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Normalization Techniques</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Normalization Techniques"> <meta name="keywords" content="Normalization Techniques"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Normalization Techniques"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2555</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Normalization Techniques</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2555</span> Adaptive Score Normalization: A Novel Approach for Multimodal Biometric Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Anouar%20Ben%20Khalifa">Anouar Ben Khalifa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sami%20Gazzah"> Sami Gazzah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Najoua%20Essoukri%20BenAmara"> Najoua Essoukri BenAmara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Multimodal biometric systems integrate the data presented by multiple biometric sources, hence offering a better performance than the systems based on a single biometric modality. Although the coupling of biometric systems can be done at different levels, the fusion at the scores level is the most common since it has been proven effective than the rest of the fusion levels. However, the scores from different modalities are generally heterogeneous. A step of normalizing the scores is needed to transform these scores into a common domain before combining them. In this paper, we study the performance of several normalization techniques with various fusion methods in a context relating to the merger of three unimodal systems based on the face, the palmprint and the fingerprint. We also propose a new adaptive normalization method that takes into account the distribution of client scores and impostor scores. Experiments conducted on a database of 100 people show that the performances of a multimodal system depend on the choice of the normalization method and the fusion technique. The proposed normalization method has given the best results.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multibiometrics" title="Multibiometrics">Multibiometrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fusion" title=" Fusion"> Fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Score%20level" title=" Score level"> Score level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Score%20normalization" title=" Score normalization"> Score normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Adaptive%20normalization." title=" Adaptive normalization. "> Adaptive normalization. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/adaptive-score-normalization-a-novel-approach-for-multimodal-biometric-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3554</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2554</span> Basic Calibration and Normalization Techniques for Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shagufta%20Tabassum">Shagufta Tabassum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The study of dielectric properties in a binary mixture of liquids is very useful to understand the liquid structure, molecular interaction, dynamics, and kinematics of the mixture. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is a powerful tool for studying the cooperation and molecular dynamics of the H-bonded system. Here we discuss the basic calibration and normalization procedure for TDR measurements. Our aim is to explain different types of error occur during TDR measurements and how to minimize it.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=time%20domain%20reflectometry%20measurement%20technique" title="time domain reflectometry measurement technique">time domain reflectometry measurement technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cable%20and%20connector%20loss" title=" cable and connector loss"> cable and connector loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=oscilloscope%20loss" title=" oscilloscope loss"> oscilloscope loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=normalization%20technique" title=" normalization technique"> normalization technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/basic-calibration-and-normalization-techniques-for-time-domain-reflectometry-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2553</span> Aircraft Selection Using Multiple Criteria Decision Making Analysis Method with Different Data Normalization Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20Ardil">C. Ardil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents an original application of multiple criteria decision making analysis theory to the evaluation <span style="background-color: initial;">of aircraft selection problem. The selection of an optimal, efficient and reliable fleet, network and operations planning policy is one of </span><span style="background-color: initial;">the most important factors in aircraft selection problem. Given that decision making in aircraft selection involves the consideration of a </span><span style="background-color: initial;">number of opposite criteria and possible solutions, such a selection can be considered as a multiple criteria decision making analysis </span><span style="background-color: initial;">problem. This study presents a new integrated approach to decision making by considering the multiple criteria utility theory and the </span><span style="background-color: initial;">maximal regret minimization theory methods as well as aircraft technical, economical, and environmental aspects. </span><span style="background-color: initial;">Multiple criteria decision making analysis method uses different normalization techniques to allow criteria to be aggregated with </span><span style="background-color: initial;">qualitative and quantitative data of the decision problem. Therefore, selecting a suitable normalization technique for the model is also a </span><span style="background-color: initial;">challenge to provide data aggregation for the aircraft selection problem. To compare the impact of different normalization techniques on the decision problem, the vector, linear (sum), linear (max), and linear (max-min) data normalization techniques were identified to evaluate aircraft selection problem. </span><span style="background-color: initial;">As a logical implication of the proposed approach, it enhances the decision making process through enabling the decision maker to: (i) </span><span style="background-color: initial;">use higher level knowledge regarding the selection of criteria weights and the proposed technique, (ii) estimate the ranking of an alternative, under different data normalization techniques and integrated criteria weights after a posteriori analysis of the final rankings of alternatives. A set of commercial passenger aircraft were considered in order to illustrate the proposed approach. The obtained results of the proposed approach were compared using Spearman's rho tests. An analysis of the final rank stability with respect to the changes in criteria weights was also performed so as to assess the sensitivity of the alternative rankings obtained by the application of different data normalization techniques and the proposed approach.