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Scholarship on Qibla has largely focused on its ‘militancy’ and on the charismatic personality and role of Achmad Cassiem, leader and main ideologue of Qibla,2 with little or no research conducted on other individuals active in this movement. In this paper, the writer considers the experiences of some of the female members of the Qibla movement who were, and continue to be, ignored in scholarship.3 After providing a brief background on the Qibla movement, the writer draws from an interview conducted with Mariam (fi ctitious name), a female member of this movement. Hans Mol’s identity model of religion (Mol 1979) is used as a framework through which to interpret the data. This theory is used to show how political activism is intertwined wi...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Gadija Ahjum"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-05-18","dateModified":"2022-05-18","datePublished":"2013-01-01","headline":"A Muslim Woman’s (re-)Making of Her Religious Identity through Activism in Qibla1","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86115554/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Religion","Islamic Studies","Islam","Religious Studies"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uct"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86115554/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79380578/A_Muslim_Woman_s_re_Making_of_Her_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_Qibla1"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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Scholarship on Qibla has largely focused on its ‘militancy’ and on the charismatic personality and role of Achmad Cassiem, leader and main ideologue of Qibla,2 with little or no research conducted on other individuals active in this movement. In this paper, the writer considers the experiences of some of the female members of the Qibla movement who were, and continue to be, ignored in scholarship.3 After providing a brief background on the Qibla movement, the writer draws from an interview conducted with Mariam (fi ctitious name), a female member of this movement. Hans Mol’s identity model of religion (Mol 1979) is used as a framework through which to interpret the data. This theory is used to show how political activism is intertwined wi...","publication_date":"2013,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A Muslim Woman’s (re-)Making of Her Religious Identity through Activism in Qibla1","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [16512707]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":86115554,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “A Muslim Woman’s (re-)Making of Her Religious Identity through Activism in Qibla1”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86115554/mini_magick20220522-1424-n7lvg7.png?1653211716" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">A Muslim Woman’s (re-)Making of Her Religious Identity through Activism in Qibla1</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16512707" href="https://uct.academia.edu/GadijaAhjum"><img alt="Profile image of Gadija Ahjum" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/16512707/11760413/13109750/s65_gadija.ahjum.jpg" />Gadija Ahjum</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">5 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 79380578; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=79380578"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Introduction In analysing Muslim discourses in the anti-apartheid movement of the 1980s, Farid Esack (1988) identifi es three South African Muslim ‘strands of justice,’ with each one presenting particular forms of political opposition to the state. Scholarship on Qibla has largely focused on its ‘militancy’ and on the charismatic personality and role of Achmad Cassiem, leader and main ideologue of Qibla,2 with little or no research conducted on other individuals active in this movement. In this paper, the writer considers the experiences of some of the female members of the Qibla movement who were, and continue to be, ignored in scholarship.3 After providing a brief background on the Qibla movement, the writer draws from an interview conducted with Mariam (fi ctitious name), a female member of this movement. Hans Mol’s identity model of religion (Mol 1979) is used as a framework through which to interpret the data. This theory is used to show how political activism is intertwined wi...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":86115554,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79380578/A_Muslim_Woman_s_re_Making_of_Her_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_Qibla1"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":86115554,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79380578/A_Muslim_Woman_s_re_Making_of_Her_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_Qibla1"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="86115554" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/79380578/A_Muslim_Woman_s_re_Making_of_Her_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_Qibla1" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="8301746" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8301746/Re_constructing_a_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_an_Islamist_Movement_Experiences_of_Female_Members_of_Qibla">Re-constructing a Religious Identity through Activism in an Islamist Movement: Experiences of Female Members of Qibla</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16512707" href="https://uct.academia.edu/GadijaAhjum">Gadija Ahjum</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">According to Farid Esack, the Qibla movement was one of three Muslim "strands of justice" in the struggle against apartheid. 