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site</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><main id="page-content"><div id="site-toc--side" class="site-toc"><header class="site-toc__title">Contents</header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#numbers">Numbers</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#strings">Strings</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#booleans">Booleans</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#runes-and-grapheme-clusters">Runes and grapheme clusters</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#symbols">Symbols</a></li></ul></div><article><div class="content"><nav id="subnav"><ul><li class="previous"><a href="/language/keywords">&lang;  Keywords</a></li><li class="next"><a href="/language/records">Records  &rang;</a></li></ul></nav><div id="site-content-title"><h1>Built-in types</h1></div><div id="site-toc--inline" class="site-toc"><header class="site-toc__title">Contents</header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#numbers">Numbers</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#strings">Strings</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#booleans">Booleans</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#runes-and-grapheme-clusters">Runes and grapheme clusters</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#symbols">Symbols</a></li></ul></div>The Dart language has special support for the following:<ul><li><a href="#numbers">Numbers</a> (<code>int</code>, <code>double</code>)</li><li><a href="#strings">Strings</a> (<code>String</code>)</li><li><a href="#booleans">Booleans</a> (<code>bool</code>)</li><li><a href="/language/records">Records</a> (<code>(value1, value2)</code>)</li><li><a href="/language/functions#function-types">Functions</a> (<code>Function</code>)</li><li><a href="/language/collections#lists">Lists</a> (<code>List</code>, also known as arrays)</li><li><a href="/language/collections#sets">Sets</a> (<code>Set</code>)</li><li><a href="/language/collections#maps">Maps</a> (<code>Map</code>)</li><li><a href="#runes-and-grapheme-clusters">Runes</a> (<code>Runes</code>; often replaced by the <code>characters</code> API)</li><li><a href="#symbols">Symbols</a> (<code>Symbol</code>)</li><li>The value <code>null</code> (<code>Null</code>)</li></ul>This support includes the ability to create objects using literals. For example, <code>'this is a string'</code> is a string literal, and <code>true</code> is a boolean literal.Because every variable in Dart refers to an object—an instance of a class—you can usually use constructors to initialize variables. Some of the built-in types have their own constructors. For example, you can use the <code>Map()</code> constructor to create a map.Some other types also have special roles in the Dart language:<ul><li><code>Object</code>: The superclass of all Dart classes except <code>Null</code>.</li><li><code>Enum</code>: The superclass of all enums.</li><li><code>Future</code> and <code>Stream</code>: Used in <a href="/language/async">asynchrony support</a>.</li><li><code>Iterable</code>: Used in <a href="/libraries/dart-core#iteration">for-in loops</a> and in synchronous <a href="/language/functions#generators">generator functions</a>.</li><li><code>Never</code>: Indicates that an expression can never successfully finish evaluating. Most often used for functions that always throw an exception.</li><li><code>dynamic</code>: Indicates that you want to disable static checking. Usually you should use <code>Object</code> or <code>Object?</code> instead.</li><li><code>void</code>: Indicates that a value is never used. Often used as a return type.</li></ul>The <code>Object</code>, <code>Object?</code>, <code>Null</code>, and <code>Never</code> classes have special roles in the class hierarchy. Learn about these roles in <a href="/null-safety/understanding-null-safety#top-and-bottom">Understanding null safety</a>.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="numbers">Numbers</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#numbers" aria-label="Link to 'Numbers' section">#</a></div>Dart numbers come in two flavors:<dl><dt><a href="https://api.dart.dev/dart-core/int-class.html"><code>int</code></a></dt><dd>Integer values no larger than 64 bits, <a href="/guides/language/numbers">depending on the platform</a>. On native platforms, values can be from -263 to 263 - 1. On the web, integer values are represented as JavaScript numbers (64-bit floating-point values with no fractional part) and can be from -253 to 253 - 1.</dd><dt><a href="https://api.dart.dev/dart-core/double-class.html"><code>double</code></a></dt><dd>64-bit (double-precision) floating-point numbers, as specified by the IEEE 754 standard.</dd></dl>Both <code>int</code> and <code>double</code> are subtypes of <a href="https://api.dart.dev/dart-core/num-class.html"><code>num</code></a>. The num type includes basic operators such as +, -, /, and *, and is also where you'll find <code>abs()</code>,<code>ceil()</code>, and <code>floor()</code>, among other methods. (Bitwise operators, such as >>, are defined in the <code>int</code> class.) If num and its subtypes don't have what you're looking for, the <a href="https://api.dart.dev/dart-math">dart:math</a> library might.Integers are numbers without a decimal point. Here are some examples of defining integer literals: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (integer-literals)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var x = 1; var hex = 0xDEADBEEF;</code></pre></div></div>If a number includes a decimal, it is a double. Here are some examples of defining double literals: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (double-literals)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var y = 1.1; var exponents = 1.42e5;</code></pre></div></div>You can also declare a variable as a num. If you do this, the variable can have both integer and double values. <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (declare-num)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>num x = 1; // x can have both int and double values x += 2.5;</code></pre></div></div>Integer literals are automatically converted to doubles when necessary: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (int-to-double)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>double z = 1; // Equivalent to double z = 1.0.