</span></p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Normalization%20Techniques" title="Normalization Techniques">Normalization Techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aircraft%20Selection" title=" Aircraft Selection"> Aircraft Selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multiple%20Criteria%20Decision%20Making" title=" Multiple Criteria Decision Making"> Multiple Criteria Decision Making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multiple%20Criteria%20Decision%20Making%20Analysis" title=" Multiple Criteria Decision Making Analysis"> Multiple Criteria Decision Making Analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MCDMA" title=" MCDMA"> MCDMA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/aircraft-selection-using-multiple-criteria-decision-making-analysis-method-with-different-data-normalization-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">587</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2552</span> An Improved Illumination Normalization based on Anisotropic Smoothing for Face Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sanghoon%20Kim">Sanghoon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sun-Tae%20Chung"> Sun-Tae Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Souhwan%20Jung"> Souhwan Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seongwon%20Cho"> Seongwon Cho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Robust face recognition under various illumination environments is very difficult and needs to be accomplished for successful commercialization. In this paper, we propose an improved illumination normalization method for face recognition. Illumination normalization algorithm based on anisotropic smoothing is well known to be effective among illumination normalization methods but deteriorates the intensity contrast of the original image, and incurs less sharp edges. The proposed method in this paper improves the previous anisotropic smoothing-based illumination normalization method so that it increases the intensity contrast and enhances the edges while diminishing the effect of illumination variations. Due to the result of these improvements, face images preprocessed by the proposed illumination normalization method becomes to have more distinctive feature vectors (Gabor feature vectors) for face recognition. Through experiments of face recognition based on Gabor feature vector similarity, the effectiveness of the proposed illumination normalization method is verified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Illumination%20Normalization" title="Illumination Normalization">Illumination Normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Face%20Recognition" title=" Face Recognition"> Face Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Anisotropic%20smoothing" title="Anisotropic smoothing">Anisotropic smoothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gabor%20feature%20vector." title=" Gabor feature vector."> Gabor feature vector.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/an-improved-illumination-normalization-based-on-anisotropic-smoothing-for-face-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3973.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2551</span> A New High Speed Neural Model for Fast Character Recognition Using Cross Correlation and Matrix Decomposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hazem%20M.%20El-Bakry">Hazem M. El-Bakry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Neural processors have shown good results for detecting a certain character in a given input matrix. In this paper, a new idead to speed up the operation of neural processors for character detection is presented. Such processors are designed based on cross correlation in the frequency domain between the input matrix and the weights of neural networks. This approach is developed to reduce the computation steps required by these faster neural networks for the searching process. The principle of divide and conquer strategy is applied through image decomposition. Each image is divided into small in size sub-images and then each one is tested separately by using a single faster neural processor. Furthermore, faster character detection is obtained by using parallel processing techniques to test the resulting sub-images at the same time using the same number of faster neural networks. In contrast to using only faster neural processors, the speed up ratio is increased with the size of the input image when using faster neural processors and image decomposition. Moreover, the problem of local subimage normalization in the frequency domain is solved. The effect of image normalization on the speed up ratio of character detection is discussed. Simulation results show that local subimage normalization through weight normalization is faster than subimage normalization in the spatial domain. The overall speed up ratio of the detection process is increased as the normalization of weights is done off line. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fast%20Character%20Detection" title="Fast Character Detection">Fast Character Detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Neural%20Processors" title=" Neural Processors"> Neural Processors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cross%20Correlation" title=" Cross Correlation"> Cross Correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20Normalization" title=" Image Normalization"> Image Normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Parallel%20Processing." title=" Parallel Processing."> Parallel Processing.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/a-new-high-speed-neural-model-for-fast-character-recognition-using-cross-correlation-and-matrix-decomposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1537</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2550</span> Applying Spanning Tree Graph Theory for Automatic Database Normalization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chetneti%20Srisa-an">Chetneti Srisa-an</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In Knowledge and Data Engineering field, relational database is the best repository to store data in a real world. It has been using around the world more than eight decades. Normalization is the most important process for the analysis and design of relational databases. It aims at creating a set of relational tables with minimum data redundancy that preserve consistency and facilitate correct insertion, deletion, and modification. Normalization is a major task in the design of relational databases. Despite its importance, very few algorithms have been developed to be used in the design of commercial automatic normalization tools. It is also rare technique to do it automatically rather manually. Moreover, for a large and complex database as of now, it make even harder to do it manually. This paper presents a new complete automated relational database normalization method. It produces the directed graph and spanning tree, first. It then proceeds with generating the 2NF, 3NF and also BCNF normal forms. The benefit of this new algorithm is that it can cope with a large set of complex function dependencies.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Relational%20Database" title="Relational Database">Relational Database</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Functional%20Dependency" title=" Functional Dependency"> Functional Dependency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Automatic%20Normalization" title=" Automatic Normalization"> Automatic Normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Primary%20Key" title=" Primary Key"> Primary Key</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Spanning%20tree." title=" Spanning tree."> Spanning tree.