholder to concentrate votes on a single board candidate instead of requiring one vote for each candidate. A shareholder is given a number of votes equal to the product of the number of shares owned times the number of seats the company has on its board. For example, a shareholder with 100 shares in a company with a board of nine directors has 900 votes. The shareholder can allocate those votes among board candidates as he or she chooses. To increase the likelihood of electing a specific director, the shareholder might concentrate more votes toward a single candidate or a subset of candidates. Cumulative voting is relatively rare. See “Plurality Voting” and “Majority Voting.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="D">D</h2> <h3>Director Indemnification</h3> <p>An arrangement under which a company pays for or reimburses a director for costs associated with securities class actions and some fiduciary duty cases. Indemnification generally is available to a director for any expense incurred in connection with litigation, including legal fees, settlements, and judgments against the director. Indemnification is only permitted if the director has acted in good faith. Indemnification agreements have been widely adopted by most public companies.</p> <h3 id="doddfrank">Directors’ and Officers’ (D&O) Liability Insurance</h3> <p>An insurance contract purchased by a corporation on behalf of directors and officers to protect them from certain costs associated with litigation. These policies cover litigation expenses, settlement payments, and, in rare cases, amounts paid in damages (up to a limit specified in the policy). A D&O insurance policy has three parts, referred to as Side A, Side B, and Side C. Side A protects the director when indemnification is not available, for example, if the company becomes insolvent. Side B reimburses a corporation for its indemnification obligations to directors. Side C insurance reimburses a corporation for its own litigation expenses and amounts it pays in settlement. Most companies purchase D&O insurance on behalf of their board.</p> <h3>Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010</h3> <p>A bill to promote the financial stability of the United States by improving accountability and transparency in the financial system. Important governance-related provisions of Dodd-Frank include the following:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Proxy access: Shareholders or groups of shareholders are eligible to nominate directors on the company proxy.</li> <li>Say-on-pay: Shareholders are given a nonbinding vote on executive compensation.</li> <li>Disclosure: Companies must provide expanded disclosure on executive compensation, hedging of company equity by executives and directors, the independence of compensation committee members, and the decision of whether to have an independent chairman.</li> </ul></blockquote> <p>On January 25, 2011, the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted amendments to its disclosure rules and forms to implement Section 951 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which added Section 14A to the Exchange Act. These amendments took effect on April 4, 2011.</p> <p>This section requires public companies subject to the federal proxy rules to:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Provide their shareholders with an advisory vote on executive compensation, generally known as “say-on-pay” votes</li> <li>Provide their shareholders with an advisory vote on the desired frequency of say-on-pay votes; and</li> <li>Provide their shareholders with an advisory vote on compensation arrangements and understandings in connection with merger transactions, known as “golden parachute” arrangements. Such golden parachute arrangements would need to be disclosed in merger proxy statements.</li> </ul></blockquote> <h3>Dual-class Shares</h3> <p>A company with dual-class shares has more than one class of common stock. In general, each class has equal economic interest in the company but unequal voting rights. For example, Class A shares might be afforded one vote per share, whereas Class B shares might have ten votes per share. Typically, an insider, founding family member, or other shareholder friendly to management holds the class of shares with preferential voting rights, which gives that person significant (if not outright) influence over board elections. Dual-class stock thus tends to weaken the influence of public shareholders and are considered an effective antitakeover defense.</p> <h3>Duty of Candor</h3> <p>A fiduciary duty under state corporate law. The duty of candor requires that management and the board inform shareholders of all information that is important to their evaluation of the company and its management. The company’s management is required in the first instance to provide accurate and timely information to shareholders, and the board is expected to oversee this process. In the absence of direct knowledge of wrongdoing, the board is permitted to rely on management assurances that the information is complete and accurate. See “Fiduciary Duty.”</p> <h3>Duty of Care</h3> <p>A fiduciary duty under state corporate law. The duty of care requires that a director make decisions with due deliberation. In the United States, courts enforce the duty of care through the rubric of the “business judgment rule.” This rule provides that the judgment of a board will not be overridden by a court unless a plaintiff can show that the board failed to inform itself regarding the decision at issue or that the board was infected with a conflict of interest, in which case there may have been a violation of the duty of loyalty. Courts have rarely ruled against a board for a violation of the duty of care. Even if a board decision was clearly wrong, if the board can show that it engaged in some consideration of information related to the decision, the courts will adopt a hands-off posture. The business judgment rule is most protective of outside directors. In the absence of “red flags” regarding what management is telling them, they are permitted to rely on what they hear from management to inform their decision. Moreover, companies are permitted to include exculpatory provisions in the charters that protect an outside director from suits for monetary damages for breach of the duty of care, so long as the director has not acted intentionally or in bad faith. See “Fiduciary Duty.”</p> <h3>Duty of Loyalty</h3> <p>A fiduciary duty under state corporate law. The duty of loyalty addresses conflicts of interest. For example, if management is considering a transaction with a company in which a director has a significant financial interest, the duty of loyalty requires that the terms of the transaction promote the interests of the shareholders over those of the director. As another example, if a director discovers a business opportunity in the course of his or her service to the company, the duty of loyalty requires that the director refrain from taking the opportunity before first determining whether the company will take it. The law lays out procedures for a board to follow in situations when a potential conflict of interest may exist. See “Fiduciary Duty.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="E">E</h2> <h3>Earned Pay</h3> <p>The total value of compensation that an executive “earns the right to keep” as cash is delivered and vesting restrictions removed from equity grants. Salary and annual bonuses are earned over one-year periods. Long-term cash awards are typically earned at the end of multiple-year periods. Equity awards are earned as they vest. The earned value of compensation often differs significantly from the originally expected value. Earned pay can be compared to corporate performance during the measurement period and used to assess “pay for performance.” See “Expected Pay” and “Realized Pay.”</p> <h3>Earnings Management</h3> <p>Altering or manipulating financial results to meet or exceed quarterly forecasts. Earnings management may or may not be fraudulent, depending on the tactic employed. Still, manipulated earnings tend to be a signal of governance problems.</p> <h3>Empire Building</h3> <p>A situation in which management seeks to acquire another company primarily for the sake of managing a larger enterprise. Empire building is a type of agency problem that effective corporate governance systems are expected to prevent.</p> <h3>Empirical Testing</h3> <p>The process of testing a hypothesis through real-world observation. Large sample statistical testing, field studies, and individual case studies are examples of empirical testing. The opposite of empirical testing is deductive reasoning based on theoretical principles.</p> <h3>Event Studies</h3> <p>Event studies measure the stock market’s reaction to news or events, and are used by researchers to measure whether corporate actions or governance changes are value increasing or value decreasing to shareholders. These studies have validity only to the extent that the reader believes that markets are at least partly efficient. Even if so, event studies cannot easily control for confounding events (such as other news released by the company during the measurement period). Moreover, event studies require the researcher to make important risk adjustments when computing excess stock returns. Although several risk adjustments have become “accepted,” their computation is complex, and it is difficult to know whether the researcher made them properly.</p> <h3>Executive Compensation</h3> <p>The total set of cash and noncash incentives offered to attract, retain, and motivate an executive to achieve corporate objectives.</p> <h3>Executive Session</h3> <p>A meeting of the board of directors in which only independent (nonexecutive) directors are present. Under Sarbanes Oxley, a company’s board is expected to hold at least one executive session per year. While no formal actions are taken at these meetings, executive sessions give outside directors an opportunity to discuss candidly the performance of management, operating results, internal controls, and succession planning. The lead independent director or nonexecutive chairman presides over these meetings.</p> <h3>Expected Pay</h3> <p>The total expected value of compensation promised to an executive in a given year. Expected compensation is composed of the annual salary, expected value of the annual bonus, plus the expected fair market value of equity grants and long-term incentive cash plans. The future (earned and realized) values of compensation might differ significantly from the expected value. Expected pay represents the incentive value of compensation. See “Earned Pay” and “Realized Pay.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="F">F</h2> <h3>Facilitating Payments</h3> <p>Defined by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 and clarified in its 1988 amendments, as a payment to a foreign official, political party or party official for “routine governmental action,” such as processing papers, issuing permits, and other actions of an official, in order to expedite performance of duties of non-discretionary nature, i.e., which they are already bound to perform. The payment is not intended to influence the outcome of the official’s action, only its timing. Facilitation payments are one of the few exceptions from anti-bribery prohibitions of the law.</p> <h3>Fiduciary Duty</h3> <p>Under state corporate law, the board of directors has a legal obligation to act in the “interest of the corporation.” In legal terminology, this is referred to as a fiduciary duty to the corporation. Although somewhat ambiguous — since a corporation is simply a legal construct that cannot have its own interests — the courts have interpreted this phrase to mean that a director is expected to act in the interest of shareholders. Court decisions often refer to a fiduciary duty to “the corporation and the shareholders” or even just to the shareholders. The fiduciary duty of the board includes three components: a duty of care, a duty of loyalty, and a duty of candor.</p> <h3>Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)</h3> <p>A nonprofit organization that determines accounting standards in the United States. Members include accounting experts from academia, industry, audit firms, and the investing public. More info available at the <a href="http://www.fasb.org/home">FASB</a> website.</p> <h3>Financial Expert</h3> <p>Sarbanes Oxley requires that at least one member of the audit committee be a “financial expert.” A financial expert is defined as: someone who has past employment experience in finance or accounting, requisite professional certification in accounting, or any other comparable experience or background which results in the individual’s financial sophistication, including being or having been chief executive officer, chief financial officer, or other senior officer with financial oversight responsibilities. To qualify as a financial expert, the director must have experience as a public accountant, auditor, principal financial officer, comptroller, or principal accounting officer at an issuer. The director also is required to have an understanding of accounting principles, the preparation of financial statements, internal controls, and audit committee functions. The financial expert serves as chair of the audit committee.</p> <h3>Financial Restatement</h3> <p>A financial restatement occurs when a material error is discovered in a company’s previously published financials. When such an error is discovered, the company is required to file a Form 8-K, alerting investors that previously published financials can no longer be relied upon and are under review for restatement. If the error is not material, the financial statements are not restated but are simply amended.</p> <h3>Financial Risk</h3> <p>The degree to which a company relies on external financing (including capital markets and private lenders) to support its ongoing operations. Financial risk is reflected in such factors as balance sheet leverage, off-balance sheet vehicles, contractual obligations, maturity, schedule of debt obligations, liquidity, and other restrictions that reduce financial flexibility. Companies that rely on external parties for financing are at greater risk than those that finance operations using internally generated funds.</p> <h3>Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)</h3> <p>The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 makes it illegal for a company to offer payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, to fail to keep accurate records of transactions, or to fail to maintain effective controls to detect potential violations of the FCPA. In recent years, the number of prosecutions of the FCPA by the Department of Justice and SEC has increased significantly. The SEC and the <a href="http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/" target="_blank">Department of Justice</a> are jointly responsible for enforcing the FCPA.</p> <h3>Friendly Acquisition</h3> <p>A situation in which a target company is open to receiving a takeover offer from an acquiring firm. The opposite of a friendly acquisition is a “hostile takeover.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="G">G</h2> <h3>Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)</h3> <p>Set of accounting principles that dictate how companies are expected to record business transactions.</p> <h3>Golden Handcuff (Golden Handshakes)</h3> <p>A collection of financial incentives that are intended to encourage employees to remain with a company. Golden handcuffs are offered by employers to existing employees as a means of holding onto key employees and increasing employee retention rates. Golden handcuffs are common in industries where highly-compensated employees have valuable, proprietary strategic information. Examples of golden handcuffs include employee stock options that do not vest until the employee has been with the company for several years, and contractual agreements that stipulate certain bonuses or other forms of compensation must be returned to the company if the employee leaves before a certain date.</p> <h3>Governance</h3> <p>See “Corporate Governance.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="H">H</h2> <h3>Hedge</h3> <p>An economic contract used to protect or preserve the value of a common stock position. An individual might hedge a stock portfolio that is significantly concentrated in a single company. Similarly, an executive who has received considerable equity in a company through the compensation program might hedge the value of his or her holdings. While attractive from a diversification standpoint, hedges change the incentive value of an executive compensation program. They might also be used to trade on the basis of inside information without attracting as much attention as an outright sale. As a result, many companies restrict the timing and ability of executives to hedge their stock positions through guidelines laid out in the insider trading policy. See “Prepaid-variable Forward” and “Zero-cost Collar.”</p> <h3>Herding Behavior</h3> <p>A tendency among certain executives to copy the actions or decisions of other firms, without regard to economics. For example, a company might pursue a diversification strategy because a competitor recently pursued a similar strategy. Or, a company might spin off certain subsidiaries because a competitor has sold off a similar subsidiary. Herd behavior can be value destroying for shareholders.</p> <h3>High-water Mark</h3> <p>A clause that disallows a hedge fund from assessing a performance fee (known as “the carry”) unless the investor’s account value is at its highest level. High-water marks prevent hedge funds from double-charging if the fund’s value rises, falls, and then rises again.</p> <h3>Horse Race</h3> <p>A model for CEO succession planning in which two or more internal candidates are promoted to high-level positions where they compete to become CEO. See “Succession Planning.”</p> <h3>Hostile Takeover</h3> <p>A situation in which a target company resists attempts to be acquired by an unsolicited bidder or corporate raider. To protect against a hostile takeover, management might adopt defense mechanisms which discourage or prevent a change in control. Examples include a poison pill, staggered board structure, dual-class shares, or blank check preferred stock.</p> <h3>Hubris</h3> <p>Overconfidence on the part of management. Management might exhibit hubris in pursuing corporate acquisitions if it (wrongly) believes it can more efficiently utilize the assets of a target to achieve greater profits than current owners can. Hubris can be value destroying for shareholders.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="I">I</h2> <h3>Independence</h3> <p>Free from conflicts of interest that impair objectivity. Companies that trade publicly in the United States are required to have a majority of independent directors. The New York Stock Exchange defines independence as having “no material relationship with the listed company (either directly or as a partner, shareholder, or officer of an organization that has a relationship with the company).” A director is not considered independent if the director or a family member:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Has been employed as an executive officer at the company within the last three years.</li> <li>Has earned direct compensation in excess of $120,000 from the company in the last three years.</li> <li>Has been employed as an internal or external auditor of the company in the last three years.</li> <li>Is an executive officer at another company where the listed company’s present executives have served on the compensation committee in the last three years.</li> <li>Is an executive officer at a company whose business with the listed company has been the greater of 2 percent of gross revenues or $1 million within the last three years.</li> </ul></blockquote> <h3>Independent Chairman</h3> <p>A chairman of the board who is not an executive (such as a current or former CEO) and also who meets the independence standards of the New York Stock Exchange.</p> <h3>Independent Directors</h3> <p>See “Independence”</p> <h3>Insider Trading</h3> <p>The SEC uses the term “insider” to identify individuals—corporate officers, directors, employees, and certain professional advisors—who have access to material financial and operational information about a company that has not yet been made public. Insiders are restricted in their ability to engage in transactions involving company securities (both purchases and sales) and may trade only when they are not in possession of material nonpublic information. Trades made on the basis of such information are considered “illegal insider trading” and, under various acts passed by Congress, are punishable with jail time and financial penalties (up to three times the profit gained or loss avoided from such activity).</p> <h3>Intelligence</h3> <p>How an organization ensures that it provides the right information, in the right format, to the right person, in the right place, at the right time, in order to help arrive at the right decision. It relates to the mechanisms, processes, and systems in operation as an organization identifies, gathers, interprets, and communicates the information and knowledge available within (and outside) the organization. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Interlocked (Connected or Networked) Boards</h3> <p>Companies whose senior executives sit reciprocally on each other’s boards: an executive of one firm sits on the board of another and an executive of the second firm sits on the board of the first.</p> <h3>Internal Controls</h3> <p>The processes and procedures that a company puts in place to ensure that account balances are accurately recorded, financial statements reliably produced, and assets adequately protected from loss or theft. Effectively, internal controls act as the “cash register” of the corporation, a system that confirms that the level of assets inside the company is consistent with the level that should be there, given revenue and disbursement data recorded through the accounting system.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="J">J</h2> <p>No terminology</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="K">K</h2> <h3>Keiretsu (Japan)</h3> <p>A system of interrelation between companies that is prevalent in Japan. Under the keiretsu, companies maintain small but not insignificant ownership positions among suppliers, customers, and other business affiliates. These ownership positions cement business relations along the supply chain and encourage firms to work together toward an objective of shared financial success. Bank financiers own minority stakes in industrial firms and are key partners in the keiretsu. Their investments indicate that capital for financing is available as needed.</p> <h3>Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)</h3> <p>KPIs, or key performance measures, include both financial and nonfinancial metrics that validly reflect the current and future performance of a company. The board uses key performance measures to evaluate management performance and award compensation. Financial KPIs include measures such as total return; revenue growth; earnings per share; earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA); return on capital; economic value added (EVA); and free cash flow. Nonfinancial KPIs include measures such as customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, defects and rework, on-time delivery, worker safety, environmental safety, and research and development (R&D) pipeline productivity. Although each company should develop a set of KPIs that is relevant for its own business, in practice certain KPIs are broadly used by many companies. See “Corporate Strategy” and “Business Model.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="L">L</h2> <h3>Labor Market Efficiency</h3> <p>The labor market refers to the process by which the available supply of talent is matched with demand. For the labor market to function properly, information must be available on the needs of the corporation and the skills of the individuals applying to serve in executive roles. The efficiency of this market has important implications on governance quality. When it is efficient, the board of directors will have the information it needs to evaluate and price executive talent. This leads to improved hiring decisions and reasonable compensation packages. It also tends to increase discipline on managerial behavior—that is, when managers know they can lose their jobs for poor performance, they have greater incentive to perform.</p> <h3>Lead Independent (Presiding) Director</h3> <p>Sarbanes Oxley requires that companies designate one independent director as “lead director” for each board meeting. The lead director may be named to serve on a meeting-by-meeting basis or may be appointed to serve continuously until replaced. The role of the lead director is to represent the independent directors in conversations with the CEO. This structure is intended to fortify an independent review of management among companies with a dual chairman/CEO. The lead director at most companies serves as liaison between the chairman/CEO and independent directors. This person also plays a prominent role in the evaluation of corporate performance, CEO succession planning, director recruitment, and board and director evaluations. Sometimes the lead director serves as the main contact to receive and address shareholder communications. He or she can particularly be important during times of crisis, including periods of increased government or regulatory scrutiny, hostile takeover attempts, and contentious proxy battles.</p> <h3>Long-term Incentives</h3> <p>Cash or noncash compensation (such as stock options, restricted stock, or performance units) that vests over multiple years and therefore rewards an executive for long-term performance. Long-term incentives extend the time horizon of the executive and are intended to counteract the natural tendency of a risk-averse executive to focus on short-term rewards at the expense of long-term investment.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="M">M</h2> <h3>Majority Voting</h3> <p>A system for proxy voting under which a director is required to receive a majority of votes to be elected. The specific procedures of majority voting systems vary. In some companies, candidates who receive more withhold votes than votes in favor are strictly refused a seat on the board. More commonly, the director is required to submit a letter of resignation, and the rest of the board has discretion over whether to accept it. Other companies require resignation, but only after a replacement director is appointed. Majority voting gives shareholders more power to control the composition of the board, even in the absence of an alternative slate. See “Plurality Voting.”</p> <h3>Malfeasance</h3> <p>Knowingly exceeding authority involving dishonest, fraudulent and improper actions or behaviors (e.g., cooking the books).</p> <h3>Management and Supervisory Boards (Germany)</h3> <p>A two-tiered board structure required under German corporate law. The management board (Vorstand) is responsible for making decisions on such matters as strategy, product development, manufacturing, finance, marketing, distribution, and supply chain. The supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat) oversees the management board.</p> <h3>Management Entrenchment</h3> <p>The degree to which management is shielded from the market forces and performance standards to which management teams are typically held accountable. An entrenched management is able to retain employment, despite poor performance or opposition from the board, shareholders, and/or stakeholders.</p> <h3>Mark-to-market</h3> <p>Required under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) reporting, where change in value is included in current net income even though the contracts specify that they cannot be exercised until expiration (current market value rather than its book value).</p> <h3>Market for Corporate Control</h3> <p>A term used to describe the market for mergers and acquisitions. Rather than replace an underperforming executive, the board of directors (or in some cases shareholders directly) can decide to transfer ownership of the firm to new owners who will manage its assets more profitably. A change in control involves not only a change in ownership, but also possibly substantial changes to firm strategy, cost structure, and capital structure. A change of control makes economic sense only when the value of a firm to new owners, minus transaction costs associated with the deal, is greater than the value of the firm to current owners.</p> <h3>Market-to-book Ratio</h3> <p>The ratio of the stock market value of a company’s equity to the accounting value of its equity. A market-to-book ratio that is high relative to peers’ suggests that a company can more efficiently employ assets to create value.</p> <h3>Material Information</h3> <p>Information that an investor would consider important to an investment decision.</p> <h3>Moral Salience (Moral Compass)</h3> <p>The degree to which individuals refrain from self-interested behavior on moral grounds, without regard to economic rewards. The knowledge that certain actions are inherently wrong even if they are undetected and left unpunished.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="N">N</h2> <h3>Nominating and Governance Committee</h3> <p>The governance committee is responsible for evaluating the company’s governance structure and processes and recommending improvements, when appropriate. The nominating committee is responsible for identifying, evaluating, and nominating new directors when board seats need to be filled. The nominating committee is also typically in charge of leading the CEO succession-planning process. In most companies, the nominating and governance committees are combined into a single committee with these responsibilities:</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Identifying qualified individuals to serve on the board</li> <li>Selecting nominees to be put before a shareholder vote at the annual meeting</li> <li>Hiring consultants to assist in the director recruitment process, as appropriate</li> <li>Determining governance standards for the corporation</li> <li>Managing the board evaluation process</li> <li>Managing the CEO evaluation process</li> </ol></blockquote> <h3>Nonshareholder Interests</h3> <p>In the 1990s, the legislatures of many states enacted statutes that allow the board to consider nonshareholder interests. (Delaware, where the majority of public companies are incorporated, did not adopt such a statute.) These statutes are referred to as “nonshareholder constituency” or “expanded constituency” provisions. They allow the board to consider the impact of their actions on stakeholders such as workers, customers, suppliers, and the surrounding community. The primary application of these statutes is in the evaluation of a takeover bid. These statutes purportedly allow management and the board to reject a takeover offer that is in the interest of shareholders if the takeover would harm other constituents. Still, courts generally have not allowed these statutes to be used to the disadvantage of shareholders.</p> <h3>Notional Value</h3> <p>The total value of a leveraged position’s assets. This term is commonly used in the options, futures and currency markets because a very small amount of invested money can control a large position (and have a large consequence for the trader).</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="O">O</h2> <h3>Observer (Advisory) Directors</h3> <p>Individuals not formally elected to the board who instead participate in board meetings as observers or advisory directors. These directors do not vote on corporate matters, so they are shielded from the potential liability that comes with being an elected director. However, they are available to advise the corporation on important matters, such as strategy, finance, and investment. For example, a venture capital firm might nominate a partner of the firm to sit on the board and an associate to attend board meetings as a nonvoting observer.</p> <h3>Operational Risk</h3> <p>The degree to which a company is exposed to disruptions in its operations. Operational risk is reflected in such factors as concentration of suppliers, concentration of buyers, redundancy in the supply chain, and the extent to which the company monitors its supply chain. Alternatively, the company has an actionable plan in place to search for outside candidates. If the board has little idea about who will be the next CEO, the succession plan is not operational and is a substantial risk to the company and shareholders.</p> <h3>Operational Succession Plan</h3> <p>An operational succession plan is one in which the company has developed internal candidates who can take over the CEO role, and which is usually announced the next day. If the company has to go to the external market or if they have to go outside and compare outside to inside candidates, it is not an operational plan. Steps in an Operational Succession Plan:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Add succession expertise to the board. Make sure that the director chosen to chair the nominating and governance committee has previous succession experience (either as a candidate or someone who has run the process)</li> <li>Think of succession planning as a multi-person event: Remember that the executives that are not promoted to CEO are also crucial to success and the creation of shareholder value</li> <li>Develop a robust succession architecture: Must encompass everything from an emergency plan through a more gradual, five years out succession; revisit this architecture regularly</li> <li>Develop a Skills & Experience Profile: Must take into account the future needs of the company and be continually revisited</li> <li>Engage the board in the development of candidates: Use external advisors to assess and benchmark candidates, as well as provide ongoing coaching and support, providing updates to the board in the process to establish “viability”</li> <li>Identify “blockers”: Prepare to move people off of the senior team to further develop potential successors</li> <li>Expose candidates to the board (fireside chats, attending executive’s offsite session, one-on-ones, etc.)</li> <li>Engage in a confidential external search: Ensure that the board can compare internal candidates against the best-in-class talent in the marketplace</li> <li>On-board the successor and provide senior team with ongoing support: Prepare for what happens after the successor is named by providing crucial support (a good team, wise and accessible mentors, executive coaching and a feedback-rich environment)</li> </ul></blockquote> <h3>Organizational Ambidexterity</h3> <p>Organizational ambidexterity refers to the ability of an organization to both explore and exploit — to compete in mature technologies and markets where efficiency, control, and incremental improvement are prized and to also compete in new technologies and markets where flexibility, autonomy, and experimentation are needed. (Definition from Professor Charles O’Reilly, III).</p> <h3>Outside (Nonexecutive) Directors</h3> <p>Directors who are not executives of the firm. Outside directors are expected to be more independent than executive directors because they have no reporting lines to the CEO and do not rely on the company for their livelihood. They are expected to draw on their professional backgrounds and lend functional expertise to advise on the company strategy and business model. However, outside directors are also likely to be less informed about the company than inside directors (creating an “information gap”). When an information gap occurs, organizational decision making can suffer.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="P">P</h2> <h3>Passive Investors</h3> <p>Investors that attempt to generate returns that mirror the returns of a predetermined market index. Passive investors tend to be less attentive to firm-specific performance and governance issues.</p> <h3>Pay for Performance</h3> <p>A term used to describe the relationship between executive compensation and corporate performance over a specified measurement period. “High” pay for performance indicates that compensation is both correlated with and appropriate in size given company performance. There is no commonly accepted methodology for measuring pay for performance and this assessment is controversial among researchers, analysts, investors, and proxy advisory firms (Institutional Shareholder Services or Glass Lewis). A term used to describe the relationship between changes in executive compensation and changes in corporate performance over a specified measurement period.</p> <h3>Peer Group</h3> <p>A group of companies that are similar in industry, size, complexity, and/or geography. Peer groups are used to evaluate the relative financial and operating performance of a given company. They are also used for benchmarking the size and structure of executive compensation programs. Because the choice of participants in a peer group can influence relative comparisons, peer groups can be subject to manipulation (e.g., a company that is not relevant might be included in the peer group to create a favorable comparison, or a company that is relevant might be excluded to obscure an unfavorable comparison).