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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=sat.wikipedia.org&uselang=sat" class=""><span>ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱮᱢᱯᱮ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:CreateAccount&returnto=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱟᱢᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱟᱶᱴ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱧ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" class=""><span>ᱮᱠᱟᱶᱩᱴ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱣᱤᱧ ᱮᱢᱟᱢᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=sat.wikipedia.org&uselang=sat"><span>ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱮᱢᱯᱮ</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribute</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:CreateAccount&returnto=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱟᱢᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱟᱶᱴ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱧ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ᱮᱠᱟᱶᱩᱴ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱣᱤᱧ ᱮᱢᱟᱢᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ᱨᱚᱲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥᱠᱚ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥᱠᱚ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ_ᱟᱨ_ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ_ᱵᱮᱲᱟ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ_ᱟᱨ_ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ_ᱵᱮᱲᱟ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱑</span> <span>ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ_ᱟᱨ_ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ_ᱵᱮᱲᱟ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱒</span> <span>ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱓</span> <span>ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ_ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ_ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱔</span> <span>ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ_ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ_ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱔.᱑</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱔.᱒</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">᱔.᱓</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥᱠᱚ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ᱑᱗᱔ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">᱑᱗᱔ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱᱥ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱣᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱣᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%94_%E1%8B%B4%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ረኔ ዴካርት – ᱟᱢᱦᱟᱨᱤᱠ" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረኔ ዴካርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱢᱦᱟᱨᱤᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱱᱤᱡᱽ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱱᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – ᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱠᱟ" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱠᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رينيه ديكارت – ᱚᱨᱵᱤ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رينيه ديكارت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ᱚᱨᱵᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7" title="روني ديكارط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روني ديكارط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رينيه ديكارت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رينيه ديكارت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ৰেনে ডিকাৰ্ট – ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰেনে ডিকাৰ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – ᱟᱹᱣᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤ" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱹᱣᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Dekart" title="Rene Dekart – ᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱨᱵᱮᱡᱟᱱᱤ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rene Dekart" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱨᱵᱮᱡᱟᱱᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A6_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنئ دکارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رنئ دکارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱵᱟᱥᱠᱤᱨ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱟᱥᱠᱤᱨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C4%97_Dekarts" title="Renė Dekarts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Renė Dekarts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="র‍্যনে দেকার্ত – ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যনে দেকার্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="རོས་ནེ་དེ་ཁར་ཏེ། – ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོས་ནེ་དེ་ཁར་ཏེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱴᱚᱱ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱴᱚᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱵᱚᱥᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱚᱥᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱟᱱ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – ᱪᱷᱮᱪᱷᱮᱱ" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ᱪᱷᱮᱪᱷᱮᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱤᱵᱩᱣᱟᱱᱳ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱤᱵᱩᱣᱟᱱᱳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E_%D8%AF%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ڕێنێ دێکارت – ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێنێ دێکارت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱪᱮᱠ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ᱪᱮᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱣᱮᱞᱥ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ᱣᱮᱞᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱰᱟᱱᱤᱥ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ᱰᱟᱱᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84" title="Ρενέ Ντεκάρτ – ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρενέ Ντεκάρτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Kartezio" title="Renato Kartezio – ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱴᱳ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renato Kartezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱴᱳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱵᱟᱥᱠ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱟᱥᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دکارت – ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنه دکارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes%27i_Ren%C3%A9" title="Descartes'i René – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Descartes'i René" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱚᱤᱥ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱚᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱤᱨᱤᱥ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ᱤᱨᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="笛卡兒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="笛卡兒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱮᱞᱤᱠ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱮᱞᱤᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱜᱩᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ᱜᱩᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱦᱟᱣᱥᱟ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ᱦᱟᱣᱥᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="רנה דקארט – ᱦᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱣ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנה דקארט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ᱦᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱨᱚᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱨᱚᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱦᱟᱭᱴᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱨᱮᱚᱞᱮ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ᱦᱟᱭᱴᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱨᱮᱚᱞᱮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱦᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ᱦᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ռենե Դեկարտ – ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռենե Դեկարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱞᱤᱝᱜᱣᱟ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱞᱤᱝᱜᱣᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱤᱞᱚᱠᱚ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ᱤᱞᱚᱠᱚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱤᱰᱳ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ᱤᱰᱳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱟᱭᱞᱟᱱᱰᱤᱠ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱭᱞᱟᱱᱰᱤᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesio" title="Cartesio – ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱟᱱ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartesio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ルネ・デカルト – ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルネ・デカルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renei_Deikaat" title="Renei Deikaat – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Renei Deikaat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rynes_dekart" title="rynes dekart – ᱞᱚᱡᱽᱵᱟᱱ" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rynes dekart" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ᱞᱚᱡᱽᱵᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რენე დეკარტი – ᱡᱭᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რენე დეკარტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ᱡᱭᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱟᱵᱮᱞ" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱟᱵᱮᱞ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F" title="រីណេ ដេកាត – ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱢᱮᱨ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រីណេ ដេកាត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱢᱮᱨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ರೆನೆ ಡೆಸ್ಕಾರ್ಟೆ – ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆನೆ ಡೆಸ್ಕಾರ್ಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4_%EB%8D%B0%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="르네 데카르트 – ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르네 데카르트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱠᱭᱨᱜᱩᱡᱽ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱭᱨᱜᱩᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_Cartesius" title="Renatus Cartesius – ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renatus Cartesius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Descartes" title="Rene Descartes – ᱞᱟᱰᱤᱱᱚ" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rene Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱟᱰᱤᱱᱚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱤᱥ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱤᱥ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesi" title="Cartesi – ᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cartesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C4%93_Dekarts" title="Renē Dekarts – ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱣᱟᱱ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Renē Dekarts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱣᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт – ᱢᱚᱠᱥᱟ" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рэнэ Дэкарт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱚᱠᱥᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱭ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱰᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱰᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="റെനെ ദെക്കാർത്ത് – ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱹᱢ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെനെ ദെക്കാർത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱹᱢ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱢᱚᱱᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱚᱱᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रेने देकार्त – ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱮ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱡᱽ" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱥᱮ" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱥᱮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ရနေး ဒေးကာ့ – ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရနေး ဒေးကာ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱮᱨᱡᱭᱟ" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ᱮᱨᱡᱭᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دکارت – ᱢᱟᱡᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨᱟᱱᱤ" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رنه دکارت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ᱢᱟᱡᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨᱟᱱᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱞᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱢᱟᱹᱱ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ᱞᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱢᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="रेने डेसकार्टस – ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेने डेसकार्टस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="रेने देस्कार्तेस् – ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱤ" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेने देस्कार्तेस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱰᱚᱪ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ᱰᱚᱪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱚᱨᱥᱠ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱚᱨᱥᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱠᱢᱟᱞ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱠᱢᱟᱞ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱳᱥᱤᱴᱟᱱ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ᱳᱥᱤᱴᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰਨੇ ਦੇਕਾਰਤ – ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਨੇ ਦੇਕਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟᱱᱜᱟ" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟᱱᱜᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚ" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رنه دیکارت – ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنه دیکارت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱯᱩᱨᱛᱜᱟᱞᱤ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ᱯᱩᱨᱛᱜᱟᱞᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱣᱮᱪᱷᱩᱣᱟ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱣᱮᱪᱷᱩᱣᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱠᱤᱱᱭᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ᱠᱤᱱᱭᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रने देकार्त – ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रने देकार्त" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesiu" title="Cartesiu – ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartesiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱥ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD" title="ڊيڪارٽ – ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊيڪارٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rini_Dikar%E1%B9%AD" title="Rini Dikarṭ – ᱛᱟᱹᱪᱮᱞᱦᱤᱴ" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rini Dikarṭ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱟᱹᱪᱮᱞᱦᱤᱴ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="රෙනේ ඩෙකාට් – ᱥᱤᱱᱦᱟᱞᱟ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෙනේ ඩෙකාට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱤᱱᱦᱟᱞᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱞᱚᱣᱟᱠ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱞᱚᱣᱟᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱞᱚᱣᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱞᱚᱣᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABne_Dekart" title="Rëne Dekart – ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rëne Dekart" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱵᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱵᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱣᱤᱫᱤᱥ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱣᱤᱫᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱥᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ᱥᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lye-ney.ti-al" title="lye-ney.ti-al – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lye-ney.ti-al" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ரெனே டேக்கார்ட் – ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரெனே டேக்கார்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="డెకార్ట్ – ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెకార్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="เรอเน เดการ์ต – ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรอเน เดการ์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Dekart" title="Rene Dekart – ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱ" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rene Dekart" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱴᱟᱴᱟᱨ" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ᱴᱟᱴᱟᱨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Декарт, Рене – ᱴᱩᱣᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Декарт, Рене" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="ᱴᱩᱣᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт – ᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рене Декарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رینے ڈیکارٹ – ᱩᱨᱫᱤ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رینے ڈیکارٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ᱩᱨᱫᱤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱩᱡᱵᱮᱠ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ᱩᱡᱵᱮᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartezio" title="Cartezio – ᱣᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cartezio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ᱣᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekart_Rene" title="Dekart Rene – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dekart Rene" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱣᱮᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ᱣᱮᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟᱯᱩᱠ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟᱯᱩᱠ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱣᱟᱞᱩᱱ" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ᱣᱟᱞᱩᱱ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱣᱟᱨᱮᱭ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ᱣᱟᱨᱮᱭ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔 – ᱣᱩ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="勒内·笛卡尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ᱣᱩ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რენე დეკარტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რენე დეკარტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="רענע דעקארט – ᱭᱤᱫᱤᱥ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רענע דעקארט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ᱭᱤᱫᱤᱥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – ᱭᱚᱨᱩᱵᱟ" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ᱭᱚᱨᱩᱵᱟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔 – ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勒内·笛卡尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="笛卡兒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="笛卡兒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="René Descartes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sat" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">17th-century French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA:SHORTDESC:17th-century_French_philosopher,_mathematician,_and_scientist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:SHORTDESC:17th-century French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:SHORTDESC:17th-century French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Descartes" redirects here. ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descartes_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descartes (disambiguation) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Descartes (disambiguation)</a> ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r106962">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">René Descartes</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/220px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/330px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/440px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_Hals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans Hals (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Frans Hals</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>lower-alpha ᱑<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ  ᱟᱨ  ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ</th><td class="infobox-data">᱓᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱕᱙᱖<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1596-03-31</span>)</span><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Descartes,_Indre-et-Loire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descartes, Indre-et-Loire (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">La Haye en Touraine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Touraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Touraine (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Touraine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of France (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Kingdom of France</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ᱜᱩᱨ</th><td class="infobox-data">᱑᱑ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱖᱕᱐ (᱕᱓ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stockholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockholm (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Empire (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Swedish Empire</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prytan%C3%A9e_National_Militaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prytanée National Militaire (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand</a> (1607–1614)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Poitiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Poitiers (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">University of Poitiers</a> (LL.B., 1616)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Franeker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Franeker (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">University of Franeker</a> (no degree)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leiden University (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Leiden University</a> (no degree)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106962"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th-century_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th-century philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">17th-century philosophy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Enlightenment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Age of Enlightenment (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Age of Enlightenment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Western philosophy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Dutch philosophy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">French philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_schools_of_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of schools of philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanism (philosophy) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innatism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innatism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Innatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱒<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>257</span></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Foundationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP-FTJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-FTJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱓<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conceptualism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Conceptualism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱔<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>43</span></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustinianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustinianism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Augustinianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱕<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indirect_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indirect realism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Indirect realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱖<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>136</span></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Correspondence_theory_of_truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correspondence theory of truth (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Correspondence theory of truth</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱗<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpuscularianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpuscularianism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Corpuscularianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱘<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_theological_voluntarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval theological voluntarism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Theological voluntarism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gilson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱙<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thesis (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/tlatin.html"><i>Untitled LL.B. thesis</i></a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1616)</span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistemology (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Epistemology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysics (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematics (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">mathematics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">physics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmology (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">cosmology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">List</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_ergo_sum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cogito ergo sum (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cogito ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_doubt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesian doubt (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Method of doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject (philosophy) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Method_of_normals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Method of normals (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Method of normals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytic_geometry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytic geometry (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Analytic geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_coordinate_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesian coordinate system (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cartesian coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind%E2%80%93body_problem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind–body problem (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesian dualism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cartesian dualism</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">interactionism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trialism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">trialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesian circle (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cartesian circle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathesis_universalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathesis universalis (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Mathesis universalis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folium_of_Descartes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folium of Descartes (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Folium of Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dream_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dream argument (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Dream argument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evil_demon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evil demon (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_of_momentum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservation of momentum (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Conservation of momentum</a> (<i>quantitas motus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balloonist_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balloonist theory (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Balloonist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wax argument (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Wax argument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trademark_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trademark argument (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Causal_adequacy_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causal adequacy principle (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Causal adequacy principle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_substance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental substance (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Res cogitans</a></i>/<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Res_extensa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Res extensa (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">res extensa</a></i> distinction</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conatus (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Conatus</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influences</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plato (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Plato</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotle (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Aristotle</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archimedes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archimedes (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Archimedes</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Haytham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Haytham (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Alhazen</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghazali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghazali (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Al-Ghazali</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱑᱐<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Averroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averroes (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Averroes</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avicenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avicenna (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Avicenna</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselm of Canterbury (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Anselm</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_of_the_Palatinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth of the Palatinate (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Elisabeth of the Palatinate</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_of_Hippo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustine of Hippo (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Augustine</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoics (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Stoics</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Aquinas (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Aquinas</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_of_Ockham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William of Ockham (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Ockham</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Suárez (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Suárez</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marin_Mersenne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marin Mersenne (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Mersenne</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextus_Empiricus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sextus Empiricus (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Sextus Empiricus</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_de_Montaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel de Montaigne (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Montaigne</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Golius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobus Golius (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Jacobus Golius</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Beeckman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Beeckman (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Beeckman</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Harvey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Harvey (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Harvey</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱑᱑<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Vi%C3%A8te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Viète (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Viète</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱑᱒<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duns_Scotus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duns Scotus (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Duns Scotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gilson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱙<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teresa_of_%C3%81vila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teresa of Ávila (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Teresa of Ávila</a><sup id="cite_ref-CM2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱑᱓<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">Influenced</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Virtually all subsequent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Western philosophy</a>, especially <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baruch Spinoza (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Spinoza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Leibniz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Locke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Locke (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">John Locke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Malebranche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Malebranche (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Nicolas Malebranche</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Arnauld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Arnauld (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Antoine Arnauld</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱑᱔<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaise_Pascal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaise Pascal (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Blaise Pascal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christiaan_Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christiaan Huygens (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Christiaan Huygens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Newton (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltaire (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Rousseau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hume (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">David Hume</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Gibbon (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Edward Gibbon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immanuel Kant (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Husserl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Husserl (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noam Chomsky (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Noam Chomsky</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">ᱥᱩᱦᱤ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB:Firma_Descartes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/150px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/225px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Firma_Descartes.svg/300px-Firma_Descartes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="25" /></a></span><br /><b>Coat of arms</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB:Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg/100px-Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg/150px-Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg/200px-Blason_famille_fr_Descartes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA:Descartes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Descartes (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Descartes</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA:Catholic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Catholic philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Catholic philosophy</a> </p><p><b>ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ</a>: René Descartes) ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱫᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱫᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ">ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱚᱜ</a> ᱟᱨ <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ">ᱵᱤᱜᱜᱟᱱᱤ</a> ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱫᱚᱭᱤᱛᱛᱚ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱫᱚᱭᱤᱛᱛᱚ</a> ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱡᱮᱢᱮᱛᱤ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱡᱮᱢᱮᱛᱤ</a> ᱟᱨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ</a> ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱭᱮ ᱩᱸᱰᱩᱠ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱮᱢᱮᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱛᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ_ᱟᱨ_ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ_ᱵᱮᱲᱟ"><span id=".E1.B1.A1.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.B1.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.A2_.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.A8_.E1.B1.A0.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.B9.E1.B1.B4.E1.B1.A4.E1.B1.A1.E1.B1.BD_.E1.B1.B5.E1.B1.AE.E1.B1.B2.E1.B1.9F"></span>ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=1" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱑ ᱢᱧᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱣᱟᱠᱤᱢ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱚᱥᱟᱨ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ (ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ (ᱡᱟᱵ) ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱶᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱮᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱽᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱭ ᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱭᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ"><span id=".E1.B1.9A.E1.B1.B1.E1.B1.9A.E1.B1.9E.E1.B1.A4.E1.B1.AD.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.B9_.E1.B1.A1.E1.B1.A4.E1.B1.AD.E1.B1.9A.E1.B1.B1"></span>ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=2" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>᱑᱐ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱟᱸᱨᱤ-ᱞᱚ-ᱜᱨᱚ (ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand) ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱦᱟ ᱷᱟᱠᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ-ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ-ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱖᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱣᱟᱛᱤᱭᱮ (Poitiers) ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱚᱞᱮᱭᱟ (baccalauréat ᱩᱪᱪᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱫᱽ) ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱥ-ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ_ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ"><span id=".E1.B1.A0.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.B9.E1.B1.A2.E1.B1.A4_.E1.B1.A1.E1.B1.A4.E1.B1.AD.E1.B1.9A.E1.B1.B1"></span>ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=3" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱢᱟᱸᱱᱢᱤ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱢᱟᱸᱱᱢᱤ</a> ᱟᱨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ</a> ᱶᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱪᱪᱷᱟ ᱦᱮᱜ ᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱤᱩᱨᱳᱯ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱤᱩᱨᱳᱯ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚᱡᱩᱜᱽ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚᱡᱩᱜᱽ</a> ᱠᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱚᱱᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱚᱱᱢᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱜᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱚᱴᱟ ᱩᱭᱮᱳᱯ -ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱥᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱩᱥ ᱟᱛᱷᱮᱱᱥᱮᱨ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱥᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱩᱥ ᱟᱛᱷᱮᱱᱥᱮᱨ</a> ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱷᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ</a> ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱮᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱥᱦᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱭᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ᱾ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ_ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ"><span id=".E1.B1.B5.E1.B1.9F.E1.B1.A8.E1.B1.A6.E1.B1.AE_.E1.B1.A1.E1.B1.9A.E1.B1.B1.E1.B1.9A.E1.B1.B2"></span>ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=4" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=5" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the uncertain authorship of this most iconic portrait of Descartes was traditionally attributed to Frans Hals, there is no record of their meeting. During the 20th century the assumption was widely challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>᱑<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=6" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: Citations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Citations"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Nadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Nadler (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Nadler, S.