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/applying-spanning-tree-graph-theory-for-automatic-database-normalization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2866</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2549</span> A Normalization-based Robust Image Watermarking Scheme Using SVD and DCT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Say%20Wei%20Foo">Say Wei Foo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Qi%20Dong"> Qi Dong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Digital watermarking is one of the techniques for copyright protection. In this paper, a normalization-based robust image watermarking scheme which encompasses singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) techniques is proposed. For the proposed scheme, the host image is first normalized to a standard form and divided into non-overlapping image blocks. SVD is applied to each block. By concatenating the first singular values (SV) of adjacent blocks of the normalized image, a SV block is obtained. DCT is then carried out on the SV blocks to produce SVD-DCT blocks. A watermark bit is embedded in the highfrequency band of a SVD-DCT block by imposing a particular relationship between two pseudo-randomly selected DCT coefficients. An adaptive frequency mask is used to adjust local watermark embedding strength. Watermark extraction involves mainly the inverse process. The watermark extracting method is blind and efficient. Experimental results show that the quality degradation of watermarked image caused by the embedded watermark is visually transparent. Results also show that the proposed scheme is robust against various image processing operations and geometric attacks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20watermarking" title="Image watermarking">Image watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20normalization" title=" Image normalization"> Image normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Singularvalue%20decomposition" title=" Singularvalue decomposition"> Singularvalue decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Discrete%20cosine%20transform" title=" Discrete cosine transform"> Discrete cosine transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Robustness." title=" Robustness."> Robustness.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/a-normalization-based-robust-image-watermarking-scheme-using-svd-and-dct" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2096</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2548</span> Pose Normalization Network for Object Classification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bingquan%20Shen">Bingquan Shen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have demonstrated their effectiveness in synthesizing 3D views of object instances at various viewpoints. Given the problem where one have limited viewpoints of a particular object for classification, we present a pose normalization architecture to transform the object to existing viewpoints in the training dataset before classification to yield better classification performance. We have demonstrated that this Pose Normalization Network (PNN) can capture the style of the target object and is able to re-render it to a desired viewpoint. Moreover, we have shown that the PNN improves the classification result for the 3D chairs dataset and ShapeNet airplanes dataset when given only images at limited viewpoint, as compared to a CNN baseline. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Convolutional%20neural%20networks" title="Convolutional neural networks">Convolutional neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=object%20classification" title=" object classification"> object classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pose%20normalization" title=" pose normalization"> pose normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=viewpoint%20invariant." title=" viewpoint invariant."> viewpoint invariant.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/pose-normalization-network-for-object-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2547</span> Normalization Discriminant Independent Component Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liew%20Yee%20Ping">Liew Yee Ping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pang%20Ying%20Han"> Pang Ying Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lau%20Siong%20Hoe"> Lau Siong Hoe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ooi%20Shih%20Yin"> Ooi Shih Yin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Housam%20Khalifa%20Bashier%20Babiker"> Housam Khalifa Bashier Babiker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In face recognition, feature extraction techniques attempts to search for appropriate representation of the data. However, when the feature dimension is larger than the samples size, it brings performance degradation. Hence, we propose a method called Normalization Discriminant Independent Component Analysis (NDICA). The input data will be regularized to obtain the most reliable features from the data and processed using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The proposed method is evaluated on three face databases, Olivetti Research Ltd (ORL), Face Recognition Technology (FERET) and Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC). NDICA showed it effectiveness compared with other unsupervised and supervised techniques.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Face%20recognition" title="Face recognition">Face recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=small%20sample%20size" title=" small sample size"> small sample size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=regularization" title=" regularization"> regularization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=independent%20component%20analysis." title=" independent component analysis."> independent component analysis.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/normalization-discriminant-independent-component-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1954</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2546</span> Using Automated Database Reverse Engineering for Database Integration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20R.%20Abbasifard">M. R. Abbasifard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Rahgozar"> M. Rahgozar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Bayati"> A. Bayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Pournemati"> P. Pournemati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One important problem in today organizations is the existence of non-integrated information systems, inconsistency and lack of suitable correlations between legacy and modern systems. One main solution is to transfer the local databases into a global one. In this regards we need to extract the data structures from the legacy systems and integrate them with the new technology systems. In legacy systems, huge amounts of a data are stored in legacy databases. They require particular attention since they need more efforts to be normalized, reformatted and moved to the modern database environments. Designing the new integrated (global) database architecture and applying the reverse engineering requires data normalization. This paper proposes the use of database reverse engineering in order to integrate legacy and modern databases in organizations. The suggested approach consists of methods and techniques for generating data transformation rules needed for the data structure normalization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reverse%20Engineering" title="Reverse Engineering">Reverse Engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Database%20Integration" title=" Database Integration"> Database Integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=System%0AIntegration" title=" System Integration"> System Integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Data%20Structure%20Normalization" title=" Data Structure Normalization"> Data Structure Normalization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/using-automated-database-reverse-engineering-for-database-integration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1852</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2545</span> Photograph Based Pair-matching Recognition of Human Faces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Min%20Yao">Min Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kota%20Aoki"> Kota