</p> <h3>Performance Units (Shares)</h3> <p>Cash (or stock) awards granted only after specified financial and nonfinancial targets are met during a three- to five-year time period. Performance units and performance shares work the same way, the difference being whether the final award is paid in cash or in stock. The size of the award is generally based on a percentage of base salary, similar to the method used to calculate the annual cash bonus. The maximum award is usually 200 percent of the target. In many ways, performance plans are simply a longer-term version of the annual bonus plan. The performance criteria generally include a profit measure (such as earnings-per-share growth or return on assets) or total shareholder return.</p> <h3>Performance-vested Options</h3> <p>Stock options that vest based on the achievement to a predetermined target, rather than the simple passage of time. Three example of performance-vested options include:</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Accounting-based triggers: options are subject to accelerated vesting contingent upon achieving accounting-based performance results (such as earnings-per-share or EBITDA targets).</li> <li>Nonfinancial performance triggers: options have accelerated vesting contingent upon achieving major strategic goals (such as the launch of a new product or FDA approval of an experimental drug).</li> <li>Stock-based triggers: options have accelerated vesting contingent upon achieving a total stock price return threshold.</li> </ol></blockquote> <h3>Perquisites</h3> <p>Amenities purchased or provided by the company, such as personal use of the company car or airplane, club memberships, or the purchase of a home or apartment.</p> <h3>Pledging</h3> <p>The use of directly owned shares in a company as collateral for a loan, the proceeds of which are used for investment or spending purposes (such as the purchase of a diversified portfolio of assets, starting a new business, or personal spending). As with hedging transactions, pledging might be more tax efficient than an outright sale. Furthermore, an individual does not necessarily have to sell shares to settle the loan and thus might be able to achieve financial objectives without reducing his or her ownership position in the company. See “Hedge.”</p> <h3>Plurality Voting</h3> <p>A system for proxy voting under which the director who receives the most votes wins. In an uncontested election, a director is elected as long as he or she receives at least one vote. See “Majority Voting.”</p> <h3>Poison Pill (Shareholder’s Rights Plan)</h3> <p>A common antitakeover defense in which a company threatens to flood the market with new shares to prevent a hostile takeover. The “poison pill” is triggered if a shareholder or shareholder group accumulates an ownership position above a threshold level (typically 15 to 20 percent of shares outstanding). Once this threshold is exceeded, existing shareholders are offered the right to buy new shares at a steep discount to the current price (e.g., for $0.01 each).</p> <p>The flood of new shares associated with the rights plan dilute the would-be acquirer’s holdings and make it prohibitively expensive for the acquirer to take control of the firm through open market purchases or a tender offer. The effect is so severe that no rational acquirer triggers the pill; instead, a corporate raider will pressure the target board to disable the pill and allow the acquisition to go forward.</p> <p>At the same time, the acquirer will launch a proxy contest to replace the incumbent board with a board that is friendly to the deal and will disable the pill. The poison pill defense was first used in 1982 by General American Oil to prevent a hostile takeover by T. Boone Pickens. The defense was ruled legal in 1985 by the Delaware Supreme Court and subsequently has been imitated by numerous other firms.</p> <h3>Preferred Stock</h3> <p>Preferred stock is a class of stock that is senior to common stock in terms of credit and capital.</p> <h3>Premium Options</h3> <p>Stock options with an exercise price higher than the market price on the date of the grant.</p> <h3>Prepaid-variable forward (PVF)</h3> <p>An economic contract used to hedge the value of a common stock position. Under a PVF, the holder of stock enters into a contract that promises future delivery of shares that he or she owns, in return for an upfront payment of cash. Delivery occurs at the end of the contract (generally two to five years). Because delivery is deferred, the cash payment is discounted from the current fair value of the stock (say, a 15 percent discount). The individual can take the cash payment and invest it in a diversified portfolio. The individual does not owe capital gains tax on the underlying shares until the end of the contract. The forward contract is variable in that the number of shares that the individual owes upon delivery is based on a sliding scale. If the price of the stock has fallen below some threshold, the individual is required to deliver all the shares. If the share price has risen, the individual is required to deliver only a fraction of the shares (subject to a minimum percentage defined up front). In some cases, the individual agrees to a cash payment at settlement rather than the delivery of shares. The PVF structure gives an individual full downside protection and allows for partial participation in the upside.</p> <h3>Principles-based Accounting Standards</h3> <p>A system of accounting under which general accounting concepts are outlined but the specific application of those concepts to various business activities is not defined. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) used in Europe and many Asian countries is considered a principles-based system. A principles-based system allows for more discretion than a rules-based system. See “Rules-based Accounting Standards.”</p> <h3>Professional Director</h3> <p>An individual whose full-time career is to serve on boards of directors. Professional directors include retired executives, consultants, lawyers, financiers, politicians, or other professionals. They tend to bring expertise based on their professional background, diversity of board experience (both current and former), as well as their extensive personal and professional networks.</p> <h3>Proxy Access</h3> <p>The practice of allowing shareholders or groups of shareholders to directly nominate board candidates through the company proxy.</p> <h3>Proxy Advisory Firms</h3> <p>Third-party firms that evaluate management- and shareholder-sponsored proposals on the annual proxy and provide recommendations on how investors should vote. The largest proxy advisory firms are Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) and Glass-Lewis.</p> <h3>Proxy Contest (Proxy Fight)</h3> <p>A situation in which a corporate raider or other activist nominates a slate of directors (known as the “dissident slate”) to run in opposition to the directors that the company has nominated. The proxy nominating the dissident slate must be mailed separately from the official company proxy and therefore proxy contests are very expensive to wage. Proxy contests tend to occur in hostile takeovers or when an activist shareholder with a significant minority position wishes to impose greater change on a company or force a sale.</p> <h3>Public Pension Funds</h3> <p>Pension funds that manage retirement assets on behalf of state, county, and municipal governments. Beneficiaries primarily include public employees who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.</p> <h3>Pyramidal Business Groups</h3> <p>Two or more listed firms under a common controlling shareholder that holds a significant minority position in each (at least 10 percent).</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="Q">Q</h2> <p>No terminology</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="R">R</h2> <h3>Ratcheting Effect</h3> <p>A trend characterized by steady increases without periodic decreases. In governance, the term “ratcheting” is used to describe executive compensation trends as companies increase pay to match amounts offered by peers. When multiple companies within a group try to meet or exceed the median, the median itself tends to increase, creating a ratcheting effect.</p> <h3>Rational Self-interest</h3> <p>In <em>The Economic Approach to Human Behavior</em>, economist Gary Becker applied a theory of “rational self-interest” to economics to explain human tendencies, including one to commit crime or fraud. He demonstrated that, in a wide variety of settings, individuals can take actions to benefit themselves without detection and, therefore, avoid the cost of punishment. Control mechanisms are put in place in society to deter such behavior by increasing the probability of detection and shifting the risk–reward balance so that the expected payoff from crime is decreased.</p> <h3>Realized Pay</h3> <p>The total value of compensation that an executive converts to cash in a given year. Salary and bonuses are realized over one-year periods. Long-term cash awards are realized at the end of multiple-year periods when they are delivered (typically in a lump sum). Equity awards are realized when they are exercised and sold for cash. Compensation that has been earned (vested) but not realized (converted to cash) remains “at risk” and therefore provides incentive for continued performance. Once compensation is converted to riskless cash, it loses its future incentive value. See “Expected Pay” and “Earned Pay.”</p> <h3>Repricing (Exchange Offer)</h3> <p>A transaction in which employees holding stock options are allowed to exchange those options for either new options, restricted stock, or (less frequently) cash. Exchange offers generally occur when stock options are trading out-of-the-money to such an extent that they will not likely become profitable or offer value to employees in the foreseeable future.</p> <h3>Reputational Risk (Reputational Damage)</h3> <p>The degree to which a company protects the value of its intangible assets, including corporate reputation. Reputational risk is mitigated by investing in product brand development, investing in corporate brand development, monitoring the use of brands, monitoring supplier and customer business practices, performing community outreach, and handling stakeholder relations.</p> <h3>Resilience</h3> <p>How an organization ensures that it can withstand, rebound, or recover from the direct and indirect consequences of a shock, disturbance, or disruption. Organizational resilience relates to sustainability and involves adapting to the constantly changing business environment. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Restricted Stock</h3> <p>An outright grant of shares that are restricted in terms of transferability and are subject to a time-based vesting schedule. (Outside of the U.S., performance-accelerated vesting is common.) Once vested, the shares are economically equivalent to a direct investment in company stock.</p> <h3>Retention Approaches</h3> <p>A provision within a compensation contract that requires an executive to take a percentage of proceeds that he or she realizes through option exercises and keep the money invested in company stock.</p> <h3>Risk</h3> <p>The likelihood and severity of loss from unexpected or uncontrollable outcomes. This includes both the typical losses that occur during the course of business and losses from extremely unlikely and unpredictable events (so-called black swans, or outliers). Risk arises naturally, both from the nature of the activities that a corporation participates in and from the manner in which it pursues its objectives. Risk cannot be separated from the strategy and operations of the firm but instead is an integral feature of organizational decision making.</p> <h3>Risk Culture</h3> <p>An organizational practice where risk is discussed and considered as a part of routine decision making. The term “risk culture” does not necessarily imply either a high or low level of risk tolerance but instead suggests that risk will be considered within the parameters of the company’s accepted risk tolerance.</p> <h3>Risk Management</h3> <p>The process by which a company evaluates and reduces its risk exposure. This includes actions, policies, and procedures that management implements to reduce the likelihood and severity of adverse outcomes and to increase the likelihood and benefits of positive outcomes.</p> <h3>Risk Tolerance</h3> <p>The degree to which a company is comfortable pursuing a strategy with highly uncertain outcomes.</p> <h3>Rules-based Accounting Standards</h3> <p>A system of accounting under which detailed rules specify how accounting standards should be applied to various business activities. U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is considered a rules-based system. A rules-based system allows for less discretion than a principles-based system. See “principles-based accounting standards.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="S">S</h2> <h3>Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002</h3> <p>One of the most important pieces of formal legislation relating to governance in the United States, which was enacted following the failures of Enron and other companies. Sarbanes-Oxley mandates a series of requirements to improve corporate controls and reduce conflicts of interest. Important governance-related provisions include the following:</p> <blockquote> <ul><li>The requirement that the CEO and chief financial officer (CFO) certify financial results (with misrepresentations subject to criminal penalties)</li> <li>An attestation by executives and auditors to the sufficiency of internal controls</li> <li>Independence of the audit committee of the board of directors (as incorporated in the listing standards of the NYSE)</li> <li>A limitation of the types of nonaudit work an auditor can perform for a company</li> <li>A ban on most personal loans to executives or directors</li> </ul></blockquote> <h3>Say-on-pay</h3> <p>The practice of giving shareholders a vote to approve executive and/or director compensation programs. In most countries (such as the U.S. and U.K.), say-on-pay votes are advisory (nonbinding), which means that companies are not required to adhere to the outcome. In other countries, such as the Switzerland, the results are binding.</p> <h3>SEC Rule 10b5-1 Plan</h3> <p>Under Rule 10b5-1, insiders are allowed to enter into a binding contract that instructs a third-party broker to execute purchase or sales transactions on behalf of the insider. These contracts are referred to as “10b5-1 plans.” The contract can only be initiated during a period in which the insider does not have knowledge of material nonpublic information (i.e., outside the blackout window). The insider is required to specify a program or algorithm that dictates the conditions under which sales are to be made. Such factors might include the number of shares, the interval between transactions, or a share price limit. Once a 10b5-1 plan is initiated, the insider may not contact the third-party broker to influence in its execution. However, the insider can terminate the 10b5-1 plan any time (except during a blackout window).</p> <h3>Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)</h3> <p>Congress created the SEC through the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 to oversee the proper functioning of primary and secondary financial markets, with an emphasis on the protection of security holder rights and the prevention of corporate fraud. Among its various powers, the SEC has the authority to regulate securities exchanges (such as the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange), bring civil enforcement actions against companies or executives who violate securities laws (through false disclosures, insider trading, or fraud), ensure the quality of accounting standards and financial reporting, and oversee the proxy solicitation and annual voting process.</p> <h3>Security</h3> <p>How an organization ensures that it protects its assets (i.e. people, information, technology, and facilities) from threats and danger. This involves the ongoing management of both physical and logical security issues in order to secure the assets of the organization by mitigating threats and minimizing possible vulnerabilities. (Definition contributed by Sean Lyons, RISC International.)</p> <h3>Self Interest</h3> <p>The need for corporate governance rests on the idea that when separation exists between the ownership of a company and its management, self-interested executives have the opportunity to take actions that benefit themselves, with shareholders and stakeholders bearing the cost of these actions. This is the opposite of Moral Salience (“Moral Compass”).</p> <h3>Severance Agreement (Golden Parachute)</h3> <p>A provision in an employment contract which entitles an executive to additional compensation upon resignation or dismissal. The terms of the agreement are typically included in the broader employment agreement and must be disclosed to shareholders through SEC filings. A typical severance agreement offers a lump-sum cash payment equal to three times the current annual salary, plus immediate vesting of all unvested equity grants.</p> <h3>Shareholder Democracy</h3> <p>A movement that advocates greater shareholder influence over corporate governance systems. Advocates of shareholder democracy believe that expanded voting rights on corporate matters make board members more accountable to shareholders (and possibly stakeholders). Elements of shareholder democracy include majority voting in uncontested director elections, restricted discretion over broker nonvotes, say on pay, proxy access, and a reduction of antitakeover protections.</p> <h3>Shareholder-centric Perspective</h3> <p>The viewpoint that the primary obligation of the organization is to maximize shareholder value. Actions such as improving labor conditions, reducing environmental impact, and treating suppliers fairly are seen as desirable only to the extent that they are consistent with improving the long-term financial performance of the firm.</p> <h3>Shareholder-sponsored Proposal</h3> <p>A proposal put before shareholders for a vote on the annual proxy that is sponsored by one or more shareholder groups. SEC Rule 14a-8 dictates the conditions under which a company is allowed to exclude shareholder proposals.</p> <h3>Social Responsibility Investment Funds</h3> <p>Mutual funds that cater to investors who value specific social objectives and want to invest only in companies whose practices are consistent with those objectives. Examples include funds that advocate fair labor practices, humanitarianism, environmental sustainability, or the promotion of religious or moral values.</p> <h3>Spring-loading</h3> <p>The practice of awarding stock options immediately before the release of positive news that is likely to drive up the price of a stock.</p> <h3>Stakeholders (also Stakeholder-centric Perspective)</h3> <p>Stakeholders believe that corporations or organizations have a societal obligation beyond increasing shareholder value and that obligations to constituents such as employees, suppliers, customers, and local communities should be held in equal importance to shareholder returns (e.g., environmental sustainability, corporate social responsibility).</p> <h3>Staggered Board (Classified Board)</h3> <p>A board structure in which directors are elected to multiple-year terms, with a only subset of directors standing for reelection each year. Under a typical staggered board, directors are elected to three-year terms, with one-third of the board standing for reelection every three years. As a result, it is not possible for the board to be ousted in a single year. Two election cycles are needed for a majority of the board to turn over. Staggered boards are an effective antitakeover defense.</p> <h3>Stakeholder-centric Perspective</h3> <p>The viewpoint that the organization has a societal obligation beyond increasing shareholder value and that obligations to constituents such as employees, suppliers, customers, and local communities should be held in equal importance to shareholder returns.</p> <h3>Stock Options</h3> <p>A contract that grants the recipient the right to buy shares in the future at a fixed exercise price, generally equal to the stock price on the grant date. Stock options typically have vesting requirements (i.e., they are “earned” in even batches over time or in blocks, such as 25 percent at the end of each of the following four years) and expire after ten years (with seven years being the next-most-popular term).</p> <h3>Stock Ownership Guidelines</h3> <p>Guidelines that specify the minimum amount of stock that an executive is required to hold during employment, generally expressed as a multiple of base salary.</p> <h3>Stock-option Backdating</h3> <p>Stock options whose grant dates have been retroactively changed to coincide with a relative low in the company’s share price. This practice reduces the strike price of the option and increases the potential payoff to its recipient. Existing shareholders bear the cost of backdating, because the company receives lower proceeds when the stock option is exercised. Backdating typically violates GAAP accounting, SEC reporting, and IRS rules.</p> <h3>Succession Planning (CEO Succession Planning)</h3> <p>The process by which a board of directors plans for and selects a new CEO. In general, there are four models of succession planning.</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>The board selects an external candidate from outside the company. External candidates are generally preferred when the company lacks internal talent, faces current operating or financial challenges that require significant turnaround, or does not have a succession plan in place.</li> <li>The board promotes an executive to the role of president or chief operating officer (COO) where he or she is groomed to take the place of the existing CEO.</li> <li>The board establishes a “horse race” in which two or more internal candidates are promoted to high-level positions where they compete to become CEO.</li> <li>The company adopts an “inside-outside model” which combines an internal horse race with an evaluation of the external job market to select the most qualified candidate from the total labor market.</li> </ol></blockquote> <h3>Summary Compensation Table</h3> <p>This is the cornerstone of the SEC’s required disclosure on executive compensation. The Summary Compensation Table provides, in a single location, a comprehensive overview of a company’s executive pay practices. It sets out the total compensation paid to the company’s chief executive officer, chief financial officer and three other most highly compensated executive officers for the past three fiscal years. The Summary Compensation Table is then followed by other tables and disclosure containing more specific information on the components of compensation for the last completed fiscal year. This disclosure includes, among other things, information about grants of stock options and stock appreciation rights; long-term incentive plan awards; pension plans; and employment contracts and related arrangements.</p> <h3>System of Corporate Governance</h3> <p>A corporate governance system is the collection of control mechanisms (processes and procedures) that an organization adopts to prevent or dissuade potentially self-interested managers from engaging in activities detrimental to the welfare of shareholders and stakeholders. At a minimum, the monitoring system consists of a board of directors to oversee management and an external auditor to express an opinion on the reliability of financial statements. In most cases, however, governance systems are influenced by a much broader group of constituents, including owners of the firm, creditors, labor unions, customers, suppliers, investment analysts, the media, and regulators.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="T">T</h2> <h3>Tag-along Rights</h3> <p>Rights that grant minority shareholders the ability to dispose of shares on the same terms as majority shareholders.</p> <h3>Tender Offer</h3> <p>A public offer to acquire the shares of a target company at a stated price. Tender offers are common practice in unsolicited, hostile takeover battles. In the absence of antitakeover defenses such as a poison pill, a tender offer allows a hostile bidder to bypass the target’s board of directors and seek approval directly from shareholders. When antitakeover defenses are in place, a tender offer must be combined with a proxy contest. The acquirer asks the target shareholders to elect a board proposed by the acquirer to replace the incumbent board. If elected, the new board will disable the antitakeover defenses and allow the acquisition to go forward. See “Proxy Contest.”</p> <h3>The Cadbury Committee (1992)</h3> <p>The Cadbury committee was the result of an initiative by the accountancy profession and its sponsors (the Financial Reporting Council, the London Stock Exchange and the Bank of England) “to help raise the standards of corporate governance and the level of confidence in financial reporting and auditing.” The committee’s final report, published in 1992, provided a benchmark set of recommendations on governance widely considered to be best practices. These included:</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Separation of the chairman and chief executive officer titles.</li> <li>The appointment of independent directors to the board.</li> <li>Reduced conflicts of interest at the board level because of business or other relationships.</li> <li>The creation of an independent audit committee.</li> <li>A review of the effectiveness of the company’s internal controls.</li> </ol></blockquote> <p>The recommendations of the Cadbury Committee formed the basis of London Stock Exchange listing requirements and have influenced governance standards in the U.S. and several other countries. They have subsequently been revised by later committees.</p> <h3>The Greenbury Report (1995)</h3> <p>The Greenbury Committee was commissioned to review executive compensation in the U.K. The committee recommended establishing an independent remuneration committee entirely comprised of nonexecutive directors.</p> <h3>The Hampel Report (1998)</h3> <p>The Hampel Committee was established to review the effectiveness of the Cadbury and Greenbury reports. The committee recommended no substantive changes and consolidated the Cadbury and Greenbury 40 Corporate Governance Matters reports into the “Combined Code of Best Practices,” which the London Stock Exchange subsequently adopted.</p> <h3>The Higgs Report (2003)</h3> <p>A report produced by Sir Derek Higgs who was asked to evaluate the role, quality, and effectiveness of nonexecutive directors among British companies. The Higgs report recommended the following:</p> <blockquote> <ol><li>At least half of the board should be nonexecutive directors.</li> <li>The board appoint a lead independent director to serve as a liaison with shareholders.</li> <li>The nomination committee should be headed by a nonexecutive director.</li> <li>Executive directors should not serve more than six years on the board.</li> <li>Boards should “undertake a formal and rigorous annual evaluation of its own performance and that of its committees and individual directors.”</li> </ol></blockquote> <p>The recommendations of the Higgs Report were combined with those of the Turnbull Report and the Combined Code to create the Revised Combined Code of Best Practices. Higgs believed that the elevated status of nonexecutive directors on the board would be “pivotal in creating conditions for board effectiveness.”</p> <h3>Tin Parachute</h3> <p>A severance agreement that allows every employee in a company who is terminated without cause following a change in control to receive both a cash payment and immediate vesting of all unvested stock options and restricted shares.</p> <h3>Total Shareholder Return (TSR)</h3> <p>The total return of a stock to an investor (change in stock price plus dividends divided by the beginning stock price) over a specified time period (e.g., one year).</p> <h3>Tournament Theory</h3> <p>A theory proposed in 1981 by Professors Edward Lazear and Sherwin Rosen to explain internal pay differentials between the compensation of the CEO and the executives immediately below the CEO. They hypothesize that pay differentials not only reflect the economic value of their labor but also serve as incentive for promotion (i.e., executives are competing in an internal “tournament,” whose prize is a promotion). The winner of the tournament will receive a large payoff in terms of compensation increase. As a result, the executive’s current salary is not his or her only financial incentive. The potential for promotion is itself an incentive, and the value of this incentive is reinforced by a large pay differential between the current and potential positions.</p> <h3>Tranche of Options</h3> <p>An issue of bonds derived from a pooling of like obligations (as securitized mortgage debt) that is differentiated from other issues especially by maturity or rate of return.</p> <h3>Transparency</h3> <p>The degree to which a company provides details that supplement and explain accounts, items, and events reported in its financial statements and other public filings. Transparency is important for shareholders to properly understand a company’s strategy, operations, risk, and performance of management. It is also necessary when shareholders make decisions about the value of company securities. As such, transparent disclosure plays a key role in the efficient functioning of capital markets.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="U">U</h2> <h3>Ultra Vires</h3> <p>Beyond the powers in Latin. This doctrine which is found in the law of corporations states that if a corporation enters into a contract that is beyond the scope of its corporate powers, the contract is illegal. (Definition contributed by <a href="https://twitter.com/CGGovernance" target="_blank">@CGGovernance</a>.)</p> <h3>Uncontested Election</h3> <p>An election in which only one slate of directors is nominated. The vast majority of corporate elections are uncontested. The opposite of an uncontested election is a “contested election.” See “Proxy Contest.”</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="V">V</h2> <p>No Terminology</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="W">W</h2> <h3>Wolf-pack Strategy</h3> <p>A strategy where multiple hedge funds, each with minority positions in a company, work together to force change on a target company.</p> <h3>Written Consent</h3> <p>At a board meeting, resolutions are presented to the board and voted upon. An action is complete when it receives a majority of votes in support. When the board acts by written consent, a written resolution is circulated among board members for their signatures. The action is complete when a majority of the directors have signed the document. Because board actions by written consent do not require advance notice, they can occur more quickly than actions taken at board meetings</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="X">X</h2> <p>No Terminology</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="Y">Y</h2> <p>No Terminology</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p> <h2 id="Z">Z</h2> <h3>Zero-cost Collar</h3> <p>An economic contract used to hedge the value of a common stock position. The holder of stock purchases a put option with an exercise price at or slightly below the current market price of the stock. The individual offsets the cost of the put option by selling a call option, with an exercise price generally 10 to 20 percent above the current market price. The individual has effectively reduced the downside risk and has given up much of the upside gains. In economic substance, the collar is similar to a sale, although taxes are not owed until option expiration and the eventual stock sale. The individual can also take out a loan against the value of the collar (not the underlying stock) and invest the proceeds in a diversified portfolio.</p> <p><a href="#top-glossary">Back to Top</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item field--item-from_library"> <div class="paragraph-id-274665 paragraph paragraph--type--from-library paragraph--view-mode--default from-library--" > <div class="field field--name-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"> <div class="paragraph-id-260861 paragraph paragraph--type--content-card paragraph--view-mode--default default-content-card has-badge default-content-card--publication" > <div class="card-block"> <div class="content-card-badge"> Featured Book </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entity-cards field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"> <article about="/faculty-research/books/corporate-governance-matters-closer-look-organizational-choices" class="node node--type--publication node--view-mode--grid card-wihout-image"> <div class="publication-card publication-card-grid publication-card-grid-book"> <div class="publication-card__group-left publication-card-grid__group-left"> <div class="profile-image"> <a href="/faculty-research/books/corporate-governance-matters-closer-look-organizational-choices" aria-label="Corporate Governance Matters: A Closer Look at Organizational Choices and Their Consequences (2nd Edition)"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="publication-card__group-right publication-card-grid__group-right"> <h3 class="title field-item "> <a href="/faculty-research/books/corporate-governance-matters-closer-look-organizational-choices"> Corporate Governance Matters: A Closer Look at Organizational Choices and Their Consequences (2nd Edition) </a> </h3> <div class="authors field-item"> <span class="gsb-author-name">David F. Larcker</span> <span>Brian Tayan</span> </div> <div about="/faculty-research/books/corporate-governance-matters-closer-look-organizational-choices" class="c-node-publication__publication-info field book node node--type--publication node--view-mode--grid card-wihout-image"> <span class="c-node-publication__date-wrapper"><span class="month">July</span><span>31</span><span class="year">2015</span></span> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item field--item-from_library"> <div class="paragraph-id-274666 paragraph paragraph--type--from-library paragraph--view-mode--default from-library--" > <div class="field field--name-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"> <div class="c-cta c-cta--image c-cta--wide cta-bg-blue paragraph-id-262682" > <div class="c-cta__media-wrapper"> <div class="c-cta__link-image"> <div class="c-cta__image-wrapper field-image-media"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/custom/gsb/src/patterns/01-atoms/image/place-holder/place-holder.png" width="540" height="316" alt="Subscribe to Corporate Governance Emails " class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_cta_540_x_316/public/photo-image-cta-cgri-subscribe.jpg.webp?itok=Hlt1PEp2" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-cta__link-wrapper c-cta__link-wrapper--image"> <a class="c-cta__link-overlay" href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/contact/subscribe" >Subscribe to Corporate Governance Emails</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item field--item-stackla"> <div class="stackla paragraph-id-258830" > <div class="stackla__container"> <div class="stackla__widget"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item field--item-content_group"> <div class="paragraph-id-514488 paragraph-anchor- paragraph paragraph--type--content-group paragraph--view-mode--default content-group-layout content-group-layout-grid no-column-set no-bg-color no-bg-overlay no-background-image" > <div class="content-group-wrapper show-more-less-wrapper gsb-show-more-wrapper container"> <div class="content-card-set content-card-set--grid field field--name-field-content-cards field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items single-item 1 count-1 has-from-library-group has-from-library-group--grid" data-count="1" data-layout="grid" data-to-show="4"> <div class="has-from-library individual-card field__item item-0"> <div class="paragraph--type--from-library"> <div class="field field--name-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"> <div class="topic-card topic-card--default paragraph paragraph--type--insight-topic-card paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph-id-269803" > <h2 class="topic-card__title topic-card__title--default"> <a class="link link--topic-card has-icon" href="/insights/corporate-governance" >See also <strong>Corporate Governance</strong></a> </h2> <div class="topic-card__description topic-card__description--default"> Learn about corporate accountability and social responsibility, and the operational structures of corporations in Insights by Stanford Business. