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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_Hills_of_Shimla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Hills_of_Shimla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Seven Hills of Shimla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Hills_of_Shimla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Civic administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media and communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shimla</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="شيملا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيملا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimla" title="Şimla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="শিমলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিমলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla_(Himachal_Pradesh_%C3%AA_si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Shimla (Himachal Pradesh ê siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shimla (Himachal Pradesh ê siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шымла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шымла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिमला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शिमला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla" title="Simla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Shimla (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Shimla (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0imla" title="Šimla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šimla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिमला – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शिमला" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cimlao" title="Ŝimlao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝimlao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="شیملا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیملا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="શિમલા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શિમલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="심라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Շիմլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիմլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिमला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिमला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="শিমলা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="শিমলা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Симлæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Симлæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%94" title="שימלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE" title="ಶಿಮ್ಲಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಮ್ಲಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="შიმლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შიმლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0imla" title="Šimla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šimla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0imla" title="Šimla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šimla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla" title="Simla – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Simla" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिमला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शिमला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2" title="ഷിംല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിംല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिमला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिमला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="შიმლა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შიმლა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مدينه شيملا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه شيملا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla_(stad_in_Himachal_Pradesh)" title="Shimla (stad in Himachal Pradesh) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shimla (stad in Himachal Pradesh)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="सिमला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिमला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="シムラー (インド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シムラー (インド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla" title="Simla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Simla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ଶିମଲା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶିମଲା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ਼ਿਮਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਮਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="شملا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شملا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximel%C3%A1" title="Ximelá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ximelá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिमला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शिमला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱤᱢᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱢᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="சிம்லா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிம்லா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="సిమ్లా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిమ్లా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ศิมลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิมลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шимла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шимла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шімла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шімла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81" title="شملہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شملہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89" title="西姆拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西姆拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89" title="西姆拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西姆拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Shimla" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shimla&params=31_6_12_N_77_10_20_E_type:city_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°6′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°10′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.10333°N 77.17222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.10333; 77.17222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Himachal Pradesh, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the district, see <a href="/wiki/Shimla_district" title="Shimla district">Shimla district</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Simla" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Simla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Simla (disambiguation)">Simla (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State capital in Himachal Pradesh, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Shimla</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Simla</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capital</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style=";height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_night.jpg" 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href="/wiki/File:Annandale_Shimla3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Annandale_Shimla3.jpg/127px-Annandale_Shimla3.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Annandale_Shimla3.jpg/191px-Annandale_Shimla3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Annandale_Shimla3.jpg/254px-Annandale_Shimla3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style=";height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla-Cityscape-04-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shimla-Cityscape-04-gje.jpg/250px-Shimla-Cityscape-04-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shimla-Cityscape-04-gje.jpg/330px-Shimla-Cityscape-04-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style=";height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_(Shimla).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Longwood_%28Shimla%29.jpg/120px-Longwood_%28Shimla%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Longwood_%28Shimla%29.jpg/180px-Longwood_%28Shimla%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Longwood_%28Shimla%29.jpg/240px-Longwood_%28Shimla%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style=";height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla,_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty,_on_May_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_May_2023.jpg/330px-Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_May_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_May_2023.jpg/500px-Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_May_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_May_2023.jpg/960px-Gaiety_Theatre_or_Gaiety_Heritage_Cultural_Complex_in_Shimla%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_May_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise From Top:- Shimla's skyline, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Rashtrapati Niwas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Shimla" title="Longwood, Shimla">Longwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Shimla" title="Gaiety Theatre, Shimla">Gaiety Theatre</a>, cityscape of Shimla, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Shimla" title="Christ Church, Shimla">Christ Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalka%E2%80%93Shimla_Railway" title="Kalka–Shimla Railway">Kalka–Shimla Railway</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Queen of Hills</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shimla is located in Himachal Pradesh"><img alt="Shimla is located in Himachal Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg/250px-India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg/375px-India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg/500px-India_Himachal_Pradesh_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="931" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.053%;left:48.695%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shimla"><img alt="Shimla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Shimla</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Himachal Pradesh</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shimla is located in India"><img alt="Shimla is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/250px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.682%;left:31.788%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shimla"><img alt="Shimla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Shimla</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shimla is located in Asia"><img alt="Shimla is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.339%;left:35.847%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shimla"><img alt="Shimla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Shimla</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shimla&params=31_6_12_N_77_10_20_E_type:city_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°6′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°10′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.10333°N 77.17222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.10333; 77.17222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HPGovt.png/23px-HPGovt.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HPGovt.png/35px-HPGovt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HPGovt.png/45px-HPGovt.