CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chronic condition - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5d54b18d-3996-4f29-8066-881d97fd42f0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chronic_condition","wgTitle":"Chronic condition","wgCurRevisionId":1259231518,"wgRevisionId":1259231518,"wgArticleId":4421272,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Articles with too many examples from September 2021","All articles with too many examples","Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2021","Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015", "Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Medical terminology","Human diseases and disorders","Disability by type"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chronic_condition","wgRelevantArticleId":4421272,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q383126","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chronic condition - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chronic_condition rootpage-Chronic_condition skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chronic+condition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chronic+condition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chronic+condition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chronic+condition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Risk factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nursing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nursing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nursing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nursing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_personal_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_personal_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social and personal impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_personal_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and personal impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_personal_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mental health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Financial cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_class_and_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_class_and_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Socioeconomic class and race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_class_and_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_and_research_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_and_research_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Advocacy and research organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_and_research_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic condition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroniese_siekte" title="Chroniese siekte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chroniese siekte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="مزمن (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزمن (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hroni%C4%8Dno_stanje" title="Hronično stanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hronično stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_cr%C3%B2nica" title="Malaltia crònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia crònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronick%C3%A9_onemocn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Chronické onemocnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chronické onemocnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefyd_cronig" title="Clefyd cronig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefyd cronig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronisk_sygdom" title="Kronisk sygdom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kronisk sygdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedad_cr%C3%B3nica" title="Enfermedad crónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfermedad crónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaixotasun_kroniko" title="Gaixotasun kroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaixotasun kroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86" title="مزمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_chronique" title="Maladie chronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie chronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%ED%99%98" title="만성질환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만성질환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="दीर्घकालिक लक्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दीर्घकालिक लक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronis" title="Kronis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kronis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infirmitate" title="Infirmitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infirmitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia_cronica" title="Malattia cronica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattia cronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מצב כרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצב כרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_disease" title="Chronic disease – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chronic disease" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Созылмалы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Созылмалы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3nikus" title="Krónikus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krónikus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хроничност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хроничност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="വിട്ടുമാറാത്ത രോഗാവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിട്ടുമാറാത്ത രോഗാവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronische_ziekte" title="Chronische ziekte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chronische ziekte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3" title="慢性疾患 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="慢性疾患" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronisk_sykdom" title="Kronisk sykdom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kronisk sykdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_przewlek%C5%82a" title="Choroba przewlekła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba przewlekła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_cr%C3%B4nica" title="Doença crônica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doença crônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boal%C4%83_cronic%C4%83" title="Boală cronică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boală cronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хроническое заболевание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хроническое заболевание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="නිධන්ගත රෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිධන්ගත රෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic" title="Chronic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chronic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroni%C4%8Dnost" title="Kroničnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kroničnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hroni%C4%8Dan_(medicina)" title="Hroničan (medicina) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hroničan (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hroni%C4%8Dan_(medicina)" title="Hroničan (medicina) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hroničan (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krooninen_tila" title="Krooninen tila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krooninen tila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroniska_sjukdomar" title="Kroniska sjukdomar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kroniska sjukdomar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malalang_sakit" title="Malalang sakit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malalang sakit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan_amezray" title="Aṭṭan amezray – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aṭṭan amezray" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronik" title="Kronik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kronik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86" title="مزمن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مزمن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_m%C3%A3n_t%C3%ADnh" title="Bệnh mãn tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh mãn tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כראניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כראניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85" title="慢性病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="慢性病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q383126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chronic_condition" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chronic_condition" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chronic_condition" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&oldid=1259231518" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chronic_condition&id=1259231518&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChronic_condition"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChronic_condition"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chronic_condition&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chronic_diseases" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q383126" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persistent human health condition or disease</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_toxicity" title="Chronic toxicity">Chronic toxicity</a>.</div> <p>A <b>chronic condition</b> (also known as <b>chronic disease</b> or <b>chronic illness</b>) is a health condition or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_disease" title="Natural history of disease">its effects</a> or a disease that comes with time. The term <i>chronic</i> is often applied when the <a href="/wiki/Course_(medicine)" title="Course (medicine)">course</a> of the disease lasts for more than three months. Common chronic diseases include <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder" title="Functional gastrointestinal disorder">functional gastrointestinal disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disorders">genetic disorders</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Viral_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral diseases">viral diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immunodeficiency_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome">acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</a>. An illness which is lifelong because it ends in death is a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminal illness</a>. It is possible and not unexpected for an illness to change in definition from terminal to chronic. Diabetes and HIV for example were once terminal yet are now considered chronic due to the availability of insulin for diabetics and daily drug treatment for individuals with HIV which allow these individuals to live while managing symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <i>chronic</i> conditions are distinguished from those that are <i>acute</i>. An <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute condition</a> typically affects one portion of the body and responds to treatment. A chronic condition, on the other hand, usually affects multiple areas of the body, is not fully responsive to treatment, and persists for an extended period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic conditions may have periods of <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> or <a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">relapse</a> where the disease temporarily goes away, or subsequently reappears. Periods of remission and relapse are commonly discussed when referring to substance abuse disorders which some consider to fall under the category of chronic condition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic conditions are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable diseases</a> which are distinguished by their <a href="/wiki/Non-infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-infectious disease">non-infectious</a> causes. Some chronic conditions though, are caused by transmissible infections such as HIV/AIDS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>63% of all deaths worldwide are from chronic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> constitute a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) attributes 38 million deaths a year to non-communicable diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_NCD_factsheet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_NCD_factsheet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States approximately 40% of adults have at least two chronic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living with two or more chronic conditions is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">multimorbidity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chronic conditions have often been used to describe the various health related states of the human body such as syndromes, physical impairments, disabilities as well as diseases. Epidemiologists have found interest in chronic conditions due to the fact they contribute to disease, disability, and diminished physical and/or mental capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, high blood pressure or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> is considered to be not only a chronic condition itself but also correlated with diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. Additionally, some socioeconomic factors may be considered as a chronic condition as they lead to disability in daily life. An important one that public health officials in the social science setting have begun highlighting is <a href="/wiki/Chronic_poverty" title="Chronic poverty">chronic poverty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers, particularly those studying the United States, utilize the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_Cost_and_Utilization_Project#Chronic_Condition_Indicator" title="Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project">Chronic Condition Indicator</a> (CCI) which maps <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a> codes as "chronic" or "non-chronic".