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer-wrapper " role="contentinfo"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div class="footer-container"> <div class="region region-footer-left"> <div id="block-footerlogo" class="block block-block-content block-block-content0a186a43-23d6-4f51-ae99-05a7136db138"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div id="footer-logo" class=""> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" id="ftr-logo"> <img alt="Home" class="lazyload" data-src="/themes/custom/gsb/logo.svg" src="/themes/custom/gsb/src/patterns/01-atoms/image/place-holder/place-holder.png" /></a> </div></div> </div> <div id="block-footeraddress" class="block block-block-content block-block-content992df300-21a0-48ac-bdbf-e6e73ad61d00"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div class="gsb-footer-address"> <div class="address">655 Knight Way<br /> Stanford, CA 94305<br /> USA</div> </div></div> </div> <nav aria-labelledby="block-gsb-footer-4-menu" id="block-gsb-footer-4" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-footer-4"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-gsb-footer-4-menu">Footer contact links</h2> <div class="content"> <ul region="footer_left" class="c-menu c-menu--utility-contact"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-contact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-contact l-0" href="/contact" > Contact Us </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-contact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-contact l-0" href="/visit" > Visit Us </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-contact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-contact l-0" href="/contact/stay-touch" > Stay In Touch </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="region region-footer-right"> <div id="block-followus" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentd4aa1e48-3b47-4533-be10-149dc48b325b"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><h2><a class="social-title" href="/contact/follow">Follow Us</a></h2><ul class="c-menu c-menu--menu-social-with-icon"><li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--menu-social-with-icon circle social-block-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/stanfordgsb" target="_blank" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--menu-social-with-icon l-0"><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--menu-social-with-icon circle social-block-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/StanfordGSB" target="_blank" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--menu-social-with-icon l-0"><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--menu-social-with-icon circle social-block-insta"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/stanfordgsb" target="_blank" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--menu-social-with-icon l-0"><span>Instagram</span></a></li><li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--menu-social-with-icon circle social-block-youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/stanfordbusiness" target="_blank" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--menu-social-with-icon l-0"><span>YouTube</span></a></li><li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--menu-social-with-icon circle social-block-linkedin"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/stanford-graduate-school-of-business" target="_blank" class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--menu-social-with-icon l-0"><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <nav aria-labelledby="block-gsb-footer-1-menu" id="block-gsb-footer-1" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-footer-1"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-gsb-footer-1-menu">Footer 1</h2> <div class="content"> <ul region="footer_right" class="c-menu c-menu--utility-compact"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-compact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-compact l-0" href="/organizations" > Companies, Organizations & Recruiters </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-compact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-compact l-0" href="/stanford-community" > Stanford Community </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-compact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-compact l-0" href="/newsroom" > Newsroom </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav aria-labelledby="block-gsb-footer-2-menu" id="block-gsb-footer-2" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-footer-2"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-gsb-footer-2-menu">Footer 2</h2> <div class="content"> <ul region="footer_right" class="c-menu c-menu--utility-compact"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-compact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-compact l-0" href="/library" > Library </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-compact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-compact l-0" href="/jobs" > Jobs </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-compact l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-compact l-0" href="https://mygsb.stanford.edu" target="_blank" > MyGSB </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-below"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div class="footer-below-container"> <div class="region region-legal"> <div id="block-gsbcopyright" class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta7643006-fada-4ea5-bd97-89881f83784f"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden count-item-1 field__item"><div class="copyright">© Stanford Graduate School of Business</div></div> </div> <nav aria-labelledby="block-footer3-menu" id="block-footer3" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-footer-3"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footer3-menu">Footer legal links</h2> <div class="content"> <ul region="legal" class="c-menu c-menu--utility-legal"> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-legal l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-legal l-0" href="https://www.stanford.edu/site/accessibility/" target="_blank" > Accessibility </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-legal l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-legal l-0" href="https://studentservices.stanford.edu/more-resources/student-policies/non-academic/non-discrimination" target="_blank" > Non-Discrimination Policy </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-legal l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-legal l-0" href="https://www.stanford.edu/site/privacy/" target="_blank" > Privacy Policy </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-legal l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-legal l-0" href="https://www.stanford.edu/site/terms/" target="_blank" > Terms of Use </a> </li> <li class="c-menu__item c-menu__item--utility-legal l-0"> <a class="c-menu__item-link c-menu__item-link--utility-legal l-0" href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" > Stanford University </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"drupalLanguage":"en","drupalCountry":"US","siteName":"Stanford Graduate School of Business","entityCreated":"1407880020","entityLangcode":"und","entityStatus":"1","entityUid":"256","entityUuid":"c8627b73-009a-417a-a0d3-dd0424cba092","entityVid":"4348723","entityName":"jvhutch","entityType":"node","entityBundle":"page","entityId":"369151","entityTitle":"Glossary of Terms","entityTaxonomy":{"content_owner":{"10510847":"Research Hub"}},"userUid":0,"paperID":"369151","paperTitle":"Glossary of Terms","Custom Variable 4":"page","contenttype":"page"});</script> <div class="off-canvas-wrapper"><div id="off-canvas"> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ebbfe003-ba89-47a5-85c7-93d14bcf97c4 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300216">The Experience</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ec1712b-acda-448e-9fd9-1c86f5341c5e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/424711">About Us</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ecfc932-4b30-4790-bec4-7f9c9ec01ac3 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/leadership" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300286">The Leadership</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d963b835-921e-4522-9ae2-f1645a0b3db1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/leadership/updates" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/495511">Updates</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ea5ab505-42e3-4e28-8a40-cbdb5a16a77d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/leadership/advisory-council" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368416">Advisory Council</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b1c9a199-c8ee-42e9-abdc-bd4d76175154 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/leadership/advisory-council/members" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368426">Members</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_92d721f-fb8f-4b84-8839-a3f56befbbb2 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/diversity-equity-inclusion" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488396">Diversity, Equity & Inclusion</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a0ec092d-7e60-4791-906b-b7f18a4bdb38 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/diversity-equity-inclusion/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621862">Research & Insights</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_383d863-5a62-4742-9747-239ceb2bfe7c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/diversity-equity-inclusion/voices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498206">Voices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_81a86fa-44e1-4255-a2d9-1d329087cccd menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616179">Centers & Institutes</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_5ee52c0-0155-4eb7-8148-cea23276d51b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388246">Center for Entrepreneurial Studies</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_096eab2-947a-4b7a-9ea2-7060d4dffaf3 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393141">Research</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_c507d4c-ea79-4b99-983a-3bf571f415ac menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/research/search-funds" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393056">Search Funds</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6b17e2b-dd15-46f0-99ec-3e92c5b33ed8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/research/search-funds/primer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/402291">Search Fund Primer</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b6f00b4-e9be-4585-9131-532af0c64099 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/teaching-curriculum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376016">Teaching & Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_08cad0b-43aa-45f5-b161-becc619dd7fa menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/faculty-staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388726">Faculty & Staff</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_50665bc-0cc8-4e00-a891-930f68c6af2a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/faculty-staff/affiliated-faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/389576">Affiliated Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c44a694e-26bc-4636-b5c3-fd94b67fafed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/faculty-staff/advisors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/389581">Faculty Advisors</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f03e696-22dd-4487-8534-14551fb24b88 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388626">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_e848942-8cc6-43a1-9d96-8a08b97ceb6d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/ces/contact/foster-resource-center" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393161">Louis W. Foster Resource Center</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f55bca0-715b-49b9-a9e4-fcd98e344df1 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388251">Center for Social Innovation</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_457191a-c788-4f55-a6e6-ab472850b9a0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi/defining-social-innovation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/398246">Defining Social Innovation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c6b119a7-db70-4c25-9861-3b89e70a6573 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi/impact-compass" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/442901">Impact Compass</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d0bcd211-42f5-48e8-b471-6c20bcb3aef8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi/global-health-innovation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/399186">Global Health Innovation Insights</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0afcc18-849f-4dd1-8609-210c5ab2a245 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi/faculty-staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/389736">Faculty & Staff</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6f01634-c619-4c4c-87a8-6f5b64bb5d9a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi/faculty-staff/affiliates" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/389726">Faculty Affiliates</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a5c950e8-75ae-4b89-87d4-23e3bea604f5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/centers-institutes/csi/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/389741">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a3ad919-8070-47aa-b09d-febd6696138d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/about/school-profile" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300786">School Profile</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_b47ed27-1ec9-4588-be07-3984530f7646 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/school-profile/student-awards" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301076">Student Awards & Certificates</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9f71fc5-38b9-4386-9aa5-71f1e7054c65 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/about/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377261">Our Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c76e2c9f-398c-4b49-a6a7-ea08752deb2b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/news-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364091">School News & History</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d2fca02-9cf4-40db-afb3-bbe2f333985d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/changemakers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621061">Changemakers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bed78285-0370-4cbe-a7f8-b1191a2a384d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300211">Our History</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_0c6f7f8-6768-472b-93b1-16f5019c8b74 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300206">Stanford GSB Deans</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ca0318fe-9da6-4e4c-909d-bbfadca84573 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-jonathan-levin" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624918">Dean Jonathan Levin</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_793ef8e-fbfb-4f56-8e4e-0ce4eea09812 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-garth-saloner" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/423681">Dean Garth Saloner</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f194a4d5-2203-4660-8993-d8309536787b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-robert-joss" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300171">Dean Robert Joss</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6bcac7d-a37b-4766-98b3-43d7d45e1c71 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-michael-spence" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300131">Dean Michael Spence</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f1dc946f-dace-4182-b82c-33e39ea63558 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-robert-jaedicke" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300176">Dean Robert Jaedicke</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ef100fd7-6d4b-40f2-ba05-c06345ed0e8d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-rene-mcpherson" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300136">Dean Rene McPherson</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d3227f82-9bca-4782-a97d-e5483c8f7cb0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-arjay-miller" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300166">Dean Arjay Miller</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d66be596-0c8e-4b3b-956f-2f4f2b804881 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-ernest-arbuckle" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300036">Dean Ernest Arbuckle</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cd142237-66d3-4d36-a16c-f18ba238bb9c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-jacob-hugh-jackson" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300006">Dean Jacob Hugh Jackson</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b255862-c558-40d7-8cd3-617d461441c4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/deans/dean-willard-hotchkiss" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300001">Dean Willard Hotchkiss</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_65b9d80-4bec-4fa1-840b-af508c41675b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/faculty-memoriam" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/468661">Faculty in Memoriam</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c7c00258-e3ae-4755-bf85-b89988360727 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/stanford-gsb-firsts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477846">Stanford GSB Firsts</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_654660e-7610-45a1-bee3-a34aa0aaa3a4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/history/annual-alumni-dinner" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300026">Annual Alumni Dinner</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_37679c3-0c4e-4b0e-ae9e-9c3401e9a1cd menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/news-history/commencement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301066">Commencement</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ad2059a2-834f-415c-9bd0-16f18a605679 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/commencement/program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621661">Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4198a45-408a-47a3-8730-5e5802a3c6ce menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/commencement/candidates" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621710">Class of 2024 Candidates</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fbc59d5a-ca34-4eb3-88e1-96b179972ce8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/commencement/certificate-award-recipients" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301071">Certificate & Award Recipients</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_685c5fd-a81c-4a08-b9df-966b7d0d499f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/commencement/dean-remarks" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/479671">Dean’s Remarks</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_844705e-61b1-42b7-975d-2ea4624361a5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/news-history/commencement/keynote" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303216">Keynote Address</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--d6e0e749-d237-42d8-854b-eee07a2dd23c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300221">Learning at Stanford GSB</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_bbbf732-f757-4b84-b565-3d579c43c53c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/304836">Faculty</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_54dd1cc-ba2b-4953-ba07-6adfc491ea87 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/faculty/teaching-approach" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300226">Teaching Approach</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e8738f4-c2d2-4a65-b98d-7f8285428388 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616180">Experiential Learning</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ec2b97f4-b73f-49aa-b615-014001afd15f menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616485">Action Learning Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ac87904-858b-4af2-8391-da57e2000771 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/analysis-measurement-impact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616503">Analysis and Measurement of Impact</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d8c035db-6a7f-4f6c-ae8a-1cb75dd647a7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/corporate-entrepreneur-startup" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621955">The Corporate Entrepreneur: Startup in a Grown-Up Enterprise</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_527608e-e40c-4237-be69-e8611f0ceb65 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/data-driven-impact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616489">Data-Driven Impact</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8a6864d-5061-48fb-ab5d-23e1bbf2b186 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/designing-experiments-impact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617460">Designing Experiments for Impact</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_bb8d69b-b688-4494-94ce-fa4a94e7ad80 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/digital-marketing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616504">Digital Marketing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_917bd58-0186-45ea-8d41-042d431c6618 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/founders-right-hand-inspiration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616488">The Founder’s Right Hand</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e6568df-26ae-45a0-af62-225fcdd6a884 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/marketing-measurable-change" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616506">Marketing for Measurable Change</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bca8b888-e8ac-4a9c-bb2f-3c63188cef9f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/product-management" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616505">Product Management</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5814ba2-9f69-49a2-8332-c649f0935b76 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/public-policy-lab-financial" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621956">Public Policy Lab: Financial Challenges Facing US Cities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2472d5d-de57-4af8-a15b-aa64d84c5809 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/action-learning-program/public-policy-lab-homelessness" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617459">Public Policy Lab: Homelessness in California</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5775039-7ec7-40c1-8cb7-7efc06cc690a menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/rail" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308121">Real-Time Analysis and Investment Lab</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_dec155b-976b-4aac-b291-074e955e2b1e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/rail/lab-features" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308201">Lab Features</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e3edebd9-04a7-4b4f-88de-0626747834bd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/rail/curricular-integration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308526">Curricular Integration</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d1510003-bfe2-4444-af7c-c9aae9f0f5c8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/rail/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308216">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b7265534-1e2f-406e-9e93-aebd658ceb50 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/experiential-learning/rail/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308206">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a128df1-1d7f-4036-bd81-28e939e8fc84 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/guest-speakers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300236">Guest Speakers</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_de98d62-8311-490e-970f-61881a86a1ba menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/guest-speakers/view-top" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369971">View From The Top</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_03f93b2-4de1-4a53-91ce-d724351aa002 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392736">Entrepreneurship</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_9e48ad2-ca47-4a10-9a35-2360319464f9 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/courses" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393081">Entrepreneurship Courses</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_2b42e67-1a1e-4b25-a35c-1e031dcf87d8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/courses/formation-new-ventures" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/470021">Formation of New Ventures</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e6a2e46-1551-4b9c-8a27-78793be83ddf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/courses/managing-growing-enterprises" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/470026">Managing Growing Enterprises</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c4c08d8-f671-4d49-b21a-aa5c5fa4b885 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/courses/startup-garage" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392746">Startup Garage</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--f9b561e2-e9e7-41a1-a2f5-41ba2aadcccb menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/399016">Beyond the Classroom</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6ece0e9-24e9-46ea-b061-668ffb91952b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/399016">Explore Beyond the Classroom</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b11aade1-0b37-43d6-adcc-93f3ec7f3630 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom/venture-studio" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392861">Stanford Venture Studio</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_cad826c-0a0b-4ccc-8eb0-76fa5e2133b9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom/summer-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392806">Summer Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_53ddbca-0144-4171-92ba-6eb7fa24c7c1 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom/botha-chan-innovation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617313">Botha Chan Innovation Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_739f001-a0ee-497b-a935-60efc1398006 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom/botha-chan-innovation/awardees" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622120">Awardees</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_adf4d47-8961-4e55-997b-1a71c2bb8c3b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/beyond-classroom/entrepreneurial-workshops-events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393121">Workshops & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5324005-5140-4e24-8be9-b5c18842fe3b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/entrepreneurship/five-lenses" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/470031">The Five Lenses of Entrepreneurship</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c5fb3532-4fdb-427c-9b5b-bbe612824dc7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377741">Leadership</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ab0f402a-fb7a-4372-8a8f-62ab27f49cb9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/labs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377801">Leadership Labs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ed381908-5fe0-4a24-9eb5-779fa959fd77 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/executive-challenge" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377816">Executive Challenge</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_82c1884-2630-46dd-84b4-d94f30fc3848 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/arbuckle-leadership-fellows-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377796">Arbuckle Leadership Fellows Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c524465-5c9a-4c9e-9410-fe322e4f24c7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377806">Interpersonal Dynamics</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_aaed670-6b42-471d-ae53-8250a0b0165a menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409041">Facilitation Training Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_34e60c3-9efe-4082-bd49-b38546df427c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/2024-25" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620896">2024–25 Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_7129b71-9a40-494d-ab14-e396b52a0920 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/2024-25/selection-process" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409066">Selection Process</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1374a87-ea74-4447-adf3-232f4b79044a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/2024-25/training-schedule" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409071">Training Schedule</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_af9dfd7-ac7b-475a-824d-68c9ff1572a9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/time-commitment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/423386">Time Commitment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b78a42d3-47c5-424b-8572-c7b475920fab menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/learning" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409051">Learning Expectations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c79fad44-38b9-4580-844c-4b5b229d18e5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/post-training" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409056">Post-Training Opportunities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b66723d-abc0-4988-afed-f23124c50303 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409081">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5e80f55-a548-4665-8602-ae947a54bea0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/who-should" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409061">Who Should Apply</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7d1c3e3-d4e9-441e-b3e9-35960dad8502 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/intro-tgroup" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409086">Introductory T-Groups</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c3738a8-cf7d-4b7d-97c2-45a2f4f7d6ce menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/interpersonal-dynamics/facilitation-training-program/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/423391">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_88da998-3194-492c-a43a-6c7999ecdb9a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/leadership/leadership-society-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617393">Leadership for Society Program</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c6c1ab70-63cc-42ad-9238-243d1a0db160 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/390806">Social Innovation</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--fd574c42-8323-447a-8318-aaf9b2be6ecd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/curriculum" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/403526">Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--be96fcad-f577-4a13-bbab-a61ded339181 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/certificate" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/390811">Certificate</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4fbcd42-0bdf-4fb6-9001-a1d8b8d4a92c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/403926">Fellowships</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_91e31fd-e9a4-49e9-9913-32cdc56634fe menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/458031">Impact Design Immersion Fellowship</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_e363a1f-5ecf-455d-a276-dc6f6d962bc6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2024-awardees" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624490">2024 Awardees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a0ca437b-4f8e-4272-8a07-30c6a3c327f4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2023-awardees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621863">2023 Awardees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_cbca0fc-a56e-4a8b-be56-258ccb567064 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2022-awardees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618110">2022 Awardees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_24bc24a-a39c-4b18-9676-2081133b348c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2021-awardees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614728">2021 Awardees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f4f51f57-6476-476b-b573-4865a7cc8329 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2020-awardees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/497751">2020 Awardees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_18d7491-c5c7-4eb1-86fb-7c4162f4f8af menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2019-awardees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/478236">2019 Awardees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0d9f5a0-df32-4453-936b-b1f7e7f33580 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/idif/2018-awardees" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/478231">2018 Awardees</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--f8a70402-583d-494e-ab32-2e4723835ea3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/smif" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/390836">Social Management Immersion Fund</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f17fe65-9588-4824-8dba-f48e7cf3ace7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/post-graduate" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621094">Post-Graduate Career Fellowships</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a9fda32c-3d8f-4703-a42b-174d26f4b7ed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/post-graduate/sif" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/390841">Stanford Impact Founder Fellowships</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_015fb02-085c-43ee-b38d-2c1b199fdffb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/fellowships/post-graduate/sil" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/390866">Stanford Impact Leader Prizes</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_bcf0a92-2603-400b-84fe-ecbff61c57cf menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/experiential-learning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/403961">Experiential Learning</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_f8ac744-13e0-4ef0-92f6-bfc7abd87f77 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/experiential-learning/social-entrepreneurship-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/404806">Social Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_da767d2-8b8a-43bb-a1df-e0f796f1bf6b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/experiential-learning/stanford-gsb-impact-fund" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410151">Stanford GSB Impact Fund</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b9c89ee-4f03-4c56-b54a-2bc46dd71338 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/journeys" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616558">Impact Journeys</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_acc4b4d-4b3b-4dbd-87a9-85fb588f61ec menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/journeys/economic-development" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616559">Economic Development</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b8fb639-34bf-42f1-924c-b5c4ac06a425 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/journeys/education" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616560">Education</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5ee538f-9be7-4d1a-ae54-54af8f470498 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/journeys/energy-environment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493806">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ad72693-9f70-4f3a-bed8-80552f588b88 