1 The limited scholarship on Qibla has largely focused on its "militancy" and the charismatic personality and role of Achmad Cassiem. Little or no research has been done on other individuals active in Qibla, particularly pertaining to women's engagements and commitments to the ideals of the movement. This paper sheds light on how some women viewed their activism in the movement as part of a simultaneous re-making of their religious identity as Muslim women. Drawing on qualitative indepth interviews, I explore the meaning and signifi cance of religion as experienced and conceptualised by some women activists. By using Hans Mol's identity model of religion as a framework, I show how women's socio-political activism is intimately intertwined with the development of their religiosity. I suggest that Qibla, in its response to the apartheid state and politically complacent Muslim bodies, contributed powerfully to the re-construction of the religious identities of many of its members.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Re-constructing a Religious Identity through Activism in an Islamist Movement: Experiences of Female Members of Qibla","attachmentId":34711507,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8301746/Re_constructing_a_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_an_Islamist_Movement_Experiences_of_Female_Members_of_Qibla","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8301746/Re_constructing_a_Religious_Identity_through_Activism_in_an_Islamist_Movement_Experiences_of_Female_Members_of_Qibla"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="27872311" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27872311/Framing_Feminine_Identity_Exploring_Ways_of_Being_a_Woman_through_the_Practice_of_Faith_and_Ideas_of_Equality_and_Justice_through_Narratives_of_South_African_Muslim_Women_Activists">Framing Feminine Identity: Exploring Ways of Being a Woman, through the Practice of Faith, and Ideas of Equality and Justice through Narratives of South African Muslim Women Activists</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39417791" href="https://uoregon.academia.edu/RachelAnderson">Rachel Anderson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What began as an attempt to explore Islamic Feminism through the life narratives of Muslim women, actually enabled a journey into exploring ways of being a woman, through the practice of faith, and ideas of justice and equality. Through multiple in-depth interviews and conversations, a visit to the mosque for Friday prayer, and a night at a theatrical production in the Muslim community, I spent time with influential Muslim women activists in the Durban community of South Africa listening, learning and reflecting. What I found was less concrete than labeling these women as ‘Islamic Feminists’ but it was also more unifying. Through telling these women’s stories, I hope to take the reader on a journey through the complicated nature of identity in order to not only shed light on a group of women who are making strides in social justice but to allow the thoughtful words of these women to help you along your own faith or identity journey. In the end, I offer a look into how, contrary to feminist thought, rejecting labels of Islamic feminism and instead allowing for narrative discourse free of labeling can actually prove to be more unifying for women of all faith backgrounds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Framing Feminine Identity: Exploring Ways of Being a Woman, through the Practice of Faith, and Ideas of Equality and Justice through Narratives of South African Muslim Women Activists","attachmentId":48156384,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27872311/Framing_Feminine_Identity_Exploring_Ways_of_Being_a_Woman_through_the_Practice_of_Faith_and_Ideas_of_Equality_and_Justice_through_Narratives_of_South_African_Muslim_Women_Activists","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27872311/Framing_Feminine_Identity_Exploring_Ways_of_Being_a_Woman_through_the_Practice_of_Faith_and_Ideas_of_Equality_and_Justice_through_Narratives_of_South_African_Muslim_Women_Activists"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="40250925" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40250925/On_being_South_African_Muslims_Islamists_and_women_Expressions_of_agency_and_religious_construction_through_the_lens_of_biographies_1">On being South African Muslims, Islamists and women: Expressions of agency and religious construction through the lens of biographies 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16512707" href="https://uct.academia.edu/GadijaAhjum">Gadija Ahjum</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal for islamic studies, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Exploring the lives of women Islamists through the lens of biographies reveals elements of their experiences which tend to be overlooked if the focus is only on moments of explicit activism. Existing studies of Islamists often focus on leading voices within movements, while studies which focus on piety and self-cultivation obscure ambiguities encountered within the lives of Muslim women. There is an implied denial of their agency as ordinary but active participants within both the private and public space. This paper argues that women made choices based on their deepening understanding of Islam (in general) and Islamist discourse (in particular). Furthermore, their capacity as agents cannot be viewed outside of their social, political and cultural context. Taking seriously the multiple forces within which they exist, and which operate on them, allows a more nuanced image of the actions of Muslim women activists to emerge.