Aoki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hiroshi%20Nagahashi"> Hiroshi Nagahashi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a novel system recognition of human faces without using face different color photographs is proposed. It mainly in face detection, normalization and recognition. Foot method of combination of Haar-like face determined segmentation and region-based histogram stretchi (RHST) is proposed to achieve more accurate perf using Haar. Apart from an effective angle norm side-face (pose) normalization, which is almost a might be important and beneficial for the prepr introduced. Then histogram-based and photom normalization methods are investigated and ada retinex (ASR) is selected for its satisfactory illumin Finally, weighted multi-block local binary pattern with 3 distance measures is applied for pair-mat Experimental results show its advantageous perfo with PCA and multi-block LBP, based on a principle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Face%20detection" title="Face detection">Face detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pair-matching%20rec%20normalization" title=" pair-matching rec normalization"> pair-matching rec normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=skin%20color%20segmentation." title=" skin color segmentation."> skin color segmentation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/photograph-based-pair-matching-recognition-of-human-faces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6317.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1599</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2544</span> Normalizing Scientometric Indicators of Individual Publications Using Local Cluster Detection Methods on Citation Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Levente%20Varga">Levente Varga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D%C3%A1vid%20Deritei"> D谩vid Deritei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M%C3%A1ria%20Ercsey-Ravasz"> M谩ria Ercsey-Ravasz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R%C4%83zvan%20Florian"> R膬zvan Florian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zsolt%20I.%20L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r"> Zsolt I. L谩z谩r</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Istv%C3%A1n%20Papp"> Istv谩n Papp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ferenc%20J%C3%A1rai-Szab%C3%B3"> Ferenc J谩rai-Szab贸</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the major shortcomings of widely used scientometric indicators is that different disciplines cannot be compared with each other. The issue of cross-disciplinary normalization has been long discussed, but even the classification of publications into scientific domains poses problems. Structural properties of citation networks offer new possibilities, however, the large size and constant growth of these networks asks for precaution. Here we present a new tool that in order to perform cross-field normalization of scientometric indicators of individual publications relays on the structural properties of citation networks. Due to the large size of the networks, a systematic procedure for identifying scientific domains based on a local community detection algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is tested with different benchmark and real-world networks. Then, by the use of this algorithm, the mechanism of the scientometric indicator normalization process is shown for a few indicators like the citation number, P-index and a local version of the PageRank indicator. The fat-tail trend of the article indicator distribution enables us to successfully perform the indicator normalization process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Citation%20networks" title="Citation networks">Citation networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=scientometric%20indicator" title=" scientometric indicator"> scientometric indicator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cross-field%0D%0Anormalization" title=" cross-field normalization"> cross-field normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=local%20cluster%20detection." title=" local cluster detection."> local cluster detection.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/normalizing-scientometric-indicators-of-individual-publications-using-local-cluster-detection-methods-on-citation-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">725</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2543</span> Normalization and Constrained Optimization of Measures of Fuzzy Entropy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.C.%20Deshmukh">K.C. Deshmukh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.G.%20Khot"> P.G. Khot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nikhil"> Nikhil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the literature of information theory, there is necessity for comparing the different measures of fuzzy entropy and this consequently, gives rise to the need for normalizing measures of fuzzy entropy. In this paper, we have discussed this need and hence developed some normalized measures of fuzzy entropy. It is also desirable to maximize entropy and to minimize directed divergence or distance. Keeping in mind this idea, we have explained the method of optimizing different measures of fuzzy entropy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fuzzy%20set" title="Fuzzy set">Fuzzy set</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Uncertainty" title=" Uncertainty"> Uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fuzzy%20entropy" title=" Fuzzy entropy"> Fuzzy entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Normalization" title="Normalization">Normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Membership%20function" title=" Membership function"> Membership function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/normalization-and-constrained-optimization-of-measures-of-fuzzy-entropy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2542</span> Normalizing Logarithms of Realized Volatility in an ARFIMA Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20L.%20C.%20Yap">G. L. C. Yap</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Modelling realized volatility with high-frequency returns is popular as it is an unbiased and efficient estimator of return volatility. A computationally simple model is fitting the logarithms of the realized volatilities with a fractionally integrated long-memory Gaussian process. The Gaussianity assumption simplifies the parameter estimation using the Whittle approximation. Nonetheless, this assumption may not be met in the finite samples and there may be a need to normalize the financial series. Based on the empirical indices S&P500 and DAX, this paper examines the performance of the linear volatility model pre-treated with normalization compared to its existing counterpart. The empirical results show that by including normalization as a pre-treatment procedure, the forecast performance outperforms the existing model in terms of statistical and economic evaluations.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Long-memory" title="Long-memory">Long-memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20process" title=" Gaussian process"> Gaussian process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Whittle%20estimator" title=" Whittle estimator"> Whittle estimator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=normalization" title=" normalization"> normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=volatility" title=" volatility"> volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=value-at-risk." title=" value-at-risk."> value-at-risk.