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/social-innovation/journeys/healthcare" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614548">Healthcare</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--f55da00f-8d53-47c9-9037-cc650f50c8c8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/learning/communication" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378531">Communication</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_02a97ad-9b18-4959-8b76-137a8c1e5d7e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300291">Life at Stanford GSB</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a5ca9e6c-1194-44cf-a737-58edd9ad9f2a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/collaborative-environment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300231">Collaborative Environment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c61c039-991d-4f04-9746-911403a6a8d8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/activities-organizations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/512152">Activities & Organizations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_942815a-ca6a-47c2-80d2-6beb4a1d227a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/student-services" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300251">Student Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e020714-1b4d-41e4-ab8b-512a8d8c1899 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/life/housing-options" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300196">Housing Options</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_7389572-984d-446c-b1c4-7255e4e28e71 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/housing-options/residences" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410561">Stanford GSB Residences</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--e4e94819-32e6-4460-a96d-75f2f03383ed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/international-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300261">International Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d725666-d869-4d23-8702-627e08e7c96a menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/experience/life/campus" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300301">Our Campus</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--e06aea20-3839-45af-821c-cf57a04da2e3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/campus/environmental-leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300186">Environmental Leadership</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a3ccae4b-1921-49a2-aa6e-5f14b95377c6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/campus/stanford-gsb-artwork" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303456">Stanford GSB Artwork</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c7bbf05b-914c-42bc-9efc-395aa4181d82 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/campus/closer-look" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301986">A Closer Look</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b5e9fd2-4fcb-4c8f-965c-2278465e593c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/life/california-bay-area" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300191">California & the Bay Area</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e6c5db3-a0ed-44f0-9129-ab4e12d0adaf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/experience/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467761">Voices of Stanford GSB</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2c47221-7e82-403a-989a-426ed8913d13 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/centennial" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/625691">Centennial</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_011bd84-590d-4a44-850e-844549095977 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/business-government-society" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621179">Business, Government & Society Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_3167f33-4315-4fcc-af0e-abd12b7b49f8 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/business-government-society/approach" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621180">Our Approach</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_19f4e79-246d-4531-b840-adaa3d82bddf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/approach/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623562">Research</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ac787a5-b766-4d49-89d4-9fc7d9d3181d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/business-government-society/issues" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621181">Priority Issues</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a02e4cc4-40e7-4658-8f3c-399cafc20e9b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/issues/business-beneficial-technology" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621186">Business & Beneficial Technology</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e226276-a5d8-4a46-b9d9-b211f3d6e878 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/issues/business-sustainability" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621185">Business & Sustainability</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a5bf20a3-0c19-4dbd-803e-6a0e176cbd85 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/issues/business-free-markets" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621187">Business & Free Markets</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--bf96a106-1e2d-4977-b522-9b541df0dbe5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/news" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621182">News</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7c12769-7201-489a-bcb0-11e7cb6e74f5 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/business-government-society/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621183">Events</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_fe02b91-c9ca-4958-9071-ebbee66d22e9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/events/forum" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621685">Business, Government, and Society Forum</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_64bfb96-8558-426e-946e-f69c7ac942e3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-government-society/get-involved" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621184">Get Involved</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ecd369a-26ad-4e1b-b4fe-00f9d090cba4 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/415871">The Programs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--da4cc71f-1675-4c40-848c-8b34951c5e90 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba" class="overview-link-mobile-only" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301121">MBA Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_1770c6d-4782-4232-b3c3-76a16283ded3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/why-stanford-mba" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/497361">Why Stanford MBA</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6d566e6-9c3a-4660-9bd8-a5942d568c28 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301126">Academic Experience</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c682ab96-e871-4625-abe3-1678b2cd8f07 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/curriculum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301131">Curriculum</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d38cd9a-cc6a-47d0-b562-188186c18748 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/curriculum/first-year" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300716">First Year</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--eefeb0f6-8839-4440-93a4-b23d6a014334 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/curriculum/second-year" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300721">Second Year</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--edf5b4c9-d3f8-4a96-81fb-806f4ab1d71d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/global-experiences" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301136">Global Experiences</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f350105-700f-4388-b678-685075c638e7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301141">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fb99d91f-380f-4f93-9e44-d0e68321eab3 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301146">Joint & Dual Degrees</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_458b5db-e99e-487b-b276-232c642b1721 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/jd" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621565">JD/MBA Joint Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a65a8ee0-7e22-453a-a5a6-136394cae283 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/ma-ed" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621566">MA Education/MBA Joint Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_46e6cda-7e8d-4b4a-b5b0-eab7f3e18151 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/md" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621539">MD/MBA Dual Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e05bac8-afa6-4631-b91b-a034a82e9516 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/mpp" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621567">MPP/MBA Joint Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5a0c8af-ada4-4446-95d0-92d4b3a39679 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/ms-cs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621568">MS Computer Science/MBA Joint Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_74008f9-709a-45b7-8224-f7b5ec634710 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/ms-ee" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621569">MS Electrical Engineering/MBA Joint Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b2b9c8fa-66be-4df2-a3ce-f110959feab8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/joint-dual-degrees/e-iper" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621820">MS Environment and Resources (E-IPER)/MBA Joint Degree</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7f73836-b694-4bc1-bb1d-6d20e355dc6f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/academic-experience/academic-calendar" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392971">Academic Calendar</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ea09b21-98ae-49ea-809d-a77227657a45 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301286">Student Life & Community</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_90e16e6-3994-4654-bcc7-121562a461d4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/clubs-activities" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301296">Clubs & Activities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0cda754-bd1e-4bf7-b800-8d3f259a7232 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477436">Diversity</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_5f4b8b8-c4f8-4d96-856b-6a91d446f7d0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/conferences" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617405">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e33b8d5e-fe82-4390-995e-baad0025f2db menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/international-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477451">International Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d99fff04-c925-4bc5-b423-c89a5fd9c733 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/lgbtq" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477481">LGBTQ+ Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_460bdb5-c2dc-48f0-bbcc-662505ceb306 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/military-veterans" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477496">Military Veterans</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_398d21e-53f9-4437-a34f-c520292eda25 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/minorities" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477446">Minorities & People of Color</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_64e44f8-8bcb-4f64-95db-7ed618ead789 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/partners-families" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477606">Partners & Families</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7806368-22a3-4192-b7d1-b11da7795c8b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/students-disabilities" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618666">Students with Disabilities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7cfdb90-bcfa-4c64-9af2-d21a170f696a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/diversity/women" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477601">Women</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_744429f-de66-441a-9edb-7fcf03b20313 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/support" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300396">Student Support</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e5306ae9-eef6-4f2a-b9d7-581d85c0e033 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/residential-life" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300391">Residential Life</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ce3788d6-53bf-4ec8-86af-aaeacd666d7f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467711">Student Voices</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_728931c-0cef-4b28-90b3-a235a445b9c9 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301326">Alumni Community</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_e9ddef8-b2a1-45c8-ab1c-f071ccc07d24 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/alumni/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467771">MBA Alumni Voices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c6cce408-758c-4546-9f17-b94488231f60 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/life-community/week-in-the-life" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/512302">A Week in the Life</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b1a9c13a-764d-4de8-b0eb-d9b6262482fd menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/career-impact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301311">Career Impact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a985fed8-2d44-455d-9bfd-3f392c457a8e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/career-impact/support" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301321">Career Support</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5fa9193-27cd-4874-9aff-d7b3f4c3307c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/career-impact/employment-outcomes" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301316">Employment Outcomes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_214dbf9-b11e-41dc-9ef7-44a45566a427 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/474056">Tuition & Financial Aid</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6fa6f4c-c5f3-4d60-9254-6dceedb2fe41 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/cost-attendance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300556">Cost of Attendance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_97e432c-a03f-41e0-a6a2-20d84ae5ed59 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/types-aid" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301251">Types of Aid</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_5a4f328-2a69-4118-a18a-52b1ad872075 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/types-aid/knight-hennessy-scholars-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498006">Knight-Hennessy Scholars Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c7ee510f-c78b-411e-9c90-a057fb923cfb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/types-aid/yellow-ribbon-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300321">Yellow Ribbon Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c6da1939-fa46-4b30-ab3f-42ec53b3097a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/types-aid/bold-fellows-fund" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501396">BOLD Fellows Fund</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8784399-9142-4b73-8e0d-a705c26738a9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/application-process" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300326">Application Process</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1cdc38b-fd9d-4c00-b6e3-d0f04b240550 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/loan-forgiveness" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300331">Loan Forgiveness</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_714cbf1-bcce-4748-8d95-59efa65122bc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/tuition-financial-aid/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300571">Contact the Financial Aid Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--e146f33d-2a00-4c40-aac1-2cba153d9d0a menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301151">Admission</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_b9c3013-f749-479d-9874-9f94eca8fcad menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/evaluation-criteria" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301161">Evaluation Criteria</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_86e1c26-4c8b-42cf-b415-6796c0195ad0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/deadlines" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300731">Deadlines</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2b4195c-9ee2-40c4-9122-4d700d2b379d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300741">Application</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--f165c841-9849-4994-9329-6236415fe08e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/education" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300746">Education</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3011154-4d6c-4b15-9291-12f5c8bdc06c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/test-scores" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/497441">Test Scores</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_332a578-34f9-4dac-8892-833c62bf5d2f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/test-scores/gmat-gre" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300751">GMAT & GRE</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a7ec6f42-7c14-4067-a499-75928b27f49b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/test-scores/english-language-proficiency" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303461">English Language Proficiency</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b151eb37-c259-48e5-a30d-11bb0701900a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/personal-information-activities-awards" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301186">Personal Information, Activities & Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a621df5d-15fd-444b-821b-5d83437fcfe9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/professional-experience" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300756">Professional Experience</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_403f2af-77ad-4dfe-b907-c72ebed567ff menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/letters-recommendation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300761">Letters of Recommendation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c1438834-db54-47cd-8f9c-82630855d076 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/essays" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301191">Essays</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d11fe67-d92d-4da8-8559-65abc8913330 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/optional-short-answer-question" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498016">Optional Short Answer Questions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d798477e-7385-442c-8366-c0db4c81b3b4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/fee" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301196">Application Fee</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_88cada1-0ad4-4ac5-a871-09e4c5796451 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/application/reapplication" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301206">Reapplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f9b30ea-e435-451c-b8a2-e1962d5b8078 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/interviews" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301216">Interviews</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fe61dcb7-17e7-48cd-bf25-9fd7028db39c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/deferred-enrollment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301211">Deferred Enrollment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bf83cdbe-5816-4acb-83ba-25b7cac02335 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/joint-dual-degrees" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301201">Joint & Dual Degrees</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ba83a97-8f2c-446e-acb0-b6def1f4aa9b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/class-profile" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301166">Entering Class Profile</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d677344a-61af-4d49-b9b1-bdac755b3654 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300791">Admission Events</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_7cddc4d-427f-4aa3-b84a-4f3ec6680b2d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/events/schedule" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300381">Event Schedule</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9c12f83-7c98-483e-bd2d-f1fd8de38a17 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/admission/ambassadors" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620007">Ambassadors</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c988f0cc-1a32-4de3-bca8-c85dba1aa85f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/new-noteworthy" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614179">New & Noteworthy</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b24ab2f7-cf02-4df0-b3f3-a78efc45d90b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/mba/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301331">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b0c08b90-02c7-4b46-866f-166a44c9f007 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/mba/contact/ask-question" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/304266">Ask a Question</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--aaf0b0f2-d7ae-4162-b30a-e0a6cdd7b35c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301356">MSx Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_71ae091-b483-41b3-97ef-81fa79f3c3b5 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/why-stanford-msx" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/427786">Why Stanford MSx</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_920be0a-e416-4b68-98fb-34d5bf5ef79f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/why-stanford-msx" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/427786">See Why Stanford MSx</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--aeff58b0-0cd0-40cf-be2b-6c4795be0189 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/why-stanford-msx/right-you" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301436">Is MSx Right for You?</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d5bfdf28-451a-4e07-a9a9-92fe9b4a2834 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/why-stanford-msx/alumni-voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467736">Alumni Voices</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bc5bca49-1b33-4472-9d31-e5263967312e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/why-stanford-msx/local-stories" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622235">MSx Stories</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f2414af-7f75-47ff-b141-b9837f22c8db menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/academic-experience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623872">Academic Experience</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ae10e09-b352-4c87-a3a2-038c4642e348 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/academic-experience/curriculum" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301406">Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8e0cb63-9d61-4652-b847-cf2d111b566d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/academic-experience/leadership-development" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301411">Leadership Development</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f339eaf8-aadb-460b-a788-53cbbe3197a8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/academic-experience/how-you-will-learn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301361">How You Will Learn</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6baf6c2-6ca7-480f-a0f3-8b145c52a33a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/academic-experience/academic-calendar" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301446">Academic Calendar</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8836902-e93a-454f-90c8-8b8cdeb7f066 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301376">Admission</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_1c9457e-35fc-44e8-bca4-ec760d2b11b2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301471">Admission Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_893b2e5-6ca7-44b0-be89-ff4af7156253 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/evaluation-criteria" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301451">Evaluation Criteria</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--caaab057-ea41-42d6-960e-287faaab3d0b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301456">Application Requirements</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_e5fbc7f-1bca-4f9f-a312-e8dc3510f942 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/personal-information-activities-awards" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/463211">Personal Information</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4f58687-2b1c-4957-a0ff-dccf2f1d07f6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/education" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618712">Education</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_85c4e15-f1da-4a2d-bce0-58f49500338e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/professional-experience" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301491">Professional Experience</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_be76a98-7c5d-4771-93bc-bac37903329e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/test-scores" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/361021">Graduate Tests</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_eaece72-a1bd-4a1b-b535-55c343f9f669 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/test-scores/gmat-gre-executive-assessment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301476">GMAT, GRE & EA</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6295859-2085-45cb-87dc-acc9c3d7608b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/test-scores/english-proficiency-tests" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/361186">English Proficiency Tests</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4dc830d-c3f6-4452-b74c-17d9205ecacd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/essays" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301496">Essays</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_af16443-f480-4bc1-bea8-d73682bdfc54 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/application-requirements/letters-recommendation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624788">Letters of Recommendation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a4d8632-910e-456d-964a-5fdb5b4b06e6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/interviews" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/361596">Interviews</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_08ce0e2-b1db-456d-b7a5-efa56467ddc4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/deadlines" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623874">Deadlines</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1aa1296-bd34-4f78-bcb9-b9a5e9c26bf2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/admission/class-profile" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619518">Entering Class Profile</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_94266ab-254b-4c8c-9a61-1e1182577e06 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/career-support" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301391">Career Support</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_a5f1910-5a85-4856-98aa-1cef9ac30390 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/career-support/career-change" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489146">Career Change</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ce4f69e-f5f6-439a-9edf-67f182e04878 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/career-support/career-advancement" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489136">Career Advancement</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f9795f82-737e-46a2-8f7a-30635e840f5e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/career-support/entrepreneurship" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489141">Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f8f6afae-2a22-4ed3-adb0-91f16caac516 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/career-support/career-impact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/471281">Career Support and Resources</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d9c26b3-7b4d-4201-99a6-08fcbefcd7ed menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/life" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301386">Student & Family Life</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_06ced2f-7484-4bd8-b965-bd7a42398fdf menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/life/students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489286">Student Life</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a412db13-1cd5-4346-90a7-8fc74ee5e9ba menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/life/students/activities-organizations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489291">Activities & Organizations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f85f4941-ebd7-4f63-9027-28938a73a6e9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/life/students/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467731">Voices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--db49d7df-6385-4388-87fa-1d3ca9c7d4d6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/life/partners" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301531">Partners & Families</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7f0fcc8-a9e7-4167-8e39-c09731a80fc1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/life/housing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301536">Housing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f576d8a2-9f65-45ab-bdc7-a450282583f2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/life/daycare-schools-camps" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489296">Daycare, Schools & Camps</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0d69ad6-3fe1-40b0-99ea-e267c2793567 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/msx/financial-aid" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301506">Tuition & Financial Aid</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_2262c0a-f354-4e4f-9c7f-2c42e53c67b4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/financial-aid/cost-attendance" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/402026">Cost of Attendance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d4b0914-6947-4e52-b012-c4c9d328d1b1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/financial-aid/us-citizens-permanent-residents" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/402031">U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5df78d6-c381-433d-b292-588f51bc802b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/financial-aid/international-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/402166">International Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_90ab22e-a5c7-4ea1-b41c-26915ea8a376 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/financial-aid/application-process" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/402176">Application Process</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cb669cab-eb7b-42d6-9781-f5404e2d4a1c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/financial-aid/loan-forgiveness" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/380916">Loan Forgiveness</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3ce1354-e8ea-46f1-91b3-5fdf6627bebc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/msx/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/490701">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_522e7d9-70a1-40cb-8c3c-b264458c499b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd" class="overview-link-mobile-only" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303116">PhD Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_913959d-494b-4c0d-a84e-e6b695a9c459 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305071">Fields of Study</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d7a059ae-50a5-4930-9a83-54afbe2d74de menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/accounting" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305076">Accounting</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--f957ec9d-10dc-425c-8ece-549c13fda0b9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/accounting/requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305116">Requirements</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c5c1801-7f2b-4dbb-84d4-99179756e4e2 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/economic-analysis-policy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305081">Economic Analysis & Policy</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_35a0b38-6181-45ba-b123-119f432dd766 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/economic-analysis-policy/requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305121">Requirements</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f96fbbc-e19c-4b11-a949-b4938f60159a menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/finance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305086">Finance</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--fecbaa5d-b262-4043-8df3-206bb3243843 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/finance/requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305126">Requirements</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9a92af5-db16-4f87-9875-975cf68ce52c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/marketing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305091">Marketing</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_e5105a6-e789-48a9-a779-01468c576303 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/marketing/requirements-behavioral" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370541">Requirements: Behavioral</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d066c201-7763-4133-b33a-0ebd5a2973d2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/marketing/requirements-quantitative" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305136">Requirements: Quantitative</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b136ba3-a74c-41a7-ad2b-8df53e36461f menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/operations-information-technology" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305096">Operations, Information & Technology</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_0fbf036-a06a-4e89-b0ef-fec97f318cbc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/operations-information-technology/requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305131">Requirements</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--f82424a2-5e4a-4012-954a-fd1dcb7acca7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/organizational-behavior" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305101">Organizational Behavior</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--dada2172-062c-4ace-856b-daec25be283d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/organizational-behavior/requirements-macro-track" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370546">Requirements: Macro</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a3a2eda2-46e2-4505-a9a3-02faf8d54516 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/organizational-behavior/requirements-micro-track" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305141">Requirements: Micro</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--bb48338a-00f4-461b-b041-c1eb4a83ca80 