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shimla_district" title="Shimla district">Shimla</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named after</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali_Bari,_Shimla" title="Kali Bari, Shimla">Shyamala</a><sup id="cite_ref-hpshimla.nic.in_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpshimla.nic.in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation">Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Shimla_Municipal_Corporation" title="Shimla Municipal Corporation">Shimla Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/District_Magistrate" class="mw-redirect" title="District Magistrate">Deputy Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anupam Kashyap, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Commissioner_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Commissioner (India)">Municipal Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bhupender Kumar Attri<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Surender Chauhan<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-SMLA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMLA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capital</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">35.34 km<sup>2</sup> (13.64 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,276 m (7,467 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-SML_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GOI_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOI_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capital</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">169,578</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Himachal_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population">in HP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,800/km<sup>2</sup> (12,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-SML_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">171,640</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a><sup id="cite_ref-langoff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Additional  official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">171 001</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone code</th><td class="infobox-data">91 177 XXX XXXX</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">ISO 3166-2</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>HP-01, HP-02, HP-03, HP-07, HP-62, HP-63</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IN SLV</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate#Subtropical_highland_variety_(Cfb,_Cwb)" title="Oceanic climate">Cwb</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,577 mm (62 in)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avg. annual temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">17 °C (63 °F)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avg. summer temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">22 °C (72 °F)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avg. winter temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">6–7 °C (43–45 °F)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpshimla.gov.in/">hpshimla<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shimla</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈʃɪmla]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/Shimla.ogg\/Shimla.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Shimla.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Shimla.ogg/Shimla.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla.ogg" title="File:Shimla.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; also known as <b>Simla</b>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_Indian_cities_and_states#Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renamed Indian cities and states">the official name until 1972</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital and the largest city of the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian state">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. In 1864, Shimla was declared the <a href="/wiki/Summer_capital" title="Summer capital">summer capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a>, the city became the capital of <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> and was later made the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. It is the principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of the state. </p><p>Small hamlets were recorded before 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Deputation" title="Simla Deputation">Simla Deputation of 1906</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord of 1914</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference of 1945</a>. After independence, the state of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> came into being in 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement of 1972</a>. After the reorganisation of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing Mahasu district was named Shimla. </p><p>Shimla is home to several buildings that are styled in the <a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan">Tudorbethan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples, and the natural environment of the city attract tourists. Major city centre's attractions include the <i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Hanuman_Jakhu_(Statue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue)">Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue)</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Jakhu_Temple" title="Jakhu Temple">Jakhu Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Viceregal Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Shimla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church (Shimla)">Christ Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mall_Road,_Shimla" title="Mall Road, Shimla">Mall Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ridge,_Shimla" title="The Ridge, Shimla">The Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a>. The city centre's northernmost point is Jakhoo and the southernmost location is Annadale, the easternmost point is <a href="/wiki/Sanjauli" title="Sanjauli">Sanjauli</a> and the western point is Chotta Shimla. The <a href="/wiki/Kalka%E2%80%93Shimla_Railway" title="Kalka–Shimla Railway">Kalka–Shimla Railway</a> line built by the British, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race <a href="/wiki/MTB_Himalaya" title="MTB Himalaya">MTB Himalaya</a>, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">natural ice skating rink</a> in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with several colleges and research institutions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalibari_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kalibari_Shimla.jpg/250px-Kalibari_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kalibari_Shimla.jpg/330px-Kalibari_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kalibari_Shimla.jpg/500px-Kalibari_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>Kali Bari Mandir, after which the city is named</figcaption></figure> <p>One theory suggests that the name "Shimla" was derived from <i>Shyamalaya</i>, meaning 'blue house', a solitary house made of blue slate on Jakhu Hill, built by a <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_District_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist_District-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another version, the city gets its name from <i>Shamli</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Shyamala</a></i>, meaning 'blue lady', referring to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. It is believed that a temple dedicated to goddess Shamli, an incarnation of Kali, used to be on the <a href="/wiki/Jakhu_Temple" title="Jakhu Temple">Jakhu</a> hillside near the Rothney Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist_District_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist_District-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many believe that during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British period</a>, the image of the goddess was shifted to a new place, the now-famous <a href="/wiki/Kali_Bari,_Shimla" title="Kali Bari, Shimla">Kali Bari Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">state government</a> decided to change the city's name from Shimla to Shyamala.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, seeing the negative response of the general public, the state government dismissed the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the area occupied by present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only sign of civilisation was the <a href="/wiki/Jakhu_Temple" title="Jakhu Temple">Jakhu Temple</a> and a few scattered houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipin1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was called 'Shimla', named after <a href="/wiki/Hindu_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu goddess">Hindu goddess</a> <i>Shyamala Devi</i>, an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hpshimla.nic.in_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpshimla.nic.in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla,_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Shimla%2C_1850s.jpg/250px-Shimla%2C_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Shimla%2C_1850s.jpg/330px-Shimla%2C_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Shimla%2C_1850s.jpg/500px-Shimla%2C_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The bridge connecting Shimla with Chhota Shimla, originally erected in 1829 by <a href="/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere" title="Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere">Lord Combermere</a>, Shimla, the 1850s</figcaption></figure> <p>The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> in 1806. The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> took control of the territory as per the <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Sugauli Treaty</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> (1814–16). The <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> leaders were quelled by storming the fort of Malaun under the command of <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">David Ochterlony</a> in May 1815. In a diary entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area, describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the Assistant Political Agent in the <a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States</a>, set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> civil servant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt_Kennedy" title="Charles Pratt Kennedy">Charles Pratt Kennedy</a> built the first <a href="/wiki/Pucca_housing" title="Pucca housing">pucca house</a> in the area named Kennedy Cottage in 1822, near <a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a>, what is now the home for CPWD office. The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. In 1827, <a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">William Amherst</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Bengal">Governor-General of Bengal</a>, visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, <a href="/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere" title="Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere">Stapleton Cotton</a>, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the same residence. During his stay, a three-mile road and a bridge were constructed near <a href="/wiki/Jakhoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhoo">Jakhoo</a>. In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding land from the chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Keonthal" title="Keonthal">Keonthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a> in exchange for the Rawin <a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">pargana</a> and a portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipin1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting between the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> and the emissaries of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah (<a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>), is easy to access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun (<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>).</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg/250px-Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg/330px-Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg/500px-Jakku_Temple_Simla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Jakhu Temple in 1910; the temple predates the British settlement in the area</figcaption></figure> <p>Combermere's successor <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Earl Dalhousie</a> visited Shimla in the same year. After this, the town was under Nawab (King) Kumar Ghosal of Bally, West Bengal, and saw regular visits from the Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. Several young British officers started visiting the area to socialise with the higher-ups; they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their relatives. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties, and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the population increased, several bungalows were built and a big bazaar was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Sood_(surname)" title="Sood (surname)">Sood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> communities, arrived in the area to cater to the needs of the growing European population. On 9 September 1844, the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Shimla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church (Shimla)">Christ Church</a> was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_22_(India)" title="National Highway 22 (India)">Hindustan-Tibet road</a> with a 560-feet tunnel was taken up in 1851–52. This tunnel, now known as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by Major Briggs in 1850 and completed in the winter of 1851–52.