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href="#Hronometar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hronometar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hronometar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Određivanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Određivanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Određivanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Određivanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vrijednosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrijednosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vrijednosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrijednosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dužina_jednog_stepena_geografske_dužine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dužina_jednog_stepena_geografske_dužine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dužina jednog stepena geografske dužine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dužina_jednog_stepena_geografske_dužine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dopunska_literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dopunska_literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dopunska literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dopunska_literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geografska dužina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 118 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengtegraad" title="Lengtegraad – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lengtegraad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografische_L%C3%A4nge" title="Geografische Länge – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geografische Länge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchitut_(cheograf%C3%ADa)" title="Lonchitut (cheografía) – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lonchitut (cheografía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="طول (جغرافيا) – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طول (جغرافيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llonxit%C3%BA" title="Llonxitú – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llonxitú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="देशान्तर – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="देशान्तर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunluq_dair%C9%99si" title="Uzunluq dairəsi – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uzunluq dairəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Оҙонлоҡ (координат) – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оҙонлоҡ (координат)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Даўгата – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даўгата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Даўгата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Даўгата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Географска дължина – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Географска дължина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="देशांतर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="देशांतर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF" title="လောင်စီစျု – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လောင်စီစျု" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="দ্রাঘিমাংশ – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রাঘিমাংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="གཞུང་ཐིག – tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཞུང་ཐིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedred" title="Hedred – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hedred" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud_(geografia)" title="Longitud (geografia) – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Longitud (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-d%C3%B4" title="Gĭng-dô – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-dô" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhitud" title="Longhitud – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Longhitud" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C" title="ھێڵی درێژی – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێڵی درێژی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9Bpisn%C3%A1_d%C3%A9lka" title="Zeměpisná délka – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zeměpisná délka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%85_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тăрăх (координат) – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăрăх (координат)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydred" title="Hydred – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hydred" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6ngdekreds" title="Længdekreds – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Længdekreds" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographische_L%C3%A4nge" title="Geographische Länge – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographische Länge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridyen" title="Meridyen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meridyen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiska_dlinina" title="Geografiska dlinina – donjolužičkosrpski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Geografiska dlinina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="donjolužičkosrpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γεωγραφικό μήκος – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωγραφικό μήκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Longitude" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudo" title="Longitudo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Longitudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud_(cartograf%C3%ADa)" title="Longitud (cartografía) – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Longitud (cartografía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograafiline_pikkus" title="Geograafiline pikkus – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geograafiline pikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Longitude" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="طول جغرافیایی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طول جغرافیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituusaste" title="Pituusaste – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pituusaste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Longitude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograafisk_lengde" title="Geograafisk lengde – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Geograafisk lengde" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingtegraad" title="Lingtegraad – zapadni frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lingtegraad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhanfhad" title="Domhanfhad – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domhanfhad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonxitude_(cartograf%C3%ADa)" title="Lonxitude (cartografía) – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lonxitude (cartografía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="קו אורך – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קו אורך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="देशान्तर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देशान्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljopisna_du%C5%BEina" title="Zemljopisna dužina – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljopisna dužina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiska_do%C5%82hos%C4%87" title="Geografiska dołhosć – gornjolužičkosrpski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Geografiska dołhosć" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornjolužičkosrpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonjitid" title="Lonjitid – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lonjitid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աշխարհագրական երկայնություն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհագրական երկայնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_bujur" title="Garis bujur – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis bujur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Longitude" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud" title="Longitud – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Longitud" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudo_(geografio)" title="Longitudo (geografio) – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Longitudo (geografio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengdargr%C3%A1%C3%B0a" title="Lengdargráða – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lengdargráða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudine" title="Longitudine – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Longitudine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E5%BA%A6" title="経度 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_bujur" title="Garis bujur – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Garis bujur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გრძედი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრძედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Бойлық – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бойлық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EB%8F%84" title="경도 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAl%C3%AElar" title="Hêlîlar – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêlîlar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Узундук – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Узундук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudo_geographica" title="Longitudo geographica – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Longitudo geographica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographesch_L%C3%A4ngt" title="Geographesch Längt – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geographesch Längt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longit%C3%BCda" title="Longitüda – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Longitüda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk%C9%94%CC%81l%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94%CC%81_mola%C3%AD" title="Monkɔ́lɔ́tɔ́ molaí – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monkɔ́lɔ́tɔ́ molaí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%87" title="ເສັ້ນແວງ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເສັ້ນແວງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilguma" title="Ilguma – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ilguma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eogr%C4%81fiskais_garums" title="Ģeogrāfiskais garums – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeogrāfiskais garums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="देशान्तर – maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="देशान्तर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laharan-jara_hasina" title="Laharan-jara hasina – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Laharan-jara hasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кутык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кутык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Географска должина – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географска должина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="രേഖാംശം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രേഖാംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="रेखांश – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेखांश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud" title="Longitud – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Longitud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0" title="လောင်ဂျီကျူ – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လောင်ဂျီကျူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengtegraod" title="Lengtegraod – donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Lengtegraod" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="देशान्तर – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देशान्तर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengtegraad" title="Lengtegraad – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lengtegraad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengdegrad" title="Lengdegrad – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lengdegrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengdegrad" title="Lengdegrad – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lengdegrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud" title="Longitud – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Longitud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sararran_Gadee" title="Sararran Gadee – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sararran Gadee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%98%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦ୍ରାଘିମା – odija" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦ୍ରାଘିମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Дæргъад – osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дæргъад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugo%C5%9B%C4%87_geograficzna" title="Długość geograficzna – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Długość geograficzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF" title="طول بلد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طول بلد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Longitude" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudine" title="Longitudine – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Longitudine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Долгота – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Долгота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loncit%C3%B9dini" title="Loncitùdini – sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Loncitùdini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografska_du%C5%BEina" title="Geografska dužina – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geografska dužina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Longitude" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemepisn%C3%A1_d%C4%BA%C5%BEka" title="Zemepisná dĺžka – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zemepisná dĺžka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF" title="طول بلد – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="طول بلد" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljepisna_dol%C5%BEina" title="Zemljepisna dolžina – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemljepisna dolžina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitambariko_yeTaranyika" title="Mitambariko yeTaranyika – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mitambariko yeTaranyika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhigaha" title="Dhigaha – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhigaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjat%C3%ABsia_gjeografike" title="Gjatësia gjeografike – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjatësia gjeografike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Географска дужина – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Географска дужина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_Nangtung" title="Garis Nangtung – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Garis Nangtung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud" title="Longitud – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Longitud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudo" title="Longitudo – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Longitudo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%9B%C4%87_geograficzno" title="Dugość geograficzno – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dugość geograficzno" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நிலநிரைக்கோடு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலநிரைக்கோடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="రేఖాంశం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేఖాంశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="ลองจิจูด – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลองจิจูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhitud" title="Longhitud – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Longhitud" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylam" title="Boylam – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boylam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Довгота – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довгота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF" title="طول بلد – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طول بلد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudine" title="Longitudine – venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Longitudine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_%C4%91%E1%BB%99" title="Kinh độ – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengtegroad" title="Lengtegroad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lengtegroad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud" title="Longitud – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Longitud" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus-wu-taxaw" title="Tus-wu-taxaw – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tus-wu-taxaw" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="经度 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="经度" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="经度 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="经度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keng-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Keng-tō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keng-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93" title="經 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="經" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36477#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Označava se grčkim slovom λ (lambda). Kreće se od 0° do 180° na istočnoj i od 0° do 180° na zapadnoj polulopti. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polukru%C5%BEnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polukružnica (stranica ne postoji)">Polukružnice</a> koje povezuju <a href="/wiki/Sjeverni_pol" title="Sjeverni pol">sjeverni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_pol" title="Južni pol">južni pol</a> nazivamo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridijani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridijani (stranica ne postoji)">meridijani</a> ili podnevci. Meridijana ima 360. Svi se protežu od sjevernog do južnog pola i obratno i svi su jednake dužine. Početni ili nulti meridijan je meridijan koji prolazi kroz zvjezdarnicu <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> kod Londona. Obilježavamo ga sa 0°. On sa meridijanom od 180° dijeli zemlju na dvije polovine, <a href="/wiki/Istok" title="Istok">istočnu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zapad" title="Zapad">zapadnu</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg/200px-Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg/300px-Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg/400px-Division_of_the_Earth_into_Gauss-Krueger_zones_-_Globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Geografski_koordinatni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografski koordinatni sistem">Gratikula</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemlji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemlji (stranica ne postoji)">Zemlji</a> kao <a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">sfera</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elipsoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elipsoid (stranica ne postoji)">elipsoid</a>. Linije od pola do pola su linije konstantne geografske dužine, ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridijan_(geografija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridijan (geografija) (stranica ne postoji)">meridijani</a>. Krugovi paralelni sa <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">ekvatora</a> su krugovi konstantne <a href="/wiki/Geografska_%C5%A1irina" title="Geografska širina">širuine</a>, ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krug_geografske_%C5%A1irine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krug geografske širine (stranica ne postoji)">paralele</a>. Grafika pokazuje geografsku širinu i dužinu tačaka na površini. U ovom primjeru, meridijani su razmaknuti u intervalima od 6°, a paralele u intervalima od 4°.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Geografska dužina </b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> je <a href="/wiki/Geografski_koordinatni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografski koordinatni sistem">geografska koordinata</a> koja specificira položaj <a href="/wiki/Istok" title="Istok">istok</a>–<a href="/wiki/Zapad" title="Zapad">zapad</a> tačke na površini <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a>, ili površini nebeskog tijela. To je ugaona mjera, obično izražena u <a href="/wiki/Stepen_(ugao)" title="Stepen (ugao)">stepenima</a> i označena <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Grčko pismo">grčkim slovom</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambda (stranica ne postoji)">lambda</a> (λ). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridijan_(geografija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridijan (geografija) (stranica ne postoji)">Meridijani</a> (linije koje idu od <a href="/wiki/Geografski_pol" title="Geografski pol">pola</a> do pola) povezuju tačke sa istom geografskom dužinom. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primarni_meridijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primarni meridijan (stranica ne postoji)">Primarni meridijan</a>, koji prolazi blizu <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Kraljevske opservatorije, Greenwich</a>, Engleska, je definisan kao 0° geografske dužine po konvenciji. Pozitivne geografske dužine su istočno od početnog meridijana, a negativne zapadno. </p><p>Zbog Zemljine rotacije, postoji bliska veza između geografske dužine i vremena. Lokalno vrijeme varira s geografskom dužinom: razlika od 15° geografske dužine odgovara jednosatnoj razlici u lokalnom vremenu, zbog različitog položaja u odnosu na <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a>. Poređenje lokalnog vremena sa apsolutnom mjerom vremena omogućava određivanje geografske dužine. Ovisno o eri, apsolutno vrijeme se može dobiti iz nebeskog događaja vidljivog sa obje lokacije, kao što je pomračenje <a href="/wiki/Mjesec" class="mw-disambig" title="Mjesec">Mjeseca</a>, ili iz vremenskog signala koji se prenosi telegrafom ili radiom. Princip je jednostavan, ali u praksi je pronalaženje pouzdane metode za određivanje geografske dužine trajalo stoljećima i zahtijevalo je trud nekih od najvećih naučnih umova. </p><p>Položaj lokacije sjever–jug duž meridijana dat je njenom <a href="/wiki/Geografska_%C5%A1irina" title="Geografska širina">širinom</a>, što je približno ugao između normale od tla na lokaciji i <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">ekvatorske</a> ravni. </p><p>Geodetska dužina se općenito daje korištenjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodetska_normala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodetska normala (stranica ne postoji)">geodetske normale</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">smjera gravitacije</a>. <b>Astronomska geografska dužina</b> može se neznatno razlikovati od obične geografske dužine zbog <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertikalni_otklon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertikalni otklon (stranica ne postoji)">vertikalnog otklona</a></i>, malih varijacija u Zemljinom gravitacionom polju (vidi također: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomska_%C5%A1irina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomska širina (stranica ne postoji)">astronomska širina</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Historija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_geografske_du%C5%BEine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija geografske dužine (stranica ne postoji)">Historija geografske dužine</a></div> <p>Koncept geografske dužine prvi su razvili starogrčki astronomi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiparh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiparh (stranica ne postoji)">Hiparh</a> (2. stoljeće prije nove ere) koristio je koordinatni sistem koji je pretpostavio sfernu Zemlju i podelio je na 360° kao što to činimo i danas. Njegov <a href="/w/index.php?title=Po%C4%8Detni_meridijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Početni meridijan (stranica ne postoji)">početni meridijan</a> prolazio je kroz <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija">Aleksandriju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31</sup> On je također predložio metod za određivanje geografske dužine upoređivanjem lokalnog vremena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjese%C4%8Devo_pomra%C4%8Denje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mjesečevo pomračenje (stranica ne postoji)">pomračenja Mjeseca</a> na dva različita mjesta, pokazujući na taj način razumijevanje odnosa između geografske dužine i vremena.<sup id="cite_ref-Dicks_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: Script error: The function "hyphen2dash" does not exist.">: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-eba1336c">Script error: The function "hyphen2dash" does not exist.</span></strong>, [11] </span></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolomej" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolomej">Klaudije Ptolomej</a> (2. stoljeće n. e.) razvio je sistem mapiranja koristeći zakrivljene paralele koje su smanjile izobličenje. Također je prikupljao podatke za mnoge lokacije, od Britanije do Bliskog istoka. Koristio je početni meridijan kroz <a href="/wiki/Kanarska_ostrva" title="Kanarska ostrva">Kanarska ostrva</a>, tako da bi sve geografske dužine bile pozitivne. Iako je Ptolemejev sistem bio solidan, podaci koje je koristio često su bili loši, što je dovelo do precijenjene (za oko 70%) dužine <a href="/wiki/Mediteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediteran">Mediterana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunbury_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunbury-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:551–553</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakon pada <a href="/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo">Rimskog Carstva</a>, interesovanje za geografiju u Evropi je uveliko opalo.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright1925_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:65</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindus (stranica ne postoji)">Hinduski</a> i <a href="/wiki/Musliman" title="Musliman">muslimanski</a> astronomi nastavili su razvijati ove ideje, dodajući mnoge nove lokacije i često poboljšavajući Ptolomejeve podatke.