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/political-economics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305106">Political Economics</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_0d01687-a2d0-4b4d-9f9c-dab2881cc276 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/fields/political-economics/requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305146">Requirements</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--aacdc92b-5177-43bc-87a3-1be1e161c255 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/304991">Academic Experience</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_748eaae-4be5-4ee3-b310-f688bd275494 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/304996">Degree Requirements</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_a4ccaea-c439-4156-ba92-7b88c07ced76 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/coursework" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305006">Coursework</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1c0351e-83a8-4a23-8cad-de4b911cd28b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/annual-evaluations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305001">Annual Evaluations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bdad5196-cfb9-460e-81b1-4eab51cb4d9b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/field-examination" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305011">Field Examination</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8b255b1-9cd6-44ec-a844-18382f850490 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/research-activities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305046">Research Activities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c29e43b1-9140-4182-8ee1-084f4b8527ee menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/research-papers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305016">Research Papers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2de47f3-37cc-4610-a879-0eb7b0bedee3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/candidacy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305051">Candidacy</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--de297841-68e1-4004-a23a-c35cd9a90ae5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/dissertation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305061">Dissertation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bd61cb63-e396-40ae-9138-f01283f2ed77 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/degree-requirements/oral-examination" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501407">Oral Examination</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--cb961526-21a9-4ad0-a1a7-fae21788001e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305111">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9967aea-c165-4d1c-91a4-169b494ed038 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378096">Current Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d883db3e-526c-4f46-a87a-7b2beab68252 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/academic-experience/research-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305916">Research Resources</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6b4372f-2942-4dcb-b34f-8a1059439ba9 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305021">Admission</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--fce626c1-225f-44df-920a-94e61442261f menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/what-we-look" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305741">What We Look For</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--aa50ca1d-639c-4608-84f4-2a4acc9179e9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/what-we-look/entering-class-profile" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305751">Entering Class Profile</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c8fb385c-2a05-419b-9586-8513beb6799b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305756">Application Materials</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_0c825ab-492c-4002-8680-5b5e431ecadb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/education-cv" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305786">Education & CV</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_aa8a42e-fa16-4f99-b6e5-21c05afa4ea9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/gmat-gre" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305776">GMAT & GRE</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e8f4e24-7c7f-47f9-8740-f01751b4424c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/international-applicants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306271">International Applicants</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b23dca96-cc44-407e-be06-d95bc532f69d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/statement-purpose" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305801">Statement of Purpose</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c6400ad0-42a6-4155-814e-c7f18e925e92 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/recommendation-letters" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305806">Letters of Recommendation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b2c0a88-ddf3-414d-a7d3-e4642a16e7a8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/reapplicants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305816">Reapplicants</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8b83743-89fd-4330-bc4a-251484ca40a5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/application-materials/application-fee-waiver" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305821">Application Fee Waiver</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--d589052c-2b28-4aa7-9954-22eeaed543a9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/deadline-decisions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305766">Deadline & Decisions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c1819f5a-362c-47df-8a8c-8218ae3490e0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305771">Admission Events</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b83dc4f9-5113-449b-b9f4-8a2d9f94a76c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/admission/events/introduction-diversity-doctoral-education-scholarship" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/453191">IDDEAS</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c48468a6-4748-460b-a1f3-a538ded50717 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/financial-aid" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305026">Financial Aid</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cfbffaa0-24fa-4283-becc-713087625c14 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/student-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305031">Student Life</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_53365d8-c4f5-4913-aaab-33534cc63aef menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/student-life/voices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467746">Voices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d129f43-51af-4393-bc6d-eec1366c2694 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/placement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305036">Placement</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_92f3e41-082c-44b2-82e6-e404b9aeb863 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/placement/job-market-candidates" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305931">Job Market Candidates</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b3dad57-8a0f-44b2-9b17-930ec94a7db2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/placement/academic-placements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306871">Academic Placements</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0bd66c4-c0eb-499d-a0eb-0db185574f61 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/phd/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305041">Contact the PhD Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_01b8fb6-75a7-469d-a0ea-9836635cb5f8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/phd/contact/stay-touch" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/486286">Stay in Touch</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e1f8624-c9ee-42c2-ba28-93628f582b0c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306331">Research Fellows</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a2a6d4cc-4bee-4cb5-9c3e-e931509e17b6 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/community" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615326">Research Community</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a84e29b2-5352-4bad-884e-1a0b07b1ec1b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/community/faculty-mentors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306336">Faculty Mentors</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2dad905-7c7d-495f-90c5-83be62e42e8a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/community/fellows" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377091">Current Fellows</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_794c1ab-ae0a-4b58-913a-877593998993 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/community/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/469166">Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c69f00bc-b2d4-4b51-9083-dc619fa1f666 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/academic-experience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306341">Academic Experience</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_c46cdf3-3d45-4eb3-abc6-b738ab8a54df menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/academic-experience/standard-track" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614937">Standard Track</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b944869b-b6e1-4010-bf1c-3c6bdc1c7a65 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/academic-experience/dedicated-track" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614938">Dedicated Track</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_56940da-c429-4118-8071-594750c3366b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/academic-experience/dedicated-track/projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306356">Projects</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ddfbd98-aa37-4074-af8c-b5de823692bf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/fellowship-benefits" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616027">Fellowship & Benefits</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f3afaaa2-be15-4a10-9526-965f60220f37 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/admission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306346">Admission</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_f6a2ab1-0084-496b-b8f8-be1b6f06e1af menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/admission/international-applicants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616022">International Applicants</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f09705f-b93b-4def-9d35-7d1f976e363e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/programs/research-fellows/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/306351">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_79f4e8a-b3af-4755-abd5-3ebaab40eae6 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413586">Executive Education</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a071cfd4-934d-4d7d-ae3e-872453549359 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/programs" class="hide_this" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616670">Programs for Individuals</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--f43e858f-449c-4c98-9868-16d90a21dde8 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/programs/on-demand-courses" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499867">On-Demand Online Courses</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--e6e7abc6-ea80-45fc-be76-2155f8f1df21 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/programs/on-demand-courses/group-enrollment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619545">Group Enrollment</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7d27d98-4bb1-4b67-8982-aba3b7f475fb menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/408976">Programs for Organizations</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_bee50cc-7eab-4f41-a7d1-7639c629241b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/custom-programs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409186">Custom Programs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_439aa00-fcfa-4cb7-8851-d0f13e62cca7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/custom-programs/formats" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413976">Program Formats</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_86195ea-a7c4-4028-820b-87b70ff3b3a4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/custom-programs/developing-custom-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413966">Developing a Program</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a8d62d7f-3fbe-4c52-a9c2-cd22118f1044 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/catalyst-programs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501062">Catalyst Online Programs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c929144c-644c-4edc-acfe-71c387474e61 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/catalyst-programs/diversity-inclusion-strategic-impact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501063">Diversity & Inclusion</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3989d17-97f0-4eff-b6bb-6e682af4053b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/catalyst-programs/strategic-transformation-times-disruption" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501064">Strategic Transformation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4da25e4-e1ae-47ba-a987-481187ca4c69 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/catalyst-programs/experience" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501086">Program Experience</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--d79d2643-b01d-46a0-90a8-5af725dfee49 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/organizations/client-services" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409196">Contact Client Services</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f386ed2-5162-462b-b449-10c690210722 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/408981">The Difference</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d396d2d-cde0-45b9-90c2-80af640b49e7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/academic" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409271">Academic Experience</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--dc0f4290-6e11-410d-8ffa-c7c631ccd4da menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/academic/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410461">Faculty</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9ec8184-142f-4972-b648-a3878b82474b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/campus" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409276">Campus Experience</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7d80aaa-543f-44a4-87e8-9fd58dcfda99 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/live-online" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/497386">Live Online Experience</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fc3c29e-a915-4a7b-b97a-d447381ad89c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/silicon-valley-bay-area" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410306">Silicon Valley & Bay Area</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e4a6eac1-bdbb-4f4a-9f6a-61e3cebb6550 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/digital-credentials" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620538">Digital Credentials</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c859e90-3a17-44bc-a154-2a2551bb93ed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620872">Faculty Spotlights</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e49bc194-ebea-4720-8611-b8422d750b7e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/participants" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620474">Participant Spotlights</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f95b8853-eead-4e0b-b24f-f83a0baab43c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/difference/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467741">Voices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_73dff65-b1d2-4461-b556-b8b7558081ab menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/408986">Admission</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_a929753-9634-41d8-a06b-9d7f775f55cd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/eligibility" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409126">Eligibility</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_41fd708-c951-4a2c-bef7-6691d7294d97 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/international-participants" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409131">International Participants</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_43f3f2b-9ebc-4376-bbb0-9e0cc40419c2 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/application-process" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409181">Application Process</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_c3c87ce-ff3e-4172-8a8e-b65a1563dfea menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/application-process/stanford-executive-program" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/418611">Stanford Executive Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9fe0c38-45b5-4fe2-97b3-0668082d37c6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/application-process/stanford-ignite" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/469276">Stanford Ignite</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9aa0fb6-b672-483c-8949-56bb670c464b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/application-process/stanford-lead" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/418626">Stanford LEAD</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_874da8e-7498-4a42-a1a2-ae87283abbba menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/payment-cancellation" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409141">Payment & Cancellation</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_00c0d3c-71cb-4e8d-a922-1a19113f9911 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/payment-cancellation/discounts" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/418571">Discounts</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_11c82f6-f5d5-460e-a2f8-331205bf7617 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/admission/faq" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623783">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_67a1b87-7c3a-4c0d-a674-ac3219252c1b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/exec-ed/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/408991">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_45b9249-ae97-4c36-a6b2-2dbb0970c463 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/faculty-research" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303566">Faculty & Research</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--aee82e3b-2aed-4760-9a76-c51bb619a2d5 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300726">Faculty</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d27d9990-ebb1-47d6-a93a-17f9113e1b2d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303146">Academic Areas</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a025a933-19fc-4aaf-802e-7b7c7a7fb18c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/accounting" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308106">Accounting</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_06da7e3-c54a-4457-aca6-f13462f5af50 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/economics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308131">Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a645699c-1c06-4cd9-91ea-d6b0989c38dc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/finance" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308141">Finance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a93598d6-876d-421f-a3fd-dbd19fea7f78 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/marketing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300736">Marketing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5159fbc-bc9d-4e9a-9f4a-6015118f73d4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/operations-information-technology" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308151">Operations, Information & Technology</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a72867cc-9a46-4802-9edf-b5875dfb3246 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/organizational-behavior" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308156">Organizational Behavior</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--da77a06f-0e4d-43f1-a277-2e780cefc07b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/academic-areas/political-economy" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308166">Political Economy</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e3b7211-0f2c-4d3b-ae24-63c45ffa2e4f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/awards-honors" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303151">Awards & Honors</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_50970e1-03d3-47b8-8224-4e81711bfc71 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/387461">Seminars</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d4de2ac0-1382-4f9e-a36b-464c859ca3f7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/accounting" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/387466">Accounting</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f18a79d-449c-4482-860d-ef224d87b16f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/classical-liberalism" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501250">Classical Liberalism</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c2c52a6-e2f0-4134-bc9a-5e32f1c17fbb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/economics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/411731">Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b63abbbb-66b6-43e1-a259-43b51f07a913 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/eddie-lunch" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/443001">The Eddie Lunch</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7c9087b-9aa3-458d-97af-1a18611e98de menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/finance" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/411796">Finance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e57200fd-4e36-40f3-991d-80d625d59599 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/io" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/411636">IOPLUS</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e81718e7-2b5f-4c63-9704-29d2b4f485aa menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/marketing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/411931">Marketing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ec95948c-92de-41c7-aa6e-a639e51b7019 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/operations-information-technology" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/411956">Operations, Information & Technology</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c72ab999-dc68-4283-a5b1-6ddad8015c75 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/organizational-behavior" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412006">Organizational Behavior</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bf43b814-be5c-48cb-ac64-346cfb562027 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/seminars/political-economy" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412056">Political Economy</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_462c121-c442-4455-af60-6e59dac47939 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/409591">Conferences</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ddc8940b-3638-4456-9e68-40fe923cd34b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/accounting-summer-camp" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/414006">Accounting Summer Camp</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_036e8ba-3467-464b-bd16-6c80f2ef84c4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/california-econometrics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412956">California Econometrics Conference</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e7692644-efb8-4685-a785-447496672e17 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/california-quantitative-marketing-phd-conference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621212">California Quantitative Marketing PhD Conference</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7ae2b67-8ed3-4e32-a9d2-e8bf4cf0350c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/california-school-conference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617295">California School Conference</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_46049d1-89f2-42f2-857e-7ce7e8d18de4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/china-india-insights-conference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622122">China India Insights Conference</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d35f620-7889-49b6-b03a-b83c77e4fbd1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/homo-economicus-evolving" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622082">Homo economicus, Evolving</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_94571ca-2b5f-49f3-ac69-41096ba14c73 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618168">Initiative on Business and Environmental Sustainability</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b03e52d0-e170-4f72-913f-e814a59d5ec2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/political-economics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621976">Political Economics (2023–24)</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fa90d09-101c-4948-ab7b-6f95a0d9c97f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/scaling-storage-co2" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622215">Scaling Geologic Storage of CO2 (2023–24)</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ddf1f7e0-7eed-4f9c-a880-afe9b198d05a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/resilient-pacific" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618796">A Resilient Pacific: Building Connections, Envisioning Solutions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0dad319-0d96-4372-a540-fcd2f3bc05f0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/sustainable-human" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620122">Adaptation and Innovation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a79d33ca-f076-4c83-bbe6-6a8fc714f146 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/preparing-changing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619773">Changing Climate</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f40da176-c9cc-4cad-988d-7fc1ca8395c8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/civil-society" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620979">Civil Society</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_96d5e3a-04e3-40d3-a834-2b461f00fc70 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/climate-impact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621113">Climate Impact Summit</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fcfbc9d6-8339-4de9-ad64-7fec70680f69 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/climate-science" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618983">Climate Science</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2066737-de46-4fa6-8730-5082f8cf208e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/corporate-carbon" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618799">Corporate Carbon Disclosures</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_82156e1-3c29-48c0-a3ab-6ae6728e61bd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/discoveries-understand" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619684">Earth’s Seafloor</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c22cea05-0371-41d8-9b5d-5a224d10c5f4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/environmental-justice" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619763">Environmental Justice</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c3ebdaa-4041-4820-a488-13dd0c5c2c3b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/finance-environmental" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618795">Finance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_111194e-5235-456a-91fc-7cf345629b0f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/marketing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618982">Marketing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_466a8e6-2708-4da6-8e90-672b112ae5c8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/operations-information" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618984">Operations and Information Technology</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ec0bd67-98f9-4904-9ab0-de1f82cb20b4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/organizations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619054">Organizations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_634fbc2-1eb0-473c-9a3c-83b9d104bd63 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/reporting-control" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619683">Sustainability Reporting and Control</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1121888-16a3-49d1-bc3b-ce242899a10d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/taking-pulse-planet" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620227">Taking the Pulse of the Planet</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_095004b-340f-4a86-89fc-c29f0041332c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/urban-infrastructure" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618985">Urban Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a7cb659-8af1-4cc0-8c60-a93f9003f59d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/business-environmental-sustainability/watershed-restoration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/618564">Watershed Restoration</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3ecfc05-198d-4411-b67b-82a1cd69e3a0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/junior-faculty-workshop-financial-regulation-banking" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/419881">Junior Faculty Workshop on Financial Regulation and Banking</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b2e9040-7075-401a-8b15-dacdee21ad33 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/ken-singleton-celebration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620735">Ken Singleton Celebration</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e79d0274-a86b-48c0-9372-37dc04afffcf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/marketing-camp" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624229">Marketing Camp</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_bd48119-c1fd-4cd0-b9d9-2606072693c4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/quantitative-marketing-phd-alumni-conference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/445431">Quantitative Marketing PhD Alumni Conference</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ea470bd-cbd2-4691-95df-8f56c3e7e9d8 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/rising-scholars-conference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499878">Rising Scholars Conference</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_1329922-7906-4a36-bb05-9adee53a71a5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/rising-scholars-conference/agenda" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/500645">Agenda</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ff1444d5-8273-4d36-910e-77758e4d5319 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/rising-scholars-conference/presentations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/500646">Presentations</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_597832c-4844-4468-9203-79f7f125abc5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/conferences/theory-inference" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/471606">Theory and Inference in Accounting Research</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_150c834-00c8-4387-8f74-08930a7806af menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/faculty/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467756">Voices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_60668cc-eeef-40dd-b72c-b071fba3410f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/publications" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308281">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--dace3674-5596-4e65-8667-d1948f200d68 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/books" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/309871">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a912c9e8-07b4-448b-a7cf-024913065aae menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/working-papers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308291">Working Papers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5eab38a-cae3-4db5-bad1-fb642b961b53 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/case-studies" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303171">Case Studies</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2635635-ab32-480f-a5da-398736429dd9 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/309826">Research Labs & Initiatives</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--eaf4be55-5859-495d-bf2b-9b7523063c16 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/chs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614261">Cities, Housing & Society Lab</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_33cdfc1-8fbd-4771-b721-37675bdd5ef8 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364181">Corporate Governance Research Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_40bd984-5d5f-414d-b97e-82eb486fa068 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368096">Research</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c1a66a75-c44c-4c93-a7d9-b61f74035568 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/closer-look" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369281">Stanford Closer Look Series</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e5c6daf-95d4-49de-bfc9-3ba11203ba45 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/quick-guides" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370051">Quick Guides</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cc766527-373d-4e33-98ca-5a174efed8cc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/core-concepts" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/424881">Core Concepts</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--eb9debce-38bd-4ad9-94cd-46524e71a86c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/surveys" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369881">Surveys</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f8ed13cd-23ee-4668-8bf2-dbd196f086ed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/books" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369871">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3d5a9fd-fc62-4c43-9dc5-d4a687841cfd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/journal-articles" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370061">Journal Articles</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b8d34391-cdd4-4a1e-99b2-79b0a5739c41 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/working-papers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370056">Working Papers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_98c0eae-2146-4fa4-b87e-df5660c83a5a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/case-studies" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369296">Case Studies</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e34b756-eae4-4148-a968-232fd0479e8e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/research/glossary" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369151" class="is-active">Glossary of Terms</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c7dc22cd-2c93-4354-be26-429fdef940c6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/executive-education" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367016">Executive