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clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Venezuela</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Venezuela.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/195px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/293px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/390px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>28,705,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>42,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,542 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>73.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.711 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>79 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Venezuela</b> is a <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> country plunged into turmoil because of their inefficient economic system and years of <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> It borders a few other countries, namely <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" class="extiw" title="wp:Guyana" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Guyana">Guyana</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (with whom it has an unresolved border dispute; more on that below). It also shares maritime boundaries with a few Caribbean island nations to the north. </p><p>It can be hard to get reliable news from Venezuela thanks to their <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" title="TeleSUR">state-sponsored</a> media. Furthermore, Venezuela is a "communist" country, and is thus unpopular among Latin expats. </p><p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Chavez">Chávez's</a> policies, Venezuela reached a 98% literacy rate, which is slightly above the average of Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Life expectancy is one of the lowest of the continent, along with the poorest countries in the region, like <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> and, despite official propaganda, the country is also the third most violent in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> When oil prices started to fall in around 2014, the Venezuelan economy began a serious decline, with inflation rates over 100,000%<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>, a GDP drop of 75%<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> and three in four living in extreme poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> According to apologists, this happened because the price of oil tanked. However, other countries that rely so much on this single commodity didn't face such a serious crisis since 2013 (though this could also be because many of those countries aren't subject to the same levels of international isolation or US sanctions, or any at all;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> see <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, for example). </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Officially_recognized_Monopoly_money"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Officially recognized Monopoly money</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#I_drink_your_milkshake"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">I drink your milkshake</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Venezuela.27s_Falklands"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Venezuela's Falklands</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div> <p>Venezuela is a huge exporter of petroleum. The Venezuelan government owns the oil company, PDVSA, which in turn owns Citgo.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> When you buy gas from Citgo, you're filling up on <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>! (Though since 2019 due to U.S. sanctions, PDVSA does not economically benefit from Citgo.) However, since the alternatives though are the likes of ExxonMobil, BPAmocoArco, ConocoPhillips, MarathonAshland, UltramarDiamondShamrock, FinaTotal, and ChevronTexaco, maybe Citgo is not too awful a choice. </p><p>Venezuela is quickly running out of money and it's unlikely that the oil prices will ever go back up. At the same time, inflation is growing rapidly (70% a year), though the government forcibly says that 10 Bolívares Fuertes (their currency) is equal to $1 USD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>They basically have no options left, since their entire economy depends on oil. Pretty bad timing since their old refineries and tankers are breaking down, and they can't afford to maintain them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> They can't diversify (despite Chávez's big talk)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> since they lack the facilities to refine their own crude, let alone manufacture it into oil-based products.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Worse yet, Venezuela's exports have become even <i>more</i> dependent on oil under Chávez than they were before and what little agriculture there was before is now so definitely wrecked, that Venezuela is a net importer (sometimes of nearly 100%) in most basic foodstuffs. The millions spent on diesel and natural gas power plants have curiously gone missing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Unless oil somehow bounces back up to over $100, and the whole world forgets fracking exists,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Venezuela is headed down. </p><p>Venezuela is what happens when people elect <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">charming incompetents</a> who then refuse to leave when asked. In fact, their Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">denies the very concept of inflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> And their Environmental Minister denies that zoo animals dying is related to food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> They're like Wile E. Coyote having run off the edge of a cliff. As soon as they admit to the facts, everything will start falling so it's better to just believe the lie. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Officially_recognized_Monopoly_money">Officially recognized Monopoly money</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Officially recognized Monopoly money">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Through the regulated institutions, you can only get 10 bolívar per dollar,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> but on the black market it's more like <s>4,000</s> <s>40,000</s> 800,000. Thus people will pay with USD, or exchange via the black market.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>At the same time the government is mismanaging the economy (for ideological reasons), the exchange rate is being used as a money-laundering scheme for drug traffickers<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> and the nation's elites.