<sup id="cite_ref-RobertWood_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertWood-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list below includes these chronic conditions and diseases: </p><p>In 2015 the World Health Organization produced a report on non-communicable diseases, citing the four major types as:<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_NCD_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_NCD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">Cardiovascular diseases</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cardiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic cardiopathy">ischemic cardiopathy</a></li> <li>Chronic respiratory diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">type 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">type 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">pre-diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a>)</li></ul> <p>Other examples of chronic diseases and health conditions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relapsing_polychondritis" title="Relapsing polychondritis">relapsing polychondritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a> (all types)</li> <li>Chronic <a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">graft-versus-host disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_hepatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic hepatitis">Chronic hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic pancreatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">Chronic kidney disease</a></li> <li>Chronic osteoarticular diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic pain syndrome">Chronic pain syndromes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Post-vasectomy_pain_syndrome" title="Post-vasectomy pain syndrome">post-vasectomy pain syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome" title="Complex regional pain syndrome">complex regional pain syndrome</a></li> <li>Dermatological conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">Deafness and hearing impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome" title="Ehlers–Danlos syndrome">Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</a> (various types)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">Endometriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis" title="Hereditary spherocytosis">Hereditary spherocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraines">Migraines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myalgic encephalomyelitis">Myalgic encephalomyelitis</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> chronic fatigue syndrome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">Periodontal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_Ovarian_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome">Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome" title="Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome">Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle cell anemia">Sickle cell anemia</a> and other hemoglobin disorders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Substance Abuse Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease" title="Thyroid disease">Thyroid disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li>And many more.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chronic_condition" title="Talk:Chronic condition">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While risk factors vary with age and gender, many of the common chronic diseases in the US are caused by dietary, lifestyle and metabolic risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19399161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19399161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these conditions might be prevented by <a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">behavioral changes</a>, such as quitting smoking, adopting a healthy diet, and increasing physical activity. <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants</a> are important risk factors for chronic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Braveman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braveman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_disease" title="Inequality in disease">Social factors</a>, e.g., socioeconomic status, education level, and race/ethnicity, are a major cause for the <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">disparities</a> observed in the care of chronic disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Braveman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braveman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of access and delay in receiving care result in worse outcomes for patients from minorities and underserved populations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those barriers to medical care complicate patients monitoring and continuity in treatment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the US, <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> and low-income populations are less likely to seek, access and receive preventive services necessary to detect conditions at an early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Sondik_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondik-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of US health care and economic costs associated with medical conditions are incurred by chronic diseases and conditions and associated health risk behaviors. Eighty-four percent of all health care spending in 2006 was for the 50% of the population who have one or more common chronic medical conditions (CDC, 2014). </p><p>There are several psychosocial risk and resistance factors among children with chronic illness and their family members. Adults with chronic illness were significantly more likely to report life dissatisfaction than those without chronic illness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to their healthy peers, children with chronic illness have about a twofold increase in psychiatric disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher parental depression and other family stressors predicted more problems among patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels_295–308_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels_295–308-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, sibling problems along with the burden of illness on the family as a whole led to more psychological strain on the patients and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels_295–308_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels_295–308-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A growing body of <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence</a> supports that <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">prevention</a> is effective in reducing the effect of chronic conditions; in particular, early detection results in less severe outcomes. Clinical preventive services include <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screening</a> for the existence of the disease or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_predisposition" title="Genetic predisposition">predisposition</a> to its development, counseling and immunizations against infectious agents. Despite their effectiveness, the utilization of preventive services is typically lower than for regular medical services. In contrast to their apparent cost in time and money, the benefits of preventive services are not directly perceived by patient because their effects are on the long term or might be greater for society as a whole than at the individual level.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> programs are important in <a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">educating</a> the public, and promoting healthy lifestyles and awareness about chronic diseases. While those programs can benefit from funding at different levels (state, federal, private) their implementation is mostly in charge of local agencies and <a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">community-based</a> organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10158617_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10158617-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have shown that public health programs are effective in reducing mortality rates associated to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer, but the results are somewhat heterogeneous depending on the type of condition and the type of programs involved.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21778174_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21778174-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, results from different approaches in cancer prevention and screening depended highly on the type of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19768842_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19768842-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising number of patient with chronic diseases has renewed the interest in prevention and its potential role in helping control costs. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Trust_for_America%27s_Health" title="Trust for America's Health">Trust for America's Health</a> produced a report that estimated investing $10 per person annually in community-based programs of proven effectiveness and promoting healthy lifestyle (increase in physical activity, healthier diet and preventing tobacco use) could save more than $16 billion annually within a period of just five years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 review (updated in 2022) found that it is uncertain whether school-based policies on targeting risk factors on chronic diseases such as healthy eating policies, physical activity policies, and tobacco policies can improve student health behaviours or knowledge of staffs and students.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The updated review in 2022 did determine a slight improvement in measures of obesity and physical activity as the use of improved strategies lead to increased implementation interventions but continued to call for additional research to address questions related to alcohol use and risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraging those with chronic conditions to continue with their outpatient (<a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_care" title="Ambulatory care">ambulatory</a>) medical care and attend scheduled medical appointments may help improve outcomes and reduce medical costs due to missed appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding patient-centered alternatives to doctors or consultants scheduling medical appointments has been suggested as a means of improving the number of people with chronic conditions that miss medical appointments, however there is no strong evidence that these approaches make a difference.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nursing">Nursing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nursing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nursing can play an important role in assisting patients with chronic diseases achieve longevity and experience wellness.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars point out that the current neoliberal era emphasizes self-care, in both affluent and low-income communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This self-care focus extends to the nursing of patients with chronic diseases, replacing a more holistic role for nursing with an emphasis on patients managing their own health conditions. Critics note that this is challenging if not impossible for patients with chronic disease in low-income communities where health care systems, and economic and social structures do not fully support this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_2009_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study in Ethiopia showcases a nursing-heavy approach to the management of chronic disease. Foregrounding the problem of distance from healthcare facility, the study recommends patients increase their request for care. It uses nurses and health officers to fill, in a cost-efficient way, the large unmet need for chronic disease treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Mamo_2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamo_2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They led their health centers staffed by nurses and health officers; so, there are specific training required for involvement in the programmed must be carried out regularly, to ensure that new staff is educated in administering chronic disease care.<sup id="cite_ref-Mamo_2007_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamo_2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program shows that community-based care and education, primarily driven by nurses and health officers, works.