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On being South African Muslims, Islamists and women: Expressions of agency and religious construction through the lens of biographies 1","attachmentId":60484115,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40250925/On_being_South_African_Muslims_Islamists_and_women_Expressions_of_agency_and_religious_construction_through_the_lens_of_biographies_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40250925/On_being_South_African_Muslims_Islamists_and_women_Expressions_of_agency_and_religious_construction_through_the_lens_of_biographies_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="34154652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34154652/Islamist_Biographies_Religious_Experiences_of_South_African_Muslim_Activists">Islamist Biographies: Religious Experiences of South African Muslim Activists</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16512707" href="https://uct.academia.edu/GadijaAhjum">Gadija Ahjum</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis explores the biographies of Muslim activists who were involved in the South African Islamist movement from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s - tracking their trajectories up till the present. These Islamist biographies can be likened to journeys which include moments of fulfilment, doubt, ambivalence and a grappling to make sense of the self and society. A close examination of Islamist journeys reveal accounts of conversion, a deep commitment to religion and the reconstruction of both public and private identities. Conversion signalled both an arrival – at a new meaning system – and a departure – on a journey informed by this new meaning system. For Islamists, their renewed understanding of religion provided purpose, perseverance and direction. They turned to Islamism to reconstruct their public identities by becoming part of a chosen collective. Simultaneously, they also used religious ideology to reconstruct their identities within the private sphere. This study places emphasis on the everyday lives of Islamists. By suggesting that South African Islamism can best be viewed as the sum of a multitude of journeys of everyday political Islam, this study recognizes that such a life is located within a particular idealized world-view. However, interrogating this life trajectory necessitates an in-depth approach which takes heed of Islamists’ perfectionist ideals while remaining cognizant of personal realities. In doing so, this study reveals not only their firm resolve to be ‘good’ Islamists, but also their aspirations to be ‘good’ women within their personal domains. I thus contend that, included in an investigation on Islamist journeys, should be the ambiguities and personal challenges they encountered in private spaces. This study aligns itself with others who have challenged notions of a monolithic Islamism; rather Islamism has proven itself to continuously transform – even within local contexts like South Africa. Moreover, this thesis addresses a lacuna in scholarship on Islamism and highlights key perceptions that Islamists have about themselves, an idealized worldview and the challenges in everyday life. In this way, this study offers an alternate line of enquiry into religious activism as a lived experience. Doing so leads to a better understanding of not just individuals’ ideals and objectives, but also the everyday consequences this had.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Islamist Biographies: Religious Experiences of South African Muslim Activists","attachmentId":54077589,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34154652/Islamist_Biographies_Religious_Experiences_of_South_African_Muslim_Activists","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34154652/Islamist_Biographies_Religious_Experiences_of_South_African_Muslim_Activists"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="87654593" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87654593/Narrating_Muslim_women_s_identities_in_Cape_Town">Narrating Muslim women’s identities in Cape Town</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5887621" href="https://nmmu.academia.edu/RoseBoswell">Rose Boswell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper*1 considers the complexity of Muslim women’s identities in the city of Cape Town in 2010. It is argued that emerging super-diversity in the form of African immigration, the commercialisation of Islam and increasing freedoms for women in South Africa impact on women’s engagement with religion and diversifies their identity. The paper also offers glimpses into the diversity of Islam in Cape Town, suggesting that this religion is not monolithic in the city and that it is continuously diversified by processes of internal differentiation (i.e. institutional management of belief) as well as external social changes (i.e. the role of the local and national media and broader national politics on identity). In South Africa, unlike some European countries, Islam is not perceived as a threat to national identity. Instead, the history of apartheid (and essentially the suppression of diversity) is encouraging the creation of new spaces for the expression and experience of belief. Howev...