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/normalizing-logarithms-of-realized-volatility-in-an-arfima-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005813.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1688</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2541</span> A Robust Image Watermarking Scheme using Image Moment Normalization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Latha%20Parameswaran">Latha Parameswaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Anbumani"> K. Anbumani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multimedia security is an incredibly significant area of concern. A number of papers on robust digital watermarking have been presented, but there are no standards that have been defined so far. Thus multimedia security is still a posing problem. The aim of this paper is to design a robust image-watermarking scheme, which can withstand a different set of attacks. The proposed scheme provides a robust solution integrating image moment normalization, content dependent watermark and discrete wavelet transformation. Moment normalization is useful to recover the watermark even in case of geometrical attacks. Content dependent watermarks are a powerful means of authentication as the data is watermarked with its own features. Discrete wavelet transforms have been used as they describe image features in a better manner. The proposed scheme finds its place in validating identification cards and financial instruments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Watermarking" title="Watermarking">Watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=moments" title=" moments"> moments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wavelets" title=" wavelets"> wavelets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=content-based" title=" content-based"> content-based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=benchmarking." title=" benchmarking."> benchmarking.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/a-robust-image-watermarking-scheme-using-image-moment-normalization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8092.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1546</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2540</span> A Simple Adaptive Algorithm for Norm-Constrained Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hyun-Chool%20Shin">Hyun-Chool Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we propose a simple adaptive algorithm iteratively solving the unit-norm constrained optimization problem. Instead of conventional parameter norm based normalization, the proposed algorithm incorporates scalar normalization which is computationally much simpler. The analysis of stationary point is presented to show that the proposed algorithm indeed solves the constrained optimization problem. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm performs as good as conventional ones while being computationally simpler. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=constrained%20optimization" title="constrained optimization">constrained optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=unit-norm" title=" unit-norm"> unit-norm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LMS" title=" LMS"> LMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=principle%0D%0Acomponent%20analysis." title=" principle component analysis."> principle component analysis.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/a-simple-adaptive-algorithm-for-norm-constrained-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2539</span> Relative Radiometric Correction of Cloudy Multitemporal Satellite Imagery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seema%20Biday">Seema Biday</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Udhav%20Bhosle"> Udhav Bhosle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Repeated observation of a given area over time yields potential for many forms of change detection analysis. These repeated observations are confounded in terms of radiometric consistency due to changes in sensor calibration over time, differences in illumination, observation angles and variation in atmospheric effects. This paper demonstrates applicability of an empirical relative radiometric normalization method to a set of multitemporal cloudy images acquired by Resourcesat1 LISS III sensor. Objective of this study is to detect and remove cloud cover and normalize an image radiometrically. Cloud detection is achieved by using Average Brightness Threshold (ABT) algorithm. The detected cloud is removed and replaced with data from another images of the same area. After cloud removal, the proposed normalization method is applied to reduce the radiometric influence caused by non surface factors. This process identifies landscape elements whose reflectance values are nearly constant over time, i.e. the subset of non-changing pixels are identified using frequency based correlation technique. The quality of radiometric normalization is statistically assessed by R2 value and mean square error (MSE) between each pair of analogous band. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Frequency%20domain" title=" Frequency domain"> Frequency domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multitemporal" title=" Multitemporal"> Multitemporal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Relative%20Radiometric%20Correction" title=" Relative Radiometric Correction"> Relative Radiometric Correction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/relative-radiometric-correction-of-cloudy-multitemporal-satellite-imagery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1980</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2538</span> Evaluation of Clustering Based on Preprocessing in Gene Expression Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seo%20Young%20Kim">Seo Young Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Toshimitsu%20Hamasaki"> Toshimitsu Hamasaki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Microarrays have become the effective, broadly used tools in biological and medical research to address a wide range of problems, including classification of disease subtypes and tumors. Many statistical methods are available for analyzing and systematizing these complex data into meaningful information, and one of the main goals in analyzing gene expression data is the detection of samples or genes with similar expression patterns. In this paper, we express and compare the performance of several clustering methods based on data preprocessing including strategies of normalization or noise clearness. We also evaluate each of these clustering methods with validation measures for both simulated data and real gene expression data. Consequently, clustering methods which are common used in microarray data analysis are affected by normalization and degree of noise and clearness for datasets.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gene%20expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=clustering" title=" clustering"> clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=data%20preprocessing." title=" data preprocessing."> data preprocessing.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/evaluation-of-clustering-based-on-preprocessing-in-gene-expression-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1740</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2537</span> A Normalization-based Robust Watermarking Scheme Using Zernike Moments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Say%20Wei%20Foo">Say Wei Foo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Qi%20Dong"> Qi Dong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Digital watermarking has become an important technique for copyright protection but its robustness against attacks remains a major problem. In this paper, we propose a normalizationbased robust image watermarking scheme. In the proposed scheme, original host image is first normalized to a standard form. Zernike transform is then applied to the normalized image to calculate Zernike moments. Dither modulation is adopted to quantize the magnitudes of Zernike moments according to the watermark bit stream. The watermark extracting method is a blind method. Security analysis and false alarm analysis are then performed. The quality degradation of watermarked image caused by the embedded watermark is visually transparent. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has very high robustness against various image processing operations and geometric attacks.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20watermarking" title="Image watermarking">Image watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20normalization" title=" Image normalization"> Image normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zernike%20moments" title=" Zernike moments"> Zernike moments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Robustness." title=" Robustness."> Robustness.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/a-normalization-based-robust-watermarking-scheme-using-zernike-moments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1755</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2536</span> FT-NIR Method to Determine Moisture in Gluten Free Rice Based Pasta during Drying </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Navneet%20Singh%20Deora">Navneet Singh Deora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aastha%20Deswal"> Aastha Deswal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20N.%20Mishra"> H. N. Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Pasta is one of the most widely consumed food products around the world. Rapid determination of the moisture content in pasta will assist food processors to provide online quality control of pasta during large scale production. Rapid Fourier transform near-infrared method (FT-NIR) was developed for determining moisture content in pasta. A calibration set of 150 samples, a validation set of 30 samples and a prediction set of 25 samples of pasta were used. The diffuse reflection spectra of different types of pastas were measured by FT-NIR analyzer in the 4,000-12,000cm<sup>-1 </sup>spectral range. Calibration and validation sets were designed for the conception and evaluation of the method adequacy in the range of moisture content 10 to 15 percent (w.b) of the pasta. The prediction models based on partial least squares (PLS) regression, were developed in the near-infrared. Conventional criteria such as the R<sup>2</sup>, the root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV), root mean square errors of estimation (RMSEE) as well as the number of PLS factors were considered for the selection of three pre-processing (vector normalization, minimum-maximum normalization and multiplicative scatter correction) methods. Spectra of pasta sample were treated with different mathematic pre-treatments before being used to build models between the spectral information and moisture content. The moisture content in pasta predicted by FT-NIR methods had very good correlation with their values determined via traditional methods (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.983), which clearly indicated that FT-NIR methods could be used as an effective tool for rapid determination of moisture content in pasta. The best calibration model was developed with min-max normalization (MMN) spectral pre-processing (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9775). The MMN pre-processing method was found most suitable and the maximum coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) value of 0.9875 was obtained for the calibration model developed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=FT-NIR" title="FT-NIR">FT-NIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pasta" title=" Pasta"> Pasta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=moisture%20determination." title=" moisture determination. "> moisture determination. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/ft-nir-method-to-determine-moisture-in-gluten-free-rice-based-pasta-during-drying" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2822</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2535</span> Image Retrieval Based on Multi-Feature Fusion for Heterogeneous Image Databases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20W.%20U.%20D.%20Chathurani">N. W. U. D. Chathurani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shlomo%20Geva"> Shlomo Geva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vinod%20Chandran"> Vinod Chandran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Proboda%20Rajapaksha"> Proboda Rajapaksha </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Selecting an appropriate image representation is the most important factor in implementing an effective Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system. This paper presents a multi-feature fusion approach for efficient CBIR, based on the distance distribution of features and relative feature weights at the time of query processing. It is a simple yet effective approach, which is free from the effect of features' dimensions, ranges, internal feature normalization and the distance measure. This approach can easily be adopted in any feature combination to improve retrieval quality. The proposed approach is empirically evaluated using two benchmark datasets for image classification (a subset of the Corel dataset and Oliva and Torralba) and compared with existing approaches. The performance of the proposed approach is confirmed with the significantly improved performance in comparison with the independently evaluated baseline of the previously proposed feature fusion approaches.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Feature%20fusion" title="Feature fusion">Feature fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=image%20retrieval" title=" image retrieval"> image retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=membership%20function" title=" membership function"> membership function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=normalization." title=" normalization. "> normalization. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/image-retrieval-based-on-multi-feature-fusion-for-heterogeneous-image-databases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2534</span> Recognizing an Individual, Their Topic of Conversation, and Cultural Background from 3D Body Movement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gheida%20J.%20Shahrour">Gheida J. Shahrour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Martin%20J.%20Russell"> Martin J. Russell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The 3D body movement signals captured during human-human conversation include clues not only to the content of people’s communication but also to their culture and personality. This paper is concerned with automatic extraction of this information from body movement signals. For the purpose of this research, we collected a novel corpus from 27 subjects, arranged them into groups according to their culture. We arranged each group into pairs and each pair communicated with each other about different topics. A state-of-art recognition system is applied to the problems of person, culture, and topic recognition. We borrowed modeling, classification, and normalization techniques from speech recognition. We used Gaussian Mixture Modeling (GMM) as the main technique for building our three systems, obtaining 77.78%, 55.47%, and 39.06% from the person, culture, and topic recognition systems respectively. In addition, we combined the above GMM systems with Support Vector Machines (SVM) to obtain 85.42%, 62.50%, and 40.63% accuracy for person, culture, and topic recognition respectively. Although direct comparison among these three recognition systems is difficult, it seems that our person recognition system performs best for both GMM and GMM-SVM, suggesting that intersubject differences (i.e. subject’s personality traits) are a major source of variation. When removing these traits from culture and topic recognition systems using the Nuisance Attribute Projection (NAP) and the Intersession Variability Compensation (ISVC) techniques, we obtained 73.44% and 46.09% accuracy from culture and topic recognition systems respectively.