</code></pre></div></div>Here's how you turn a string into a number, or vice versa: <?code-excerpt "misc/test/language_tour/built_in_types_test.dart (number-conversion)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>// String -> int var one = int.parse('1'); assert(one == 1); // String -> double var onePointOne = double.parse('1.1'); assert(onePointOne == 1.1); // int -> String String oneAsString = 1.toString(); assert(oneAsString == '1'); // double -> String String piAsString = 3.14159.toStringAsFixed(2); assert(piAsString == '3.14');</code></pre></div></div>The <code>int</code> type specifies the traditional bitwise shift (<code><<</code>, <code>>></code>, <code>>>></code>), complement (<code>~</code>), AND (<code>&</code>), OR (<code>|</code>), and XOR (<code>^</code>) operators, which are useful for manipulating and masking flags in bit fields. For example: <?code-excerpt "misc/test/language_tour/built_in_types_test.dart (bit-shifting)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>assert((3 << 1) == 6); // 0011 << 1 == 0110 assert((3 | 4) == 7); // 0011 | 0100 == 0111 assert((3 & 4) == 0); // 0011 & 0100 == 0000</code></pre></div></div>For more examples, see the <a href="/language/operators#bitwise-and-shift-operators">bitwise and shift operator</a> section.Number literals are compile-time constants. Many arithmetic expressions are also compile-time constants, as long as their operands are compile-time constants that evaluate to numbers. <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (const-num)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>const msPerSecond = 1000; const secondsUntilRetry = 5; const msUntilRetry = secondsUntilRetry * msPerSecond;</code></pre></div></div>For more information, see <a href="/guides/language/numbers">Numbers in Dart</a>.You can use one or more underscores (<code>_</code>) as digit separators to make long number literals more readable. Multiple digit separators allow for higher level grouping.<div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var n1 = 1_000_000; var n2 = 0.000_000_000_01; var n3 = 0x00_14_22_01_23_45; // MAC address var n4 = 555_123_4567; // US Phone number var n5 = 100__000_000__000_000; // one hundred million million!</code></pre></div></div><aside class="alert alert-info"><div class="alert-header">merge_type Version note</div><div class="alert-content">Using digit separators requires a <a href="/guides/language/evolution#language-versioning">language version</a> of at least 3.6.0.</div></aside><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="strings">Strings</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#strings" aria-label="Link to 'Strings' section">#</a></div>A Dart string (<code>String</code> object) holds a sequence of UTF-16 code units. You can use either single or double quotes to create a string: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (quoting)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var s1 = 'Single quotes work well for string literals.'; var s2 = "Double quotes work just as well."; var s3 = 'It\'s easy to escape the string delimiter.'; var s4 = "It's even easier to use the other delimiter.";</code></pre></div></div><a id="string-interpolation"></a>You can put the value of an expression inside a string by using <code>${</code><code>expression</code><code>}</code>. If the expression is an identifier, you can skip the <code>{}</code>. To get the string corresponding to an object, Dart calls the object's <code>toString()</code> method. <?code-excerpt "misc/test/language_tour/built_in_types_test.dart (string-interpolation)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var s = 'string interpolation'; assert('Dart has $s, which is very handy.' == 'Dart has string interpolation, ' 'which is very handy.'); assert('That deserves all caps. ' '${s.toUpperCase()} is very handy!' == 'That deserves all caps. ' 'STRING INTERPOLATION is very handy!');</code></pre></div></div><aside class="alert alert-info"><div class="alert-header">info Note</div><div class="alert-content">The <code>==</code> operator tests whether two objects are equivalent. Two strings are equivalent if they contain the same sequence of code units.</div></aside>You can concatenate strings using adjacent string literals or the <code>+</code> operator: <?code-excerpt "misc/test/language_tour/built_in_types_test.dart (adjacent-string-literals)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var s1 = 'String ' 'concatenation' " works even over line breaks."; assert(s1 == 'String concatenation works even over ' 'line breaks.'); var s2 = 'The + operator ' + 'works, as well.'; assert(s2 == 'The + operator works, as well.');</code></pre></div></div>To create a multi-line string, use a triple quote with either single or double quotation marks: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (triple-quotes)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var s1 = ''' You can create multi-line strings like this one. '''; var s2 = """This is also a multi-line string.""";</code></pre></div></div>You can create a "raw" string by prefixing it with <code>r</code>: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (raw-strings)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>var s = r'In a raw string, not even \n gets special treatment.';</code></pre></div></div>See <a href="#runes-and-grapheme-clusters">Runes and grapheme clusters</a> for details on how to express Unicode characters in a string.String literals are compile-time constants, as long as any interpolated expression is a compile-time constant that evaluates to null or a numeric, string, or boolean value. <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/built_in_types.dart (string-literals)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>// These work in a const string. const aConstNum = 0; const aConstBool = true; const aConstString = 'a constant string'; // These do NOT work in a const string. var aNum = 0; var aBool = true; var aString = 'a string'; const aConstList = [1, 2, 3]; const validConstString = '$aConstNum $aConstBool $aConstString'; // const invalidConstString = '$aNum $aBool $aString $aConstList';</code></pre></div></div>For more information on using strings, check out <a href="/libraries/dart-core#strings-and-regular-expressions">Strings and regular expressions</a>.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="booleans">Booleans</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#booleans" aria-label="Link to 'Booleans' section">#</a></div>To represent boolean values, Dart has a type named <code>bool</code>. Only two objects have type bool: the boolean literals <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>, which are both compile-time constants.Dart's type safety means that you can't use code like <code>if (nonbooleanValue)</code> or <code>assert (nonbooleanValue)</code>. Instead, explicitly check for values, like this: <?code-excerpt "misc/test/language_tour/built_in_types_test.dart (no-truthy)"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>// Check for an empty string. var fullName = ''; assert(fullName.isEmpty); // Check for zero. var hitPoints = 0; assert(hitPoints == 0); // Check for null. var unicorn = null; assert(unicorn == null); // Check for NaN. var iMeantToDoThis = 0 / 0; assert(iMeantToDoThis.isNaN);</code></pre></div></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="runes-and-grapheme-clusters">Runes and grapheme clusters</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#runes-and-grapheme-clusters" aria-label="Link to 'Runes and grapheme clusters' section">#</a></div>In Dart, <a href="https://api.dart.dev/dart-core/Runes-class.html">runes</a> expose the Unicode code points of a string. You can use the <a href="https://pub.dev/packages/characters">characters package</a> to view or manipulate user-perceived characters, also known as <a href="https://unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries">Unicode (extended) grapheme clusters.</a>Unicode defines a unique numeric value for each letter, digit, and symbol used in all of the world's writing systems. Because a Dart string is a sequence of UTF-16 code units, expressing Unicode code points within a string requires special syntax. The usual way to express a Unicode code point is <code>\uXXXX</code>, where XXXX is a 4-digit hexadecimal value. For example, the heart character (♥) is <code>\u2665</code>. To specify more or less than 4 hex digits, place the value in curly brackets. For example, the laughing emoji (😆) is <code>\u{1f606}</code>.If you need to read or write individual Unicode characters, use the <code>characters</code> getter defined on String by the characters package. The returned <a href="https://pub.dev/documentation/characters/latest/characters/Characters-class.html"><code>Characters</code></a> object is the string as a sequence of grapheme clusters. Here's an example of using the characters API: <?code-excerpt "misc/lib/language_tour/characters.dart"?> <div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>import 'package:characters/characters.dart'; void main() { var hi = 'Hi 🇩🇰'; print(hi); print('The end of the string: ${hi.substring(hi.length - 1)}'); print('The last character: ${hi.characters.last}'); }</code></pre></div></div>The output, depending on your environment, looks something like this:<div class="code-block-wrapper language-console"><div class="code-block-body"><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>$ dart run bin/main.dart Hi 🇩🇰 The end of the string: ??? The last character: 🇩🇰</code></pre></div></div>For details on using the characters package to manipulate strings, see the <a href="https://pub.dev/packages/characters/example">example</a> and <a href="https://pub.dev/documentation/characters">API reference</a> for the characters package.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="symbols">Symbols</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#symbols" aria-label="Link to 'Symbols' section">#</a></div>A <a href="https://api.dart.dev/dart-core/Symbol-class.html"><code>Symbol</code></a> object represents an operator or identifier declared in a Dart program. You might never need to use symbols, but they're invaluable for APIs that refer to identifiers by name, because minification changes identifier names but not identifier symbols.To get the symbol for an identifier, use a symbol literal, which is just <code>#</code> followed by the identifier:<div class="code-block-wrapper language-plaintext"><div class="code-block-body"><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>#radix #bar</code></pre></div></div>Symbol literals are compile-time constants.<nav id="subnav"><ul><li class="previous"><a href="/language/keywords">&lang;  Keywords</a></li><li class="next"><a href="/language/records">Records  &rang;</a></li></ul></nav>Unless stated otherwise, the documentation on this site reflects Dart 3.5.4. 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