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Narrating Muslim women’s identities in Cape Town","attachmentId":91805498,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87654593/Narrating_Muslim_women_s_identities_in_Cape_Town","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87654593/Narrating_Muslim_women_s_identities_in_Cape_Town"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="31722804" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31722804/Qibla_Mass_Movement_and_its_Leadership_Engaging_with_the_Quran_in_an_African_Setting">Qibla Mass Movement and its Leadership: Engaging with the Quran in an African Setting</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="682880" href="https://ub-bw.academia.edu/MuhammedHaron">Muhammed Haron</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Upon close inspection ample evidence exists that demonstrate that the Islamic Revolution of Iran influenced a plethora of Muslim movements in both majority and minority Muslim communities. When glancing at the African continent and more specifically at its Muslim minorities, it is not difficult to observe the extensive impact that the mentioned historical event of 1979 had on many of these Muslim movements. As far as one could assess, the revolution's impact was enormous and far-reaching; it caused individuals, who were deeply inspired by it, to set up structures or rather movements that would help bring about meaningful change and transformation within the Muslim community and also within the Muslim leadership. In many instances, these individuals drew their understandings and insights from the primary source of Islam and that is the Quran. Since it is indeed beyond the scope of this essay to cover different examples of Muslim movements that were influenced by the revolution, it will take one particular case study from Southern Africa where one such movement emerged. Here the paper wishes to give its attention to Qibla Mass Movement that was established in 1981 by Imam Achmad Cassiem at the Cape. The essay thus first intends to trace the social history of this organization, and thereafter it zooms in on Achmad Cassiem; it does so in order (a) to show how he-as a non-traditional Muslim leader-was heavily influenced by the revolution; (b) to illustrate how he engaged with the Quran by placing his writings with numerous Quranic verses; and (c) to demonstrate to what extent Quranic thought underlined the way he understood it within an anti-apartheid setting (circa 1980-1994).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Qibla Mass Movement and its Leadership: Engaging with the Quran in an African Setting","attachmentId":52034726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31722804/Qibla_Mass_Movement_and_its_Leadership_Engaging_with_the_Quran_in_an_African_Setting","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31722804/Qibla_Mass_Movement_and_its_Leadership_Engaging_with_the_Quran_in_an_African_Setting"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="11455312" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11455312/The_national_liberation_struggle_and_Islamic_feminisms_in_South_Africa">The national liberation struggle and Islamic feminisms in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1420230" href="https://mistra.academia.edu/naeemjeenah">na'eem jeenah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article is an investigation of the impact of the national liberation struggle on the rise of Islamic feminisms in South Africa. Muslims in South Africa form less than 2% of the population [Vahed, Goolam & Jeppie, Shamil (2005). Multiple communities: Muslims in post-apartheid South Africa. In: John Daniel, Roger Southall, Jessica Lutchman (Eds.) States of the nation: South Africa 2004–2005 (pp. 252–286) Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council]. Yet, their minority status has not meant their exclusion from political life—including the anti-apartheid struggle. Their involvement in the struggle had many consequences for this community, including encouraging the emergence of Islamic feminist tendencies. I argue in the article that the development of political Islam in South Africa in the 1980s, and its interaction with the national liberation struggle, helped give rise to Islamic Feminisms which flourished from 1990 to 1998 (when the Islamic feminist tendency began to decline).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The national liberation struggle and Islamic feminisms in South Africa","attachmentId":36990774,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11455312/The_national_liberation_struggle_and_Islamic_feminisms_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11455312/The_national_liberation_struggle_and_Islamic_feminisms_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8897719" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8897719/Biographies_of_Muslim_Activists_in_South_Africa">Biographies of Muslim Activists in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="241149" href="https://uct.academia.edu/AbdulkaderTayob">Abdulkader Tayob</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article presents and analyzes the life-trajectories of three Islamic activists in South Africa. It is focused on their journeys through activism over several decades, using life-story models from William James and al-Ghazali. These are stories of individuals who established or joined the Muslim Youth Movements (est. 1970) at one time or another, and played some role in its long history. These stories include accounts of conversion, doubt and