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2yYDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Philosopher, The Priest, and The Painter</i></a> (Princeton: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Princeton University Press</a>, 2013), pp. 174–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tad M. Schmaltz, <i>Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIYcUBCOrNgC&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA257">p. 257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-FTJ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SEP-FTJ_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r106483">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFumerton,_Richard2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fumerton, Richard (21 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4">"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foundationalist+Theories+of+Epistemic+Justification&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2000-02-21&rft.au=Fumerton%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fjustep-foundational%2F%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bostock_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Bostock (philosopher) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Bostock, D.</a>, <i>Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdf99SaeOe4C&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA43">p. 43</a>: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our <i>ideas</i>, but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFGutting1999" class="citation book cs1">Gutting, Gary (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmaticliberal0000gutt"><i>Pragmatic Liberalism and the Critique of Modernity</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmaticliberal0000gutt/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/9780521649735" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/9780521649735"><bdi>9780521649735</bdi></a>. <q>Modernity begins with Descartes's mutation of Augustinianism. Taylor emphasizes that "Descartes is in many ways profoundly Augustinian".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatic+Liberalism+and+the+Critique+of+Modernity&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521649735&rft.aulast=Gutting&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpragmaticliberal0000gutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Yolton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John W. Yolton (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Yolton, J. W.</a>, <i>Realism and Appearances: An Essay in Ontology</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realismappearanc0000yolt/page/136">p. 136</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/">"The Correspondence Theory of Truth"</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaukroger, S., <i>Descartes: An Intellectual Biography</i>, Clarendon Press, 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVwDs_Ikad0C&pg=PA228">p. 228</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gilson_10-0">᱙.᱐</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gilson_10-1">᱙.᱑</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Gilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Gilson (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Étienne Gilson</a> argued in <i>La Liberté chez Descartes et la Théologie</i> (Alcan, 1913, pp. 132–147) that Duns Scotus was not the source of Descartes's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_theological_voluntarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval theological voluntarism (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Voluntarism</a>. Although there exist doctrinal differences between Descartes and Scotus "it is still possible to view Descartes as borrowing from a Scotist Voluntarist tradition" (see: John Schuster, <i>Descartes-Agonistes: Physico-mathematics, Method & Corpuscular-Mechanism 1618–33</i>, Springer, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3M4fwdOCqcC&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA363">p. 363</a>, n. 26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marenbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Marenbon (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Marenbon, John</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415281133"><i>Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JX2CAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA174">174</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-415-28113-3" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-415-28113-3"><bdi>978-0-415-28113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Philosophy%3A+an+historical+and+philosophical+introduction&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28113-3&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415281133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Ben-Yami, <i>Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Ben-Yami, <i>Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 179: "[Descartes'] work in mathematics was apparently influenced by Viète's, despite his denial of any acquaintance with the latter’s work."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CM2017-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CM2017_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="sat" dir="ltr">ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>CM2017</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BOS/jacques-benigne-bossuet.html">"Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, French prelate and historian (1627–1704)"</a> from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&veaction=edit&section=7" title="ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="refbegin references" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFAgostiniLeblanc2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Agostini, Siegrid; Leblanc, Hélène, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartesius.net/doc/pubblicazioni/Examina_Philosophica_1.pdf"><i>Examina Philosophica. I Quaderni di Alvearium</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. Le fondement de la science. Les dix premières années de la philosophie cartésienne (1619–1628).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examina+Philosophica.+I+Quaderni+di+Alvearium&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartesius.net%2Fdoc%2Fpubblicazioni%2FExamina_Philosophica_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Benjamin_Boyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Benjamin Boyer (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Boyer, Carl</a> (1985). <i>A History of Mathematics</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-691-02391-5" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-691-02391-5"><bdi>978-0-691-02391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02391-5&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFCarriero2008" class="citation book cs1">Carriero, John (2008). <i>Between Two Worlds</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-691-13561-8" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-691-13561-8"><bdi>978-0-691-13561-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13561-8&rft.aulast=Carriero&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky,_Noam1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noam Chomsky (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1966). <i>Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought</i>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-1-877275-34-0" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-1-877275-34-0"><bdi>978-1-877275-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartesian+Linguistics%3A+A+Chapter+in+the+History+of+Rationalist+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-877275-34-0&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span>; (2009) Third Edition, edited with a new introduction by James McGilvray, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-521-70817-3" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-521-70817-3">ISBN 978-0-521-70817-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmond Clarke (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Clarke, Desmond</a> (2006). <i>Descartes: A Biography</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-521-82301-2" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-521-82301-2"><bdi>978-0-521-82301-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82301-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFCostabel1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Costabel" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Costabel">Costabel, Pierre</a> (1987). <i>René Descartes – Exercices pour les éléments des solides</i>. Paris: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presses_Universitaires_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presses Universitaires de France (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Presses Universitaires de France</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-2-13-040099-8" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-2-13-040099-8"><bdi>978-2-13-040099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ren%C3%A9+Descartes+%E2%80%93+Exercices+pour+les+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+des+solides&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-13-040099-8&rft.aulast=Costabel&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFCottingham1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cottingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cottingham (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Cottingham, John</a> (1992). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Descartes</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-521-36696-0" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-521-36696-0"><bdi>978-0-521-36696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Descartes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36696-0&rft.aulast=Cottingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2008" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Steven M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223092646/http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm"><i>The Proof of the External World: Cartesian Theism and the Possibility of Knowledge</i></a>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-227-17267-4" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-227-17267-4"><bdi>978-0-227-17267-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm">the original</a> on 23 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proof+of+the+External+World%3A+Cartesian+Theism+and+the+Possibility+of+Knowledge&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17267-4&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutterworth.com%2Fjamesclarke%2Fjc%2Ftitles%2Fproofew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Farrell, John. "Demons of Descartes and Hobbes." <i>Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau</i> (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFGarber1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Garber (philosopher) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Garber, Daniel</a> (1992). <i>Descartes' Metaphysical Physics</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-226-28219-0" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-226-28219-0"><bdi>978-0-226-28219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%27+Metaphysical+Physics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28219-0&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFGarberAyers1998" class="citation book cs1">Garber, Daniel; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_R._Ayers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael R. Ayers (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Ayers, Michael</a> (1998). <i>The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-521-53721-6" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-521-53721-6"><bdi>978-0-521-53721-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Seventeenth-Century+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53721-6&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Ayers%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Gaukroger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Gaukroger (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Gaukroger, Stephen</a> (1995). <i>Descartes: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-19-823994-9" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-19-823994-9"><bdi>978-0-19-823994-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823994-9&rft.aulast=Gaukroger&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gillespie, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618050955/http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf">Descartes' demon: A dialogical analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.'</a> Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._C._Grayling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. C. Grayling (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Grayling, A.C.</a> (2005). <i>Descartes: The Life and times of a Genius</i>. New York: Walker Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-8027-1501-2" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-8027-1501-2"><bdi>978-0-8027-1501-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%3A+The+Life+and+times+of+a+Genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1501-2&rft.aulast=Grayling&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Heidegger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Heidegger (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Heidegger, Martin</a> [1938] (2002) <i>The Age of the World Picture</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&pg=PA66"><i>Off the beaten track</i></a> pp. 57–85</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1968" class="citation book cs1">Keeling, S. V. (1968). <i>Descartes</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Melchert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Melchert (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Melchert, Norman</a> (2002). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm"><i>The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy</i></a></span>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-19-517510-3" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-19-517510-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517510-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Conversation%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517510-3&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatconversatio00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Monnoyeur, Françoise (November 2017), <i>Matière et espace dans le système cartésien</i>, Paris, Harmattan, 266 pages. <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-2-343-13394-2" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-2-343-13394-2">ISBN 978-2-343-13394-2</a>.</li> <li>Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, <i>Vindicación del cartesianismo radical</i>, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010.</li> <li>Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord.), <i>Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana</i>, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFNaaman-Zauderer2010" class="citation book cs1">Naaman-Zauderer, Noa (2010). <i>Descartes' Deontological Turn: Reason, Will and Virtue in the Later Writings</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-0-521-76330-1" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-0-521-76330-1"><bdi>978-0-521-76330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%27+Deontological+Turn%3A+Reason%2C+Will+and+Virtue+in+the+Later+Writings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76330-1&rft.aulast=Naaman-Zauderer&rft.aufirst=Noa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Negri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Negri (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">Negri, Antonio</a> (2007) <i>The Political Descartes</i>, Verso.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFOzaki1991" class="citation book cs1">Ozaki, Makoto (1991). <i>Kartenspiel, oder Kommentar zu den Meditationen des Herrn Descartes</i>. Berlin: Klein Verlag. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD:BookSources/978-3-927199-01-9" title="ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ:BookSources/978-3-927199-01-9"><bdi>978-3-927199-01-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kartenspiel%2C+oder+Kommentar+zu+den+Meditationen+des+Herrn+Descartes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Klein+Verlag.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-927199-01-9&rft.aulast=Ozaki&rft.aufirst=Makoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sasaki Chikara (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H1H1CAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Descartes’s Mathematical Thought</i></a>. 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Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of "25 Books to Remember from 2002"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r106483"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3325870">"The Understanding of Gisbertus Voetius and René Descartes on the Relationship of Faith and Reason, and Theology and Philosophy"</a>. <i>Westminster Theological Journal</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 45–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Understanding+of+Gisbertus+Voetius+and+Ren%C3%A9+Descartes+on+the+Relationship+of+Faith+and+Reason%2C+and+Theology+and+Philosophy&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3325870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsat.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE+%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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