<sup id="cite_ref-tunnel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunnel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1857_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 uprising">1857 uprising</a> caused a panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipin1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_photo_of_Annadale,_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Old_photo_of_Annadale%2C_Shimla.jpg/220px-Old_photo_of_Annadale%2C_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Old_photo_of_Annadale%2C_Shimla.jpg/330px-Old_photo_of_Annadale%2C_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Old_photo_of_Annadale%2C_Shimla.jpg/440px-Old_photo_of_Annadale%2C_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a> during British period</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">John Lawrence</a>, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla.<sup id="cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipin1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, even though it was difficult to reach.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Robert Bulwer-Lytton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Viceregal Lodge</a>, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the <a href="/wiki/The_Ridge,_Shimla" title="The Ridge, Shimla">Ridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-harassed_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harassed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Bazaar,_Shimla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Bazaar, Shimla (page does not exist)">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Bazaar,_Shimla" title="Lower Bazaar, Shimla">Lower Bazaars</a> on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as a library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simla_QE4_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Simla_QE4_24.jpg/220px-Simla_QE4_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Simla_QE4_24.jpg/330px-Simla_QE4_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Simla_QE4_24.jpg/440px-Simla_QE4_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>Shimla's "<a href="/wiki/Lower_Bazaar,_Shimla" title="Lower Bazaar, Shimla">Lower Bazaar</a>" in a photograph taken between 1887 and 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, and many departments of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. The summer capital of the regional Government of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a>, in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed the Shimla Society, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Charles Allen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plain</a>. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip, and intrigue".<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_report_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage_report-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 500-foot (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium Tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length, was also built in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-tunnel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunnel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Convention</a>, an ambiguous <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> and Great Britain was signed in Simla in 1913 and 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the convention a demarcation line between <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">North-east region</a> of India was proposed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a>. The line came to be known as McMahon Line and is currently the effective boundary between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government. This was also the site of a series of talks held by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Viceroy Wavell</a> to discuss a plan for the independence of India with the Indian political leaders of the time. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a>, the talks failed to bring about a resolution. </p><p>Shimla was the capital city in exile of <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) from 1942 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-IE2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IE2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg/220px-KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg/330px-KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg/440px-KSR_Train_on_a_small_bridge_05-02-12_52.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Passenger train on the <a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a> route</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalka%E2%80%93Shimla_Railway" title="Kalka–Shimla Railway">Kalka–Shimla railway line</a>, opened in 1903, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient".<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_report_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage_report-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, it briefly served as the capital of East Punjab, until construction of the new city of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> (the present-day capital of the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>). Upon the formation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> in 1971, Shimla was named its capital. </p><p>After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, known in full as the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hills_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hills States">Shimla Hills States</a> and four Punjab southern hill states by the issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">State of Bilaspur</a> was merged into the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> and the Lt. Governor was appointed. The legislative assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</a> on 1 November 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following areas of Punjab State namely Shimla, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a> Districts, <a href="/wiki/Nalagarh" title="Nalagarh">Nalagarh Tehsil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala District</a>, Lohara, <a href="/wiki/Amb,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amb, Himachal Pradesh">Amb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a> Kanungo circle, some areas of <a href="/wiki/Santokhgarh" title="Santokhgarh">Santokhgarh</a> Kanungo circle and some other specified area of <a href="/wiki/Una,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Una, Himachal Pradesh">Una</a> tehsil of <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur District</a> besides some parts of <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Kalan" title="Dhar Kalan">Dhar Kalan</a> Tehsil of <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot district</a>; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Reorganisation_Act,_1966" title="Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966">Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966</a> by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, <a href="/wiki/The_State_of_Himachal_Pradesh_Act,_1970" title="The State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970">The State of Himachal Pradesh Act</a> was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.<sup id="cite_ref-nichist_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichist-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> treaty was signed in Shimla by <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>. The agreement paved the way for diplomatic recognition of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> by Pakistan. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours on the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Viceregal Lodge</a>, Assembly Chamber, <a href="/wiki/Auckland_School_Shimla" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland School Shimla">Auckland House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Shimla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church (Shimla)">Christ Church</a>, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theater,_Shimla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaiety Theater, Shimla">Gaiety Theatre</a> are reminders of British rule in India.<sup id="cite_ref-shimla_distt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimla_distt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shimla_history_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimla_history-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original <a href="/wiki/Peterhoff,_Shimla" title="Peterhoff, Shimla">Peterhoff</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceregal</a> residence, burnt down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the <a href="/wiki/Mall_Road,_Shimla" title="Mall Road, Shimla">Mall Road</a>, which ran along the length of the Ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the viceroy and his wife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shimla is on the south-western ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shimla&params=31.61_N_77.10_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">77°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.61°N 77.10°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.61; 77.10</span></span></span></a></span></span>. It has an average altitude of 2,206 metres (7,238 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a> and extends along a ridge with seven <a href="/wiki/Spur_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur (mountain)">spurs</a>. The city stretches nearly 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) from east to west.<sup id="cite_ref-mcshimla_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcshimla-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg/250px-Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg/330px-Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg/500px-Simla_and_Jutogh_1911_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Simla and Jutogh, 1911 map</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">Earthquake hazard zoning of India</a>. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region.<sup id="cite_ref-shimlavulnerable_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimlavulnerable-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, is about 21 km (13 mi) away.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>). </p><p>The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_report_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage_report-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main forests in and around the city are of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">Deodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> spot.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> that often take place after heavy rains.<sup id="cite_ref-shimlavulnerable_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimlavulnerable-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Kalka" title="Kalka">Kalka</a>, 116 km (72 miles) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, 247 km (154 miles) south of <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a> and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, and Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To the east of Shimla stand the Choor Mountains (Chuor, 3647m<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). A passage over these mountains, from the Tons River to Shimla is described in <i>Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains</i>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_White" title="George Francis White">George Francis White</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with accompanying drawings, <i>Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor</i>, and two that were subsequently the subject of poetical illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, namely <i>Crossing the Choor Mountains</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Village of Koghera and Deodar Forest, near the Choor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accompanying notes record that "During a considerable part of the year, the Choor is hoary with snow; and when moonlight falls upon the scene, an effect is produced as if floods of molten silver were poured over the surface. Moonlight in these regions assumes a novel charm." </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Views_in_India,_chiefly_among_the_Himalaya_Mountains/Village_of_Khandoo,_on_the_Ascent_to_the_Choor" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains/Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor">Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor</a></b></div></div></div> </div><p>Shimla city is geographically uniquely positioned in such a way, that if water is poured on the northern slope at the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_ridge_Shimla.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:The ridge Shimla.jpg">Ridge ground</a>, it goes to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutej River</a>, and if water is poured on the southern slope, it meets the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> through the Yamuna River. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /></p><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1839/Crossing_the_Choor_Mountains" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Crossing the Choor Mountains">'Crossing the Choor Mountains'<br />a poetical illustration by<br />L. E. L.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Hills_of_Shimla">Seven Hills of Shimla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seven Hills of Shimla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills_of_Shimla" title="Seven Hills of Shimla">Seven Hills of Shimla</a></div> <p>Shimla was built on top of seven hills: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhu Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhu hill, which is at a height of 2,454 metres (8,051 ft). In recent times the city has spread past the initial seven hills.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shimla_dusk.jpg/250px-Shimla_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shimla_dusk.jpg/330px-Shimla_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shimla_dusk.jpg/500px-Shimla_dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4193" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>Dusk at Shimla</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shimla_Mall.jpg/220px-Shimla_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shimla_Mall.jpg/330px-Shimla_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shimla_Mall.jpg/440px-Shimla_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>Shimla's Mall road after fresh snowfall in winter</figcaption></figure> <p>Shimla features a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">subtropical highland climate</a> (Cwb) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summer.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average temperature during summer is between 16 and 25 °C (61 and 77 °F), and between 3 and 11 °C (37 and 52 °F) in winter. Monthly <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> varies between 13.6 millimetres (0.54 in) in November and 350 millimetres (14 in) in August. It is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring, and around 190 millimetres (7.5 in) in June as the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> approaches. </p><p>The average total annual precipitation is 1,487 millimetres (59 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the weekend of 12–13 August 2023, torrential rains attributed to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> caused major landslides in Shimla, killing at least 57 people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were part of the <a href="/wiki/2023_North_India_floods" title="2023 North India floods">2023 North India floods</a>. </p><p>Highest recorded temperature: 32.4 °C (90.3 °F) on 28 May 2010<sup id="cite_ref-NCEI_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A temperature of 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) was recorded on 22 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Shimla_Airport" title="Shimla Airport">Shimla airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-airport_extremes_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airport_extremes-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Lowest recorded temperature: −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 13 December 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-NCEI_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Shimla (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.2<br />(10.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.6<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6<br />(3.25) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.6<br />(3.09) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3<br />(2.30) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.2<br />(3.24) </td> <td style="background: #00D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.8<br />(7.55) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">328.3<br />(12.93) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">351.3<br />(13.83) </td> <td style="background: #01FF01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.5<br />(6.48) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(1.19) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(0.54) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(1.03) </td> <td style="background: #42FF42; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,487.3<br />(58.56) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99<br />(39.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (snow 1990–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-cdp_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of the remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg/250px-IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg/330px-IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg/500px-IGMC_SHIMLA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital">Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital</a>, a largest Hospital of the state located in Snowdown, Shimla</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi Medical College">Indira Gandhi Hospital</a> (Snowdown Hospital,) <a href="/wiki/Deendayal_Upadhyaya_Hospital,_Shimla" class="mw-redirect" title="Deendayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Shimla">Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital</a> (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims to make Shimla an attractive <a href="/wiki/Health_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Health tourism">health tourism</a> spot.<sup id="cite_ref-cdp_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major departmental headquarters of the state are also located in Shimla such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh_Government_Printing_and_Stationery_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himachal Pradesh Government Printing and Stationery Press (page does not exist)">Himachal Pradesh Government Printing and Stationery Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_State_Electricity_Board" title="Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board">Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Police" title="Himachal Pradesh Police">Himachal Pradesh Police Headquarters</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Oberoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cecil_Oberoi.jpg/250px-Cecil_Oberoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cecil_Oberoi.jpg/330px-Cecil_Oberoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cecil_Oberoi.jpg/500px-Cecil_Oberoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Cecil" title="The Cecil">The Oberoi Cecil</a>, a five-star and historic hotel located in Chaura Maidan, Shimla</figcaption></figure> <p>The hotel industry is one of the major sources of income generation for the city. Shimla has up to 6500 hotels, including 5-star hotels, most popular is <a href="/wiki/The_Cecil" title="The Cecil">Oberoi Cecil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterhoff,_Shimla" title="Peterhoff, Shimla">Peterhoff</a>, Wildflower Hall and Hotel Holiday Home. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest-ranked hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarrows41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Yarrows41.jpg/220px-Yarrows41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Yarrows41.jpg/330px-Yarrows41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Yarrows41.jpg/440px-Yarrows41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>National Academy of Audits and Accounts, Yarrows</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present, namely <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_University" title="Himachal Pradesh University">Himachal Pradesh University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" title="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">Indian Institute of Advanced Study</a>. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_Examination" title="Civil Services Examination">Civil Services Examination</a>) and promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the economy of the district as well as the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The government is trying to promote the technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civic_administration">Civic administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civic administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Hall,_Shimla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Town_Hall%2C_Shimla.JPG/220px-Town_Hall%2C_Shimla.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Town_Hall%2C_Shimla.JPG/330px-Town_Hall%2C_Shimla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Town_Hall%2C_Shimla.JPG/440px-Town_Hall%2C_Shimla.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Town Hall as seen from <a href="/wiki/The_Ridge,_Shimla" title="The Ridge, Shimla">The Ridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg/170px-Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg/255px-Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg/340px-Rani_Jhansi_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Lakshmibai">Rani Laxmi Bai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and merged areas of Dhalli, <a href="/wiki/Totu,_Shimla" title="Totu, Shimla">Totu</a>, and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07. Established in 1851, the <a href="/wiki/Shimla_Municipal_Corporation" title="Shimla Municipal Corporation">Shimla Municipal Corporation</a> is an elected body comprising 41 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the government of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics, and other activities. 33% of the seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> and deputy mayor are elected by and among the councillors themselves. </p><p>The administrative head of the corporation is the Commissioner who is appointed by the state government. </p><p>The two major political parties are the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> with a third party, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>, emerging.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (<a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</a>) and one seat to the lower house of parliament (<a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police Force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(police)" title="Superintendent (police)">Superintendent of Police</a>, Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 11 courts in the district including a fast-track court.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km<sup>2</sup> had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females.<sup id="cite_ref-SMLA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMLA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SML_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effective literacy rate of city was 93.63%<sup id="cite_ref-SML_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14%.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city area has grown considerably over time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcshimla_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcshimla-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-mcshimla_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcshimla-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population is younger than 15 years. The low <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is cause for concern, and much lower than the <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh#Demographics" title="Himachal Pradesh">974 versus 1,000</a> for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole. </p><p>The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, the <a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a> subdialect Keonthali, local language of the region is mainly spoken here as well as other <a href="/wiki/Himachali_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachali languages">Pahari languages</a> are also spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who are the main part of the population in the city. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> is prevalent among the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">ethnic Punjabi</a> migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a>, who settled in the city after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Shimla Town (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:250px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:93.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">93.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:2.29%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.29%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkkhaki; width:1.95%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.95%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:1.