Education</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e011013f-994e-46a8-be3a-d49bddc983c0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/faculty-staff" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364431">Faculty & Staff</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_30357aa-1cd3-45fb-b2f4-6275244256b9 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368446">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--fb552519-0b93-4547-83fa-a4caed6e9f56 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/cgri/contact/subscribe" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388936">Subscribe to Corporate Governance Emails</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--fc7fd3d7-e5e3-42c9-a929-95da03cfd6ed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/casi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/442301">Corporations and Society Initiative</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_cb75015-ee2b-408b-9bdf-d87c47313d45 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488261">Golub Capital Social Impact Lab</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d7e6c24-8f0d-48de-a0d5-e1cff0abb808 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/who-we-are" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488266">Who We Are</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_82507c4-7239-4cb5-872f-c5a8c61498b5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/who-we-are/researchers-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488306">Researchers & Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f51a1350-9cae-4744-8e69-edd1459228ae menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/who-we-are/funders" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499887">Funders</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_71e7ac3-9372-4f43-8c15-0becf20c3c44 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488281">Our Research</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_3af9993-c48e-4455-b307-195db44f5211 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/approach" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488271">Research Approach</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--dbd988b3-ca00-471e-a5a6-d54fa182971b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/publications" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615137">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d293afa3-5902-41a2-b36e-963e538d73c1 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492341">Domain Areas</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_44f179b-7f39-4d6d-bab5-c9d434759a8b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains/charitable-giving" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492346">Charitable Giving</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1321036-89af-4a55-8038-01a37ac02636 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains/education" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492351">Education</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c82385d-9204-4696-b563-0414fd334847 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains/financial-health" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492356">Financial Health</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ee17e248-8b73-4b94-9c49-1de78d6c9bbf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains/government-services" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492361">Government Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_420c2b7-ffdd-4b47-821a-f7a318c741da menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains/health" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492366">Health</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e547bdae-9e59-482e-9b53-687fbf84bbc6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/domains/workers-career-transitions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492371">Workers & Careers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--e28c8388-3cdc-46eb-b5cc-36b45a1df4d0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/methods" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499871">Methods</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a193b41f-d5c7-463a-bf8e-fdfdc6dca958 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/methods/ai-machine-learning" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499874">AI & Machine Learning</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_dec66dc-06b4-43b7-97e3-4d4e1aae1b9f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/methods/ai-machine-learning/short-course" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615006">Short Course</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--aac1630f-3c4b-4326-9287-65a324d08463 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/methods/adaptive-iterative-experimentation" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499873">Adaptive & Iterative Experimentation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4f96568-4307-44c2-8212-9cba225522b3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/methods/incentive-design" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499875">Incentive Design</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3a3decf-ae12-426b-a5fb-e4c832437abe menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/methods/social-sciences" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499876">Social Sciences & Behavioral Nudges</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--aa5b338d-ea8e-46c5-9fe3-4557e8d1275f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/research/bandit-experiment-application" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619738">Bandit Experiment Application</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--dd87cf22-dcbb-455d-a544-8220a97fcad8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/conferences-events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489116">Conferences & Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f1493f2-8328-44ed-a39d-99949983d871 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/get-involved" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488286">Get Involved</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5564ec3-3c0f-4833-9cb3-d6a9df5190bf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/sil/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488291">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_45b426e-788c-4f8b-883f-cac120c619d0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/pii" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/432461">Policy and Innovation Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_411385c-8455-43f5-a2c3-2a56e1f6a8e3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/pii/readings" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/432611">Reading Materials</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--dc0fc752-3ab6-4407-8b9d-55239042b808 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/pii/courses" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/432606">Courses</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f244cac9-fdfd-4fb2-ba69-e388ab54e7fd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/pii/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/432631">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d7d5c7a0-49de-40c5-b3fd-0b175a1a9bda menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/pii/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/463391">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8307982-933d-4eaa-8f90-477345eb42a3 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383906">Rapid Decarbonization Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_4b8763f-3cf6-4104-a749-c8e0810c491c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi/research" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388716">Research</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b544f813-01b0-40b1-a05f-ee1fa3dfb123 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi/teaching-curriculum" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410156">Teaching & Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3d8dd78-eb9a-470d-84f2-dced3de3ab8d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi/energy-entrepreneurship" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/411541">Energy Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ff23f8c-fe93-45a5-b26d-a80654b33d28 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi/faculty-affiliates" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/386216">Faculty & Affiliates</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e6ca7d8c-f719-4932-9db0-8c0cb87a3edf menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/386281">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--f8246aaf-9a2a-4f0b-82f5-d9dbbea8da9c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/rdi/contact/email" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/475021">Email</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5a3b2e9-512d-4346-a426-d17219a40a6c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/slei" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393341">Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--af1c9846-7986-42bb-947a-d4faa5022e7c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/slei/state-latino-entrepreneurship-report" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619979">SOLE Report</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ca24ff1c-c094-4ccc-8271-68dd3b9736bd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/slei/research" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619977">Research</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e76c3520-e2bd-4fe0-b432-39af386c8c2f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/slei/subscribe" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/460546">Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--dfdd5db2-d7c6-492d-aacb-c08ea783f82c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370381">Value Chain Innovation Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b079f74e-d03e-4ffc-abe7-e9014705a92d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370396">Research</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_533e1e5-196c-4b8e-a341-9386d6501067 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/research/books" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370486">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2cceabc-a2ef-46fe-9637-bc23ba92e1de menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/research/case-studies" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370776">Case Studies</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e1fd5fec-7ee2-4bec-ae37-cb9d931a76fd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/research/publications" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/375931">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--dff359ce-c9fb-40f0-934a-d3aff0f9c1ae menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/research/responsible-supply-chains" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/375936">Responsible Supply Chains</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ccbff4f-b935-4090-8c6d-74b97d92faf2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/faculty-staff" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370386">Faculty & Staff</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_43a3a25-d628-4148-8fd1-ea5fa4d02f61 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501587">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f6919e3-93ca-40e3-8fc9-dc28dfe9fac0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/375971">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_37f5165-f546-4869-b182-c45665003746 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vcii/contact/subscribe" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/460536">Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8d5cb79-0982-439f-b1b1-97929ba4704f menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vci" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/464021">Venture Capital Initiative</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d812325e-fc7a-48e0-bf7d-17c15d5e2f68 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/labs-initiatives/vci/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/464041">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--eb1012b0-0ab3-4e1f-9b11-66b92331656b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307766">Behavioral Lab</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6d3a137-d736-420f-9163-c1ff7d6a1140 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/conduct-research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308246">Conduct Research</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_7b182c3-4926-41f7-bd79-5f9fca7a8cd0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/conduct-research/current-lab-availability" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/430531">Current Study Usage</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d99a1e98-f5e9-4db9-ac90-9a48a7778386 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/conduct-research/pre-registration-information" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/431421">Pre-Registration Information</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--afefbea5-0c6b-4915-a93f-73b44f8348e9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/participate-study" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308261">Participate in a Study</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ceda55d-1530-4f06-bfdd-6d0ee268c01e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/311801">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ffaf20f-26a8-4575-b23a-def6eb0e29be menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/publications" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308241">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5f044b3-4b89-44b0-841f-e2ce0fe1e303 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/staff" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308446">Lab Staff</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fa82beb-3ccd-4e95-8ded-da179e8b3843 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/behavioral-lab/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308266">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--ad12f7a1-791c-445b-b3dd-5fb981501d70 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/faculty-research/darc" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/491516">Data, Analytics & Research Computing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--bcaee5ce-4d09-4089-b934-f87aab5c4e9c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413971">Stanford Seed</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b7e7646f-a671-4c88-a960-0b7f40e0144b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410326">About Seed</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--e5f24db4-c261-44ac-9f59-ed86a7de72c4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/about/leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410331">Leadership</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a6f2efb1-ee70-4af3-833a-0c929b460768 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/about/founding-donors" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492891">Founding Donors</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7412980-c8f5-4e01-a475-519dfb9e6622 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/about/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501837">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ecc0040-1109-4b0b-b963-b304b6abc839 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/about/contact/programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492911">Program Contacts</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_bb62488-1f63-48a1-b4ff-33ee4cb00753 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/about/contact/location-information" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410451">Location Information</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c883a523-2ec3-48ac-a009-51dcc1eaabf2 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/programs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617355">Stanford Seed Programs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a671acae-7ff7-4016-bc5a-a29d08b0da4e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493126">Seed Transformation Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c8d0d3d1-adf7-41e8-a7cb-67039df63047 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/curriculum" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493131">Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f2f80bdc-2cef-4b40-976e-4a70d429d0e2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493136">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_dbcbf24-d058-4949-91f2-ecf5e515293a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/participant-profile" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493141">Participant Profile</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8b8cf91-d03e-49b2-9b27-f2afaea1f7fd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/network" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617595">Network Membership</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_aa56721-a8d7-4f2a-ad20-85b53dc768fd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/impact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493221">Program Impact</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_76eb81f-c591-44df-9e54-84e8e764e7cb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/467751">Voices</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cf8242a5-39ab-4c74-8441-b1b534157297 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/transformation/admission" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/419251">Admission</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b792daaa-985b-4ab0-994d-290d15e5b538 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/programs/aspire" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623561">Aspire Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d27e405-7d41-412c-bbc6-4aa71000dd51 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/aspire/curriculum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623572">Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7ff4301-a3c3-4533-b71e-8cbc60ac3559 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/aspire/participant-profile" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623573">Participant Profile</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a3717806-e499-4a22-83c6-8c61958e43a8 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/programs/spark" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617445">Seed Spark Program</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_9991f30-6327-4370-8181-2c34be339847 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/spark/curriculum" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617411">Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e5fed93-b2af-4b1c-937d-e31cbd55f5b6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/spark/faculty" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617412">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2194398-275d-402b-9e1c-16e9a9173fa9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/spark/participant-profile" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617413">Participant Profile</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a14e5f73-d54e-4065-959f-403471c8e957 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/programs/spark/collaborators" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617414">Collaborators</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--eae8936c-5821-412a-8e6f-eace6294d31d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/companies-leaders" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617397">Companies & Leaders</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_62f7ad1-4d2e-4d65-82be-69ef329b4599 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/companies-leaders/meet-entrepreneurs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617398">Meet Seed Entrepreneurs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_aae2e82-5b0f-4ab5-b0ed-e17a4cb85355 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/companies-leaders/meet-entrepreneurs/profiles-purpose" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435691">Entrepreneur Profiles</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_eea4490-c68b-416d-867e-91269291d573 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/companies-leaders/meet-entrepreneurs/company-spotlights" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493156">Company Spotlights</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9bdd101-1664-4fb8-8eec-9665dc450e8c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/companies-leaders/network" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493476">Seed Transformation Network</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c9e2cb79-36aa-42f8-92ed-a2e519915727 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/get-involved" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492901">Get Involved</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--fdf6a81b-e513-4bcc-ae4c-46a4d2a268a7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/coach" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410426">Coach</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ed7524d-3d3b-4b73-9b91-67e4a2b1e8bf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/coach/responsibilities" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412166">Responsibilities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--af32c92c-ad8e-4eaa-b258-5c588481f992 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/coach/current-coaches" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/440876">Current Coaches</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f9ce8041-e625-46d2-934b-9f82444d6a9e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/coach/how-apply" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412181">How to Apply</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6ac18a4-d2da-4b55-89ef-ff5d72810d6e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/consult" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410431">Consult</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_3284613-7b9c-4742-96a7-9fb83becb147 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/consult/meet-consultants" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617396">Meet the Consultants</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f3a54d4a-931d-40f6-a475-baa10fc5aaf9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/consult/how-apply" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412801">How to Apply</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--dca724d6-119f-40c0-bb11-120cf07f6e97 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/intern" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410406">Intern</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ed14b602-900c-41f8-b93c-2304e3838855 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/intern/meet-interns" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/442646">Meet the Interns</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1c74d8e-64bf-488f-b4ab-b702fcb88388 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/intern/profiles-promise" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/493151">Intern Profiles</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_77f8a51-1d9e-4d4e-b888-9ffe4302009b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/intern/how-apply" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/412391">How to Apply</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_89310b9-1cc1-4531-b378-9050d51e9d83 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/collaborate" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492906">Collaborate</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f46a68ab-36f7-4dd4-8fb7-c2d3f1923940 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/get-involved/give" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410341">Give</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--d001fdcd-d4cb-40d3-8a69-268588105e6d menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/discover-impact" class="link-title" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492916">Discover Impact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c101d7b8-a815-4ace-88de-5612d883b964 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/seed/discover-impact/studies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410371">Research & Studies</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--f56baf15-15c2-4cca-bf1f-4da4dadf1859 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/discover-impact/studies/research-library" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410396">Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b2239484-72c4-4e57-8cda-32dc8d1368d0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/seed/news-insights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/410436">News & Insights</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_21c3a45-9b27-46f8-a077-8f950a029037 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/303161">Library</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_3f0473d-9380-4998-9c4b-353046517bdd menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/research-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308341">Research Resources</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_fd0d6f3-459b-424f-ac6c-c6fb9801dc30 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/databases" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/311761">Databases & Datasets</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3dee80b-8c7c-48f4-9b7d-768578262e33 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/research-guides" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308401">Research Guides</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b0ed43a-436e-4419-957e-5151706e8800 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/journals" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/311771">Journals</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b088c152-d780-4aaf-8ecf-b6e9d64bb03e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/books" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/311766">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cc74172c-0862-4105-8943-944c15e82ae7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/working-papers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/311776">Working Papers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_673fd6f-43a9-47df-8b99-879784b79983 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/case-studies" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/311781">Case Studies</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a853ca8c-b588-4a18-94b7-5ae33056d93c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/research-support" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308616">Research Support</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_c5aa8a7-b154-409b-b060-cbb757eaa78c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-resources/research-guides" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308401">Research Guides</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b52176e7-cd84-4d65-8618-2e4ab73e9774 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-support/consultations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499620">Consultations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0f2065b-5c08-4dd3-95b0-011de0486949 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-support/workshops" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501068">Research Workshops</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_30a53cd-5e9f-4ab9-b989-46485deb9780 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-support/career-research" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501069">Career Research</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2546f4c-fc5b-47a6-9491-10bff2b09ce7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/research-support/ask-us" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308351">Ask Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5d0fd12-09e5-4cf8-8374-d9bee012ead7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/services" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308421">Services</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--fc7d6ed5-49db-4864-a091-c08bad0cfa8f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/research-data-services" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499617">Research Data Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ce3ed55-3d79-4202-b6c8-25b351d6caa7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/services/course-support" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499619">Course Support</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b363ed29-0888-4509-8994-b66163637582 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/course-support/course-reserves" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499621">Course Reserves</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a3b79685-adae-4174-85e6-7e57414ea7f4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/course-support/research-guides" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501074">Course Research Guides</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2a18cd7-4b4e-4fdd-94c8-1ca7d98924e9 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/services/borrow-renew-return" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308556">Borrow, Renew, Return</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_17ac749-21d8-4b35-83f1-aa784b0315bc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/borrow-renew-return/material-loan-periods" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308561">Material Loan Periods</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d535c5a-a9d4-4608-b3cf-cf440172da4b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/borrow-renew-return/fines" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308566">Fines & Other Charges</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5a81b05-74b1-4599-a53c-c137d7bac3bf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/borrow-renew-return/document-delivery" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/500906">Document Delivery</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bab4be81-85b3-4aa6-9cd3-2a69cc338c72 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/borrow-renew-return/interlibrary-loan" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499629">Interlibrary Loan</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9d1546e-3846-4d1a-95b8-75b98fc5b28d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/borrow-renew-return/equipment-checkout" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/444181">Equipment Checkout</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9169707-c913-4726-8356-a6f5fa42ea6d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/print-scan" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308611">Print & Scan</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_67d1f1a-54b2-4c0c-8688-e7c56822c413 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/mba-msx-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308431">MBA & MSx Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d9c647e5-d41f-46d6-ae0d-37e40c09bfe6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/stanford-gsb-phd-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499623">PhD Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ee3bf480-d0a5-412b-8dcb-fb9bfe65f79f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/other-stanford-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499624">Other Stanford Students</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b65be6c4-ba67-49cb-ac89-522ba83209e1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308436">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_85ed02b-2aa0-4278-a9e2-d2cbcd3d9e5f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/faculty-assistants" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308441">Faculty Assistants</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ece587e0-ec92-4514-96f6-494ecaaf3d05 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/research-assistants" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308541">Research Assistants</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_13cc7ab-748a-4e18-9ce6-a482f2e9ef5f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/services/stanford-gsb-alumni" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308426">Stanford GSB Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b4e8f89f-153f-447e-b546-72f426f0ae18 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/archive" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300446">Stanford GSB Archive</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_4fa807d-ad0a-4e97-94c5-e2595a563099 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/archive/telling-story" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/305831">Telling Our Story</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a7cc8f0f-bbc6-4c8e-8bfa-c0ac6a882ba8 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/329931">About Us</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ed9de3bc-c8cd-49f0-94a0-0115aa8eb3cd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/about/staff" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308361">Staff Directory</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fee31c3-560f-472f-b2f9-687104a2be56 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/about/hours" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308416">Hours</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ede5ceba-652b-4dc7-aa7e-7679f6e1b4f4 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/library/about/library-spaces" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499622">Library Spaces</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b9fc9202-7ed1-4cc4-a45c-61163a6b7f7c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/about/library-spaces/floors" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615890">By Floor</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_12c344a-7ea1-4262-9c8d-4ad05630ba69 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/about/visit" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616071">Visit</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ca946f22-cddd-437b-be80-78e610ba3576 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/library/about/history" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/308596">History</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4f581ed-f9c0-4e31-b680-8e53cabc9a22 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364111">Alumni</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_763cf35-0dfd-446f-be27-56f324efef1b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/help" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383726">Alumni Site Help</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_2a1435a-52bd-4453-85c1-84efadc49b80 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/help/site-login" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383731">Site Login</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f15153e-93cb-4b74-859f-350efd8bf834 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/help/site-registration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383736">Site Registration</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a516fd9e-342b-4fab-b8a7-a8856c0dca28 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/help/directory" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383741">Alumni Directory</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8657ab6-e7e3-4e6c-9ced-ada20b1675e0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/help/email" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383751">Alumni Email</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7f38177-4db7-45f9-a300-2927f8539b19 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/help/privacy-profile" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383746">Privacy Settings & My Profile</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6e8687d-3a47-42c2-83f1-41551df15296 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/communities" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367226">Communities</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a457b70a-d56f-4a0e-bb49-d6169f5ff47b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/alumni-network" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367416">Digital Communities & Tools</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fe411a5c-4287-4282-8d17-ce298d98504e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367426">Women’s Programs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d4ef9153-78a9-4c4d-b176-b8b88a59fd30 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/womens-circles" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377461">Women’s Circles</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_928446a-1fe6-4667-a164-4fde9a19a6f0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/womens-circles/success-stories" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/440966">Success Stories</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_47292df-6db9-4d26-87a7-435ff3c933a6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/womens-circles/story-circles" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/440146">The Story of Circles</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ca15aed1-5380-4284-9185-ee79eb5672c2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/womens-circles/support" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623632">Support Women’s Circles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_809db03-378a-472e-a216-383f32e618c8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/stanford-women-boards-initiative" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377436">Stanford Women on Boards Initiative</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3c9c333-894a-47ee-91ae-b3ccd3bf60b4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/alumnae-spotlights" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/457751">Alumnae Spotlights</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f098ba49-bf0f-4210-a5de-b950cf8e1009 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/insights-research" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377481">Insights & Research</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b162128e-841b-4e19-b3ed-513c48eeec83 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/womens-programs/history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377431">History</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a91df01c-8227-4f34-974f-009a23e2d729 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/regional-chapters" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/416661">Regional Chapters</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_665e0b9-0d74-4288-85bd-55e0bc0dba0f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/identity-chapters" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378166">Identity Chapters</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_142c9e1-2c0b-41fd-884b-7801d0c39718 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/communities/interest-groups" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/486151">Interest Groups</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ec67f31-3bca-4a96-a6c6-8603913749a4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/interest-groups/industry-professional" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367421">Industry & Professional</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7f6f023-8020-4aec-8e87-3114b940c9cb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/interest-groups/entrepreneurial-commitment-group" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/405076">Entrepreneurial Commitment Group</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d50a263-fc76-456e-a887-4c1267101235 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/communities/recent-alumni" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435791">Recent Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f9904cf-ffc4-454f-a8a9-fa8ada5636df menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/news" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367311">News</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_f8e4be9-ff76-4b04-b8be-64ec4fb44c0f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/news/class-notes" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370811">Class Notes</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c3440f9-b465-437f-a8a7-2695e29c5357 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/news/voices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477811">Alumni Voices</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0db5849-f3c4-4ead-83b5-50480bae838f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/news/books" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367431">Books</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9ed4ddd-9436-48d5-89a8-492e16bde4ee menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/reunions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367441">Reunions</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--cb5c7f8b-0590-465e-9d8d-f96c0d923d95 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/alumni-day" title="Access and event information for all GSB alumni to participate in the Virtual Alumni Week programming." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381616">Alumni Day</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cc5ec24c-6e1b-44fa-b7bf-9ca1c09ceadb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/half-century-club" title="The Half-Century Club is the distinguished and active group of Stanford GSB alumni who graduated from the school more than fifty years ago." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381611">Half-Century Club</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b627ed7a-21bf-456f-a6df-6731d67fb341 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/plan-your-visit" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377336">Plan Your Visit</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--e9d6a489-fed0-4243-9ce7-5f857fed266e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/plan-your-visit/fall-reunions-alumni-weekend" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381536">Fall Reunions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c8cfcf1-b4c3-4f22-ba7c-19816a420b21 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/plan-your-visit/spring-reunions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381541">Spring Reunions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7286685-c98e-4f6c-bc4f-82b9310d6c93 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/plan-your-visit/mba-25th-reunion" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381551">MBA 25th Reunion</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f11e4e2a-4dc1-4e53-843b-062875fe0742 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/plan-your-visit/half-century-club-reunion" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381546">Half-Century Club Reunion</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_af3f39b-27ac-433a-b193-2563e0bd82b7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/reunion-highlights" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383071">Reunion Highlights</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b8b9ad69-d09c-4d5e-a9f2-8de83f8f0f29 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/reunions/reunion-highlights/faculty-lectures" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623280">Faculty Lectures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fab68f8-5963-40e0-b64a-b7b9e0e1d34b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367306">Events</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_c35d980-6e85-45f5-b54d-a5990d6b0408 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367476">Award Events</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_f078e6a-5e67-4118-abbb-bad8fc8cb3eb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/arbuckle" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378181">Ernest C. Arbuckle Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a45d3fe-f411-4d0b-a975-97314465c7b1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/alison-elliott" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369711">Alison Elliott Exceptional Achievement Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f6729169-3f99-43f1-af55-5fe6364b1a70 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/encore" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378186">ENCORE Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ec98cde-e731-41fe-bf0c-82304ef9a25a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/excellence-leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378176">Excellence in Leadership Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3a16dea-e92a-47ab-b5a3-793e541a5991 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/volunteer-leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378201">John W. Gardner Volunteer Leadership Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2b72489-1c1e-4ccc-9ac4-abcd0d7d26d0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/jaedicke-award" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378191">Robert K. Jaedicke Faculty Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c435822-5fdd-4f2c-9f35-be72a03e28fc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/military-service-appreciation" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378206">Jack McDonald Military Service Appreciation Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b6c9ad4-3716-4d98-a6fc-63f7311d4c7f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/latino-leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378196">Jerry I. Porras Latino Leadership Award</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ee67a57-8777-4737-a48d-71e4a906a7cb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/award-events/tapestry" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378216">Tapestry Award</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e27fd35-22a7-49df-91b6-c0e0c8f59e62 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/featured-events/student-alumni-events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/407386">Student & Alumni Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6317f45-bccc-42ae-a179-3a79d7c73584 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367336">Career Resources</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c355013d-8c48-4559-bdf7-973bf21c2007 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367491">Job Search Resources</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b3149e89-02a7-43a1-b62b-1a9c9b870465 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/executive-recruiters" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369811">Executive Recruiters</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_48156a2-0bc6-4a0c-8f78-240893e6d969 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/interviewing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370131">Interviewing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1b8e251-371e-4627-b68b-89aa29677886 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/job-boards" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369756">Job Boards</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1c62ff2-4f2d-407a-849b-79df12de1da0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/linkedin" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383581">LinkedIn</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_adfb1e6-7ae7-4e48-ba26-76acb1f3c521 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/linkedin/land-perfect-job-linkedin" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620137">Land the Perfect Job with LinkedIn</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5ecdfcb-983b-4059-bb4d-d87a4e89af28 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/negotiating" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/379766">Negotiating</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9f458a1-6356-4743-9fd2-4a318f259c3e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/networking" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369776">Networking</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_c9b1a2d-3b9b-42d7-b25d-ed4e2547fd69 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/networking/elevator-pitch" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383506">Elevator Pitch</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_27ec68e-8495-478b-a87d-899d20163bd9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/networking/email-best-practices" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383511">Email Best Practices</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6f5a0c4-611c-434e-bb37-b3409990d6b7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/resumes" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369741">Resumes & Cover Letters</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8305047-4b44-4cd8-9a18-37050891d224 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/job-search/self-assessment" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369746">Self-Assessment</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--f6125213-f70f-4ea5-82ad-bc7feb796265 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367501">Career Coaching</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_2d4d42c-57b6-458a-acf0-a1f7d8f82f9e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369796">Long-Term Career & Executive Coaches</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_2d98729-1f2a-406f-a3bf-5b29998cc7af menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/whitney-birdwell" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/471221">Whitney Birdwell Ball</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d1ecbd0-6a16-4ccc-ad84-8d770b6829d6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/margaret-brooks" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617217">Margaret Brooks</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fb94f34a-24e3-4bf7-bf05-9368654701de menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/bryn-panee-burkhart" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616707">Bryn Panee Burkhart</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_626c92d-254d-4083-a4e0-9f605502ad84 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/margaret-chan" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477271">Margaret Chan</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b8edddc9-0964-404b-8666-8b61f3b628a4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/ricki-frankel" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378836">Ricki Frankel</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1ba2a0b-e468-495c-ac80-4f89757ad37b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/peter-gandolfo" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617218">Peter Gandolfo</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4a729cf-d879-41a3-a734-7d59ec8085eb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/cindy-w-greig" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378851">Cindy W. Greig</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ef477707-377e-4e4e-9e7f-131929938e9b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/natalie-guillen" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499964">Natalie Guillen</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c778aa1-8ade-4e82-b4e8-ca9f6dccebdc menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/carly-janson" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622213">Carly Janson</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ebcc3736-59a6-4e76-81e6-da93fedeebe6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/sloan-klein" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/387476">Sloan Klein</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0610952-5ae8-4064-83ed-a84d76cb3b35 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/sherri-appel-lassila" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378861">Sherri Appel Lassila</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_23fd526-7b56-4398-9ff1-3040b9786a7d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/agnes-le" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378866">Agnes Le</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c84a7c3d-52a3-42a4-8d2c-f6dd471a3d3e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/stuart-meyer" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501665">Stuart Meyer</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_17a2a78-71d1-4f80-b1d6-7a468e06835d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/tanisha-parrish" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378891">Tanisha Parrish</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_982e178-79c2-4593-940c-f0b20f4b4f9b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/virginia-roberson" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616511">Virginia Roberson</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8a9636f-586e-4995-9bc0-39411bc3ab35 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/philippe-taieb" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477286">Philippe Taieb</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f016a54c-6d48-4078-8e3d-8416ac8c68ab menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/michael-takagawa" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623286">Michael Takagawa</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_19c656e-7dc1-4379-a151-d15da89c6f77 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/terra-winston" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/471216">Terra Winston</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c03bac87-a78c-4847-9a58-abafdc5e47fe menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/johanna-wise" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/445691">Johanna Wise</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a2d586d3-fdfb-432d-9972-0c3dce04877c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/debbie-wolter" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378876">Debbie Wolter</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4a79aaf-dbd9-42a3-8682-88d59d5c0f7e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/jung-yoo" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/495016">Jung Yoo</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_653ca74-73b9-42c8-b2c8-b21e07fab6ff menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/coaches/rebecca-zucker" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378881">Rebecca Zucker</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_78b9016-1255-4547-95be-bfa697584d9c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/coaching/complimentary" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/392706">Complimentary Coaching</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--fdc8528c-1a4a-420b-9f6f-a5ba4cb6ee3c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367496">Career & Life Transitions</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_50dfa9d-8f1e-4c6d-80e0-02a41e4453eb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/new-grads" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/436726">New Grads</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_90d23e1-b036-460e-aec6-12b2aaad9fc2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/changing-careers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383831">Changing Careers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_639bd1c-c153-40ce-91c4-ef3295ab0ee6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/work-life-integration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383836">Work-Life Integration</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0088f3e-f71e-49d5-8a8a-efc3635fe19f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/career-breaks" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369781">Career Breaks</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b20cd58-f9ae-463b-bf3e-10abb0131711 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/flexible-work" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/472026">Flexible Work</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cd26028a-40c2-4ea6-8775-699ef4d046d2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/encore-careers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369771">Encore Careers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d6e8ed93-1b70-4333-b015-2a5370bc052e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/transitions/join-board" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624198">Join a Board</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_dd02b4e-cc92-4a9a-9752-ff8b69cf4d53 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/programs-webinars" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/413756">Programs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d6dc1f7-602e-4612-9931-3446149a318b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/video-library" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369801">Career Video Library</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c40d1948-49d7-418b-9d28-783235aa3d26 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/career-resources/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367511">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_048a1ec-c751-46c1-a9c8-498b7b7808e6 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/442336">Alumni Education</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_b4b04b2-0cb5-4093-ac0f-a2ff7d519e06 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/382181">Research Resources</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_a3d2bca-2155-4280-b22a-b15456ce86df menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367506">Library Databases</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_57588bf-6bc8-40e4-8af2-ab33f9334640 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/db-hoovers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369896">D&B Hoovers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c8b493d-5786-466a-97a2-10e1ad0e1779 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/referenceusa" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369901">Data Axle (ReferenceUSA)</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_08ae750-1a9c-4c1d-8d45-f7d868585c78 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/ebsco-business-source" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369891">EBSCO Business Source</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_690a0d5-cced-462c-a5eb-3032619ca6e3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/global-newsstream" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615990">Global Newsstream</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d7fbcc02-2f56-461b-891e-6b26324a7d0d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/market-share-reporter" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/487766">Market Share Reporter</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0d7d0dc-5460-48f4-a055-80ac32c0e25c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/abi-inform-proquest" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383641">ProQuest One Business</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ca3dba8-d7dd-4401-85d5-37c73421b292 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/education-lifelong-learning/research-resources/library-databases/rkma-market-research" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624872">RKMA Market Research Handbook Series</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2f09a0e-1c7f-4918-aabc-ab737599062f menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367296">Volunteering</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6e52d38-7b3a-499c-abeb-065f0cced832 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/academics-student-life" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367526">Academics & Student Life</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_dc6c32e-0c14-4baa-8bee-9e69e86e4ce1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/academics-student-life/student-clubs" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383416">Student Clubs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a9b78630-b625-44ae-b750-7a887ca9c834 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/academics-student-life/entrepreneurial-students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368661">Entrepreneurial Students</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a2b4af82-2b1d-4e32-a4dc-ca35386256e9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/admissions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367551">Admissions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a453cb0-f385-46fb-994a-ffcbca3828e4 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/advisory-boards" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367536">Advisory Boards</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ea80b34-6da6-45e0-aba3-e2cbafcce80c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/advisory-boards/trust" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617315">Stanford GSB Trust</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0ab003c-f5f6-46d2-a799-4b418ef62180 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/alumni-community" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367521">Alumni Community</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d525a3c-dcf3-4376-860e-ad16d9fa925b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368336">Alumni Consulting Team Volunteers</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ce7a544-8f7a-4fb3-a5d3-a7b9eaf116bf menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369416">Volunteering Opportunities</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_fdc5b1b-1230-4bc3-97d0-25f7e8f9421b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/how-volunteer" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370496">How to Volunteer</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_82fd6cd-1e13-4b50-b356-15dcb827f9f0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/springboard-sessions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621111">Springboard Sessions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ff993db-95c0-4b0a-b9c2-c8d78107eba9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/consulting" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383846">Consulting Projects</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_cc7887b-fba2-47a8-8f07-e03941c4db33 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370601">Volunteers by Class Year</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c0fc48d7-6c31-4f6b-a7fd-57b1aa5a7480 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/2020" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/500634">2020 – 2029</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_b5c71d8-edd2-48ca-93a5-a5fd0139ddd7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/2010-2019" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/382951">2010 – 2019</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7b3956a-990e-4bf1-afbc-d0a31726f391 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/2000-2009" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381626">2000 – 2009</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f7a0b1b4-1261-4215-a80c-a0ac0e1b14da menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/1990-1999" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381486">1990 – 1999</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ba9f630-5ef0-402b-8ea2-eafc6b8654b8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/1980-1989" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381481">1980 – 1989</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_278f44e-9c58-4968-a98f-826a3f9e1b88 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/1970-1979" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381466">1970 – 1979</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a86345df-afa8-4519-87df-0965e994cccf menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/1960-1969" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381451">1960 – 1969</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_dedff94-e0e7-4e72-8daa-ab8ba3902e92 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/1950-1959" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381441">1950 – 1959</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ec719f9d-58f1-43fe-81ad-1682219c7cc7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/opportunities/volunteers/1940-1949" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381431">1940 – 1949</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b910ff68-62cf-4521-b024-9bad9521d2ae menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/projects" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369431">Past Projects</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_46f6d73-87bd-4a57-aecd-876268a14942 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/projects/consulting-project-service-areas" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369471">Service Areas</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1628abb-ab4e-4b1d-a714-8f4124ac8aa2 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/stories-history" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/380446">Stories & History</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_651fe23-e5e9-4403-bfc5-ab9a132059e0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/stories-history/history" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368371">ACT History</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e4c00c0-f4dd-4a47-8358-adf85dc7130d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/stories-history/awards-celebration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369716">ACT Awards Celebration</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c9166fcc-f459-47d8-96f2-2d33af946b75 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369546">Leadership</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_70d0a94-5d7d-42e5-80cf-86ce1e50b2f8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/leadership/governance-structure" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369551">ACT Governance Structure</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fbb71f76-7dcb-43da-ae4f-12fab9e6bdf7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/leadership/building-leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369466">Building Leadership for ACT</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_dc22b03-0e95-4554-8ab1-cdaf8a32c296 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/leadership/individual-positions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369571">Individual Leadership Positions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1f26a76-2dcc-49fe-a655-77b46c4b597e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/leadership/role-overview" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369566">Leadership Role Overview</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f3fcce9-4aed-4339-8023-0e2fe9478727 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/leadership/purpose-management-board" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369556">Purpose of the ACT Management Board</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--a606a754-712d-4511-9e75-5738433cf363 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/act/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/369561">Contact ACT</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2700792-fb21-4202-a902-d8092f57936f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/business-nonprofit-communities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367546">Business & Nonprofit Communities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ff37336-a040-42b9-bc6a-280d0142f29e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/volunteering/reunion-volunteers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367531">Reunion Volunteers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b8baceaf-95c7-44fd-ac6e-2930615e1301 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367291">Giving</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--e85bdcf9-16b8-432d-96b0-20ff5a877b05 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving/impact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367386">Impact of Giving</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ae58d6d-4083-4bf3-bb8f-76e731c70d45 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/impact/why-give" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370336">Why Give</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a7e1d101-f4e4-4f89-b174-5869408ac42c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/impact/ways-give" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/379251">Ways to Give</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c21e3857-ad46-43d6-b2af-912d27c6a716 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving/business-school-fund" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367391">Business School Fund</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--d1218a53-df81-4c39-852a-7181c905a59d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/business-school-fund/2023-24-report" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/425476">Fiscal Year Report</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d7d4be12-9fec-4209-9119-ce72948e9bc8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/business-school-fund/council" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370351">Business School Fund Leadership Council</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fe3146f-1c9c-42e5-8d62-2cd92cfa4f7a menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving/planned-giving" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/430536">Planned Giving</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c9f116c9-406d-4ce9-8cbe-939f9c2b97d2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/planned-giving/options" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435606">Planned Giving Options</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--eb0a681c-916c-459d-870f-6b8a134f7a9a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/planned-giving/benefits" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435626">Planned Giving Benefits</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a3811ff3-21cf-44e2-9cb9-6635c8606b95 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/planned-giving/gifts-reunions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435631">Planned Gifts and Reunions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8e89309-9fbb-4ba5-9951-b7b5dc2e9f6d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/planned-giving/legacy-partners" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435636">Legacy Partners</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_33e2abc-16c4-4055-a80c-1f016ccbf5f7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving/donor-recognition" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378351">Donor Recognition</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_4ac2561-e9da-46ce-b6d2-127fc30d0bab menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/donor-recognition/news-stories" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370341">Giving News & Stories</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_405e8cd-2114-46cf-a9fa-7f0cd519ccf6 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving/how-make-gift" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367401">How to Make a Gift</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ee63f1c-f3e9-4456-976e-844c9ae16d16 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/how-make-gift/deadlines" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370361">Giving Deadlines</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_859dd7e-dab3-4667-8f34-1839ea7eb5fc menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/giving/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367406">Contact the Development Office</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_9b1003b-b5c2-45ab-8f0d-ef04293bd33b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/giving/contact/staff" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370366">Development Staff</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9185bb1-36ae-4aef-95ee-4a936f1ed32b menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367701">Contact</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_58825e1-6a25-4b37-a508-df5b155d7be8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/contact/staff" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367321">Staff Directory</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f0d7b08-51e3-4521-a3d3-2247879619cd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/contact/submit-class-notes" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/384911">Submit Class Notes</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e3f6110-a7ab-41ea-9c9e-38814db29741 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/contact/class-secretaries" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377941">Class Secretaries</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7dde5e4-dacf-497c-9904-1e148cc91bca menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/alumni/contact/alumni-association" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368451">Stanford GSB Alumni Association</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--e3a423d3-7f59-4fac-a6bd-9f1db1044e00 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/contact/alumni-association/membership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367826">Membership</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_83a64bc-1c7b-4d9a-b6a0-f1c407ec0bb0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/alumni/contact/alumni-association/board-directors" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368436">Board of Directors</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ab91529-08b6-4dfe-9743-328e8cbd924c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/insights" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368466">Insights</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_e19a1c7-b046-4a2b-bfbc-3bb1085cb823 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/accounting" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368476">Accounting</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e6a656a1-a74c-4f63-99c1-310579851c21 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/technology-ai" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/418921">Big Data</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--abf4937d-75dd-4fec-b4fb-0bb0a2a0b54a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/career-success" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368481">Career & Success</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_34a49fd-3bc2-482f-80a6-9911d611fb4f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/corporate-governance" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368491">Corporate Governance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e05146e3-7394-4c95-8ddd-34b53f9ef71a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/culture-society" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/622762">Culture & Society</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--efef80ce-7b92-463c-ad3e-24a8d53e2b3e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/economics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368546">Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_80fb595-9f1f-4e57-acdf-c29c051085a7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/entrepreneurship" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368506">Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c9f1d390-ac19-496e-af2e-03d56e8a88d2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/finance-investing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368551">Finance & Investing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_38f90c4-d216-4639-9519-ceb547819eec menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/government-politics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368536">Government</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_46214d2-ddca-47c0-89de-67dd45c5b9a8 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/healthcare" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368516">Health Care</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9e80a63-ef5e-46fb-9601-aeec9fd72831 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/innovation" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/418651">Innovation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d310191-862e-4b9b-aadf-07221f5cbb1a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/leadership-management" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368521">Leadership & Management</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8e68d9f-d027-487f-abb4-6d1ff90d77c6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/marketing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368556">Marketing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b9981dec-4bbc-429b-9083-39417edaac65 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/operations-logistics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/418961">Operations & Logistics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e25f6e9-4d71-475d-a294-2f785ff4930d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/operations-information-technology" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368561">Operations, Information & Technology</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_bac4d49-0925-470d-925c-92f461241577 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/opinion" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621342">Opinion & Analysis</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b20274c3-9d80-4c01-a18a-9ce8c65c1300 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/opportunity-access" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623185">Opportunity & Access</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c919a11-027f-41ba-a02c-52a59984720c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/climate-sustainability" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368501">Sustainability</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8ac12e6-461a-45e8-859c-6e21be460f46 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/class-takeaways" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617260">Class Takeaways</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_948993c-6f18-4309-8bb5-7bf386ddf303 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/subscribe" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368876">Subscribe</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b59ec285-f1a4-40cf-b3cd-571233561cba menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/insights/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/472801">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5e8a71a-02bb-4cff-8576-098befd693eb menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/business-podcasts" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/619844">Stanford Business Podcasts</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_1f510a3-d63e-4cd6-8054-0e4f20716ee7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-podcasts/all-else-equal-making-better-decisions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617159">All Else Equal: Making Better Decisions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7cad942-85b1-4373-a090-a758d6ba618f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-podcasts/if-then" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623620">If/Then: Business, Leadership, Society</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f3ca7836-d1c4-42ee-8e4e-ab86d8e89d78 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-podcasts/grit-growth" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615314">Grit & Growth</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--fb1c7840-9e1a-442e-a409-034c9b32e28d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-podcasts/think-fast-talk-smart-podcast" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/615052">Think Fast, Talk Smart</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_e8d6930-1804-4c1a-b3c6-a501bd3a7e4c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/business-podcasts/view-top-podcast" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/471641">View From The Top</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--c35f7e12-a032-4d4c-9114-5baf99460860 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/magazine" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621378">Stanford Business Magazine</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_9005393-a1d0-4a81-bb11-26a3961ae127 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/magazine/issues" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/491976">All Issues</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_a629cf9-04bc-4f5e-8e3f-5644c9789853 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/spring-2022" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620054">Spring 2022</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_93b53c1-bad8-4d1a-9da6-f47197b1faee menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/spring-2021" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/614453">Spring 2021</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8bb3e87-8712-4ef0-861b-e24ccbfe73de menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/fall-2021" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/617500">Fall 2021</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a657c775-1120-4aa3-849e-32da02e3a9bb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/autumn-2020" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/489746">Autumn 2020</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_385d21f-7c82-45b6-8f88-76d7c380842a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/summer-2020" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/501476">Summer 2020</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3ce30af-0b6a-4221-ab3d-30d2e75394ed menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/winter-2020" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499541">Winter 2020</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_33b1404-cb81-4474-a9ec-3dc7b47a34f7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/shift" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/476541">Shift</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--af0e4cf0-07fe-4811-a316-79a866019fa6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/catalyst" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492191">Catalyst</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3bee0d7-097b-4762-be9c-5859d9449de7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/value" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492121">Value</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8fe083c-02be-4143-977e-7125fd89a430 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/magazine/issues/fall-2023" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624469">Fall 2023</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_d31a980-e3eb-492b-8b44-359e8e0892f7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/newsroom" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300276">Newsroom</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_a1fd066-4722-4c20-921c-b70ce1a9a72c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/newsroom/media" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364076">In the Media</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7dd26e0-7725-4622-b3df-abe075d05d4e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/newsroom/press-kit" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/435516">Press Kit</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ee80e35-ce1e-4d76-811c-98cbf3f6bec6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/newsroom/journalists" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/488101">For Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--ec99a5fb-6b21-42a8-b08f-25cdc1c17207 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/402296">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ab8ff4d9-9669-4603-abec-a8b042bd5432 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/stanford-community" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301366">Stanford Community Resources</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_67f8268-3f66-4758-8fa2-8b44d1d014ae menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376921">Non-GSB Registration</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_20ba542-4720-456f-86bd-cd7e611d6fb2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376921">Home</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cd049181-b03c-4397-9b24-fcc9f7ba50ca menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/students" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376971">Stanford Students</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d745ccd-79c3-4f46-80bc-5962e185ffdd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/students/exam-information" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376951">Exams</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_dddd490-b812-42b3-89b4-c1f8b53624aa menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/students/forms" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376961">Forms</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--f0d56ee1-b009-48d3-9c09-181a4ab8ab34 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/students/gsb-grades" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376941">Grades</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--f3b22932-8bc2-4472-87e2-d00c3df9371a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/dci" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/442896">DCI Fellows</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b0a6e66f-3bb3-4c08-82eb-3959d42bbc04 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/auditing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376956">Other Auditors</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a35157bd-2b3c-49dc-94f9-a24d735cc537 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/calendar-deadlines" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376936">Academic Calendar & Deadlines</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c50a20b-4868-49de-bd88-e87eedb88aa6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/attendance" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376926">Attendance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c6b2f663-2e06-4d24-8aa6-e5dd8391a03c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/course-materials" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376946">Course Materials</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cfdafed2-8791-4225-81b1-896a0c1d3b58 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/non-gsb-registration/frequently-asked-questions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376966">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a411d87-0c37-48eb-9a56-f27e2d4c371d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/entrepreneurship" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/393061">Entrepreneurial Resources</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ef8af9fc-19ef-4d97-8f60-413c3bbd0693 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301601">Plan an Event</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_b45c9bc-b079-449c-9418-889c504ad5fa menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venue-details" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301606">Venues</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_66ddbc2-ea13-4acb-b00e-5181e230c01c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/campus-drive-grove" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/473046">Campus Drive Grove</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_796381e-e6d3-4f64-9732-216e47a17ab3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/campus-drive-lawn" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/473051">Campus Drive Lawn</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--a32ef29d-56eb-4aaa-9206-5f7832d5d24e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venue-details/cemex-auditorium" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/459321">CEMEX Auditorium</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c149fddf-7ae1-41bf-9540-d4f3febbd7cb menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/king-community-court" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/472976">King Community Court</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ad130af-995a-4ef3-a5ff-f7a6956d0172 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/seawell-family-boardroom" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/460406">Seawell Family Boardroom</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_5227fb7-13c2-4abb-bc6c-a1089cbe844f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/stanford-gsb-bowl" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/473041">Stanford GSB Bowl</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--be30f81d-65a9-430b-8a9d-2f8095e9b12a menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/gsb-common" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/460921">Stanford Investors Common</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d206908d-67eb-4fa0-8902-c3ef29b6d4ce menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/town-square" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/472876">Town Square</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_51bfbae-7df7-46cd-9eac-4d512eeec09e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/vidalakis-courtyard" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/473056">Vidalakis Courtyard</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e45fe4cc-3f6b-4341-8074-93cab34e5ef6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/venues/vidalakis-dining-hall" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/460931">Vidalakis Dining Hall</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_7dff53c-d72a-4029-9038-9fad4f713fc2 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/catering-services" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301616">Catering Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d04c43c5-3bcb-46f2-b2cb-ceafd96edaf7 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/policies-guidelines" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301621">Policies & Guidelines</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_0793e04-c646-439e-a8b5-36d5c5d3d64d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/stanford-community/plan-event/reservations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381701">Reservations</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2d8f9b3-1890-4b2c-a7db-137252ab53ee menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/jobs" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301571">Jobs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_b6a55d3-fef5-4713-b171-fc30a162306c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301576">Faculty Recruiting</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--f3b80895-904d-4b45-a996-8d3f791da5a0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/accounting" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307771">Accounting</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cf503903-0c7a-4c0f-8bc8-d1657f861259 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/economics" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307776">Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--afa7ddab-1610-4f82-9e98-8c1e06649330 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/finance" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307781">Finance</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1f2ff39-a522-4a29-8643-596dc51f3719 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/marketing" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307786">Marketing</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4115b09-cc4f-4b56-8406-673c459d8fab menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/operations-information-technology" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307796">Operations, Information & Technology</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b8c82b70-0811-453d-87fc-1b4bc57a0855 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/organizational-behavior" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307791">Organizational Behavior</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--dc908b5f-b163-42f5-ab43-8e5f6b91d65f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/political-economy" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307801">Political Economy</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--bc116612-49b9-40b7-9c00-b59d153625d5 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/faculty-recruiting/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/307806">Contact Faculty Recruiting</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--e2899b0e-2552-4637-9abc-cc72c560987b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/lecturer-positions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/623211">Lecturer Positions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cebd931c-8e48-47f7-9461-3c7aa4fd36c6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/jobs/postdoctoral-positions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/616318">Postdoctoral Positions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_9c57e95-5dcc-4086-8706-43195fc1042f menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/visit" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301551">Visit Us</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6fcc491-a4f5-4068-b4bc-2d62da5fec9e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/visit/dining" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301061">Dining</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1951235-b4b7-4ad2-91b5-b09b67a12bde menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/visit/accommodations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301561">Accommodations</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_a9319ad-201a-482c-8507-e4a407248812 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/contact" class="overview-link-mobile-only" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301581">Contact Us</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_f2a89b8-292b-4073-8d68-b3aef5e85276 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/contact/stay-touch" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/469876">Stay in Touch</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--ad2810c7-befb-403f-aec8-462fd5608920 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/contact/follow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368601">Follow Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_502103a-b939-4e37-8465-b499e486fc09 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364421">Companies, Organizations, & Recruiters</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_6470a4f-1c8a-4d6e-b459-896b0075b288 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/recruit" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/364426">Recruit Stanford GSB Talent</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--c1e04d96-5211-4cb7-9502-4c2a32f44587 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/post-jobs-internships" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368036">Post Jobs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_60f59ab-200a-4493-a8d1-cec59029af88 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/interviews" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368066">Interview Candidates</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--baff556f-4187-4a42-9e82-274db74519f9 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/interviews/cmc-managed" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368071">CMC-Managed Interviews</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_92a6abc-2834-4473-8aa4-566290715685 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/interviews/recruiter-managed" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/496496">Recruiter-Managed Interviews</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_4a846da-fbb0-4c9c-a21b-9325000dc099 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/interviews/virtual" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/386286">Virtual Interviews</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--b3360f2a-8467-4b15-8aba-b663d1670f0c menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/events" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368046">Host Events</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--ba295352-85d3-4920-abea-d95b643578f3 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/events/campus" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368051">Campus & Virtual</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ac1ad39-78f3-4f3e-a7ba-fd91741e2b74 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/events/off-campus" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/496506">Off-Campus</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_ae65658-ac56-4331-88ac-5ecf033d0e93 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/search-candidates" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368041">Search for Candidates</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_aa2ff72-8680-4f36-aa50-f6bdef1d63a7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367921">Strategies & Resources</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_08cddfc-b325-4376-b853-62fb4cdca5bd menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/think-globally" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370036">Think Globally</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--be1eee99-b731-4538-8eeb-eae818273054 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/calendar" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368031">Recruiting Calendar</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_f9229d8-e625-4aaf-8380-cf341eebfa02 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/policies" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368076">Recruiting Policies</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_63e2915-1b67-431d-a340-26b6f8e38d36 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/employment-reports" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367946">Employment Reports</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_26ec014-6a16-444d-a8e4-070a589bc2b0 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/employment-reports/full-time" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620367">Full-Time Employment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--e261df98-4453-4fb8-ab48-53efb4fe403d menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/employment-reports/entrepreneurship" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620368">Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--c06f19ce-ed73-4fac-836f-226b2345904c menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/strategies-resources/employment-reports/summer" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/620369">Summer Employment</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_c2504d4-7fd6-4631-b455-531eee691a8b menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/recruit/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367951">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--d90cfce6-1a6e-4126-a8d0-e4854582f466 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367956">Leverage Stanford GSB Expertise</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_ccae65a-5afa-437c-ae8c-94f30766f8da menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/internships-experiential-learning" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367976">Internships & Experiential Programs</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--a9036b0c-41d4-48e9-82c4-1743dade3a04 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/internships-experiential-learning/entrepreneurial-summer-internship" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/388616">Entrepreneurial Summer Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_6bac5dd-a826-4d8d-89db-393f723250c4 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/internships-experiential-learning/gmix" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/377206">Global Management Immersion Experience</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_38568c7-1992-47b4-ae36-08dac18adeab menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/internships-experiential-learning/social-purpose-summer-internships" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/389701">Social-Purpose Summer Internships</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--e23187ca-b7ed-47ac-9bb1-b5b0ca22d3c7 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368001">Alumni Consulting Team for Nonprofits</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_4d5e4ef-f78d-456d-bc82-53958a36cafe menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/services" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368381">Consulting Projects</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_1159095-7716-4e6c-9b5d-04b09ea6de9e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/springboard-sessions" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/621112">Springboard Sessions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_8229c37-e2bb-4d83-beeb-f1b128d37883 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/clients" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368396">Clients</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--cf121d9c-a1cc-4b21-8442-7608da6e57d0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/working" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368896">Working with ACT</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--_d9f5576-9327-4aaa-9e2b-5e8976e87990 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/working/process" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368376">Process Overview</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_11f6f79-0708-41cc-bbf3-38ce94364a82 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/working/project-types" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/383531">Project Types</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--d7e7b36e-ce87-409c-93cb-52aa21e7646e menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/working/client-eligibility-criteria" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368386">Client Eligibility Criteria</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_afd0c8a-a896-4efa-bae4-6f2872ca21e6 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/working/client-screening" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368391">Client Screening</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--b148b3b4-0e0a-4b02-bd10-77508741b65f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/working/application-process" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368401">Application Process</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--_3cf9ea5-eff3-4b37-b2dd-a74c98552af0 menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/contact" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368891">Contact ACT</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--cac6df99-1bec-49b8-bf0f-6cd4e77a9346 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/act-nonprofits/contact/leadership" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368356">ACT Leadership</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--d2c2bf37-a41b-4972-bbf3-6a8ab4b1ca76 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/leverage-gsb/social-innovation-nonprofit-management-resources" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/391961">Social Innovation & Nonprofit Management Resources</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--fb34b494-2e23-47cb-82ca-da901c309d5f menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/develop-talent" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367961">Develop Your Organization’s Talent</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_fcb580b-acb0-4eff-abcd-41ab375d889e menu-name--main menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/organizations/invest" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/367966">Invest in Stanford GSB</a> <ul> <li class="menu-item--b0ab01db-16b7-4f48-88b1-8fc3501f5957 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/invest/centers-initiatives" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368836">Centers & Initiatives</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--_2fd82e1-9514-4773-a7c8-ef324f810db1 menu-name--main menu-item"> <a href="/organizations/invest/student-fellowships" title="NULL" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/368861">Student Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div></div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_YzTc1IKfSNeX7Ph7mp30Sa-DiTPav3cuYbKkhng_XbA.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_7CYIDKjLaIs8VjaJtgyYgZFkYZ3OW9BKFiDUJngXL3Q.js?scope=footer&delta=1&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_VmA7VdhS80eGF9kvyvi_5ABGa-u3hEZDzIxptS5iGNc.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_38u3YxijgakDEj0FQPIb5dmJydpACdqfFrReDtJ8-oU.js?scope=footer&delta=3&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_JjvhsJFRTbtIBaTrKER788x7GErPwTDBGKhr7Lbwbhg.js?scope=footer&delta=4&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" async></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_P_X35Afc5gPByfWA4HvwLR1ziMiL1Gn6EAPALyfzuyk.js?scope=footer&delta=6&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_AB0a4V9E71T4f0GG0If99caHTvYkxL-nukv_CWmDC2I.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_fCpNxpEmvlDA6UdEZonPN15067WTbLSkDjf-eg6qUZQ.js?scope=footer&delta=8&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_HKeNrAhyFLCZi0U7WniJ9QEm8NJyaNkoNLtcXT5aXzQ.js?scope=footer&delta=9&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_kak60MlyLq1zzYDmeTdmSBryRN2u6Po0h7jq-KyZgcY.js?scope=footer&delta=10&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_NCmMYUC9ucgGYeNTSHOXUqR3n6sSXZwZ_HfbDsduJcI.js?scope=footer&delta=11&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_5yBVC9VSD92VUw86RKZhnmT8sGlmCFzmAy1uZkcxLZU.js?scope=footer&delta=12&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_d1yVsH2aexQ1C8WXQT3SjlPTEzKbX5nmtT0dxUAm_3Q.js?scope=footer&delta=13&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_4-J220edcKeLtKaOqUVb6A3qHPxhqpC2EQyA8d72eTg.js?scope=footer&delta=14&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_s6ih8xbG2S-ohmc_95mkrxkz1pk9UtaNI3T7GELGj4M.js?scope=footer&delta=15&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_suvecXwAT2dE7wH2oKeasVg-JnBUTSaCB-8A0kUIx_4.js?scope=footer&delta=16&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_7vsctNv9gyFz-6ExslfVWdBJ5UHQ7b_rGy4P6M6sRDA.js?scope=footer&delta=17&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_aGYLIsuZJS-SqCF7e7pnr2BRKNDiEK6Pm9RHKEhqRkI.js?scope=footer&delta=18&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_NFtWIbgUhGGD0TgDq-R7UV2EY79X10NZQCQgOOHioME.js?scope=footer&delta=19&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_UKpFw7LvytFTjXUpbD0ThNle0brT6w5L3iiYcf7TVHM.js?scope=footer&delta=20&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_3gqbFgh721KnVLZZVQduajJqXfu2qBzTR54zKhXxDpI.js?scope=footer&delta=21&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XwxFpw9YhKRq2gB_HVCxBaWH40M4IPftt4q4ZLoLg7U.js?scope=footer&delta=22&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="https://assetscdn.stackla.com/media/js/widget/fluid-embed.js" pre-fetch pre-connect async></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_ujg7V-YrRTFe0kFE1kY75qYGKLMxWB313hn603xIkFs.js?scope=footer&delta=24&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_hEPeVGWBvZIaA5AbWGlHjINv-p7oUGZ9r-gSg5sqqQM.js?scope=footer&delta=25&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_YoG8VcI4cG8225B_1KSppGfbccKwz_f3vu5v1rYiyaI.js?scope=footer&delta=26&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/wicg-inert@3.0.0/src/inert.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_eKXSKfpVvBzAczvzmG3dwnClR28MJvXiAgXW_OHFq-Q.js?scope=footer&delta=28&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Xrr1_U_bVOIoniWspENhZ7kiv5r1viKkefEQaopmjAw.js?scope=footer&delta=29&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_knJQmnBiZBVastSkafvotS8Pv31Sd9TmGWeipn5iUIw.js?scope=footer&delta=30&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_-2y2tYxKcyv_hnsTcSvWFduCs9XmodC0SHgfKzDE_iw.js?scope=footer&delta=31&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XmbM3Lv9nYkhUxgQc23ll8XbNgKzVcN1wtxv0F1helw.js?scope=footer&delta=32&language=en&theme=gsb&include=eJyFVIuyoyAM_aFSP8kJEJU2EjZAu96v3yDttfex0xlHyUly8hTBnDjmcMNxxVgH-SqfrSBcE4dYTvLGNDFtUyDKby1z2SjE-a3d2t5vrSxzyUUgncD7whC34Xk4T8KauWPBwUtNQGePlmt0-AWEGDsIfg0xNLYSOA53tGm8AQW_y6c522FSRrhj5hVNEu48lz8VZetnbkQW3HUsrE8aXs7jJf9XVfBvOWkgINhQBosL3AJLPhF8bEN7vcY672EyErqW2pgXEPX6BMwO-FPecsFVA2Xc05-JLZAWeoN5Hlf2wyWPExC1VL7BHieU3as12qgIlcoB1BIolM0QzkpZtsSzhGkbPk8_TR2vCdwvHK619aGYdKIaOIHArHNd8nNOB3KuMVVLIS9aY_PRDgZnHEgXE5jshIlM4R1oGmPBz70NuhiroWAFZHs6rOgD7Ilg7Ik8zmYWrkk1xPIT35GsyV8Jurb074N-_Mx6RyN7XZyWuzuW6kU-amgLYYl1LE1qf6J3Ulfb5yihWy0s4aM1j0zUhZkP0hfNQbM3PaNW4J-l34ObTYgoveiMIG7Rrdu4ltHWQF4XqyyC6kVj7vv1Y4IHsOo6GLeo36NZVNdoOt-T1ofs-KZ7rL9Lo_0ebuIqv0bbyZOE9Zm99jj6dpvszYWbhT6j45ow-zXSMCAt8h-RGeyA" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-854fb4a20c94c27cca4","applicationID":"225730857","transactionName":"Y1YBZBBXWEAAVhAIXlocIlMWX1ldTnEWFEFVXz9eDVJTbyJaChVDW18PVRBqeFwFUDIIVENwDF4WRFlfDVAWTA9CWgZH","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":4201,"atts":"TxECElhNS04=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>