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Person%20Recognition" title="Person Recognition">Person Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Topic%20Recognition" title=" Topic Recognition"> Topic Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Culture%0D%0ARecognition" title=" Culture Recognition"> Culture Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=3D%20Body%20Movement%20Signals" title=" 3D Body Movement Signals"> 3D Body Movement Signals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Variability%20Compensation." title=" Variability Compensation."> Variability Compensation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/recognizing-an-individual-their-topic-of-conversation-and-cultural-background-from-3d-body-movement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2533</span> Advanced Polymorphic Techniques </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Philippe%20Beaucamps">Philippe Beaucamps</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Nowadays viruses use polymorphic techniques to mutate their code on each replication, thus evading detection by antiviruses. However detection by emulation can defeat simple polymorphism: thus metamorphic techniques are used which thoroughly change the viral code, even after decryption. We briefly detail this evolution of virus protection techniques against detection and then study the METAPHOR virus, today's most advanced metamorphic virus.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Computer%20virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Viral%20mutation" title=" Viral mutation"> Viral mutation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polymorphism" title=" Polymorphism"> Polymorphism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Meta%C2%ACmorphism" title=" Meta卢morphism"> Meta卢morphism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MetaPHOR" title=" MetaPHOR"> MetaPHOR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Virus%20history" title=" Virus history"> Virus history</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Obfuscation" title=" Obfuscation"> Obfuscation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Viral%20genetic%20techniques." title=" Viral genetic techniques."> Viral genetic techniques.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/advanced-polymorphic-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2532</span> A Weighted Approach to Unconstrained Iris Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yao-Hong%20Tsai">Yao-Hong Tsai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents a weighted approach to unconstrained iris recognition. In nowadays, commercial systems are usually characterized by strong acquisition constraints based on the subject’s cooperation. However, it is not always achievable for real scenarios in our daily life. Researchers have been focused on reducing these constraints and maintaining the performance of the system by new techniques at the same time. With large variation in the environment, there are two main improvements to develop the proposed iris recognition system. For solving extremely uneven lighting condition, statistic based illumination normalization is first used on eye region to increase the accuracy of iris feature. The detection of the iris image is based on Adaboost algorithm. Secondly, the weighted approach is designed by Gaussian functions according to the distance to the center of the iris. Furthermore, local binary pattern (LBP) histogram is then applied to texture classification with the weight. Experiment showed that the proposed system provided users a more flexible and feasible way to interact with the verification system through iris recognition.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=iris%20recognition" title=" iris recognition"> iris recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Adaboost" title=" Adaboost"> Adaboost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=local%20binary%20pattern." title=" local binary pattern."> local binary pattern.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/a-weighted-approach-to-unconstrained-iris-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997132.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1937</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2531</span> Very-high-Precision Normalized Eigenfunctions for a Class of Schr枚dinger Type Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amna%20Noreen">Amna Noreen </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kare%20Olaussen"> Kare Olaussen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>We demonstrate that it is possible to compute wave function normalization constants for a class of Schr¨odinger type equations by an algorithm which scales linearly (in the number of eigenfunction evaluations) with the desired precision P in decimals.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigenvalue%20problems" title="Eigenvalue problems">Eigenvalue problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bound%20states" title=" bound states"> bound states</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=trapezoidal%20rule" title=" trapezoidal rule"> trapezoidal rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=poisson%20resummation." title=" poisson resummation."> poisson resummation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/very-high-precision-normalized-eigenfunctions-for-a-class-of-schrodinger-type-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13881.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2854</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2530</span> Misleading Node Detection and Response Mechanism in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Earleen%20Jane%20Fuentes">Earleen Jane Fuentes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Regeene%20Melarese%20Lim"> Regeene Melarese Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Franklin%20Benjamin%20Tapia"> Franklin Benjamin Tapia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Alexis%20Pantola"> Alexis Pantola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network of mobile devices, also known as nodes. These nodes heavily rely on each other’s resources such as memory, computing power, and energy. Thus, some nodes may become selective in forwarding packets so as to conserve their resources. These nodes are called misleading nodes. Several reputation-based techniques (e.g. CORE, CONFIDANT, LARS, SORI, OCEAN) and acknowledgment-based techniques (e.g. TWOACK, S-TWOACK, EAACK) have been proposed to detect such nodes. These techniques do not appropriately punish misleading nodes. Hence, this paper addresses the limitations of these techniques using a system called MINDRA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mobile%20ad-hoc%20network" title="Mobile ad-hoc network">Mobile ad-hoc network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=selfish%20nodes" title=" selfish nodes"> selfish nodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=reputation-based%20techniques" title=" reputation-based techniques"> reputation-based techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=acknowledgment-based%20techniques." title=" acknowledgment-based techniques."