<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tibbett_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tibbett-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naprimjer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Battani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Battani (stranica ne postoji)">al-Battānī</a> koristio je istovremena opažanja dvaju pomračenja Mjeseca da odredi razliku u geografskoj dužini između gradova <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antakya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antakya (stranica ne postoji)">Antakya</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raqqa (stranica ne postoji)">Raqqa</a> sa greškom manjom od 1°. Ovo se smatra najboljim što se može postići metodima koje su tada bile dostupne: posmatranje pomračenja golim okom i određivanje lokalnog vremena pomoću <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolaba</a> za mjerenje visine odgovarajuće "satne zvijezde".<sup id="cite_ref-Said2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steele_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U kasnijem srednjem vijeku, interes za geografiju je oživio na zapadu, kako su se putovanja povećala, a arapsko učenje počelo je biti poznato preko kontakata sa Španijom i sjevernom Afrikom. U 12. stoljeću, astronomske tabele su pripremljene za brojne evropske gradove, na osnovu rada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_Ish%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (stranica ne postoji)">al-Zarqālīja</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toledo,_%C5%A0panija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toledo, Španija (stranica ne postoji)">Toledu</a>. Pomračenje Mjeseca od 12. septembra 1178. korišteno je za utvrđivanje geografske dužine između Toleda, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseillea</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hereford (stranica ne postoji)">Hereforda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright1923_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1923-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:85</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo">Kristofor Kolumbo</a> napravio je dva pokušaja da koristi pomračenja Meseca da otkrije svoju geografsku dužinu, prvi na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otok_Saona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otok Saona (stranica ne postoji)">otoku Saona</a>, 14. septembra 1494. (drugo putovanje), a drugi na <a href="/wiki/Jamajka" title="Jamajka">Jamajci</a> 29. februara 1504. (četvrto putovanje). Pretpostavlja se da je koristio astronomske tablice kao referencu. Njegova određivanja geografske dužine pokazala su velike greške od 13° odnosno 38° W.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickering_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickering-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randles (1985) dokumentira mjerenje geografske dužine od strane Portugalaca i Španaca između 1514. i 1627. i u Americi i u Aziji. Greške su se kretale od 2° do 25°.<sup id="cite_ref-Randles_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randles-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">Teleskop</a> je izumljen početkom 17. stoljeća. U početku kao uređaj za posmatranje, razvoj u narednih pola stoljeća transformisao ga je u precizan merni alat.<sup id="cite_ref-Pannekoek_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pannekoek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Helden_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Helden-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sat_sa_klatnom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sat sa klatnom (stranica ne postoji)">Sat sa klatnom</a> patentirao je <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> 1657.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimbergen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimbergen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i postigao je povećanje tačnosti od oko 30 puta u odnosu na prethodne mehaničke satove.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ova dva izuma su revolucionirala opservacijsku astronomiju i kartografiju.<sup id="cite_ref-Olmsted_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na kopnu, u periodu od razvoja teleskopa i satova sa klatnom do sredine 18. stoljeća, došlo je do stalnog povećanja broja mjesta čija je geografska dužina određena sa razumnom tačnošću, često sa greškama manjim od jednog stepena, i skoro uvijek unutar 2° do 3°. Do 1720-ih grešaka je bila konstantno manja od 1°.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na moru, u istom periodu situacija je bila sasvim drugačija. Dva problema su se pokazala nerješivim. Prvi je bila potreba za navigatorom za trenutne rezultate. Drugi je bio morski okoliš. Obavljanje tačnih zapažanja u okeanskom bujanju je mnogo teže nego na kopnu, a satovi sa klatnom ne rade dobro u ovim uslovima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hronometar">Hronometar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Hronometar"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hronometar"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kao odgovor na probleme plovidbe, brojne evropske pomorske sile ponudile su nagrade za metodu određivanja geografske dužine na moru. Najpoznatiji od njih je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakon_o_du%C5%BEini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakon o dužini (stranica ne postoji)">Zakon o dužini</a> koji je usvojio britanski parlament 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:8</sup> Nudilo se dva nivoa nagrada, za rješenja unutar 1° i 0,5°. Nagrade su dodijeljene za dva rješenja: lunarne udaljenosti, koje su izvodljive tablicama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobias Mayer (stranica ne postoji)">Tobiasa Mayera</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> razvijen u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauti%C4%8Dki_almanah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nautički almanah (stranica ne postoji)">nautički almanah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraljevski_astronom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraljevski astronom (stranica ne postoji)">Kraljevskog astronoma</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevil_Maskelyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevil Maskelyne (stranica ne postoji)">Nevila Maskelynea</a>; i za hronometre koje je razvio stolar i izrađivač satova iz Yorkshirea <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harrison (stranica ne postoji)">John Harrison</a>. Harrison je napravio pet hronometara tokom više od tri decenije. Ovaj rad je podržan i nagrađen hiljadama funti od Odbora za dužinu,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ali se borio da dobije novac do najveće nagrade od 20.000 funti, da bi konačno dobio dodatnu isplatu 1773. nakon intervencije parlamenta<sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: Script error: The function "hyphen2dash" does not exist.">: <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-eba1336c">Script error: The function "hyphen2dash" does not exist.</span></strong>, [26] </span></sup>. Prošlo je neko vrijeme prije nego što je bilo koji metod postao široko korišten u navigaciji. U ranim godinama, hronometri su bili veoma skupi, a proračuni potrebni za lunarne udaljenosti i dalje su bili složeni i dugotrajni. Lunarne udaljenosti ušle su u opću upotrebu nakon 1790. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-Wess2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wess2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hronometri su imali prednosti što su i posmatranja i proračuni bili jednostavniji, a kako su početkom 19. stoljeća pojeftinili, počeli su da zamenjuju lune, koji su retko korišćeni nakon 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Littlehales_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littlehales-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prve radne <a href="/wiki/Telegrafija" title="Telegrafija">telegrafe</a> su u Britaniji uspostavili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wheatstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wheatstone (stranica ne postoji)">Wheatstone</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Fothergill_Cooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Fothergill Cooke (stranica ne postoji)">Cooke</a> 1839. godine, a u SAD-u <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Morse</a> u 1844. Brzo se shvatilo da se telegraf može koristiti za prijenos vremenskog signala za određivanje geografske dužine.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_1850_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_1850-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metod je ubrzo bio u praktičnoj upotrebi za određivanje geografske dužine, posebno u Sjevernoj Americi, i na sve većim i dužim udaljenostima kako se telegrafska mreža širila, uključujući zapadnu Evropu sa završetkom transatlantskih kablova. <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey (stranica ne postoji)">US Coast Survey</a> je bio posebno aktivan u ovom razvoju, i to ne samo u Sjedinjenim Državama. Istraživanje je uspostavilo lance mapiranih lokacija kroz Srednju i Južnu Ameriku, i Zapadnu Indiju, pa sve do Japana i Kine u godinama 1874-90. To je uveliko doprinijelo preciznom mapiranju ovih područja.