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<span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BIC_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BIC_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>BIC Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BIC_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noted_Brethren_in_Christ_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noted_Brethren_in_Christ_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Noted Brethren in Christ people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noted_Brethren_in_Christ_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River Brethren Christian denomination</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Brethren in Christ Church</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptist</a><sup id="cite_ref-SnyderHecht2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnyderHecht2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a><sup id="cite_ref-Climenhaga1942_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climenhaga1942-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Associations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1778 <br /><a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Pennsylvania" title="Marietta, Pennsylvania">Marietta, Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="Calvary Holiness Church (Philadelphia)">Calvary Holiness Church</a> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anabaptism" title="Category:Anabaptism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands"><img alt="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/220px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/330px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/440px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6594" data-file-height="5283" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">A 1685 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i>, of <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a> saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near <a href="/wiki/Asperen" title="Asperen">Asperen</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Holy kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Blaurock" title="George Blaurock">George Blaurock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Melchior Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hut" title="Hans Hut">Hans Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Rink" title="Melchior Rink">Melchior Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Largest groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brethren in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_World_Conference" title="Mennonite World Conference">Mennonite World Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonites" title="Old Colony Mennonites">Old Colony Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_True_Inspiration" title="Community of True Inspiration">Inspirationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Anabaptism" title="Neo-Anabaptism">Neo-Anabaptism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Template:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Template talk:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018BICUSicon.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/2018BICUSicon.jpeg/220px-2018BICUSicon.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d8/2018BICUSicon.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Brethren in Christ U.S. logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Brethren in Christ Church</b> (<b>BIC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> Christian denomination. Falling within the Anabaptist tradition of Christianity, the Brethren in Christ Church has roots in the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> church, with influences from the revivals of <a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SnyderHecht2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnyderHecht2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shantz2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shantz2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been known as River Brethren and River Mennonites.<sup id="cite_ref-Climenhaga1942_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climenhaga1942-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostlevy2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian denomination, which formerly shared a name with its American counterpart, is now called <b>Be In Christ</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brethren in Christ have their headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. It loosely shares an early connection with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ">United Brethren</a> back to 1767. The Brethren in Christ trace their denomination back to a group of Mennonites who lived just north of <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Pennsylvania" title="Marietta, Pennsylvania">Marietta, Pennsylvania</a>, on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a>. As they met to study the Bible and to worship God in the 1770s, the people of this group who became known as the River Brethren searched early church history and developed a conviction that <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a> by triune immersion was the scriptural form of baptism. The River Brethren of the 18th century also held to a firm reliance on the centrality of Jesus in Scripture, especially the literal application of the Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 5-7. </p><p>Being Anabaptists, the River Brethren emphasized the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">nonconformity to the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostlevy2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their origin in the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietistic</a> revivals led the River Brethren to emphasize "the conversion experience, a strong devotional life, and testimony."<sup id="cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostlevy2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Engle" title="Jacob Engle">Jacob Engle</a> is noted as one of the early leaders (sometimes considered the "founder" of the BIC Church). The first confessional statement of this group was formulated around 1780, after the stressful time of the American Revolution. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when required by the Union government of the United States to register as a body that held peaceful, non-combatant <a href="/wiki/Non-resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resistance">non-resistance</a> values, the name "Brethren in Christ'" was adopted. "River Brethren" remained the term of popular usage into the 20th century for the American members of the denomination while "Dunkers" was the popular moniker given to the Canadian denomination members until the 1930s. </p><p>The denomination still holds strongly to its pursuit of peace, but within the denomination there are many different interpretations of how this peaceful lifestyle should be lived out. Many live out social <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, while others do not view Christ's call to peace as an antiwar statement, but as a call to live peacefully on an interpersonal level. The history of the denomination is replete with stories of <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a>. </p><p>Other branches of the River Brethren include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a> (org. 1843), the <a href="/wiki/United_Zion_Church" title="United Zion Church">United Zion Church</a> (org. 1855), and the <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="Calvary Holiness Church (Philadelphia)">Calvary Holiness Church</a>. </p><p>About the turn of the 20th century, the Brethren in Christ was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostlevy2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Brethren in Christ Church founded <a href="/wiki/Messiah_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah College">Messiah College</a> in 1909 (<a href="/wiki/Grantham,_Pennsylvania" title="Grantham, Pennsylvania">Grantham, Pennsylvania</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Christian_Community_of_Schools" title="Niagara