<sup id="cite_ref-Mamo_2007_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamo_2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It highlights the importance of nurses following up with individuals in the community, and allowing nurses flexibility in meeting their patients' needs and educating them for self-care in their homes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The epidemiology of chronic disease is diverse and the epidemiology of some chronic diseases can change in response to new treatments. In the treatment of HIV, the success of <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral">anti-retroviral</a> therapies means that many patients will experience this infection as a chronic disease that for many will span several decades of their chronic life.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some epidemiology of chronic disease can apply to multiple diagnosis. Obesity and body fat distribution for example contribute and are risk factors for many chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart, and kidney disease.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other epidemiological factors, such as social, socioeconomic, and environment do not have a straightforward cause and effect relationship with chronic disease diagnosis. While typically higher socioeconomic status is correlated with lower occurrence of chronic disease, it is not known is there is a direct cause and effect relationship between these two variables.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_1996_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry_1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epidemiology of communicable chronic diseases such as AIDS is also different from that of noncommunicable chronic disease. While Social factors do play a role in AIDS prevalence, only exposure is truly needed to contract this chronic disease. Communicable chronic diseases are also typically only treatable with medication intervention, rather than lifestyle change as some non-communicable chronic diseases can be treated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2003, there are a few programs which aim to gain more knowledge on the epidemiology of chronic disease using data collection. The hope of these programs is to gather epidemiological data on various chronic diseases across the United States and demonstrate how this knowledge can be valuable in addressing chronic disease.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, as of 2004 nearly one in two Americans (133 million) has at least one chronic medical condition, with most subjects (58%) between the ages of 18 and 64.<sup id="cite_ref-RobertWood_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertWood-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number is projected to increase by more than one percent per year by 2030, resulting in an estimated chronically ill population of 171 million.<sup id="cite_ref-RobertWood_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertWood-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common chronic conditions are <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, respiratory diseases like <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">high cholesterol</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Based on data from 2014 <a href="/wiki/Medical_Expenditure_Panel_Survey" title="Medical Expenditure Panel Survey">Medical Expenditure Panel Survey</a> (MEPS), about 60% of adult Americans were estimated to have one chronic illness, with about 40% having more than one; this rate appears to be mostly unchanged from 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Buttorff_2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buttorff_2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MEPS data from 1998 showed 45% of adult Americans had at least one chronic illness, and 21% had more than one.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>, chronic disease is also especially a concern in the <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">elderly population</a> in America. Chronic diseases like stroke, heart disease, and cancer were among the leading causes of death among Americans aged 65 or older in 2002, accounting for 61% of all deaths among this subset of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that at least 80% of older Americans are currently living with some form of a chronic condition, with 50% of this population having two or more chronic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most common chronic conditions in the elderly are high blood pressure and arthritis, with diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cancer also being reported among the elder population.<sup id="cite_ref-ParentGiving_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParentGiving-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In examining the statistics of chronic disease among the living elderly, it is also important to make note of the statistics pertaining to fatalities as a result of chronic disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death from chronic disease for adults older than 65, followed by cancer, stroke, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory diseases, influenza and pneumonia, and, finally, Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the rates of chronic disease differ by race for those living with chronic illness, the statistics for leading causes of death among elderly are nearly identical across racial/ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic illnesses cause about 70% of deaths in the US and in 2002 chronic conditions (heart disease, cancers, stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, mental illness and kidney diseases) were six of the top ten causes of mortality in the general US population.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chronic_condition" title="Talk:Chronic condition">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronic diseases are a major factor in the continuous growth of medical care spending.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19240056_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19240056-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services stated that the health care for chronic diseases cost the most among all health problems in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy People 2010 reported that more than 75% of the $2 trillion spent annually in U.S. medical care are due to chronic conditions; spending are even higher in proportion for Medicare beneficiaries (aged 65 years and older).<sup id="cite_ref-Sondik_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondik-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in 2017 it was estimated that 90% of the $3.3 billion spent on healthcare in the United States was due to the treatment of chronic diseases and conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buttorff_2017_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buttorff_2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spending growth is driven in part by the greater prevalence of chronic illnesses and the longer life expectancy of the population. Also, improvement in treatments has significantly extended the lifespans of patients with chronic diseases but results in additional costs over long period of time. A striking success is the development of combined <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiviral drugs">antiviral therapies</a> that led to remarkable improvement in survival rates and quality of life of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>-infected patients.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to direct costs in health care, chronic diseases are a significant burden to the economy, through limitations in daily activities, loss in productivity and loss of days of work. A particular concern is the rising rates of overweight and <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">obesity</a> in all segments of the U.S. population.<sup id="cite_ref-Sondik_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondik-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> itself is a medical condition and not a disease, but it constitutes a major risk factor for developing chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease and cancers. Obesity results in significant health care spending and indirect costs, as illustrated by a recent study from the Texas comptroller reporting that obesity alone cost Texas businesses an extra $9.5 billion in 2009, including more than $4 billion for health care, $5 billion for lost productivity and absenteeism, and $321 million for disability.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_personal_impact">Social and personal impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social and personal impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been recent links between social factors and prevalence as well as outcome of chronic conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mental health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The connection between loneliness, overall health, and chronic conditions has recently been highlighted. Some studies have shown that loneliness has detrimental health effects similar to that of smoking and obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that feelings of isolation are associated with higher self reporting of health as poor, and feelings of loneliness increased the likelihood of mental health disorders in individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The connection between chronic illness and loneliness is established, yet oftentimes ignored in treatment. One study for example found that a greater number of chronic illnesses per individual were associated with feelings of loneliness.<sup id="cite_ref-Theeke_387–396_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theeke_387–396-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the possible reasons for this listed are an inability to maintain independence as well as the chronic illness being a source of stress for the individual. A study of loneliness in adults over age 65 found that low levels of loneliness as well as high levels of familial support were associated with better outcomes of multiple chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-Theeke_387–396_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theeke_387–396-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some recent movements in the medical sphere to address these connections when treating patients with chronic illness. The biopsychosocial approach for example, developed in 2006 focuses on patients "patient's personality, family, culture, and health dynamics."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians are leaning more towards a psychosocial approach to chronic illness to aid the increasing number of individuals diagnosed with these conditions. Despite this movement, there is still criticism that chronic conditions are not being treated appropriately, and there is not enough emphasis on the behavioral aspects of chronic conditions<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or psychological types of support for patients.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mental health intersectionality on those with chronic conditions is a large aspect often overlooked by doctors. And chronic illness therapists are available for support to help with the mental toll of chronic illness a it is often underestimated in society. Adults with chronic illness that restrict their daily life present with more depression and lower self-esteem than healthy adults and adults with non-restricting chronic illness.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emotional influence of chronic illness also has an effect on the intellectual and educational development of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, people living with type 1 diabetes endure a lifetime of monotonous and rigorous health care management usually involving daily blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections, and constant self-care. This type of constant attention that is required by type 1 diabetes and other chronic illness can result in psychological maladjustment. There have been several theories, namely one called diabetes resilience theory, that posit that protective processes buffer the impact of risk factors on the individual's development and functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_cost">Financial cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Financial cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with chronic conditions pay more out-of-pocket; a study found that Americans spent $2,243 more on average.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The financial burden can increase medication non-adherence.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, laws protect patients with chronic conditions from excessive financial responsibility; for example, as of 2008 France limited copayments for those with chronic conditions, and Germany limits cost sharing to 1% of income versus 2% for the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Medical%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Medical–industrial complex">medical-industrial complex</a>, chronic illnesses can impact the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical companies</a> and people with chronic conditions. Life-saving drugs, or life-extending drugs, can be inflated for a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little regulation on the cost of chronic illness drugs, which suggests that abusing the lack of a drug cap can create a large market for drug revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, certain chronic conditions can last throughout one's lifetime and create pathways for pharmaceutical companies to take advantage of this.