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The government gets money by selling oil. They turn around and give the money to importers in exchange for Bolívares. The importers were supposed to take that money and import goods, but instead, they pocketed no less than $122 Billion of it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> That's just what we know of; we don't know where the rest went.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p><p>Now, let's say you're an importer of medicine. You go to the government<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> and say you want to import antibiotics at $1USD per unit. The government agrees and gives you $100,000USD in exchange for anywhere between 400,000 and 1,000,000 bolívares. That's great, except you're actually buying the antibiotics for $0.10 per unit. So you only spend $10,000 on antibiotics but tell the government that you spent it all. The other $90,000 is offloaded on the black market at 2000 bolívares per dollar or more. Rinse and repeat. Congratulations, you now have zillions of bolívares <s>fuentes</s> soberanos<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> and have helped contribute to the hyperinflation of Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="I_drink_your_milkshake">I drink your milkshake</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: I drink your milkshake">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The army has shown that, if they feel like it, they'll "expropriate" private property.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Now, while it can seem revolutionary and fun,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> the downside is that nobody is going to invest any serious amount of money in a new industry, because they can't be certain the government won't hoover it up.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id="Venezuela's_Falklands"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Venezuela.27s_Falklands">Venezuela's Falklands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Venezuela's Falklands">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Just as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> claims the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> as theirs, Venezuela also claims two thirds of neighbouring country to the east Guyana, what Venezuela calls Guayana Esequiba (after the Esequibo River, whose basin lies largely there).<sup id="cite_ref-Esequiba_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esequiba-38">[38]</a></sup> </p><p>Of course, just like in Argentina, the Venezuelan government waves the Guayana Esequiba flag whenever there's a problem at home so that they can distract the people.<sup id="cite_ref-Esequiba_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esequiba-38">[38]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOliveros2020" class="citation web cs1">Oliveros, Luis (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wola.org/2020/10/new-report-us-sanctions-aggravated-venezuelas-economic-crisis/">"New Report Documents How U.S. Sanctions Have Directly Aggravated Venezuela's Economic Crisis"</a>. <i>WOLA.org</i>. Washington Office on Latin America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WOLA.org&rft.atitle=New+Report+Documents+How+U.S.+Sanctions+Have+Directly+Aggravated+Venezuela%E2%80%99s+Economic+Crisis&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Oliveros&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wola.org%2F2020%2F10%2Fnew-report-us-sanctions-aggravated-venezuelas-economic-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFDias2024" class="citation web cs1">Dias, Isabela (13 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/08/venezula-what-happened-maduro-trump-migration-border/">"Trump May Demonize Migration From Venezuela, But He Helped Fuel It"</a>. <i>motherjones.com</i>. Mother Jones<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motherjones.com&rft.atitle=Trump+May+Demonize+Migration+From+Venezuela%2C+But+He+Helped+Fuel+It&rft.date=2024-08-13&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Isabela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F08%2Fvenezula-what-happened-maduro-trump-migration-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS">"Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+adult+total+%28%25+of+people+ages+15+and+above%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.LITR.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZJ&most_recent_value_desc=true">"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Latin America & Caribbean | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28years%29+-+Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN%3Flocations%3DZJ%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=ZJ&most_recent_value_desc=true">"Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) - Latin America & Caribbean | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Intentional+homicides+%28per+100%2C000+people%29+-+Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FVC.IHR.PSRC.P5%3Flocations%3DZJ%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, Miriam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/venezuela-government-admits-keeping-crime-figures-secret">"Venezuela Government Admits Keeping Crime Figures Secret"</a>,Insight Crime 13 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela#Inflation_rate" class="extiw" title="wp:Hyperinflation in Venezuela" rel="nofollow">Hyperinflation in Venezuela § Inflation rate</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/789bedb2-27c7-4b20-a30d-a5669ffc06ce">"Has Venezuela's economy bottomed out?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 2021-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Has+Venezuela%E2%80%99s+economy+bottomed+out%3F&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F789bedb2-27c7-4b20-a30d-a5669ffc06ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58743253">"Venezuela crisis: Three in four in extreme poverty, study says"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela+crisis%3A+Three+in+four+in+extreme+poverty%2C+study+says&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-58743253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFSteinCocco2024" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Jeff; Cocco, Frederica (25 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2024/us-sanction-countries-work/">"How four U.S. presidents unleashed economic warfare across the globe"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i>. The Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=How+four+U.S.