Christian Community of Schools">Niagara Christian College</a> (later Niagara Christian Community of Schools) in 1932 as a Christian preparatory school in <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church's current Articles of Faith and Doctrine were adopted in 1986 and emphasize the understanding of the inspired scriptures by the church in community with the illumination of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, the "centrality of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>" in the divine revelation, the necessity of holiness, nonviolence and the importance of community. The church believes that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">God the Holy Spirit</a> reveals Himself through the divine record of scripture and that salvation through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is received through the response of personal faith and repentance. <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> by triune <a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism by immersion">immersion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's supper</a> are considered <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinances of the church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a>, the dedication of children, prayer for the sick, <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointing</a> with oil are important accepted practices but are not called ordinances. </p><p>A distinctive of the Brethren in Christ, together with other Anabaptist denominations, is the practice of "Community <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a>" in which the interpretation of the scriptures is to be done by the church in community, rather than being the responsibility of the church hierarchy or that of the individual Christian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the denomination's 2006 General Conference, the Brethren in Christ Church in North America had about 295 churches in the United States and Canada. As of 2001, in the United States there were 20,739 members in 232 churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Yearbook_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yearbook-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania remains the hub of the denomination, with nearly half its congregations and a majority of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-RCMS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCMS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are numerous congregations in other states, particularly Florida, Ohio, and California.<sup id="cite_ref-RCMS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCMS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denominational headquarters is in <a href="/wiki/Grantham,_Pennsylvania" title="Grantham, Pennsylvania">Grantham, Pennsylvania</a>, next to the Grantham BIC Church and <a href="/wiki/Messiah_University" title="Messiah University">Messiah University</a>. </p><p>There are 1,100 churches in 23 countries with a worldwide membership of around 80,000. The BIC church maintains some connection to its Mennonite-influenced heritage by partnering in ministry with the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Central_Committee" title="Mennonite Central Committee">Mennonite Central Committee</a>. </p><p>The church organization is divided into seven regional conferences (each represented by a bishop who sits on the Leadership Council) and one subconference. The conferences are as follows: Allegheny, Atlantic, Great Lakes, Midwest, Pacific, Southeast, and Susquehanna; the subconference is centered around <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>, and focuses on <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> ministries. Messiah University in Grantham, and <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Christian_Collegiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Christian Collegiate">Niagara Christian Collegiate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie, Ontario</a>, Canada, are affiliated with the BIC. </p><p>The church is also has affiliations with a number of camps, conference centers, and ministries, as well as Evangel Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Nappanee,_Indiana" title="Nappanee, Indiana">Nappanee, Indiana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christian Light Bookstores in Indiana, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BIC_Canada">BIC Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: BIC Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the Canadian Conference of the Brethren in Christ and the General Conference of the Brethren in Christ recognized the advantage for both of being independent Churches. Both approved a separation affirmation. The result was the development of BIC Canada and the BIC in the USA. They continue to work collaboratively with each other and yet recognize their distinctive national identities and structures. In 2017, BIC Canada changed its name to "Be in Christ Church of Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Be In Christ Canada has three different expressions of churches: Community Churches, <a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_House" title="The Meeting House">The Meeting House</a>, and Reunion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noted_Brethren_in_Christ_people">Noted Brethren in Christ people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Noted Brethren in Christ people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Smith_(Christian_apologist)" title="Jay Smith (Christian apologist)">Jay Smith</a>, Christian apologist<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruxy_Cavey" title="Bruxy Cavey">Bruxy Cavey</a>, author and former pastor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Albrecht" title="Harold Albrecht">Harold Albrecht</a>, Canadian former Member of Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the riding of <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%94Conestoga_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kitchener—Conestoga (federal electoral district)">Kitchener—Conestoga</a> in Ontario, founder of Pathway Community Church in Kitchener, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Christian_Community_of_Schools" title="Niagara Christian Community of Schools">Niagara Christian Community of Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Zion_Church" title="United Zion Church">United Zion Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Smith_(Christian_apologist)" title="Jay Smith (Christian apologist)">Jay Smith (Christian apologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church_Society" title="Brethren in Christ Church Society">Brethren in Christ Church Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SnyderHecht2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SnyderHecht2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnyderHecht2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSnyderHecht2010" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, C. Arnold; Hecht, Linda A. Huebert (October 30, 2010). <i>Profiles of Anabaptist Women: Sixteenth-Century Reforming Pioneers</i>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-790-2"><bdi>978-1-55458-790-2</bdi></a>. <q>Direct descendants of the Anabaptists are present-day Mennonites, Hutterites, Amish, and some groups of Brethren, such as the Mennonite Brethren, the Church of the Brethren and the Brethren in Christ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+of+Anabaptist+Women%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Reforming+Pioneers&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-790-2&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=C.+Arnold&rft.au=Hecht%2C+Linda+A.+Huebert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climenhaga1942-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climenhaga1942_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climenhaga1942_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClimenhaga1942" class="citation book cs1">Climenhaga, Asa W. (1942). <i>History of the Brethren in Christ Church</i>. E. V. Publishing House. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Brethren+in+Christ+Church&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=E.+V.