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gender influences how chronic disease is viewed and treated in society. Women's chronic health issues are often considered to be most worthy of treatment or most severe when the chronic condition interferes with a woman's fertility. Historically, there is less of a focus on a woman's chronic conditions when it interferes with other aspects of her life or well-being. Many women report feeling less than or even "half of a woman" due to the pressures that society puts on the importance of fertility and health when it comes to typically feminine ideals. These kinds of social barriers interfere with women's ability to perform various other activities in life and fully work toward their aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_class_and_race">Socioeconomic class and race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic class and race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race is also implicated</a> in chronic illness, although there may be many other factors involved. Racial minorities are 1.5-2 times more likely to have most chronic diseases than white individuals. Non-Hispanic blacks are 40% more likely to have high blood pressure that non-Hispanic whites, diagnosed diabetes is 77% higher among non-Hispanic blacks, and American Indians and Alaska Natives are 60% more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic whites.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of this prevalence has been suggested to be in part from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a>. Flint, Michigan, for example, had high levels of lead poisoning in their drinkable water after waste was dumped into low-value housing areas.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also higher rates of asthma in children who live in lower income areas due to an abundance of pollutants being released on a much larger scale in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12791488_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12791488-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy_and_research_organizations">Advocacy and research organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Advocacy and research organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, the European Chronic Disease Alliance was formed in 2011, which represents over 100,000 healthcare workers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, there are a number of nonprofits focused on chronic conditions, including entities focused on specific diseases such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association" title="American Diabetes Association">American Diabetes Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Association" title="Alzheimer's Association">Alzheimer's Association</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_%26_Colitis_Foundation" title="Crohn's & Colitis Foundation">Crohn's and Colitis Foundation</a>. There are also broader groups focused on advocacy or research into chronic illness in general, such as the National Association of Chronic Disease Directors, Partnership to Fight Chronic Disease, the Chronic Disease Coalition which arose in Oregon in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chronic Policy Care Alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_care_management" title="Chronic care management">Chronic care management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease_in_China" title="Chronic disease in China">Chronic disease in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease_in_Northern_Ontario" title="Chronic disease in Northern Ontario">Chronic disease in Northern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Illness_(journal)" title="Chronic Illness (journal)">Chronic Illness (journal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_(medicine)" title="Course (medicine)">Course (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_management_(health)" title="Disease management (health)">Disease management (health)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_treatment_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic treatment regimes">Dynamic treatment regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tattoo" title="Medical tattoo">Medical tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_disease" title="Natural history of disease">Natural history of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Wards" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Wards">Virtual Wards</a> (a UK term)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernellHoward2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bernell S, Howard SW (2016-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969287">"Use Your Words Carefully: What Is a Chronic Disease?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Public Health</i>. <b>4</b>: 159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2016.00159">10.3389/fpubh.2016.00159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969287">4969287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27532034">27532034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Use+Your+Words+Carefully%3A+What+Is+a+Chronic+Disease%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4969287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27532034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2016.00159&rft.aulast=Bernell&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Howard%2C+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4969287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaegerBorodPeselow1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jaeger J, Borod JC, Peselow E (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944927">"Facial expression of positive and negative emotions in patients with unipolar depression"</a>. <i>Journal of Affective Disorders</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006416-199609000-00014">10.1097/00006416-199609000-00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944927">2944927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2944927">2944927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Facial+expression+of+positive+and+negative+emotions+in+patients+with+unipolar+depression&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2944927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2944927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006416-199609000-00014&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Borod%2C+JC&rft.au=Peselow%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2944927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisScott2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis M, Scott CK (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797101">"Managing addiction as a chronic condition"</a>. <i>Addiction Science & Clinical Practice</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 45–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1151%2Fascp074145">10.1151/ascp074145</a> (inactive 2024-11-24). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797101">2797101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292710">18292710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction+Science+%26+Clinical+Practice&rft.atitle=Managing+addiction+as+a+chronic+condition&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-55&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2797101%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18292710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1151%2Fascp074145&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Scott%2C+CK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2797101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328190929/http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_profiles2011/en/">"WHO | Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2011"</a>. <i>WHO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_profiles2011/en/">the original</a> on March 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=WHO+%7C+Noncommunicable+diseases+country+profiles+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnmh%2Fpublications%2Fncd_profiles2011%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_NCD_factsheet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_NCD_factsheet_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/">"Noncommunicable diseases. Fact sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Noncommunicable+diseases.+Fact+sheet&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs355%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerteis J, Izrael D, Deitz D, et al.Multiple Chronic Conditions Chart-book. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality;2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/infographic/chronic-diseases.htm">"Chronic Diseases in America"</a>. <i>Center for Disease Control</i>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Disease+Control&rft.atitle=Chronic+Diseases+in+America&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fchronicdisease%2Fresources%2Finfographic%2Fchronic-diseases.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/making-sense-of-the-evidence-multiple-long-term-conditions-multimorbidity/">"Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity): making sense of the evidence"</a>. <i>NIHR Evidence</i>. 2021-03-30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fcollection_45881">10.3310/collection_45881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243406561">243406561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=Multiple+long-term+conditions+%28multimorbidity%29%3A+making+sense+of+the+evidence&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fcollection_45881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243406561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Fcollection%2Fmaking-sense-of-the-evidence-multiple-long-term-conditions-multimorbidity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10778">"Condition"</a>. <i>MedicineNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedicineNet&rft.atitle=Condition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D10778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulmeShepherd2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hulme D, Shepherd A (2003-03-01). "Conceptualizing Chronic Poverty". <i>World Development</i>. Chronic Poverty and Development Policy. <b>31</b> (3): 403–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2802%2900222-X">10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00222-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Conceptualizing+Chronic+Poverty&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-423&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2802%2900222-X&rft.aulast=Hulme&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrell2000" class="citation journal cs1">Harrell SP (January 2000). "A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color". <i>The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 42–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0087722">10.1037/h0087722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10702849">10702849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Orthopsychiatry&rft.atitle=A+multidimensional+conceptualization+of+racism-related+stress%3A+implications+for+the+well-being+of+people+of+color&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-57&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0087722&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10702849&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=SP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulme2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hulme D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00214-0">"Chronic Poverty and Development Policy: An Introduction"</a>. <i>World Development</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 399–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0305-750x%2802%2900214-0">10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00214-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Chronic+Poverty+and+Development+Policy%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-402&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0305-750x%2802%2900214-0&rft.aulast=Hulme&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fs0305-750x%2802%2900214-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertWood-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RobertWood_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RobertWood_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RobertWood_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423222310/http://www.rwjf.org/qualityequality/product.jsp?id=14685">"Chronic Conditions: Making the Case for Ongoing Care"</a>. <i>Robert Wood Johnson Foundation & Partnership for Solutions</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwjf.org/qualityequality/product.jsp?id=14685">the original</a> on 2012-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robert+Wood+Johnson+Foundation+%26+Partnership+for+Solutions&rft.atitle=Chronic+Conditions%3A+Making+the+Case+for+Ongoing+Care.&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rwjf.org%2Fqualityequality%2Fproduct.jsp%3Fid%3D14685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_NCD-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_NCD_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/chronic_diseases/en/"><i>Noncommunicable diseases</i></a>, World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noncommunicable+diseases&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Fchronic_diseases%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19399161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19399161_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanaeiDingMozaffarianTaylor2009" class="citation journal cs1">Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, Taylor B, Rehm J, Murray CJ, et al. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667673">"The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors"</a>. <i>PLOS Medicine</i>. <b>6</b> (4): e1000058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000058">10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667673">2667673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19399161">19399161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+preventable+causes+of+death+in+the+United+States%3A+comparative+risk+assessment+of+dietary%2C+lifestyle%2C+and+metabolic+risk+factors&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1000058&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2667673%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19399161&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000058&rft.aulast=Danaei&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ding%2C+EL&rft.au=Mozaffarian%2C+D&rft.au=Taylor%2C+B&rft.au=Rehm%2C+J&rft.au=Murray%2C+CJ&rft.au=Ezzati%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2667673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braveman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braveman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braveman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravemanCubbinEgerterWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Braveman PA, Cubbin C, Egerter S, Williams DR, Pamuk E (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2837459">"Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>100</b> (Suppl 1): S186–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2009.166082">10.2105/AJPH.2009.166082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2837459">2837459</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20147693">20147693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Socioeconomic+disparities+in+health+in+the+United+States%3A+what+the+patterns+tell+us&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S186-96&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2837459%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20147693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2009.166082&rft.aulast=Braveman&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Cubbin%2C+C&rft.au=Egerter%2C+S&rft.au=Williams%2C+DR&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2837459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadCartwright-SmithJonesRamos2008" class="citation book cs1">Mead H, Cartwright-Smith L, Jones K, Ramos C, Woods K, Siegel B (March 2008). <i>Racial and ethnic disparities in US health care: A chartbook</i>. New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+and+ethnic+disparities+in+US+health+care%3A+A+chartbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Commonwealth+Fund&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Cartwright-Smith%2C+L&rft.au=Jones%2C+K&rft.au=Ramos%2C+C&rft.au=Woods%2C+K&rft.au=Siegel%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sondik-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sondik_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondik_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondik_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondikHuangKleinSatcher2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sondik EJ, Huang DT, Klein RJ, Satcher D (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103613">"Progress toward the healthy people 2010 goals and objectives"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Public Health</i>. <b>31</b>: 271–81 4 p folliwng 281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103613">10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103613</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20070194">20070194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Progress+toward+the+healthy+people+2010+goals+and+objectives&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=271-81+4+p+folliwng+281&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103613&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20070194&rft.aulast=Sondik&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Huang%2C+DT&rft.au=Klein%2C+RJ&rft.au=Satcher%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrineChapmanBalluzMoriarty2008" class="citation journal cs1">Strine TW, Chapman DP, Balluz LS, Moriarty DG, Mokdad AH (February 2008). "The associations between life satisfaction and health-related quality of life, chronic illness, and health behaviors among U.S. community-dwelling adults". <i>Journal of Community Health</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 40–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10900-007-9066-4">10.1007/s10900-007-9066-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18080207">18080207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25099848">25099848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Health&rft.atitle=The+associations+between+life+satisfaction+and+health-related+quality+of+life%2C+chronic+illness%2C+and+health+behaviors+among+U.S.+community-dwelling+adults&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-50&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25099848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18080207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10900-007-9066-4&rft.aulast=Strine&rft.aufirst=TW&rft.au=Chapman%2C+DP&rft.au=Balluz%2C+LS&rft.au=Moriarty%2C+DG&rft.au=Mokdad%2C+AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadmanBoyleOfford1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cadman D, Boyle M, Offord DR (June 1988). "The Ontario Child Health Study: social adjustment and mental health of siblings of children with chronic health problems". <i>Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 117–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004703-198806000-00001">10.1097/00004703-198806000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3403727">3403727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26986024">26986024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Developmental+and+Behavioral+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=The+Ontario+Child+Health+Study%3A+social+adjustment+and+mental+health+of+siblings+of+children+with+chronic+health+problems&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=117-21&rft.date=1988-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26986024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3403727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004703-198806000-00001&rft.aulast=Cadman&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Boyle%2C+M&rft.au=Offord%2C+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels_295–308-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_295–308_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_295–308_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsMoosBillingsMiller1987" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels D, Moos RH, Billings AG, Miller JJ (June 1987). "Psychosocial risk and resistance factors among children with chronic illness, healthy siblings, and healthy controls". <i>Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 295–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00916356">10.1007/BF00916356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3497186">3497186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32785209">32785209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abnormal+Child+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychosocial+risk+and+resistance+factors+among+children+with+chronic+illness%2C+healthy+siblings%2C+and+healthy+controls&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-308&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32785209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3497186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00916356&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Moos%2C+RH&rft.au=Billings%2C+AG&rft.au=Miller%2C+JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenkelCulyerNewhouse2000" class="citation book cs1">Kenkel DS, Culyer A, Newhouse J (2000). "Prevention". In Culyer AJ, Newhouse JP (eds.). <i>Handbook of health economics</i> (1st ed.). Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82290-1"><bdi>978-0-444-82290-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prevention&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+health+economics.&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-444-82290-1&rft.aulast=Kenkel&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Culyer%2C+A&rft.au=Newhouse%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10158617-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10158617_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalversonMillerKaluznyFried1996" class="citation journal cs1">Halverson PK, Miller CA, Kaluzny AD, Fried BJ, Schenck SE, Richards TB (1996). "Performing public health functions: the perceived contribution of public health and other community agencies". <i>Journal of Health and Human Services Administration</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 288–303. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10158617">10158617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+and+Human+Services+Administration&rft.atitle=Performing+public+health+functions%3A+the+perceived+contribution+of+public+health+and+other+community+agencies&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-303&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10158617&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Miller%2C+CA&rft.au=Kaluzny%2C+AD&rft.au=Fried%2C+BJ&rft.au=Schenck%2C+SE&rft.au=Richards%2C+TB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21778174-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21778174_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaysSmith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mays GP, Smith SA (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019932">"Evidence links increases in public health spending to declines in preventable deaths"</a>. <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>30</b> (8): 1585–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0196">10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019932">4019932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21778174">21778174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=Evidence+links+increases+in+public+health+spending+to+declines+in+preventable+deaths&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1585-93&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4019932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21778174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0196&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=GP&rft.au=Smith%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4019932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19768842-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19768842_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cutler DM (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.22.4.3">"Are we finally winning the war on cancer?"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.22.4.3">10.1257/jep.22.4.3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19768842">19768842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Are+we+finally+winning+the+war+on+cancer%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.22.4.3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19768842&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.22.4.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healthyamericans.org/reports/prevention08/">"Prevention for a Healthier America"</a>. Trust for America's Health. July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prevention+for+a+Healthier+America&rft.pub=Trust+for+America%27s+Health&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealthyamericans.org%2Freports%2Fprevention08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfendenMcCrabbBarnesO'Brien2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfenden L, McCrabb S, Barnes C, O'Brien KM, Ng KW, Nathan NK, et al. (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9422950">"Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco or alcohol use"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>8</b> (8): CD011677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011677.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD011677.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9422950">9422950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36036664">36036664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Strategies+for+enhancing+the+implementation+of+school-based+policies+or+practices+targeting+diet%2C+physical+activity%2C+obesity%2C+tobacco+or+alcohol+use&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD011677&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9422950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36036664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011677.pub3&rft.aulast=Wolfenden&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=McCrabb%2C+S&rft.au=Barnes%2C+C&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+KM&rft.au=Ng%2C+KW&rft.au=Nathan%2C+NK&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+R&rft.au=Hodder%2C+RK&rft.au=Tzelepis%2C+F&rft.au=Nolan%2C+E&rft.au=Williams%2C+CM&rft.au=Yoong%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9422950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhearThompson-CoonRogersAbbott2020" class="citation journal cs1">Whear R, Thompson-Coon J, Rogers M, Abbott RA, Anderson L, Ukoumunne O, et al. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144896">"Patient-initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2020</b> (4): CD010763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010763.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD010763.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144896">7144896</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32271946">32271946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Patient-initiated+appointment+systems+for+adults+with+chronic+conditions+in+secondary+care&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD010763&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7144896%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32271946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010763.pub2&rft.aulast=Whear&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Thompson-Coon%2C+J&rft.au=Rogers%2C+M&rft.au=Abbott%2C+RA&rft.au=Anderson%2C+L&rft.au=Ukoumunne%2C+O&rft.au=Matthews%2C+J&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+VA&rft.au=Briscoe%2C+S&rft.au=Perry%2C+M&rft.au=Stein%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7144896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmondEchevarria2017" class="citation journal cs1">Salmond SW, Echevarria M (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5266427">"Healthcare Transformation and Changing Roles for Nursing"</a>. <i>Orthopedic Nursing</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 12–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FNOR.0000000000000308">10.1097/NOR.0000000000000308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5266427">5266427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28107295">28107295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthopedic+Nursing&rft.atitle=Healthcare+Transformation+and+Changing+Roles+for+Nursing&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-25&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5266427%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28107295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FNOR.0000000000000308&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=SW&rft.au=Echevarria%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5266427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson_2009-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_2009_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_2009_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonWhitehead2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson A, Whitehead L (August 2009). "Evolution of the concept of self-care and implications for nurses: a literature review". <i>International Journal of Nursing Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (8): 1143–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijnurstu.2008.12.011">10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.12.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19200992">19200992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nursing+Studies&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+concept+of+self-care+and+implications+for+nurses%3A+a+literature+review&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1143-7&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijnurstu.2008.12.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19200992&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mamo_2007-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mamo_2007_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mamo_2007_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mamo_2007_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamoSeidAdamsGardiner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mamo Y, Seid E, Adams S, Gardiner A, Parry E (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952696">"A primary healthcare approach to the management of chronic disease in Ethiopia: an example for other countries"</a>. <i>Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 228–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.7-3-228">10.7861/clinmedicine.7-3-228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952696">4952696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17633941">17633941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+primary+healthcare+approach+to+the+management+of+chronic+disease+in+Ethiopia%3A+an+example+for+other+countries&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=228-31&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4952696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17633941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.7-3-228&rft.aulast=Mamo&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Seid%2C+E&rft.au=Adams%2C+S&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+A&rft.au=Parry%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4952696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeksLewinHavlir2013" class="citation journal cs1">Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Havlir DV (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058441">"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>382</b> (9903): 1525–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961809-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058441">4058441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24152939">24152939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=The+end+of+AIDS%3A+HIV+infection+as+a+chronic+disease&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=9903&rft.pages=1525-33&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4058441%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24152939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961809-7&rft.aulast=Deeks&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.au=Lewin%2C+SR&rft.au=Havlir%2C+DV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4058441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartnerHeymsfieldRoche1995" class="citation journal cs1">Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Roche AF (January 1995). "Human body composition and the epidemiology of chronic disease". <i>Obesity Research</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 73–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1550-8528.1995.tb00124.x">10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00124.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7712363">7712363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obesity+Research&rft.atitle=Human+body+composition+and+the+epidemiology+of+chronic+disease&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-95&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1550-8528.1995.tb00124.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7712363&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=RN&rft.au=Heymsfield%2C+SB&rft.au=Roche%2C+AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowry_1996-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_1996_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowryKannCollinsKolbe1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lowry R, Kann L, Collins JL, Kolbe LJ (September 1996). "The effect of socioeconomic status on chronic disease risk behaviors among US adolescents". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>276</b> (10): 792–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.276.10.792">10.1001/jama.276.10.792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8769588">8769588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+socioeconomic+status+on+chronic+disease+risk+behaviors+among+US+adolescents&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=792-7&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.276.10.792&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8769588&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Kann%2C+L&rft.au=Collins%2C+JL&rft.au=Kolbe%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomonsKrugerPuoane2017" class="citation journal cs1">Solomons N, Kruger HS, Puoane TR (2017-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/10566/2613/1/Solomons_Adherence%20challenges_2017.pdf">"Adherence challenges encountered in an intervention programme to combat chronic non-communicable diseases in an urban black community, Cape Town"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Health SA Gesondheid</i>. <b>22</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhsag.v22i0.970">10.4102/hsag.v22i0.970</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-9736">2071-9736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+SA+Gesondheid&rft.atitle=Adherence+challenges+encountered+in+an+intervention+programme+to+combat+chronic+non-communicable+diseases+in+an+urban+black+community%2C+Cape+Town&rft.volume=22&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fhsag.v22i0.970&rft.issn=2071-9736&rft.aulast=Solomons&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Kruger%2C+HS&rft.au=Puoane%2C+TR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uwc.ac.za%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2F10566%2F2613%2F1%2FSolomons_Adherence%2520challenges_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemingtonSimoesBrownsonSiegel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Remington PL, Simoes E, Brownson RC, Siegel PZ (July 2003). "The role of epidemiology in chronic disease prevention and health promotion programs". <i>Journal of Public Health Management and Practice</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 258–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00124784-200307000-00003">10.1097/00124784-200307000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12836507">12836507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Health+Management+and+Practice&rft.atitle=The+role+of+epidemiology+in+chronic+disease+prevention+and+health+promotion+programs&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=258-65&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00124784-200307000-00003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12836507&rft.aulast=Remington&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Simoes%2C+E&rft.au=Brownson%2C+RC&rft.au=Siegel%2C+PZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buttorff_2017-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buttorff_2017_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buttorff_2017_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtorffRuderBauman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Buttorff C, Ruder T, Bauman M (May 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL221.html">"Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States"</a>. <i>RAND</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND&rft.atitle=Multiple+Chronic+Conditions+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft.aulast=Buttorff&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Ruder%2C+T&rft.au=Bauman%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Ftools%2FTL221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHorvath2004" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson G, Horvath J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497638">"The growing burden of chronic disease in America"</a>. <i>Public Health Reports</i>. <b>119</b> (3): 263–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phr.2004.04.005">10.1016/j.phr.2004.04.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497638">1497638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15158105">15158105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=The+growing+burden+of+chronic+disease+in+America&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-270&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1497638%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15158105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phr.2004.04.005&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Horvath%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1497638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc.gov-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf">"The state of aging and health in America 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Merck Company Foundation. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210548/https://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Jun 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+state+of+aging+and+health+in+America+2007&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+The+Merck+Company+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Faging%2Fpdf%2Fsaha_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParentGiving-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ParentGiving_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs" class="citation web cs1">Hobbs A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parentgiving.com/elder-care/common-chronic-conditions-and-aging-at-home/">"Common Chronic Conditions and Aging at Home"</a>. <i>Parentgiving</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924172105/http://www.parentgiving.com/elder-care/common-chronic-conditions-and-aging-at-home/">Archived</a> from the original on Sep 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parentgiving&rft.atitle=Common+Chronic+Conditions+and+Aging+at+Home&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parentgiving.com%2Felder-care%2Fcommon-chronic-conditions-and-aging-at-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/122044"><i>Health, United States, 2020–2021 Annual Perspective</i></a>. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. Jan 2023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15620%2Fcdc%3A122044">10.15620/cdc:122044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36888733">36888733</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129082155/https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/122044/cdc_122044_DS1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Nov 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health%2C+United+States%2C+2020%E2%80%932021+Annual+Perspective.