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.33%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.62%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.62%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:0.10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.10%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg/250px-Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg/330px-Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg/500px-Shimla_20211219_145646.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shri_Hanuman_Jakhu_(statue)" title="Shri Hanuman Jakhu (statue)">Shri Hanuman Jakhu (statue)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakhu_Temple" title="Jakhu Temple">Jakhu Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg/220px-Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg/330px-Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg/440px-Christ_Church_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Shimla" title="Christ Church, Shimla">Christ Church</a> located on <a href="/wiki/The_Ridge,_Shimla" title="The Ridge, Shimla">The Ridge</a>, Shimla</figcaption></figure> <p>According to 2011 census, the majority religion of the city is <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2.29%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (1.95%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.33%), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.62%), and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.10%).<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The annual <a href="/wiki/Shimla_Summer_Festival" title="Shimla Summer Festival">Shimla Summer Festival</a> is held on the Ridge during peak tourist season.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country. Since 2015, 95.0 BIG FM<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Himachal Tourism have been jointly organising a week-long winter carnival on the Ridge from Christmas to New Year's.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shimla has several places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge area in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original '<a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan">Tudorbethan</a>' architecture. The former <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Viceregal Lodge</a>, which now houses the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" title="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">Indian Institute of Advanced Study</a>, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery, and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built-in 1974). </p><p>Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the Ridge, sells souvenirs and crafts made of wood. <a href="/wiki/Tattapani_(Himachal_Pradesh)" title="Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)">Tatta Pani</a>, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi) from the main city, is the name of hot <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of the River <a href="/wiki/Satluj" class="mw-redirect" title="Satluj">Satluj</a>. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figures skating events. Due to the effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on the ice every winter has been decreasing in the past few years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skating_at_Simla,_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Skating_at_Simla%2C_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg/250px-Skating_at_Simla%2C_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Skating_at_Simla%2C_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg/330px-Skating_at_Simla%2C_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Skating_at_Simla%2C_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg/500px-Skating_at_Simla%2C_one_of_the_favourite_winter_recreations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Skating at Simla, c. 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The <a href="/wiki/Kali_Bari,_Shimla" title="Kali Bari, Shimla">Kali Bari temple</a>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> is near the mall. <a href="/wiki/Jakhoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhoo">Jakhoo</a> Temple, for the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, is located at the highest point in Shimla.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Temple,_Shimla" title="Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla">Sankat Mochan</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city. The nearby temple of <a href="/wiki/Tara_Devi_Temple" title="Tara Devi Temple">Tara Devi</a> is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara">Gurudwara</a> near the bus terminus and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Shimla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church (Shimla)">Christ Church</a> on the Ridge. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg/250px-A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg/330px-A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg/500px-A_folk_procession_in_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>A folk celebration in Shimla</figcaption></figure> <p>Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewellery, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of pine and deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major buildings of Shimla. The various kinds of crafts of Shimla made out of wood include small boxes, utensils, image carvings, and souvenirs. </p><p>The carpet-making of Shimla is a great attraction for tourists. Different floral and other motifs are used. Wool is used to making blankets and rugs. The embroidery includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves, and caps. </p><p>The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leathercraft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers, and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla include a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery. </p><p>The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic Kumauni people with a simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg/220px-Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg/330px-Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg/440px-Annadale_Ground_Shimla_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Annadale Ground, loacted in <a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a> serves as major helipad as well as the golf course of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins at the start of December and goes on until the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex, a golf course at <a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a> and further out from the city is another nine-hole golf course at Naldehra, the oldest of its kind in India.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city. Shimla is also part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a> cultural belt which extends until <a href="/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a>, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Shimla" title="List of educational institutions in Shimla">List of educational institutions in Shimla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG/220px-Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG/330px-Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG/440px-Himachal_Pradesh_State_Library_-_Ridge_-_Shimla_2014-05-07_0974.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Public library on The Ridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has 13 <a href="/wiki/Anganwadi" title="Anganwadi">anganwadis</a> and 64 primary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-mcshimla_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcshimla-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular convent schools in the city are <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Cotton_School_(Shimla)" title="Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)">Bishop Cotton School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Jesus_and_Mary,_Chelsea,_Shimla" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla">Convent of Jesus and Mary (Chelsea)</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_School,_Shimla" title="St. Edward's School, Shimla">St. Edward's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland_House_School,_Shimla" title="Auckland House School, Shimla">Auckland House School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Tara_Hall,_Shimla" title="Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla">Loreto Convent (Tara Hall)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Cotton_School_(Shimla)" title="Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)">Bishop Cotton School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_School,_Shimla" title="St. Edward's School, Shimla">St. Edward's School</a> are for boys only, whereas, <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Tara_Hall,_Shimla" title="Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla">Loreto Convent, Tara Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Jesus_and_Mary,_Chelsea,_Shimla" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla">Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea</a> is for girls only. Other public schools include DAV Public School, ShimlaPublic School, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_International_School" title="Himalayan International School">Himalayan International School</a> and <a href="/wiki/S.D._Senior_Secondary_School,_Shimla" title="S.D. Senior Secondary School, Shimla">S.D. Senior Sec Secondary School</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg/220px-Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg/330px-Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg/440px-Sanjauli_College_Campus_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Govt. College Sanjauli, a major college of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>The major medical institute in Shimla is <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi Medical College">Indira Gandhi Medical College</a> and degree colleges include <a href="/wiki/St._Bede%27s_College,_Shimla" title="St. Bede's College, Shimla">St. Bede's College</a>, RKMV College are two girls colleges and co-educational colleges in the city are <a href="/wiki/Government_College,_Sanjauli" title="Government College, Sanjauli">Government College Sanjauli</a>, Kotshera College and Evening College. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" title="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">Indian Institute of Advanced Study</a>, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Viceregal Lodge</a>, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion, and social and natural sciences. The <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_University" title="Himachal Pradesh University">Himachal Pradesh University</a> (state university of Himachal Pradesh) is also located in Shimla. <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_University_Business_School" title="Himachal Pradesh University Business School">Himachal Pradesh University Business School</a> (HPUBS) and <a href="/wiki/University_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Himachal_Pradesh_University" title="University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University">University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University</a> (UIIT), a premier technical education institute, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_National_Law_University,_Shimla" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla">Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla</a> are also located here. </p><p>There is one private university, <a href="/wiki/Alakh_Prakash_Goyal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Alakh Prakash Goyal University">APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University</a>. It was named the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shimla has four state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other also a heritage building on the ridge has 7,000, another is Baba Bhimrao Ambedkar State Library located near Vidhan Sabha and another is in Evening College on Bantony Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a> (ICAR) and the National Academy of Audit and Accounts for the training of officers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Audits_and_Accounts_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Audits and Accounts Service">Indian Audits and Accounts Service</a> (IA&AS). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dhami_State" title="Dhami State">Dhami</a>, near Shimla, now hosts the Himalayan Institute for Cultural and Heritage Studies (HICHS), which was earlier based in the Kullu district.