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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Présentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Présentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Présentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Présentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">F Sharp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 31 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="إف شارب (لغة برمجة) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إف شارب (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Sharp" title="F-Sharp – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="F-Sharp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="F Sharp (programming language)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="اف شارپ – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اف شارپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_sharp" title="F sharp – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="F sharp" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_sharp" title="F sharp – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="F sharp" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(programifo-linguo)" title="F Sharp (programifo-linguo) – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="F Sharp (programifo-linguo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_%EC%83%A4%ED%94%84" title="F 샤프 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="F 샤프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="എഫ് ഷാർപ്പ് (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഫ് ഷാർപ്പ് (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)" title="F Sharp (bahasa pengaturcaraan) – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="F Sharp (bahasa pengaturcaraan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B" title="ภาษาเอฟชาร์ป – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเอฟชาร์ป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E2%99%AF" title="F♯ – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="F♯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E2%99%AF" title="F♯ – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="F♯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q648619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/F" class="mw-disambig" title="F">F</a>. </p> </div></div> <div><div id="RealTitleBanner" class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Icon_falscher_Titel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Icon_falscher_Titel.svg/45px-Icon_falscher_Titel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Icon_falscher_Titel.svg/68px-Icon_falscher_Titel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Icon_falscher_Titel.svg/90px-Icon_falscher_Titel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="176" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Titre correct : « <span id="RealTitle">F#</span> ».</strong> </p><p>En raison de limitations techniques, la typographie souhaitable du titre n’a pu être restituée correctement. </p> </div></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete informatique" style="background-color:#33B7DD;color:black;"><span style="color: #fff;">F#</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r188801372">.mw-parser-output .entete.informatique{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Picto-infoboxinfo.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fsharp_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fsharp_logo.png/131px-Fsharp_logo.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fsharp_logo.png/197px-Fsharp_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fsharp_logo.png/262px-Fsharp_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; color:inherit; background-color:#33B7DD;" /></td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Date de première version </th> <td>2002 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Paradigme_(programmation)" title="Paradigme (programmation)">Paradigme</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Programmation_fonctionnelle" title="Programmation fonctionnelle">Fonctionnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programmation_imp%C3%A9rative" title="Programmation impérative">impératif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_objet" title="Programmation orientée objet">orienté objet</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Auteur </th> <td>Don Syme, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Développeur </th> <td><a href="/wiki/F#_Software_Foundation" class="mw-disambig" title="F">F# Software Foundation</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Version_d%27un_logiciel" title="Version d'un logiciel">Dernière version</a> </th> <td>8.0 (14 novembre 2023) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Typage </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Typage_statique" title="Typage statique">Statique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typage_fort" title="Typage fort">fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_nominatif_de_types" title="Système nominatif de types">nominatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inf%C3%A9rence_de_types" title="Inférence de types">inféré</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Influencé par </th> <td><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp" title="C Sharp">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Implémentations </th> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mono_(informatique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono (informatique)">Mono</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Licence_de_logiciel" title="Licence de logiciel">Licence</a> </th> <td><span class="wd_p275"><a href="/wiki/Licence_Apache" title="Licence Apache">Licence Apache</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648619?uselang=fr#P275" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Site_web" title="Site web">Site web</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/">fsharp.org</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Extension_de_nom_de_fichier" title="Extension de nom de fichier">Extension de fichier</a> </th> <td><span class="wd_p1195">fs, fsi, fsx et fsscript<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648619?uselang=fr#P1195" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #33B7DD solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langage_de_programmation" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>F#</b> est un <a href="/wiki/Langage_de_programmation" title="Langage de programmation">langage de programmation</a> <a href="/wiki/Programmation_fonctionnelle" title="Programmation fonctionnelle">fonctionnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programmation_imp%C3%A9rative" title="Programmation impérative">impératif</a> et <a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_objet" title="Programmation orientée objet">orienté objet</a> pour la plate-forme <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_.NET" title="Microsoft .NET">.NET</a>. F# est développé par <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> et son noyau est dérivé du langage <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, avec lequel il est fortement compatible. Ces deux langages de programmation font partie de la même famille que les <a href="/wiki/ML_(langage)" title="ML (langage)">langages ML</a>. </p><p>Ce langage a été conçu spécifiquement pour la plate-forme <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_.NET" title="Microsoft .NET">.NET</a>, donc fortement orienté-objet. Depuis novembre 2010, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> a mis à la disposition de tous les bibliothèques <i>core</i> et son compilateur F#, sous la <a href="/wiki/Licence_Apache" title="Licence Apache">licence Apache</a> 2<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Présentation"><span id="Pr.C3.A9sentation"></span>Présentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Présentation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Présentation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>F# est un langage fortement typé utilisant