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green1883_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1883-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dok su pomorci imali koristi od tačnih karata, nisu mogli primati telegrafske signale dok su u plovidbi, pa tako nisu mogli koristiti metod za navigaciju. Ovo se promijenilo kada je bežična telegrafija (radio) postala dostupna početkom 20. stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro1902_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro1902-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bežični vremenski signali za korištenje brodova prenošeni su iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halifax,_Nova_%C5%A0kotska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halifax, Nova Škotska (stranica ne postoji)">Halifaxa u Novoj Škotskoj</a>, počevši od 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchnson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchnson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i sa <a href="/wiki/Ajfelov_toranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajfelov toranj">Ajfelovog tornja</a> u Parizu od 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockyer1913_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockyer1913-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovi signali su omogućili navigatorima da često provjeravaju i podešavaju svoje hronometre.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio navigacioni</a> sistemi su ušli u opću upotrebu nakon <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugog svetskog rata</a>. Svi sistemi su zavisili od prenosa sa fiksnih navigacionih farova. Prijemnik na brodu izračunao je položaj plovila iz ovih prijenosa.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierce_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierce-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omogućili su preciznu navigaciju kada je loša vidljivost spriječila astronomska posmatranja, i postali su ustaljena metoda za komercijalni transport sve dok ih nije zamijenio <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> početkom 1990-ih. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Određivanje"><span id="Odre.C4.91ivanje"></span>Određivanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Određivanje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Određivanje"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Također pogledajte: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebeska_navigacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebeska navigacija (stranica ne postoji)">Nebeska navigacija</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Također pogledajte: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odre%C4%91ivanje_geografske_%C5%A1irine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Određivanje geografske širine (stranica ne postoji)">Određivanje geografske širine</a></div> <p>Glavni metodi za određivanje geografske dužine navedene su u nastavku. Uz jedan izuzetak (magnetska deklinacija) svi oni zavise od zajedničkog principa, koji je bio da se odredi apsolutno vrijeme iz događaja ili mjerenja i da se uporedi odgovarajuće lokalno vrijeme na dvije različite lokacije. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunarna_udaljenost_(navigacija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunarna udaljenost (navigacija) (stranica ne postoji)">Lunarne udaljenosti</a>. U svojoj orbiti oko Zemlje, Mjesec se kreće u odnosu na zvijezde brzinom od nešto više od 0,5°/sat. Ugao između Mjeseca i odgovarajuće zvijezde mjeri se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekstant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekstant (stranica ne postoji)">sekstantom</a> i (nakon konsultacija sa tabelama i dugim proračunima) daje vrijednost za apsolutno vrijeme.</li> <li>Sateliti Jupitera. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galilej</a> je predložio da sa dovoljno preciznim poznavanjem orbita satelita, njihove pozicije mogu pružiti mjeru apsolutnog vremena. Metod zahtijeva teleskop, jer mjeseci nisu vidljivi golim okom.</li> <li>Apulsi, okultacije i pomračenja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apuls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apuls (stranica ne postoji)">apuls</a> je najmanja prividna udaljenost između dva objekta (Mjesec, zvijezda ili planeta); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okultacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okultacija (stranica ne postoji)">okultacija</a> se dešava kada zvijezda ili <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a> prođu iza Meseca - u suštini vrsta pomračenja. Pomračenja Mjeseca su se i dalje koristila. Vrijeme bilo kojeg od ovih događaja može se koristiti kao mjera apsolutnog vremena.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomorski_hronometar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomorski hronometar (stranica ne postoji)">Hronometri</a>. Sat se postavlja na lokalno vrijeme početne tačke čija je geografska dužina poznata, a geografska dužina bilo kojeg drugog mjesta može se odrediti poređenjem njegovog lokalnog vremena sa vremenom na satu.</li> <li>Magnetna deklinacija. Igla <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompasa</a> općenito ne pokazuje tačno na sjever. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetna_deklinacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetna deklinacija (stranica ne postoji)">Varijacija</a> od pravog sjevera varira s lokacijom, i sugerirano je da bi to moglo pružiti osnovu za određivanje geografske dužine.</li></ul> <p>Sa izuzetkom magnetne deklinacije, sve su se pokazale izvodljivim metodima. Događaji na kopnu i moru, međutim, bili su vrlo različiti. </p><p>Ne postoji drugi fizički princip koji određuje geografsku dužinu direktno osim s vremenom. Geografska dužina u tački se može odrediti izračunavanjem vremenske razlike između one na njenoj lokaciji i <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">univerzalnog koordiniranog vremena</a> (UTC ). Pošto dan ima 24 sata i 360 stepeni u krugu, Sunce se kreće po nebu brzinom od 15 stepeni na sat (360° ÷ 24 sata = 15° na sat). Dakle, ako je <a href="/wiki/Vremenska_zona" title="Vremenska zona">vremenska zona</a> lokacije tri sata ispred UTC tada je ta lokacija blizu 45° geografske dužine (3 sata × 15° na sat = 45°). Riječ <i>blizu</i> koristi se jer tačka možda nije u centru vremenske zone; takođe su vremenske zone definisane politički, tako da njihovi centri i granice često ne leže na meridijanima koji su višestruki od 15°. Međutim, da bi se izvršio ovaj proračun, potreban je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomorski_hronometar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomorski hronometar (stranica ne postoji)">hronometar</a> (sat) postavljen na UTC i potrebno je odrediti lokalno vrijeme solarnim ili astronomskim posmatranjem. Detalji su složeniji nego što je ovdje opisano: za više detalja, pogledajte članke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Univerzalno_vrijeme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Univerzalno vrijeme (stranica ne postoji)">Univerzalno vrijeme</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedna%C4%8Dina_vremena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jednačina vremena (stranica ne postoji)">jednačina vremena</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrijednosti">Vrijednosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Vrijednosti"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vrijednosti"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geografska dužina je data kao <a href="/wiki/Ugao" title="Ugao">ugaona mjera</a> u rasponu od 0° na početnom meridijanu do +180° istočno i –180° zapadno. Grčko slovo λ (lambda)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koristi se za označavanje lokacije mjesta na Zemlji istočno ili zapadno od početnog meridijana. </p><p>Svaki stepen geografske dužine podeljen je na 60 <a href="/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dna_minuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lučna minuta">minuta</a>, od kojih je svaka podeljen na 60 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C4%8Dna_sekunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lučna sekunda (stranica ne postoji)">sekundu</a>. Geografska dužina je stoga specificirana u seksagesimalnolj notaciji kao, naprimjer, 23° 27′ 30″ E. Za veću preciznost, sekunde su specificirane sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decimala (stranica ne postoji)">decimalnom frakcijom</a>. Alternativni prikaz koristi stupnjeve i minute, a dijelovi minuta su izraženi decimalnim zapisom, dakle: 23° 27,5′ E. Stepeni se također mogu izraziti kao decimalni razlomak: 23,45833° E. Za proračune, ugaona mjera se može pretvoriti u <a href="/wiki/Radijan" title="Radijan">radijane</a>, tako da se geografska dužina također može izraziti na ovaj način kao predznačeni dio <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> (<a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a>), ili neoznačeni razlomak od 2 <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span>. </p><p>Za proračune, sufiks Zapad/Istok se zamjenjuje negativnim predznakom na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapadna_hemisfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapadna hemisfera (stranica ne postoji)">zapadnoj hemisferi</a>. Međunarodna