+Publishing+House&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Climenhaga&rft.aufirst=Asa+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2002). <i>The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615927388" title="Special:BookSources/9781615927388"><bdi>9781615927388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781615927388&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shantz2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shantz2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShantz2013" class="citation book cs1">Shantz, Douglas H. (2013). <i>An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe</i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421408804" title="Special:BookSources/9781421408804"><bdi>9781421408804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+German+Pietism%3A+Protestant+Renewal+at+the+Dawn+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781421408804&rft.aulast=Shantz&rft.aufirst=Douglas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2007" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Craig A. (2007). <i>Rethinking Christ and Culture: A Post-Christendom Perspective</i>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441201225" title="Special:BookSources/9781441201225"><bdi>9781441201225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Christ+and+Culture%3A+A+Post-Christendom+Perspective&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781441201225&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostlevy2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostlevy2009_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostlevy2009" class="citation book cs1">Kostlevy, William (August 3, 2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Holiness Movement</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6318-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6318-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Holiness+Movement&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6318-7&rft.aulast=Kostlevy&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer2021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer2021_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2021" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, Brian C. (December 30, 2021). <i>T&T Clark Handbook of Anabaptism</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68950-4"><bdi>978-0-567-68950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Handbook+of+Anabaptism&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68950-4&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1377.asp">"Historic Archive CD and <i>Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches</i>"</a>. The National Council of Churches<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Archive+CD+and+Yearbook+of+American+%26+Canadian+Churches&rft.pub=The+National+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FDenoms%2FD_1377.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCMS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RCMS_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCMS_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1377_d.asp">"2000 Religious Congregations and Membership Study"</a>. Glenmary Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+Religious+Congregations+and+Membership+Study&rft.pub=Glenmary+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FDenoms%2FD_1377_d.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bic-history.org/board-for-media-ministries-closes-after-126-years-of-operation/">"Board for Media Ministries Closes After 126 Years of Operation"</a>. <i>Brethren In Christ Historical Society</i>. August 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brethren+In+Christ+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Board+for+Media+Ministries+Closes+After+126+Years+of+Operation&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbic-history.org%2Fboard-for-media-ministries-closes-after-126-years-of-operation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester" class="citation web cs1">Lester, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect.westheights.org/2017/05/14/we-have-a-new-name/">"We Have A New Name | Westheights"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Have+A+New+Name+%26%23124%3B+Westheights&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect.westheights.org%2F2017%2F05%2F14%2Fwe-have-a-new-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasian-college.com/eng/staff.php">Eurasian College: "Visiting Lecturers- Jay Smith"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150316011447/http://www.eurasian-college.com/eng/staff.php#">Archived</a> March 16, 2015, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> retrieved March 15, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/june/21.34.html">Christianity Today: "Unapologetic Apologist - Jay Smith confronts Muslim fundamentalists with fundamentalist fervor" by Deann Alford</a> June 13, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/Parliamentarians/en/members/Harold-Albrecht(35607)">"Harold Albrecht - Overview - House of Commons of Canada"</a>. <i>www.ourcommons.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcommons.ca&rft.atitle=Harold+Albrecht+-+Overview+-+House+of+Commons+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2FParliamentarians%2Fen%2Fmembers%2FHarold-Albrecht%2835607%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011612/http://www.pathwaycc.ca/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. <i>Pathway Community Church</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathwaycc.ca/our-history">the original</a> on February 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pathway+Community+Church&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathwaycc.ca%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrethren+in+Christ+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Encyclopedia of American Religions</i>, J. Gordon Melton, editor</li> <li><i>Handbook of Denominations in the United States</i>, by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood</li> <li><i>Profiles in Belief: the Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada</i>, by Arthur Carl Piepkorn</li> <li><i>Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)</i>, Glenmary Research Center</li> <li><i>Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ</i>, Carlton O. Wittlinger (1978)</li> <li><i>Two Hundred Years of Tradition and Change: The Brethren in Christ in Canada</i>, E. Morris Sider (1988)</li> <li>Brensinger, Terry L., ed. <i>Focusing Our Faith: Brethren in Christ Core Values</i>. Nappanee, IN: Evangel Pub. House, 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beinchrist.ca/">beinchrist.ca - Official Be In Christ Church of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicus.org/">Official BIC US website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messiah.edu/archives">Brethren in Christ Historical Library and Archives – Archives of Messiah College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031227093034/http://www.messiah.edu/siderinstitute/morris_sider.shtml">The Sider Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarything.com/catalog.php?view=bicblogs">LibraryThing.com BIC Catalog</a> – <i>unofficial</i> listing of librarything.com catalog of BIC related books.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1377.asp">Profile of Brethren in Christ Church on the Association of Religion Data Archives website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church">GAMEO</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anabaptism212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptists" title="Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptists" title="Template talk:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anabaptism212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarian" title="Abecedarian">Abecedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brethren in Christ Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptist–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli#Eucharist" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> – <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />Anabaptists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" 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