CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135766f5c4bfd34',cH: 'Q2FlfM3etg5hTuL.QjfE00Kqzn6h8jAGw2_gNFEOJv8-1739792007-1.2.1.1-9bCYhYr7PIIvR0La1kEkHuY1a9olZMS0DD4b27quQS31_Jy9.BBM5vQGNapiJ.Cf',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ambafi%20James%20Garba&__cf_chl_tk=CqXdCoVpnHY_7JmB0CfF.M9mqiWp5hz9nYkyCDXr1hc-1739792007-1.0.1.1-B1ZcvfSzj1G9Z_h4RtYPet1WD3z_gsQLcSRoDCsR2eM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792007',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ambafi%20James%20Garba&__cf_chl_f_tk=CqXdCoVpnHY_7JmB0CfF.M9mqiWp5hz9nYkyCDXr1hc-1739792007-1.0.1.1-B1ZcvfSzj1G9Z_h4RtYPet1WD3z_gsQLcSRoDCsR2eM",md: "p_PrpX91T_BzxHQwI6RFcYnfGybe2q7iX98u56QOT5c-1739792007-1.2.1.1-XoJbrL0c2.01Mp4f3YrLsFnTBOArfbR7bCSPb8E3S0cecGJVaj6RTzzuSJkGThYJVSSAMVjMn7rijDR3Ke32LMZVO6qoqiN8HlLEZ_X86tAiYbFmDiUzXYDqnVK2xBtMzYMREmqHaYbnDiLHqCkqvq7LzJM5qvyYUrPINkScfwJKY4eWluTSd5E3SDJutHgG.FzH1o8E5pz0OdNsLxKrIH6UCldxwlPCrQP07j5Mq3WmvmTiSvCxuD_v2aCA_iu0zZvknZgjl.vLuvKgbEzeuRCqusEMah62dro7rEcj_0TnrdfFX.BSSmaIDjyfO.DOlzaIWRwU9vM4bA3WYdMrTEOZEcXcv9E26xA5K.4dMx7e6BwcVs3tJYpMR5NKw8MSeyKE1L2edqomhM6NsKqRqEmF11T8RTBTxp1hVIdLE.giP_wMGmL4BWS7ITz7Gd1AZHwymZzYJ799teGYRMqbo6kzR7E.wGeDfoOJXgPbFZ6X10zGPn15DR1beWasKdxLGztsaiVnIk_iF1XHK5zLe.4a1S1O3kVDsLNHPI08PY0oJJw9UN4JwEzjKJW9yCKTZ5meJ_K5qOYAGNhzBlMQGwQbZfHuEsY7NeCZhOi9GGMOHkfVkySCSOmQxYz0sRKp2NRFgX45y7zyVaY8RxlK9cS3ZD9XQdOoD80Rv71vX6Ye2m.uX0lzbvfm7GzDKlAhJZ.sL0Piwpgd173eGzAoAqA7KWvWOFsB.szyzvpUYkVHVUQnt77bKkecKi9Np0u5gdYbKKKLBr7OBS_NI.sL1funY1LwmDGyLaN6uMBBOGaN8esMA5i0LkuqltM8os4uE8pxKlyCc7ucBlRlf_Ha6k7FuD3QDYQrYGxwdOa5LFhksl_NjhgrtXZ1vEjoeAFsuKDU0FO_iaQ2OkpQ8N40.cWreKmWjFBrzASvP8P9ZOQs9brLqE5tOas817v3CTcohTXR3u1qPuhrQK85W5Pv.GMeEAni6V.lWfHeqdjABL7haKF20qKbReiq2CS0cRTz2IejjuG4xYWQQU2mGnOqnM2h7jEOivQcEgvTHHypHI1kyW5WeOEUt9V9Ih0xgHTeWW9kOijaYFsNxuwIghw6jtahpc960h.OJFeLKZSw70uvNsY6c.R5w7lQRnVhYIa4qyLTtMkdBzkYvIaXBt19um2l.l1HwMs82lQSH7ZVCeakm4g6Ljv633gRBZuZzGVttpwvUR1P.8S4E1tt9xT7XefLX6mhaMn1sRchnQ5Wd0UEjYWc4Fz8R31XX5emvd1YC7uE3_O7TzQbdm.IsgE_oztd.xPsv1zqtYMlL84LuPN6BFfrbWuOVSnKCvVYnoM_kgFGdwP3yMx7QTn7_T1DaGi3wG0LbA9m_tIOMtAofxutxwy_UAmEUJ9F0.Pcn8AijHWdcSOD4Kf5ufHNDgV.yy1OctSGNH_9ZIOUN35wc3uwwZ2Rl_TaTt6vx.vnnkj5YtW0oiEZSFARPuVhFliQkD_H2KxXK4_iMnt2sKfvHno5WoQH5yPiNGvLNTiOMuLpPSH2HOd8kmOC.wSuMks549YOkrUAWTl6W37eqD_wC7RsTTLFES6pFcN3DgDcgaDBDtCgczClR8ZAm1EQhwIRkhv5utReRAK9OGWMy0mgEJt69qYDP9hRNFgUH7wPPMXusBZTGRU8TqpLxiszPHsIhuCnxWQNWqgQDzrBqDUh5zTitLLXTi.KdzwW0TzhcY2mN2N8H8oVEBRuogIlHpBvGPxHbRdoz390MUKYdx8hoRZlHx1hA09KriCZkFN1KOjLC03hu8gPxd9zu8v9eAYyqUjezv0IvEGmOHShwmq1_10mPLXqeflqvaN7dv2EJMXfoi8mMw.aL_6npCxSXkrwi2QOZxNy0CpWbcx94NnUEQATDpy_PRl7FFCZK_bFkKEHnuYt_KIDTz.Hr_jfbHcHxN.3Ei3fIhSk1En5TAbPj1EgWb3AseorkrjBUA5.ubBN",mdrd: "gWVDyjZhes9VgdVcViGDz4pnH_aBPEEoUjjbv0w5nZg-1739792007-1.2.1.1-.buhGyLXTbRlEcap3cdSz8soAOlClSIQqJDCNECc5xRYWllIDL1dntzswO8IOZ4rfUbvbad.nJCKzqX6UJ39fLuKOnbEop5t1hQLM6yhgZtXMJ4D62n8MwMnUSIkdXkq66i6xchALYFxxbEiko7JkLBtaP1vC35dUYDHoruSI2pJMsHL6mou_G3Qrciy__TLi_XLTCU.jEYoWlcd_fmH9Fip3L85TB0VkJxLuMGhOQ9dfUl_3sRtSFgyvpv7YBVY5YSE5dia43THRqb7cXMLCtbr9Q9rCBJbkecEGaiNG8e7Jk3Be5u3lcT1yIASd5QwJOvPqMRz6kB.pw2RjrWp4WtHuZe4Q8p0H0CxUoP2scfhatGnpfjH.2BWviOiq06FsUvO4OTQVy_p8pKszb476hYxDkM4TTWnVgosqxVTMWf87oE2DGMI5Ig3u4SA2ryeAkR0yXD9o13du9ONq9mZ.iUf1mfFPk2atLhUAxEQdVMKXGkK_vT2n0JyYxcWjJN70ze5YzaBSxuO8s_2aQiuu1FNmBuVNOH7ewUcv.MpQVjBydhJsndhLJTlIKGsqWw_eW0YWc_9J52sOOLHpeFycbVTsdoxhGj_fprtWQHHMkaQX7SCEckXveulTwZksyBIT1R6YJPnbmOFMf_yWOP1SpplrmRpFKyggQtQWnjW0dVwlAZx2aQX8WGKyMajgvb2aFKB5qOE3Nx372HwTkOTUaJaiqj1g9DRXSeLCR6AXTCGBv6wS.bhamOL5XdfgYfMx9HZ9.droUndI2Y1mWfHEphCZoiROno8_nmEfscOVgC4miL.5R14y83MjIXI3goRVeKu0cBonQnofnJR1irxtgQdc1sKMXqoHZPpakJVPMihNTXMhItuCIC90G5t4PDaB5u5Vk0scXFkQDVQa_xMvE4mWXkcchmRK.Fz6DynOin3nrWOAXOsHSI.xy8LShwhzxzenRU5SiP1DbnZ2OWgaJqmPNKtkbXXKYS_UM7u4V8GnS1ZQHuvhiIWLNIZFZVg_Cs5rkjXvFxizTvjtRiboBYQbw1StXpyFTyqNh73wGrFOhcOq1ddKjm5arnyB7_8jtE_as7x6JeryN8ZTn02CCb5S7I.W_zCgui.XjcvB5bA6tshpKtAxC.jUlsh6P1UMEsPvqa8reYfQfOlXbc0Q6ugGwVKWDUREHOUwfKt03182uCPNuLXETKeO5vFKHcimmnWBe2hW28MwhVEdW2CE1AXWvfaJCw4X459bCsFr2mpcYYIuzTcMMALvFmOHCXGVPgYY4HR32n8VKUDoYTv4ywyg0n_pQGH38Eu3QYUtqmENRyLa4oktMVIHmi8jPg7Fi1jOdpgKLs0TA79qVrPnqUEHOwKL5_CNXONeogC0DnIvHP2Ai6VVi66SrrqEeA_wNO4YWttaqFK4xxF7KNFAfxKaV.5MFK2KN3NMNxjSCXNCu8lyGCWLxd2c.l4qyCZnnWOp5bgValzMgSBk3H30isyxMExY62qb7mSNyQRrpBDDWwijRaTlAtfMP9zyOYmwgxE._PxVUu.wpnl7pCnZqK03ATC_t.PnXyERPHYCqKbXu_jjEz_kv7ICVtDuomsuIxuTcWd.SvEbNAfU3lYGkWLFr1igy7ZYig_EJtOivi28osl0pjF2jOPhSTvUolxP8y9FuqWuXMbCOQ_fgOUaVdBRGAFCacsZ90MeHHHVgBHpuElHQB10Z0KYcVThimsoRUUJTVEEq1yxGVfUcEhsUdOa7OHkGz6fm93jbfd5DAaqbj2DMTKH68iImfqQJglt_UJxrJvQzzp1IsH6YQitx05JPbHj4bVvy1Xzor2DN_uTyIc_cvrI6Mdo.gnH4pn5TeVwOgqzC1CxrX55UevuR2J_ozf8TLcPHZ5UECP7QHgbOLsxxLQ0NFcushEqxT8D_qokyCEsSP02bp7HWe2yZp3qcVWTrEg9D12sHMzdWE2K6fhdIZJof8RtDlH0FyL"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135766f5c4bfd34';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Ambafi%20James%20Garba&__cf_chl_rt_tk=CqXdCoVpnHY_7JmB0CfF.M9mqiWp5hz9nYkyCDXr1hc-1739792007-1.0.1.1-B1ZcvfSzj1G9Z_h4RtYPet1WD3z_gsQLcSRoDCsR2eM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>