&rft.place=Hyattsville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Health+Statistics.&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15620%2Fcdc%3A122044&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36888733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.cdc.gov%2Fview%2Fcdc%2F122044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19240056-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19240056_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoehrigMillerLakeBryant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roehrig C, Miller G, Lake C, Bryant J (2009). "National health spending by medical condition, 1996-2005". <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>28</b> (2): w358–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.28.2.w358">10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.w358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19240056">19240056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=National+health+spending+by+medical+condition%2C+1996-2005&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=w358-67&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.28.2.w358&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19240056&rft.aulast=Roehrig&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Miller%2C+G&rft.au=Lake%2C+C&rft.au=Bryant%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11317">The Burden of Chronic Diseases and Their Risk Factors National and State Perspectives</a> (Report). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-30</span></span> – via CDC stacks | Stephen B. Thacker CDC Library Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Burden+of+Chronic+Diseases+and+Their+Risk+Factors+National+and+State+Perspectives&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.cdc.gov%2Fview%2Fcdc%2F11317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyClenninBarelaWagner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly C, Clennin MN, Barela BA, Wagner A (March 2021). "Practice-Based Evidence Supporting Healthy Eating and Active Living Policy and Environmental Changes". <i>Journal of Public Health Management and Practice</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 166–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPHH.0000000000001099">10.1097/PHH.0000000000001099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31688744">31688744</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207893468">207893468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Health+Management+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Practice-Based+Evidence+Supporting+Healthy+Eating+and+Active+Living+Policy+and+Environmental+Changes&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-172&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207893468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31688744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPHH.0000000000001099&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Clennin%2C+MN&rft.au=Barela%2C+BA&rft.au=Wagner%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombs2011" class="citation report cs1">Combs S (February 2011). Gaining Costs, Losing Time: The Obesity Crisis in Texas. <i>Worksite Wellness Programs</i> (Report). Austin, TX: Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Publication# 96-1360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Gaining+Costs%2C+Losing+Time%3A+The+Obesity+Crisis+in+Texas&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+Comptroller+of+Public+Accounts&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Combs&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tiwari SC (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890922">"Loneliness: A disease?"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 320–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.120536">10.4103/0019-5545.120536</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890922">3890922</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24459300">24459300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Loneliness%3A+A+disease%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=320-2&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3890922%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24459300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5545.120536&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3890922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyleDugan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Coyle CE, Dugan E (December 2012). "Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults". <i>Journal of Aging and Health</i>. <b>24</b> (8): 1346–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0898264312460275">10.1177/0898264312460275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23006425">23006425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25329890">25329890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aging+and+Health&rft.atitle=Social+isolation%2C+loneliness+and+health+among+older+adults&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1346-63&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25329890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23006425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0898264312460275&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Dugan%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theeke_387–396-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theeke_387–396_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theeke_387–396_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheeke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Theeke LA (October 2009). "Predictors of loneliness in U.S. adults over age sixty-five". <i>Archives of Psychiatric Nursing</i>. <b>23</b> (5): 387–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apnu.2008.11.002">10.1016/j.apnu.2008.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19766930">19766930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Psychiatric+Nursing&rft.atitle=Predictors+of+loneliness+in+U.S.+adults+over+age+sixty-five&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=387-96&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apnu.2008.11.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19766930&rft.aulast=Theeke&rft.aufirst=LA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperry2006" class="citation web cs1">Sperry L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-01336-000">"Psychological treatment of chronic illness: The biopsychosocial therapy approach"</a>. <i>American Psychological Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=Psychological+treatment+of+chronic+illness%3A+The+biopsychosocial+therapy+approach.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sperry&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2006-01336-000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperry2009" class="citation book cs1">Sperry L (2009). <i>Treatment of chronic medical conditions: cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols</i>. American Psychological Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-0389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-0389-5"><bdi>978-1-4338-0389-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213375853">213375853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+chronic+medical+conditions%3A+cognitive-behavioral+therapy+strategies+and+integrative+treatment+protocols&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213375853&rft.isbn=978-1-4338-0389-5&rft.aulast=Sperry&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkGong2000" class="citation journal cs1">Clark NM, Gong M (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117606">"Management of chronic disease by practitioners and patients: are we teaching the wrong things?"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>320</b> (7234): 572–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7234.572">10.1136/bmj.320.7234.572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117606">1117606</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10688569">10688569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Management+of+chronic+disease+by+practitioners+and+patients%3A+are+we+teaching+the+wrong+things%3F&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=7234&rft.pages=572-5&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1117606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10688569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7234.572&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.au=Gong%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1117606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuurreAro2002" class="citation journal cs1">Huurre TM, Aro HM (April 2002). "Long-term psychosocial effects of persistent chronic illness. A follow-up study of Finnish adolescents aged 16 to 32 years". <i>European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 85–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007870200015">10.1007/s007870200015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12033749">12033749</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22198568">22198568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Child+%26+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Long-term+psychosocial+effects+of+persistent+chronic+illness.+A+follow-up+study+of+Finnish+adolescents+aged+16+to+32+years&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-91&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22198568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12033749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs007870200015&rft.aulast=Huurre&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Aro%2C+HM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerKelly2000" class="citation journal cs1">Turner J, Kelly B (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1070773">"Emotional dimensions of chronic disease"</a>. <i>The Western Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>172</b> (2): 124–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fewjm.172.2.124">10.1136/ewjm.172.2.124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1070773">1070773</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10693376">10693376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Emotional+dimensions+of+chronic+disease&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124-8&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1070773%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10693376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fewjm.172.2.124&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Kelly%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1070773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliardHarrisWeissberg-Benchell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hilliard ME, Harris MA, Weissberg-Benchell J (December 2012). "Diabetes resilience: a model of risk and protection in type 1 diabetes". <i>Current Diabetes Reports</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 739–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11892-012-0314-3">10.1007/s11892-012-0314-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22956459">22956459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41753257">41753257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Diabetes+Reports&rft.atitle=Diabetes+resilience%3A+a+model+of+risk+and+protection+in+type+1+diabetes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=739-48&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41753257%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22956459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11892-012-0314-3&rft.aulast=Hilliard&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Harris%2C+MA&rft.au=Weissberg-Benchell%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeShiPierreZhu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee DC, Shi L, Pierre G, Zhu J, Hu R (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260199">"Chronic conditions and medical expenditures among non-institutionalized adults in the United States"</a>. <i>International Journal for Equity in Health</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12939-014-0105-3">10.1186/s12939-014-0105-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260199">4260199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25424127">25424127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Equity+in+Health&rft.atitle=Chronic+conditions+and+medical+expenditures+among+non-institutionalized+adults+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4260199%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25424127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12939-014-0105-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=DC&rft.au=Shi%2C+L&rft.au=Pierre%2C+G&rft.au=Zhu%2C+J&rft.au=Hu%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4260199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumHoneAtunMillett2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sum G, Hone T, Atun R, Millett C, Suhrcke M, Mahal A, et al. (2018-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859814">"Multimorbidity and out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines: a systematic review"</a>. <i>BMJ Global Health</i>. <b>3</b> (1): e000505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2017-000505">10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859814">5859814</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29564155">29564155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Global+Health&rft.atitle=Multimorbidity+and+out-of-pocket+expenditure+on+medicines%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e000505&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5859814%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29564155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2017-000505&rft.aulast=Sum&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Hone%2C+T&rft.au=Atun%2C+R&rft.au=Millett%2C+C&rft.au=Suhrcke%2C+M&rft.au=Mahal%2C+A&rft.au=Koh%2C+GC&rft.au=Lee%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5859814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkinFoleySmithHarrington2020" class="citation journal cs1">Larkin J, Foley L, Smith SM, Harrington P, Clyne B (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077119">"The experience of financial burden for people with multimorbidity: A systematic review of qualitative research"</a>. <i>Health Expectations</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 282–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhex.13166">10.1111/hex.13166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-6513">1369-6513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077119">8077119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33264478">33264478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Expectations&rft.atitle=The+experience+of+financial+burden+for+people+with+multimorbidity%3A+A+systematic+review+of+qualitative+research.