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Shimla" title="List of tourist attractions in Shimla">List of tourist attractions in Shimla</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mall_Road,_Shimla" title="Mall Road, Shimla">The Mall</a> is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices, and tourist offices. The lower part of <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Shimla" title="Gaiety Theatre, Shimla">Gaiety Theatre</a> lies here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ridge,_Shimla" title="The Ridge, Shimla">The Ridge</a> is a large open space, which is situated alongside the Mall Road and hosts all the cultural activities in the city. <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Shimla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church (Shimla)">Christ Church</a> situated on the Ridge, is the second oldest church in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>. Inside there are stained glass windows that represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience, and humility. There are State Library and <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Shimla" title="Gaiety Theatre, Shimla">Gaiety Heritage Cultural Complex</a> too which are some of the notable buildings located here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhoo">Jakhoo</a> - Jakhoo temple is 2 km from The Ridge, at a height of 8,000 ft, Jakhoo Hill is the highest peak in the city and has views of the city and the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the hill is an old temple of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu deity">Hindu deity</a> which is popular among tourists and locals alike. A 108 feet (33-metre) statue of Hanuman, at 8,500 feet (2,591 metres) above sea level, is the statue standing at the highest altitude among several other masterpieces in the world, overtaking the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Redeemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Redeemer">Christ Redeemer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakhoo has ropeway also which connects Jakhoo temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Bari,_Shimla" title="Kali Bari, Shimla">Kali Bari</a> is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kali's fearless incarnation <a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Shyamala</a> on which Shimla city is named. The extensive views from the temple include such sights as <a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimla_railway_station" title="Shimla railway station">Shima Railway Station</a>, Railway Board Building, Old Bus Stand, <a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">ARTRAC</a>, TV Tower, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annadale,_Shimla" title="Annadale, Shimla">Annadale</a> was developed as the <a href="/wiki/Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racecourse">racecourse</a> of Shimla, Annadale is 2–4 km from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is now used by the Indian Army. It has the <a href="/wiki/Army_Heritage_Museum,_Shimla" title="Army Heritage Museum, Shimla">Army Heritage Museum</a> which is a notable tourist destination on its own, and also a golf course and a helipad are situated here. Every VVIP, VIP, or celebrity who visits Shimla comes by Annadale helipad. Annadale is one of the prime tourist sites of Shimla. The first <a href="/wiki/Durand_Cup" title="Durand Cup">Durand Cup Football Tournament</a> was organised here in 1888 by <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Durand" title="Mortimer Durand">Mortimer Durand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" title="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">Indian Institute of Advanced Studies</a> is an educational institute now. This institute is housed at the former <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Niwas" title="Rashtrapati Niwas">Viceregal Lodge</a>, built-in 1884–88.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_State_Museum" title="Himachal State Museum">Himachal Pradesh State Museum</a> - Himachal Pradesh State Museum was opened in 1974, and has tried to protect the hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles, and jewellery of the region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Hill,_Shimla" title="Summer Hill, Shimla">Summer Hill</a> is at a height of 6,500  ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_University" title="Himachal Pradesh University">Himachal Pradesh University</a> is situated here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Temple,_Shimla" title="Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla">Sankat Mochan Temple</a> is a Hindu temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>. It is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Shimla%E2%80%93Chandigarh_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimla–Chandigarh Expressway">Shimla-Chandigarh highway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Devi_Temple" title="Tara Devi Temple">Tara Devi Temple</a> - Tara Devi Temple is 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjauli" title="Sanjauli">Sanjauli</a> is the main suburb of Shimla.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhingu_Mata_Temple" title="Dhingu Mata Temple">Dhingu Mata Temple</a> is situated atop a hill in Sanjauli. It is the second-highest hilltop temple in Shimla after Jakhoo temple.</li> <li>Kamna Devi Temple is situated on top of Prospect Hill in Baileuganj.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadwick_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chadwick Falls (page does not exist)">Chadwick Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufri,_India" title="Kufri, India">Kufri</a> is situated near Shimla. Kufri sees the annual sports winter festival in February. Adventure activities like skiing and tobogganing.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayan_Nature_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himalayan Nature Park (page does not exist)">Himalayan Nature Park</a> is situated just outside the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chharabra" title="Chharabra">Chharabra</a> is near Kufri. It is famous for its natural beauty and Kalyani helipad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashobra" title="Mashobra">Mashobra</a> is near Shimla. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Craignano_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Craignano Park (page does not exist)">Craignano Park</a> here is a popular spot.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutogh" title="Jutogh">Jutogh</a> is located 8 km from Shimla city centre,  this is an army cantonment, it is near <a href="/wiki/Totu,_Shimla" title="Totu, Shimla">Totu</a>, an important suburb of Shimla city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISBT_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ISBT_Shimla.jpg/220px-ISBT_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ISBT_Shimla.jpg/330px-ISBT_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ISBT_Shimla.jpg/440px-ISBT_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Inter State Bus Terminal at <a href="/wiki/Tutikandi" title="Tutikandi">Tutikandi</a>, Shimla</figcaption></figure> <p>Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Like any other growing city, Shimla is also expanding with new habitats in the vicinity. Transport services in these areas are also expanding rapidly. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited at the Mall, Ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a> which are common in other Indian cities are largely absent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shimla" title="Special:EditPage/Shimla">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shimla is well-connected by road network to all major cities in north India and all major towns and district headquarters within the state. <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_5_(India)" title="National Highway 5 (India)">National Highway 5</a> connects Shimla to the nearest big city of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>. This road is being widened by four-laning as part of the <a href="/wiki/Shimla-Chandigarh_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimla-Chandigarh Expressway">Shimla-Chandigarh Expressway</a> project, and has been completed until <a href="/wiki/Solan" title="Solan">Solan</a> as of July 2021. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests,_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg/250px-NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg/330px-NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg/500px-NH22_Shimla_Chandigarh_Mountain_Highway_through_Forests%2C_Roads_in_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_5_(India)" title="National Highway 5 (India)">National Highway 5</a> connects Shimla to the city of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG/220px-Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG/330px-Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG/440px-Shimla_airport_JubbarHatti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Shimla_Airport" title="Shimla Airport">Shimla Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shimla_Airport" title="Shimla Airport">Shimla Airport</a> is situated at Jubbarhatti, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular flights to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> operate from the airport. The nearest major airport is <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Airport" title="Chandigarh Airport">Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> about 116 km away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG/250px-Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG/330px-Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG/500px-Shimla_Railway_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Shimla railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>The scenic <a href="/wiki/Kalka_Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka Shimla Railway">Kalka Shimla Railway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge track</a>, is listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i> for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kalka" title="Kalka">Kalka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">plains</a> rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. The city has a total of three railway stations with Shimla the main station and two others located at Summer Hill and Totu (Jutogh) respectively. It was built to connect <a href="/wiki/Shimla_railway_station" title="Shimla railway station">Shimla</a>, the summer capital of India during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, with the Indian rail system. </p><p>In 2007, the government of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> declared the railway a heritage property.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For about a week starting on 11 September 2007, an expert team from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> visited the railway to review and inspect it for possible selection as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. On 8 July 2008, the Kalka–Shimla Railway was listed as a World Heritage Site,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media and communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State-owned <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Broadcast_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Broadcast Network">Reliance Broadcast</a> owned <a href="/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG FM 92.7">95.0 BIG FM</a> have local radio stations in Shimla, which transmit various programmes of mass interest. Apart from a wide range of other national and international TV channels of different languages, the national TV broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> also broadcast channels like DD Shimla, DD National and DD Sports in the city. There are several private FM radio channels like 95.0 BIG FM and Radio Mirchi. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Amar_Ujala" title="Amar Ujala">Amar Ujala</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NSP_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSP-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Kesari" title="Punjab Kesari">Punjab Kesari</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar" title="Dainik Bhaskar">Dainik Bhaskar</a></i> are the widely circulated Hindi dailies while <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i> are popular English newspapers in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Banga" title="M. S. Banga">M. S. Banga</a>, businessman, former CEO, fund manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Constance_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton">Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton</a>, writer and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulwer-Lytton,_2nd_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton">Victor Bulwer-Lytton</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Javed_Burki" title="Shahid Javed Burki">Shahid Javed Burki</a>, Pakistani economist, born during British rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chauhan" title="Charlie Chauhan">Charlie Chauhan</a>, television actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubina_Dilaik" title="Rubina Dilaik">Rubina Dilaik</a>, television actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gibson" title="Guy Gibson">Guy Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> aviator, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">VC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Boileau_Goad" title="Horatio Boileau Goad">Horatio Boileau Goad</a>, British policeman and former secretary of the municipal corporation of Shimla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Boileau_Goad" title="Samuel Boileau Goad">Samuel Boileau Goad</a>, a principal property owner in Shimla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O.C._Handa" title="O.C. Handa">O.C. Handa</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.R._Harnot" title="S.R. Harnot">S.R. Harnot</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raaja_Bhasin" title="Raaja Bhasin">Raaja Bhasin</a>, writer, historian, television personality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">John Hunt</a>, British army officer and mountaineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Jackman" title="Robin Jackman">Robin Jackman</a>, former England cricket player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celina_Jaitly" title="Celina Jaitly">Celina Jaitly</a>, Bollywood actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Jeans" title="Ursula Jeans">Ursula Jeans</a>, British actress and wife of British actor <a href="/wiki/Roger_Livesey" title="Roger Livesey">Roger Livesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriniwas_Joshi" title="Shriniwas Joshi">Shriniwas Joshi</a>, columnist, theatre person, ex-civil servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preneet_Kaur" title="Preneet Kaur">Preneet Kaur</a>, Indian aristocrat of <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> dynasties, former Minister for External Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Kaye" title="M. M. Kaye">M. M. Kaye</a>, novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat_Kazmi" title="Rahat Kazmi">Rahat Kazmi</a>, Pakistani television actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupam_Kher" title="Anupam Kher">Anupam Kher</a>, Bollywood actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, English author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Kitchener" title="Earl Kitchener">Earl Kitchener</a>, British viceroy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Kumar_(artist)" title="Ram Kumar (artist)">Ram Kumar</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ram_Lal" title="Thakur Ram Lal">Thakur Ram Lal</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lea_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Lea (Royal Navy officer)">John Lea</a>, Navy officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankit_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankit Love">Ankit Love</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/One_Love_Party" title="One Love Party">One Love Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Mackay" title="Elsie Mackay">Elsie Mackay</a>, British actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simranjit_Singh_Mann" title="Simranjit Singh Mann">Simranjit Singh Mann</a>, Sikh politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Massey" title="Jamila Massey">Jamila Massey</a>, British actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a>, British Indian army officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashish_R_Mohan" title="Ashish R Mohan">Ashish R Mohan</a>, film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Dina_Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Dina Nath">Raja Dina Nath</a>, Sikh Khalsa Diwan member</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Pandey" title="Siddharth Pandey">Siddharth Pandey</a>, writer, historian, photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Pant" title="Meghna Pant">Meghna Pant</a>, author and feminist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohinder_Singh_Pujji" title="Mohinder Singh Pujji">Mohinder Singh Pujji</a>, WWII RAF and <a href="/wiki/RIAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAF">RIAF</a> pilot, <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">DFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a>, Pakistani cosmologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ashraf_Qazi" title="Javed Ashraf Qazi">Javed Ashraf Qazi</a>, former director of ISI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Sadiq Hussain Qureshi">Sadiq Hussain Qureshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor of Punjab, Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_(actor)" title="Motilal (actor)">Motilal Rajvansh</a>, Bollywood actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priya_Rajvansh" title="Priya Rajvansh">Priya Rajvansh</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Ramani" title="Sheila Ramani">Sheila Ramani</a>, Miss Shimla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanif_Ramay" title="Hanif Ramay">Hanif Ramay</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)">Chief Minister of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafqat_Rana" title="Shafqat Rana">Shafqat Rana</a>, Pakistani test cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Seton" title="Bruce Seton">Bruce Seton</a>, British soldier and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idries_Shah" title="Idries Shah">Idries Shah</a>, writer on <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a>, Former Union Minister and MP, Rajya Sabha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shemza" title="Anwar Shemza">Anwar Shemza</a>, Kashmiri writer and radio broadcaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetan_Singh" title="Chetan Singh">Chetan Singh</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Goverdhan_Singh" title="Mian Goverdhan Singh">Mian Goverdhan Singh</a>, writer and librarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Singh" title="Pratibha Singh">Pratibha Singh</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Singh_(actor)" title="Shakti Singh (actor)">Shakti Singh</a>, Bollywood actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmita_Sood" title="Asmita Sood">Asmita Sood</a>, television actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Taseer" title="Salman Taseer">Salman Taseer</a>, Pakistani businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh_Thapa" title="Dhan Singh Thapa">Dhan Singh Thapa</a>, Indian army officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Verma" title="Nirmal Verma">Nirmal Verma</a>, Hindi writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Verma" title="Sushma Verma">Sushma Verma</a>, Indian cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preity_Zinta" title="Preity Zinta">Preity Zinta</a>, Bollywood actress</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">Sister relationships</a> with towns and regions worldwide include: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimla&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hpshimla.nic.in-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hpshimla.nic.in_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hpshimla.nic.in_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129005604/http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm">"Home: District WebSite Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home%3A+District+WebSite+Shimla%2C+Himachal+Pradesh%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpshimla.nic.in%2Fsml_tourism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpshimla.nic.in/profile/">"Profile | Shimla District, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India"</a>. <i>hpshimla.nic.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hpshimla.nic.in&rft.atitle=Profile+%7C+Shimla+District%2C+Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpshimla.nic.in%2Fprofile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shimlamc.hp.gov.in/Contact/Index/3">"MC Commissioner Office Contact Directory"</a>. <i>Municipal Corporation Shimla, Himachal Pradesh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipal+Corporation+Shimla%2C+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.atitle=MC+Commissioner+Office+Contact+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshimlamc.hp.gov.in%2FContact%2FIndex%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shimlamc.hp.gov.in/Contact/Index/13">"MC Mayor Office Contact Directory"</a>. <i>Municipal Corporation Shimla, Himachal Pradesh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipal+Corporation+Shimla%2C+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.atitle=MC+Mayor+Office+Contact+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshimlamc.hp.gov.in%2FContact%2FIndex%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMLA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMLA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMLA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0211_PART_B_DCHB_SHIMLA.pdf">"Shimla District Census 2011 Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shimla+District+Census+2011+Handbook&rft.pages=39%28Urban+Section%29&rft.pub=Census+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F0211_PART_B_DCHB_SHIMLA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SML-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SML_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SML_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SML_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SML_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/4-shimla.html">"Shimla City Census 2011 data"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shimla+City+Census+2011+data&rft.pub=Census+2011+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fcensus%2Fcity%2F4-shimla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOI_2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOI_2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-himachalpradesh.php">"Himachal Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Himachal+Pradesh+%28India%29%3A+Districts%2C+Cities%2C+Towns+and+Outgrowth+Wards+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fphp%2Findia-himachalpradesh.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langoff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langoff_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+linguistic+minorities%3A+52nd+report+%28July+2014+to+June+2015%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratibha_Chauhan2019" class="citation news cs1">Pratibha Chauhan (17 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html">"Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a></i>. Shimla. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bill+to+make+Sanskrit+second+official+language+of+HP+passed&rft.date=2019-02-17&rft.au=Pratibha+Chauhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fhimachal%2Fbill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed%2F730075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFbedi" class="citation web cs1">bedi, rahul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227210809/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala">"Steady Decline: From Simla To Shimla, And Now To Shyamala!"</a>. <i>www.thecitizen.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala">the original</a> on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecitizen.in&rft.atitle=Steady+Decline%3A+From+Simla+To+Shimla%2C+And+Now+To+Shyamala%21&rft.aulast=bedi&rft.aufirst=rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecitizen.in%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fnewsdetail%2Findex%2F2%2F15315%2Fsteady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hist_District-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_District_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_District_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpshimla.nic.in/history/">"History of Shimla Town"</a>. <i>District Shimla</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=District+Shimla&rft.atitle=History+of+Shimla+Town&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpshimla.nic.in%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Sharma, Ashwani (10 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/shimlas-heritage-rothney-castle-slipping-into-oblivion-news-397188">"Shimla's Heritage Rothney Castle Slipping Into Oblivion"</a>. <i>Outlook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Shimla%27s+Heritage+Rothney+Castle+Slipping+Into+Oblivion&rft.date=2021-10-10&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnational%2Fshimlas-heritage-rothney-castle-slipping-into-oblivion-news-397188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/stunning-facts-about-shimla-no-one-told-you-before/as67179017.cms">"Stunning facts about Shimla no one told you before"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Stunning+facts+about+Shimla+no+one+told+you+before&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fstunning-facts-about-shimla-no-one-told-you-before%2Fas67179017.