+presidents+unleashed+economic+warfare+across+the+globe&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Cocco%2C+Frederica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Finteractive%2F2024%2Fus-sanction-countries-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/citgos-profits-propped-up-venezuelan-leaders--until-now/2019/01/30/f0342c0e-2324-11e9-90cd-dedb0c92dc17_story.html?utm_term=.e95eebaf8a01">Citgo's profits propped up Venezuelan leaders--until now</a> Mufson, Stephen. <i>Washington Post</i>. January 30, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/USDVEF:CUR">https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/USDVEF:CUR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-refinery-operations-pdvsa-idUSKCN0XN2RS">"Venezuela oil refineries face operating woes, PDVSA launches tenders"</a>, Reuters (26 April 2016, 5:42pm EDT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gramer, Robbie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/26/venezuela-is-so-broke-it-cant-even-export-oil/">"Venezuela Is So Broke It Can’t Even Export Oil"</a>, Foreign Policy (26 January 2017, 3:59 pm).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chinese-bullet-train-in-venezuela-stalls-as-alliance-derails-116051400217_1.html">"Chinese bullet train in Venezuela stalls as alliance derails"</a>, Business Standard (14 May 2016, last Updated 12:57 IST).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coggin, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intpolicydigest.org/2011/05/26/venezuela-s-oil-sword/">"Venezuela’s Oil Sword"</a>, International Policy Digest 26 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/294158102/U-S-v-Rincon-Shiera-Indictment">U.S. v. Rincon, Shiera Indictment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasralla, Shala, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-opec-meeting-venezuela-fracking-idUSKBN0OJ20V20150603">"Venezuela finds new front in attack on U.S. fracking: water"</a>, Reuters (3 June 2015, 11:04am EDT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellsworth, Bryan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKBN0UL27820160107">"For economy czar of crisis-hit Venezuela, inflation 'does not exist'"</a>, Reuters (7 January 2016, 1:32pm EST).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kai, Daniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-animals-idUSKCN10D059">"Venezuela denies zoo animals starving, says one happy family"</a>, Reuters (1 August 2016, 10:01pm EDT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKBN13N1M7">"Venezuela currency tanks 60 percent in month on black market"</a>, Reuters (28 November 2016, 10:42am EST).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leff, Gary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewfromthewing.boardingarea.com/2013/09/24/mystery-solved-flights-venezuela-full-nobody-flying/">"Mystery Solved: Flights Out of Venezuela Are Full — But Nobody Is Flying"</a>, View From the Wing 24 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarado, Francisco,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/how-the-feds-blew-a-case-against-an-alleged-south-american-drug-money-launderer">"How the Feds Blew a Case Against an Alleged South American Drug Money Launderer"</a>, Vice 14 January 2016, 9:30am.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Alexia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-12-18/news/fl-venezuelan-money-laundering-20111217_1_drug-money-traffickers-drug-profits">"Drug money laundered in South Florida fuels U.S.-Venezuela trade"</a>, <i>Sun-Sentinel</i> 18 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Neuman and Patricia Torres, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/americas/venezuelas-economy-suffers-as-import-schemes-siphon-billions.html?src=me&_r=1">"Venezuela’s Economy Suffers as Import Schemes Siphon Billions"</a>, NYT 5 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Venezuelan-Private-Sector-Siphoned-Off-259B-in-Public-Funds-20160619-0026.html">"Venezuelan Private Sector Siphoned Off $259B in Public Funds"</a>, TeleSUR 19 June 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinea, Eyanir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0VB26F">"Venezuela ex-ministers seek probe into $300 billion in lost oil revenue"</a>, Reuters (2 February 2016, 1:31pm EST.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Venezuela-Investigates-7000-Companies-for-Currency-Scams-20150414-0012.html">"Venezuela Investigates 7,000 Companies for Currency Scams"</a>, TeleSUR 14 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Bolivar Soberano" is the third currency they've had to introduce due to rampant inflation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lohmann, Dietrich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/29/venezuelas-health-care-crisis">"Venezuela's Health Care Crisis"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> ()></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buitrago, Daisy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-chavez-rice-idUSTRE51R1LM20090228?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews">"Chavez orders army to seize Venezuela rice mills"</a>, (28 February 2009, 3:28pm EST).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanchez, Fabiola, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-lt-venezuela-agrarian-revolution-052409-2009may24-story.html">"Venezuela's farm seizures show little results"</a>, <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i> via Associated Press (24 May 2009, 8:58 am).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cawthorne, Andrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-seizure-idUSN2816859420100428">"Venezuela takes over brewer's land, sugar mills"</a>, Reuters (28 April 2010, 4:52pm EDT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crooks, Nathan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-12/venezuela-expanding-military-influence-over-oil-and-mining">"Venezuela Expanding Military Influence Over Oil and Mining"</a>, Bloomberg (12 February 2016, 7:11 AM PST).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErHuqCB5TDc">Expropriate it!"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/6749208">"The Sickly Stench of Corruption"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist">Economist</a></i> via <i>The Americas</i> 30 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorial board, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-29/venezuelan-army-enjoys-meat-to-cars-denied-most-citizens">"Venezuela's Military Needs to Get Out of Business"</a>, Bloomberg (6 May 2016, 10:42 AM EDT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esequiba-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Esequiba_38-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Esequiba_38-1">38.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/07/13/venezuela-guyana-esequibo-maduro-granger/?tid=sm_fb">https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/07/13/venezuela-guyana-esequibo-maduro-granger/?tid=sm_fb</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" 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