l'<a href="/wiki/Inf%C3%A9rence_de_types" title="Inférence de types">inférence de types</a>. Ce mécanisme délègue le typage des variables et des fonctions au compilateur. Néanmoins, le langage permet au développeur d'indiquer explicitement le type à la déclaration. Intégré à l'écosystème .NET, F# supporte les types primitifs de la plate-forme ainsi que ses objets. De plus il étend le système de types et permet de faire la distinction entre les types dits immuables et ceux dits modifiables. Les objets sont considérés comme des types modifiables (en place), et sont utilisés pour la mise en place du modèle de programmation objet au sein du langage. Les types immuables sont utilisés principalement lorsque l'on programme de manière fonctionnelle ; la modification d'un type immuable crée une nouvelle instance sans pour autant écraser l'ancienne. </p><p>Comme la plupart des langages dérivés de <a href="/wiki/ML_(langage)" title="ML (langage)">ML</a>, F# utilise par défaut le mécanisme de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89valuation_stricte" title="Évaluation stricte">évaluation stricte</a>. Cependant il peut, à l'instar de <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, mettre en œuvre l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89valuation_paresseuse" title="Évaluation paresseuse">évaluation paresseuse</a> des expressions grâce à l'utilisation du mot-clé <code>lazy</code>. Pour la programmation fonctionnelle, il fournit plusieurs constructions et un ensemble de types immuables : les n-uplets, des enregistrements, des types sommes et des listes<sup id="cite_ref-presentation_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presentation-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Un <b>n-uplet</b> représente une collection de n valeurs, n ≥ 0. La valeur de n correspond à l'arité du n-uplet. Le type unit représente le n-uplet vide et dont l'unique valeur possible est (). Ce type est utilisé pour typer des fonctions qui ne prennent pas en entrée de valeur et/ou n'en renvoient pas. Le 3-uplet (ou triplet) est représenté par <code>(A, B, C)</code>, où A, B, et C peuvent être de n'importe quel type. Un n-uplet peut être utilisé pour stocker des valeurs uniquement lorsque le nombre de valeurs est connu au moment du codage et reste constant tout au long de l'exécution. </p><p>Un <b>enregistrement</b> est une version spécialisée des n-uplets où les champs sont nommés, comme dans <span class="nowrap"><code>{ Nom:string; Age:int }</code></span>. Les enregistrements peuvent être créés de la façon suivante : <code>{ Nom="Toto"; Age=1 }</code>. Le mot-clé <code>with</code> est utilisé pour créer une copie de l'enregistrement : <code>{ r with Nom="CD" }</code> crée un nouvel enregistrement à partir d'un précédent enregistrement nommé r et dont il change la valeur du champ Nom. </p><p>Le <b>type liste</b> est une liste chainée qui peut se représenter soit à l'aide de la notation <code>head::tail</code> (composé à l'aide de l'opérateur <code>::</code>, l'équivalent de l'opérateur cons des langages <a href="/wiki/Lisp" title="Lisp">Lisp</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scheme" title="Scheme">Scheme</a>), soit dans une notation abrégée : <code>[item1; item2; item3]</code>. Une liste vide est notée <code>[]</code>. </p><p>La dernière sorte de <a href="/wiki/Type_alg%C3%A9brique_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Type algébrique de données">type algébrique de données</a>, les <b>types sommes</b> (qui sont, fonctionnellement, des équivalents typés des unions du langage C) peuvent être définis comme une somme de n'importe lequel des types immuables évoqués précédemment. Par exemple, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">type</span> <span class="nc">A</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nc">ConstructorX</span> <span class="k">of</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nc">ConstructorY</span> <span class="k">of</span> <span class="kt">int</span> </pre></div> <p>peut contenir des valeurs instanciées soit par <code>ConstructorX</code> soit par <code>ConstructorY</code>. Le type des valeurs retournées par les constructeurs peut lui aussi être défini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voici le traditionnel <a href="/wiki/Hello_world" title="Hello world">hello world</a> : </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c">(* Ceci est un commentaire *)</span> <span class="n">printfn</span> <span class="s2">"Hello World!"</span> </pre></div> <p>Cet autre exemple traditionnel chez les langages fonctionnels a pour objectif de montrer la concision que l'on peut obtenir avec ce type de langages : </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">let</span> <span class="k">rec</span> <span class="n">factorielle</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">match</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">_</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">factorielle</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">)</span> </pre></div> <p>Cette variante, avec un accumulateur, met en œuvre la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9cursion_terminale" title="Récursion terminale">récursion terminale</a>, une optimisation commune parmi les langages fonctionnels : </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">factorielle</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">let</span> <span class="k">rec</span> <span class="n">factorielle_recursive</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="n">accu</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">match</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">accu</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">_</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">factorielle_recursive</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">accu</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="n">factorielle_recursive</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="mi">1</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="C sharp">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.net">Microsoft F# developer center (en)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="CisterninoGraniczSyme2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Antonio_CisterninoAdam_GraniczDon_Syme2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Antonio <span class="nom_auteur">Cisternino</span>, Adam <span class="nom_auteur">Granicz</span> et Don <span class="nom_auteur">Syme</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Expert F# 3.0</cite>, Apress, <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 638 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4302-4650-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4302-4650-3"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4302-4650-3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expert+F%23+3.0&rft.pub=Apress&rft.edition=3&rft.aulast=Cisternino&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Granicz%2C+Adam&rft.au=Syme%2C+Don&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=638&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-4650-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pickering2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Pickering2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert <span class="nom_auteur">Pickering</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Foundations of F#</cite>, Apress, <time>2007</time>, 360 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-59059-757-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-59059-757-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-59059-757-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+F%23&rft.pub=Apress&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=360&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-757-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Harrop2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jon_Harrop2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jon <span class="nom_auteur">Harrop</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="préface">préf.