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/simla-shimla-renaming-shyamala-himachal-pradesh-shimla-name-change-bjp-1372288-2018-10-21">"Now, Shimla may get renamed as Shyamala"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 21 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Himachal+Pradesh+is+not+considering+any+proposal+to+change+Shimla%27s+name+to+Shyamala%2C+says+CM&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.au=Scroll+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Flatest%2F899320%2Fhimachal-pradesh-is-not-considering-any-proposal-to-change-shimlas-name-to-shyamala-says-cm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vipin1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vipin1996_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVipin_Pubby1996" class="citation book cs1">Vipin Pubby (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC&pg=PA17"><i>Shimla Then and Now</i></a>. Indus Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-046-0"><bdi>978-81-7387-046-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shimla+Then+and+Now&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-046-0&rft.au=Vipin+Pubby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrZ-ibfhMyMC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrop,_F._Beresford1925" class="citation book cs1">Harrop, F. Beresford (1925). <i>Thacker's new Guide to Simla</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=62cm+and+counting&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft.aulast=Lohumi&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20070214%2Fhimplus1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIANS2013" class="citation news cs1">IANS (19 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/01/queen-of-hills-records-highest-snowfall-of-8-years/">"Queen of Hills records the highest Snowfall of 8 Years On 25th December 2016 Shimla received its first snowfall of the year. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Death+toll+after+landslides+in+Indian+Himalayas+rises+to+57%3B+10+still+missing&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenvironment%2Fdeath-toll-after-landslides-indian-himalayas-rises-57-10-still-missing-2023-08-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCEI-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCEI_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCEI_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/SHIMLA_42083.xlsx">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Shimla"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX)</span>. <i>ncei.noaa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>WMO number: 42083</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020%3A+Shimla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FIndia%2FXLS%2FSHIMLA_42083.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airport_extremes-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airport_extremes_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/SHIMLA_AIRPORT_42084.xlsx">"WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Shimla airport"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>WMO number: 42084</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020%3A+Shimla+airport&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FIndia%2FXLS%2FSHIMLA_AIRPORT_42084.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf">"Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hptdc.nic.in/cir0103.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP+Tourism+Development+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhptdc.nic.in%2Fcir0103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amankiasha.com/dreaming-of-peace-dividends-revival-of-shimla-murree-linkages/">"Dreaming of peace dividends: Revival of Shimla-Murree linkages - Aman Ki Asha"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews-archive.php?id=3966">the original</a> on 11 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APG+University+adjudged+Best+University+in+Hills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assocham.org%2Fprels%2Fshownews-archive.php%3Fid%3D3966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBharat2013" class="citation web cs1">Bharat (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hillpost.in/2013/04/apg-shimla-university-making-a-mark/73019/">"APG Shimla University making a mark"</a>. <i>Hill Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+state+library+on+its+last+legs&rft.pub=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010202%2Fhimachal.htm%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hichs.org/">"Himalayan Institute of Cultural and Heritage Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shimla+Airport%2C+Airports+Authority+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airportsindia.org.in%2FallAirports%2Fshimla.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2003" class="citation news cs1">Khanna, Ruchika M (8 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031108/windows/main1.htm">"100 years of pine-scented travel"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=100+years+of+pine-scented+travel&rft.date=2003-11-08&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Ruchika+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2003%2F20031108%2Fwindows%2Fmain1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andazresorts.com/thehindu/holnus/004200708130322.htm">"HP declares Kalka–Shimla Railway as 'heritage' property"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=Kalka%E2%80%93Shimla+Railway+makes+it+to+Unesco%27s+World+Heritage+list&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2F2008%2F07%2F09%2Fstories%2F2008070951530700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162904/https://gyanpotli.info/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%95/">"Hill towns of India and their height"</a>. Admin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gyanpotli.info/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%95/">the original</a> on 25 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amar+Ujala&rft.atitle=Hindi+Newspapers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Fshimla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.carbondale.il.us/node/125">City of Carbondale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825071208/http://ci.carbondale.il.us/node/125">Archived</a> 25 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Sister Cities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/directory/index.cfm">Sister-Cities.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629184627/http://www.sister-cities.org/">Archived</a> 29 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – International Directory</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shimla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shimla">Shimla</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpshimla.gov.in/">Official website of Shimla district</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himachal.org.in/shimla.html">Shimla – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000757/http://www.himachal.org.in/shimla.html">Archived</a> 26 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himachaltourism.gov.in">Official website of Himachal Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shimlamc.gov.in/page/Home.aspx">Municipal Corporation Shimla</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Shimla#Q83786" class="extiw" title="voy:Shimla">Shimla</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template talk:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State and Union Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puducherry (city)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvorim" title="Porvorim">Porvorim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puducherry (city)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shimla</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (<i>winter</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (<i>summer</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Himachal_Pradesh456" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Himachal_Pradesh_topics" title="Template:Himachal Pradesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Himachal_Pradesh_topics" title="Template talk:Himachal Pradesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Himachal_Pradesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Himachal Pradesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Himachal_Pradesh456" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh </a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shimla</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Himachal_Pradesh" title="Category:Himachal Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Education in Himachal Pradesh">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Himachal Pradesh">Prehistory and protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Early history of Himachal Pradesh">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_rule_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Mughal rule in Himachal Pradesh">Mughal rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="British rule in Himachal Pradesh">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_struggle_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Freedom struggle in Himachal Pradesh">Freedom struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra-Lambagraon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangra-Lambagraon">Kangra-Lambagraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Hill_States_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Hill States Agency">Punjab Hill States agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Culture of Himachal Pradesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_crafts_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Arts and crafts of Himachal Pradesh">Arts and crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Himachal Pradesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Traditional dances</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurisdiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Himachal Pradesh">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_High_Court" title="Himachal Pradesh High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Vidhan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Shimla" title="Raj Bhavan, Shimla">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Police" title="Himachal Pradesh Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Himachal Pradesh">Districts and divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Kangra division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_district" title="Chamba district">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Una_district" title="Una district">Una</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Mandi division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh">Hamirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahul and Spiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_district" title="Mandi district">Mandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Shimla division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla_district" title="Shimla district">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmaur_district" title="Sirmaur district">Sirmaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solan_district" title="Solan district">Solan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solan" title="Solan">Solan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahan" title="Nahan">Nahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Mandi, Himachal Pradesh">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Nagar" title="Sundar Nagar">Sundar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Animal husbandry in Himachal Pradesh">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh">Hydroelectric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Industry in Himachal Pradesh">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_services_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Social services in Himachal Pradesh">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Transport in Himachal Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Himachal Pradesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Himachal Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Rivers in Himachal Pradesh">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Climate of Himachal Pradesh">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reo_Purgyil" title="Reo Purgyil">Highest point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Himachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Himachal Pradesh">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanupli%E2%80%93Leh_line" title="Bhanupli–Leh line">Bhanupli–Leh line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Tunnel" title="Atal Tunnel">Atal Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Himachal Pradesh">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>78 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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