significant engagements in pursuit of an activist life. Their biographies reveal a glimpse of the journeys that countless others, in South Africa and beyond, have taken in pursuit of an authentic Islamic life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biographies of Muslim Activists in South Africa","attachmentId":35864642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8897719/Biographies_of_Muslim_Activists_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8897719/Biographies_of_Muslim_Activists_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="11393508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11393508/The_Emergence_of_Islamic_Feminisms_in_South_Africa_in_the_1990s">The Emergence of Islamic Feminisms in South Africa in the 1990s</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1420230" href="https://mistra.academia.edu/naeemjeenah">na'eem jeenah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This is an investigation of the rise of Islamic Feminisms in South Africa. I argue that: 1. with its roots in developments within the Muslim community in the 1980s, Islamic Feminisms in South Africa flourished from 1990 to 1998. 2. the emergence of Islamic feminisms in South Africa was based on particular readings of Islamic scripture. The process of rereading these scriptures was assisted by a developing international trend towards the reinterpretation of Islamic scriptures from a contextual perspective and specifically the reinterpretation of the Qur’ān and Sunnāh from a feminist perspective. 3. the development of political Islam in South Africa in the 1980s and its interaction with the national liberation struggle was an important factor in the rise of Islamic feminisms. I will narrate and analyse this history in terms of the development of several key organisations and moments: the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa and its Gender Desk, the Call of Islam, women’s attempts to claim space in the mosques, Muslim Personal Law, Muslim media, the matter of Radio Islam and the funeral of feminist Shamima Shaikh. It is within this history and its broader context of struggle in South Africa that I propose two types of Islamic feminist thought having emerged: activist feminist thought and academic feminist thought. I will analyse these two tendencies and show how the comparative rise of the latter affected the manifestations of Islamic feminisms in the late 1990s. The high point of Islamic feminisms in South Africa, I show, was in 1997-1998. I argue that the lull in feminist activity from 1998 to 2000 was caused by several reasons, one of which was the increased academicisation of Islamic feminisms in South Africa. Finally, I lay out and discuss some of the challenges facing Islamic feminists in South Africa for the future. These challenges, if met and addressed, I argue, could result in the re-emergence of Islamic feminisms in South Africa. I thus propose ways in which the Islamic feminist agenda in South Africa can be revived and strengthened.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence of Islamic Feminisms in South Africa in the 1990s","attachmentId":36952128,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11393508/The_Emergence_of_Islamic_Feminisms_in_South_Africa_in_the_1990s","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11393508/The_Emergence_of_Islamic_Feminisms_in_South_Africa_in_the_1990s"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="34513929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34513929/Three_Islamic_Strands_in_the_South_African_Struggle_for_Justice_Author_s_Farid_Esack">Three Islamic Strands in the South African Struggle for Justice Author(s): Farid Esack</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7030231" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/faridesack">farid esack</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Three Islamic Strands in the South African Struggle for Justice Author(s): Farid Esack","attachmentId":54379034,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34513929/Three_Islamic_Strands_in_the_South_African_Struggle_for_Justice_Author_s_Farid_Esack","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34513929/Three_Islamic_Strands_in_the_South_African_Struggle_for_Justice_Author_s_Farid_Esack"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86115554,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86115554,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_86115554" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="20765528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20765528/_I_must_strive_to_rectify_myself_and_the_people_of_the_whole_world_Portraits_of_Sunni_traditionalist_activists_in_South_Africa">" I must strive to rectify myself and the people of the whole world " : Portraits of Sunni traditionalist activists in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1111580" href="https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/AuwaisRafudeen">Auwais 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ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Muslim women’s identities in South Africa: A Zanzibari perspective in KwaZulu-Natal","attachmentId":36992945,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11458906/Muslim_women_s_identities_in_South_Africa_A_Zanzibari_perspective_in_KwaZulu_Natal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11458906/Muslim_women_s_identities_in_South_Africa_A_Zanzibari_perspective_in_KwaZulu_Natal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 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