standardna konvencija (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_6709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 6709 (stranica ne postoji)">ISO 6709</a>) – taj Istok je pozitivan – u skladu je sa desnorukim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartezijanski_koordinatni_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kartezijanski koordinatni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Kartezijanskim koordinatnim sistemom</a>, sa sjevernim polom gore. Određena geografska dužina se tada može kombinovati sa određenom geografskom širinom (pozitivnom na <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_hemisfera" title="Sjeverna hemisfera">sjevernoj hemisferi</a>) kako bi se dobio precizan položaj na površini Zemlje. Zbunjujuće, konvencija negativa za Istok se također ponekad viđa, najčešće u <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">Sjedinjenim Državama</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratorija_za_istra%C5%BEivanje_sistema_Zemlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratorija za istraživanje sistema Zemlje (stranica ne postoji)">Laboratorija za istraživanje sistema Zemlje</a> koristila ga je na starijoj verziji jedne od svojih stranica, kako bi "unošenje koordinata učinilo manje nezgodnim" za aplikacije ograničene na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapadna_hemisfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapadna hemisfera (stranica ne postoji)">zapadnu hemisferu</a>. Od tada su prešli na standardni pristup.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trema imati na umu da je geografska dužina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matemati%C4%8Dka_singularnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematička singularnost (stranica ne postoji)">singularna</a> na <a href="/wiki/Geografski_pol" title="Geografski pol">polova</a> i proračuni koji su dovoljno tačni za druge položaje mogu biti netačni na ili blizu polova. Takođe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskontinuitet_(matematika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskontinuitet (matematika) (stranica ne postoji)">diskontinuitet</a> na ±<a href="/wiki/180._meridijan" title="180. meridijan">180° meridijanu</a> se mora pažljivo rukovati u proračunima. Primjer je izračunavanje istočnog pomaka oduzimanjem dvije geografske dužine, što daje pogrešan odgovor ako su dvije pozicije s obje strane ovog meridijana. Da bi se izbjegle ove složenosti, treba razmisliti o zamjeni geografske širine i dužine s drugim horizontalnim prikazom položaja u proračunu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dužina_jednog_stepena_geografske_dužine"><span id="Du.C5.BEina_jednog_stepena_geografske_du.C5.BEine"></span>Dužina jednog stepena geografske dužine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Dužina jednog stepena geografske dužine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dužina jednog stepena geografske dužine"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Također pogledajte: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%BEina_jednog_stepena_geografske_%C5%A1irine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dužina jednog stepena geografske širine (stranica ne postoji)">Dužina jednog stepena geografske širine</a></div> <p>Dužina jednog stepena geografske dužine (udaljenost istok-zapad) zavisi samo od radijusa kruga geografske širine. Za sferu poluprečnika <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span> taj poluprečnik na geografskoj širini <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span> je <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i> <a href="/wiki/Kosinus" title="Kosinus">cos</a> <i>φ</i></span>, a dužina luka od jednog stepena (ili <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3313445">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">180</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radijan" title="Radijan">radijan</a>) duž kruga geografske širine je:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \phi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>180</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \phi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e88fc2a6f8daa8f14d5a2b4cbbaa19e69a12ea86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.106ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \phi }"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span></th> <th><span class="texhtml">Δ<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">1<br />lat</span></span></th> <th><span class="texhtml">Δ<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">1<br />long</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0°</td> <td>110,574 km</td> <td>111,320 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>15°</td> <td>110,649 km</td> <td>107,551 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>30°</td> <td>110,852 km</td> <td>96,486 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>45°</td> <td>111,133 km</td> <td>78,847 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>60°</td> <td>111,412 km</td> <td>55,800 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>75°</td> <td>111,618 km</td> <td>28,902 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>90°</td> <td>111,694 km</td> <td>0,000 km </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:WGS84_angle_to_distance_conversion.svg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:WGS84 angle to distance conversion.svg (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:WGS84 angle to distance conversion.svg</a> Kada je <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a> modelirana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elipsoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elipsoid (stranica ne postoji)">elipsoidom</a>, ova dužina luka postaje <sup id="cite_ref-osborne_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborne-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rapp_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi a\cos \phi }{180{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>180</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi a\cos \phi }{180{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00f543b7279e3855f09adc960eb18aebb46a9768" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:27.139ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi a\cos \phi }{180{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span>, ekscentricitet elipsoida, povezan je s velikom i malom osom (ekvatorski i polarni radijusi) pomoću:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{2}={\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{2}={\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acc915e4db2a15442229073d080670744d0f1c94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.249ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{2}={\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}}}"></span> </p><p>Alternativna formula je: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \beta \quad {\mbox{where }}\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>180</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>where </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>b</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \beta \quad {\mbox{where }}\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/915b3d9fc2b11186d49b7641aa557cc1b3ab2ced" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:44.052ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \beta \quad {\mbox{where }}\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }"></span>; here <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> je takozvana <b>parametrijska</b> ili <b>redukovana</b> širina. cos <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">φ</span> smanjuje se od 1 na ekvatoru do 0 na polovima, što mjeri kako se krugovi geografske širine skupljaju od ekvatora do tačke na polu, tako da se i dužina jednog stepena geografske dužine smanjuje. Ovo je u suprotnosti sa malim (1%) povećanjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%BEine_stepena_geografske_%C5%A1irine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dužine stepena geografske širine (stranica ne postoji)">dužine stepena geografske širine</a> (udaljenost sjever–jug), od ekvatora do pola. Tabela prikazuje oba za <a href="/w/index.php?title=WGS84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGS84 (stranica ne postoji)">WGS84</a> elipsoid sa <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7006637813700000000♠</span>6.378.137 m</span> i <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">b</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7010635675231420000♠</span>6.356.752,3142 m</span>. Imajte na umu da je rastojanje između dve tačke udaljene 1 stepen na istom krugu geografske širine, mereno duž tog kruga geografske širine, nešto više od najkraće (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodetske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodetske (stranica ne postoji)">geodetske</a>) udaljenosti između tih tačaka (osim ako na ekvatoru, gde su one jednaki); razlika je manja od 0.6 m (2 ft). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_milja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografska milja (stranica ne postoji)">Geografska milja</a> je definisana kao dužina jedne <a href="/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dna_minuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lučna minuta">lučne minute</a> duž ekvatora (jedan ekvatorijalni minut geografske dužine), stoga je stepen geografske dužine duž ekvatora tačno 60 geografskih milja ili 111,3 kilometara, kao ima 60 minuta u stepenu. Dužina 1 minute geografske dužine duž ekvatora je 1 geografska milja ili 1,855 km or 1,153 miles, dok je dužina 1 sekunde 0,016 geografske milje ili 30.916 m or 101.43 feet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kardinalni_smjer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kardinalni smjer (stranica ne postoji)">Kardinalni smjer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mrtav_obra%C4%8Dun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mrtav obračun (stranica ne postoji)">Mrtav obračun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eklipti%C4%8Dka_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekliptička dužina (stranica ne postoji)">Ekliptička dužina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodezija" title="Geodezija">Geodezija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodetski_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodetski sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Geodetski sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografski_koordinatni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografski koordinatni sistem">Geografski koordinatni sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_udaljenost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografska udaljenost (stranica ne postoji)">Geografska udaljenost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija">Geografija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udaljenost_velikog_kruga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udaljenost velikog kruga (stranica ne postoji)">Udaljenost velikog kruga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_geografske_du%C5%BEine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija geografske dužine (stranica ne postoji)">Historija geografske dužine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrvo_prethodnog_dana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrvo prethodnog dana (stranica ne postoji)">Ostrvo prethodnog dana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografska_%C5%A1irina" title="Geografska širina">Geografska širina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridijski_luk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridijski luk (stranica ne postoji)">Meridijski luk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozivni_broj_prirodnog_podru%C4%8Dja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pozivni broj prirodnog područja (stranica ne postoji)">Pozivni broj prirodnog 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href="/wiki/Strane_svijeta" title="Strane svijeta">Strane svijeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografske_koordinate" title="Geografske koordinate">Geografske koordinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografska_%C5%A1irina" title="Geografska širina">Geografska širina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/longitude">"Definition of LONGITUDE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 14. 3. 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+LONGITUDE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flongitude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dicks-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dicks_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFDicks1953" class="citation thesis cs1">Dicks, D.R. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414082903/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720566"><i>Hipparchus : a critical edition of the extant material for his life and works</i></a> (PhD). Birkbeck College, University of London. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720566">originala</a>, 14. 4. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 7. 7. 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hipparchus+%3A+a+critical+edition+of+the+extant+material+for+his+life+and+works&rft.inst=Birkbeck+College%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Dicks&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fuin%3Duk.bl.ethos.720566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2016" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Susanne M. (2016). "How time served to measure the geographical position since Hellenism". u Arias, Elisa Felicitas; Combrinck, Ludwig; Gabor, Pavel; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Seidelmann, P.Kenneth (ured.). <i>The Science of Time</i>. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. <b>50</b>. Springer International. str. 25–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-59909-0_4">10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-319-59908-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-319-59908-3"><bdi>978-3-319-59908-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+time+served+to+measure+the+geographical+position+since+Hellenism&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Time&rft.series=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science+Proceedings&rft.pages=25-36&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-59909-0_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-59908-3&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Susanne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMittenhuber2010" class="citation book cs1">Mittenhuber, Florian (2010). "The Tradition of Texts and Maps in Ptolemy's Geography". u Jones, Alexander (ured.). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Dostupan probni rok, a inače je potrebna pretplata"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ptolemyperspecti00jone"><i>Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century</i></a></span>. Archimedes. <b>23</b>. Dordrecht: Springer. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ptolemyperspecti00jone/page/n106">95</a>-119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2788-7_4">10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-90-481-2787-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-90-481-2787-0"><bdi>978-90-481-2787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tradition+of+Texts+and+Maps+in+Ptolemy%27s+Geography&rft.btitle=Ptolemy+in+Perspective%3A+Use+and+Criticism+of+his+Work+from+Antiquity+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Archimedes&rft.pages=95-119&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-2788-7_4&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2787-0&rft.aulast=Mittenhuber&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fptolemyperspecti00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunbury-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunbury_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFBunbury1879" class="citation book cs1">Bunbury, E.H. 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"The Error in Longitude in Ptolemy's Geography Revisited". <i>The Cartographic Journal</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 3–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1743277414Y.0000000098">10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129864284">129864284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cartographic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Error+in+Longitude+in+Ptolemy%27s+Geography+Revisited&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-14&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1743277414Y.0000000098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129864284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shcheglov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright1925-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright1925_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFWright1925" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John Kirtland (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographicallore00wrig"><i>The geographical lore of the time of the Crusades: A study in the history of medieval science and tradition in Western Europe</i></a>. New York: American geographical society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geographical+lore+of+the+time+of+the+Crusades%3A+A+study+in+the+history+of+medieval+science+and+tradition+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+geographical+society&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John+Kirtland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographicallore00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragep-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRagep2010" class="citation book cs1">Ragep, F.Jamil (2010). "Islamic reactions to Ptolemy's imprecisions". u Jones, A. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B1/HOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter4.pdf">"The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. u Harley, J.B.; Woodward, David (ured.). <i>The History of Cartography Vol. 2 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies</i>. 