</abbr> Don Syme), <cite class="italique" lang="en">F# for scientists</cite>, Wiley-Interscience, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08" data-sort-value="2008-08">août 2008</time>, 368 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-470-24211-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-470-24211-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-470-24211-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%23+for+scientists&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.aulast=Harrop&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.date=2008-08&rft.tpages=368&rft.isbn=978-0-470-24211-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="PetricekSkeet2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tomas_PetricekJon_Skeet2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tomas <span class="nom_auteur">Petricek</span> et Jon <span class="nom_auteur">Skeet</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="préface">préf.</abbr> Mads Torgersen), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Functional Programming for the Real World : With Examples in F# and C#</cite>, Manning Publications, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-12" data-sort-value="2009-12">décembre 2009</time>, 529 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-933988-92-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-933988-92-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-933988-92-4</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Programming+for+the+Real+World&rft.pub=Manning+Publications&rft.stitle=With+Examples+in+F%23+and+C%23&rft.aulast=Petricek&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft.au=Skeet%2C+Jon&rft.date=2009-12&rft.tpages=529&rft.isbn=978-1-933988-92-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Smith2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chris_Smith2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Chris <span class="nom_auteur">Smith</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Programming F# : A comprehensive guide for writing simple code to solve complex problems</cite>, <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-10" data-sort-value="2012-10">octobre 2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 471 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4493-2029-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4493-2029-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4493-2029-4</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+F%23&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.edition=2&rft.stitle=A+comprehensive+guide+for+writing+simple+code+to+solve+complex+problems&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.date=2012-10&rft.tpages=471&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-2029-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="NewardEricksonCrowellMinerich2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ted_NewardAaron_EricksonTalbott_CrowellRick_Minerich2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ted <span class="nom_auteur">Neward</span>, Aaron <span class="nom_auteur">Erickson</span>, Talbott <span class="nom_auteur">Crowell</span> et Rick <span class="nom_auteur">Minerich</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Professional F# 2.0</cite>, Wrox, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11" data-sort-value="2010-11">novembre 2010</time>, 432 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-470-52801-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-470-52801-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-470-52801-3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+F%23+2.0&rft.pub=Wrox&rft.aulast=Neward&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Crowell%2C+Talbott&rft.au=Minerich%2C+Rick&rft.date=2010-11&rft.tpages=432&rft.isbn=978-0-470-52801-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-b7795cdbe1c986c396615d64dda8a870f8c35d4c-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-b7795cdbe1c986c396615d64dda8a870f8c35d4c_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp/releases/tag/v12.9.100-beta.24522.2"><cite style="font-style:normal;">https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp/releases/tag/v12.9.100-beta.24522.2</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-25a428fc57c2106b72dc7aa98ce82d89cc4d922b-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-25a428fc57c2106b72dc7aa98ce82d89cc4d922b_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/nullable-reference-types-in-fsharp-9/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/nullable-reference-types-in-fsharp-9/</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-a60e1e866c9370bc658545a486931dd90fe3dba9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-a60e1e866c9370bc658545a486931dd90fe3dba9_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/whats-new/fsharp-9"><cite style="font-style:normal;">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/whats-new/fsharp-9</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> David Civera, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presence-pc.com/actualite/F-41269/">« Le langage F# devient open source »</a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">tom's HARDWARE</span>, 8 novembre 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-presentation-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-presentation_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tomasp.net/articles/fsharp-i-introduction/article.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en"><i>F# Language Overview</i></cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12-14" data-sort-value="2007-12-14">14 décembre 2007</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div><p><br /></p><div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langages_de_programmation" title="Modèle:Palette Langages de programmation"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langages_de_programmation&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Langage_de_programmation" title="Langage de programmation">Langages de programmation</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_concurrente" title="Programmation concurrente">Concurrents</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(langage)" title="Ada (langage)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(langage)" title="Erlang (langage)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(langage)" title="Go (langage)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_d%C3%A9clarative" title="Programmation déclarative">Déclaratifs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clips_(langage)" title="Clips (langage)">Clips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(langage)" title="Mercury (langage)">Mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_fonctionnelle" title="Programmation fonctionnelle">Fonctionnels</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(langage)" title="Erlang (langage)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallina" title="Gallina">Gallina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp" title="Lisp">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(langage)" title="ML (langage)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_(logiciel)" title="Opa (logiciel)">Opa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme" title="Scheme">Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_imp%C3%A9rative" title="Programmation impérative">Impératifs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algol_(langage)" title="Algol (langage)">Algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(langage)" title="APL (langage)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembleur" title="Assembleur">Assembleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(langage)" title="Basic (langage)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(langage)" title="C (langage)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobol" title="Cobol">Cobol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOPE_(langage)" title="DOPE (langage)">DOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(langage)" title="Forth (langage)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" 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