> acknowledgment-based techniques.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/misleading-node-detection-and-response-mechanism-in-mobile-ad-hoc-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2529</span> Improving the Convergence of the Backpropagation Algorithm Using Local Adaptive Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Z.%20Zainuddin">Z. Zainuddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Mahat"> N. Mahat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Y.%20Abu%20Hassan"> Y. Abu Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Since the presentation of the backpropagation algorithm, a vast variety of improvements of the technique for training a feed forward neural networks have been proposed. This article focuses on two classes of acceleration techniques, one is known as Local Adaptive Techniques that are based on weightspecific only, such as the temporal behavior of the partial derivative of the current weight. The other, known as Dynamic Adaptation Methods, which dynamically adapts the momentum factors, α, and learning rate, η, with respect to the iteration number or gradient. Some of most popular learning algorithms are described. These techniques have been implemented and tested on several problems and measured in terms of gradient and error function evaluation, and percentage of success. Numerical evidence shows that these techniques improve the convergence of the Backpropagation algorithm.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dynamic%20Adaptation%20Methods" title=" Dynamic Adaptation Methods"> Dynamic Adaptation Methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Local%20Adaptive%20Techniques" title=" Local Adaptive Techniques"> Local Adaptive Techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Neural%20networks." title=" Neural networks."> Neural networks.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/improving-the-convergence-of-the-backpropagation-algorithm-using-local-adaptive-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2528</span> Comparison of Valuation Techniques for Bone Age Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Olarte%20L">N. Olarte L</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Rubiano%20F"> A. Rubiano F</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Mej%C3%ADa%20F."> A. Mej铆a F.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This comparison of valuation techniques for bone age assessment is a work carried out by the Telemedicine Research Group of the Military University - TIGUM, as a preliminary to the Design and development a treatment system of hand and wrist radiological images for children aged 0-6 years to bone age assessment . In this paper the techniques mentioned for decades have been the most widely used and the statistically significant. Althought, initially with the current project, it wants to work with children who have limit age, this comparison and evaluation techniques work will help in the future to expand the study subject in the system to bone age assessment, implementing more techniques, tools and deeper analysis to accomplish this purpose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bone%20Age%20Assessment" title=" Bone Age Assessment"> Bone Age Assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hand%20and%20Wrist%0D%0ARadiograph" title=" Hand and Wrist Radiograph"> Hand and Wrist Radiograph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20Processing" title=" Image Processing"> Image Processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/comparison-of-valuation-techniques-for-bone-age-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2527</span> Techniques for Video Mosaicing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.Saravanan">P.Saravanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Narayanan%20.C.K."> Narayanan .C.K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.V.S.S%20Prakash"> P.V.S.S Prakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Prabhakara%20Rao%20.G.V"> Prabhakara Rao .G.V</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Video Mosaicing is the stitching of selected frames of a video by estimating the camera motion between the frames and thereby registering successive frames of the video to arrive at the mosaic. Different techniques have been proposed in the literature for video mosaicing. Despite of the large number of papers dealing with techniques to generate mosaic, only a few authors have investigated conditions under which these techniques generate good estimate of motion parameters. In this paper, these techniques are studied under different videos, and the reasons for failures are found. We propose algorithms with incorporation of outlier removal algorithms for better estimation of motion parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Motion%20parameters" title="Motion parameters">Motion parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Outlier%20removal%20algorithms" title=" Outlier removal algorithms"> Outlier removal algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Registering" title=" Registering "> Registering </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=and%20Video%20Mosaicing." title=" and Video Mosaicing."> and Video Mosaicing.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/techniques-for-video-mosaicing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2526</span> An Experimental Comparison of Unsupervised Learning Techniques for Face Recognition </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dinesh%20Kumar">Dinesh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.S.%20Rai"> C.S. Rai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shakti%20Kumar"> Shakti Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Face Recognition has always been a fascinating research area. It has drawn the attention of many researchers because of its various potential applications such as security systems, entertainment, criminal identification etc. Many supervised and unsupervised learning techniques have been reported so far. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Self Organizing Maps (SOM) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are the three techniques among many others as proposed by different researchers for Face Recognition, known as the unsupervised techniques. This paper proposes integration of the two techniques, SOM and PCA, for dimensionality reduction and feature selection. Simulation results show that, though, the individual techniques SOM and PCA itself give excellent performance but the combination of these two can also be utilized for face recognition. Experimental results also indicate that for the given face database and the classifier used, SOM performs better as compared to other unsupervised learning techniques. A comparison of two proposed methodologies of SOM, Local and Global processing, shows the superiority of the later but at the cost of more computational time.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Face%20Recognition" title="Face Recognition">Face Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Principal%20Component%20Analysis" title=" Principal Component Analysis"> Principal Component Analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Self%20Organizing%20Maps" title=" Self Organizing Maps"> Self Organizing Maps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Independent%20Component%20Analysis" title=" Independent Component Analysis"> Independent Component Analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/294/an-experimental-comparison-of-unsupervised-learning-techniques-for-face-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a 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