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ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. str. 91–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESASP1278...91G">2004ESASP1278...91G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/92-9092-997-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/92-9092-997-9"><bdi>92-9092-997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Titan+-+from+Discovery+to+Encounter&rft.atitle=Huygens+and+the+advancement+of+time+measurements&rft.volume=1278&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ESASP1278...91G&rft.isbn=92-9092-997-9&rft.aulast=Grimbergen&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthalNosonovsky2020" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal, Aaron S.; Nosonovsky, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapplmech1020008">"Friction and Dynamics of Verge and Foliot: How the Invention of the Pendulum Made Clocks Much More Accurate"</a>. <i>Applied Mechanics</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 111–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapplmech1020008">10.3390/applmech1020008</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Friction+and+Dynamics+of+Verge+and+Foliot%3A+How+the+Invention+of+the+Pendulum+Made+Clocks+Much+More+Accurate&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-122&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fapplmech1020008&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Aaron+S.&rft.au=Nosonovsky%2C+Michael&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fapplmech1020008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmsted-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olmsted_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted1960" class="citation journal cs1">Olmsted, J.W. 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(1722). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-103565">"The Longitude of Buenos Aires, Determin'd from an Observation Made There by Père Feuillée"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>32</b> (370–380): 2–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=The+Longitude+of+Buenos+Aires%2C+Determin%27d+from+an+Observation+Made+There+by+P%C3%A8re+Feuill%C3%A9e&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=370%E2%80%93380&rft.pages=2-4&rft.date=1722&rft.aulast=Halley&rft.aufirst=Edm.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-103565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span>Santa Catarina, Brazil: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFLeggeAtwell1743" class="citation journal cs1">Legge, Edward; Atwell, Joseph (1743). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-104132">"Extract of a letter from the Honble Edward Legge, Esq; F. R. S. 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Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/gif/llhxyz.gif">originala</a>, 29. 9. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 14. 3. 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colorado.edu&rft.atitle=Coordinate+Conversion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fgeography%2Fgcraft%2Fnotes%2Fdatum%2Fgif%2Fllhxyz.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"λ = Geografska dužina istočno od Greenwicha (za geografsku dužinu zapadno od Greenwicha koristite znak minus)."<br />John P. Snyder, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/pp/pp1395">Map Projections, A Working Manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701103721/http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/pp/pp1395">Arhivirano</a> 1. 7. 2010. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, USGS Professional Paper 1395, page ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html">NOAA ESRL Sunrise/Sunset Calculator</a> (deprecated). <i>Earth System Research Laboratory</i>. Retrieved October 18, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osborne-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osborne_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2013" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Peter (2013). "Chapter 5: The geometry of the ellipsoid". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509180529/http://www.mercator99.webspace.virginmedia.com/mercator.pdf"><i>The Mercator Projections: The Normal and Transverse Mercator Projections on the Sphere and the Ellipsoid with Full Derivations of all Formulae</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.35392">10.5281/zenodo.35392</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercator99.webspace.virginmedia.com/mercator.pdf">originala</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 9. 5. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 24. 1. 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+geometry+of+the+ellipsoid&rft.btitle=The+Mercator+Projections%3A+The+Normal+and+Transverse+Mercator+Projections+on+the+Sphere+and+the+Ellipsoid+with+Full+Derivations+of+all+Formulae&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.35392&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercator99.webspace.virginmedia.com%2Fmercator.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rapp-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rapp_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRapp1991" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Richard H. (april 1991). "Chapter 3: Properties of the Ellipsoid". <i>Geometric Geodesy Part I</i>. Columbus, Ohio.: Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Ohio State University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifikator)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/1811%2F24333">1811/24333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Properties+of+the+Ellipsoid&rft.btitle=Geometric+Geodesy+Part+I&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio.&rft.pub=Department+of+Geodetic+Science+and+Surveying%2C+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F24333&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dopunska_literatura">Dopunska literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Dopunska literatura"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Dopunska literatura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation book cs1">Andrews, William J. H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforlongitud0000long"><i>The Quest for Longitude</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-9644329-0-1" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-9644329-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9644329-0-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifikator)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59617314">59617314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59617314&rft.isbn=978-0-9644329-0-1&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=William+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforlongitud0000long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation book cs1">Howse, Derek (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwichtimedis0000hows"><i>Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude</i></a>. Philip Wilson Publishers, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-19-215948-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-19-215948-9"><bdi>978-0-19-215948-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenwich+Time+and+the+Discovery+of+the+Longitude&rft.pub=Philip+Wilson+Publishers%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215948-9&rft.aulast=Howse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwichtimedis0000hows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AGeografska+du%C5%BEina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografska_du%C5%BEina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3627399">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm">IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222418/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm">Arhivirano</a> 14. 5. 2019. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article5136819.ece">"Longitude forged"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616111940/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article5136819.ece">Arhivirano</a> 16. 6. 2011. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: an essay exposing a hoax solution to the problem of calculating longitude, undetected in Dava Sobel's Longitude, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-tls.co.uk">TLS</a>, November 12, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/longitude">Board of Longitude Collection, Cambridge Digital Library</a> – complete digital version of the Board's archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegpscoordinates.com">Longitude And Latitude Of Points of Interest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csgnetwork.com/degreelenllavcalc.html">Length Of A Degree Of Latitude And Longitude Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/RA.../0002//0000185.000.html">Esame critico intorno alla scoperta di Vespucci ...</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.museogalileo.it/waldseemuller/ewal.php?c%5B%5D=54117">A land beyond the stars - Museo Galileo</a></li></ul> <p><a 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