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-95&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8077119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1369-6513&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33264478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhex.13166&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Foley%2C+L&rft.au=Smith%2C+SM&rft.au=Harrington%2C+P&rft.au=Clyne%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8077119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenOsbornHowDoty2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schoen C, Osborn R, How SK, Doty MM, Peugh J (2009-01-01). "In chronic condition: experiences of patients with complex health care needs, in eight countries, 2008". <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>28</b> (1): w1-16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.28.1.w1">10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.w1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008253">19008253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=In+chronic+condition%3A+experiences+of+patients+with+complex+health+care+needs%2C+in+eight+countries%2C+2008&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=w1-16&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.28.1.w1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19008253&rft.aulast=Schoen&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Osborn%2C+R&rft.au=How%2C+SK&rft.au=Doty%2C+MM&rft.au=Peugh%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrouse2014" class="citation journal cs1">Grouse L (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4178073">"Cost-effective medicine vs. the medical-industrial complex"</a>. <i>Journal of Thoracic Disease</i>. <b>6</b> (9): E203–E206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.01">10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4178073">4178073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25276402">25276402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Disease&rft.atitle=Cost-effective+medicine+vs.+the+medical-industrial+complex&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=E203-E206&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4178073%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25276402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.01&rft.aulast=Grouse&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4178073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLexchinGrootendorst2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lexchin J, Grootendorst P (2004). "Effects of prescription drug user fees on drug and health services use and on health status in vulnerable populations: a systematic review of the evidence". <i>International Journal of Health Services</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 101–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2F4M3E-L0YF-W1TD-EKG0">10.2190/4M3E-L0YF-W1TD-EKG0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15088676">15088676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Health+Services&rft.atitle=Effects+of+prescription+drug+user+fees+on+drug+and+health+services+use+and+on+health+status+in+vulnerable+populations%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+evidence&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-122&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2F4M3E-L0YF-W1TD-EKG0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15088676&rft.aulast=Lexchin&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Grootendorst%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohl1984" class="citation book cs1">Wohl S (1984). <i>The Medical Industrial Complex</i> (1st ed.). New York: Harmony Books. pp. 85–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-55351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-55351-0"><bdi>978-0-517-55351-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medical+Industrial+Complex&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85-98&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-517-55351-0&rft.aulast=Wohl&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandersonSmith-Morris2010" class="citation book cs1">Manderson L, Smith-Morris C (2010). <i>Chronic conditions, fluid states: Chronicity and the anthropology of illness</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852507893">852507893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronic+conditions%2C+fluid+states%3A+Chronicity+and+the+anthropology+of+illness.&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852507893&rft.aulast=Manderson&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Smith-Morris%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/reach/php/about/index.html">"Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH)"</a>. U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+and+Ethnic+Approaches+to+Community+Health+%28REACH%29&rft.pub=U.S+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Freach%2Fphp%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulido2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pulido L (July 2016). "Flint, environmental racism, and racial capitalism". <i>Capitalism Nature Socialism</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455752.2016.1213013">10.1080/10455752.2016.1213013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitalism+Nature+Socialism&rft.atitle=Flint%2C+environmental+racism%2C+and+racial+capitalism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2016.1213013&rft.aulast=Pulido&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12791488-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12791488_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMayerZavestoskiLuebke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brown P, Mayer B, Zavestoski S, Luebke T, Mandelbaum J, McCormick S (August 2003). "The health politics of asthma: environmental justice and collective illness experience in the United States". <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 453–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2802%2900375-1">10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00375-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12791488">12791488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+health+politics+of+asthma%3A+environmental+justice+and+collective+illness+experience+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-64&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2802%2900375-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12791488&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Mayer%2C+B&rft.au=Zavestoski%2C+S&rft.au=Luebke%2C+T&rft.au=Mandelbaum%2C+J&rft.au=McCormick%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor_JrSaddMorello-Frosch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor Jr M, Sadd JL, Morello-Frosch R (March 2002). "Who's minding the kids? Pollucion, public schools, and environmental justice in Los Angeles". <i>Social Science Quarterly</i>. <b>83</b> (1): 263–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-6237.00082">10.1111/1540-6237.00082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Who%27s+minding+the+kids%3F+Pollucion%2C+public+schools%2C+and+environmental+justice+in+Los+Angeles.&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=263-80&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-6237.00082&rft.aulast=Pastor+Jr&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Sadd%2C+JL&rft.au=Morello-Frosch%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapewellAndersen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Capewell S, Andersen K (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr271">"The ESC goes global: policies to prevent all chronic diseases"</a>. <i>European Heart Journal</i>. <b>32</b> (19): 2333–2340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr271">10.1093/eurheartj/ehr271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22066144">22066144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal&rft.atitle=The+ESC+goes+global%3A+policies+to+prevent+all+chronic+diseases&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2333-2340&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr271&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22066144&rft.aulast=Capewell&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Andersen%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Feurheartj%252Fehr271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.yahoo.com/news/chronic-disease-sufferers-health-care-233441257.html">"Chronic Disease Sufferers and Health-Care Advocates Form Chronic Disease Coalition to Protect Patients' Rights"</a>. <i>finance.yahoo.com</i>. Marketwired. 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finance.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Chronic+Disease+Sufferers+and+Health-Care+Advocates+Form+Chronic+Disease+Coalition+to+Protect+Patients%27+Rights&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fchronic-disease-sufferers-health-care-233441257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms2019" class="citation web cs1">Helms L (2019-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/17/appeal-denied-medical-claim/">"Has your insurer denied a medical claim? Stand up for your rights"</a>. <i>STAT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STAT&rft.atitle=Has+your+insurer+denied+a+medical+claim%3F+Stand+up+for+your+rights&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2019%2F05%2F17%2Fappeal-denied-medical-claim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2015" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz A (2015). <i>Tender Points</i>. Oakland, California: Timeless Infinite Light. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937421-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937421-15-1"><bdi>978-1-937421-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tender+Points&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=Timeless+Infinite+Light&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-937421-15-1&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaron" class="citation book cs1">Caron D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/the-nearness-of-others"><i>The Nearness of Others: Searching for Tact and Contact in the Age of HIV</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/943203014">943203014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nearness+of+Others%3A+Searching+for+Tact+and+Contact+in+the+Age+of+HIV&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F943203014&rft.aulast=Caron&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upress.umn.edu%2Fbook-division%2Fbooks%2Fthe-nearness-of-others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmaz1991" class="citation book cs1">Charmaz K (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gooddaysbaddayss00char"><i>Good days, bad days: the self in chronic illness and time</i></a>. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1711-7"><bdi>978-0-8135-1711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+days%2C+bad+days%3A+the+self+in+chronic+illness+and+time&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1711-7&rft.aulast=Charmaz&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgooddaysbaddayss00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Charon" title="Rita Charon">Charon R</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/narrative-medicine-9780195340228?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>Narrative medicine: honoring the stories of illness</i></a> (First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback ed.). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534022-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534022-8"><bdi>978-0-19-534022-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+medicine%3A+honoring+the+stories+of+illness&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First+issued+as+an+Oxford+University+Press+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534022-8&rft.aulast=Charon&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fnarrative-medicine-9780195340228%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2013" class="citation book cs1">Conway K (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unmpress.com/books/beyond-words/9780826353245"><i>Beyond Words: Illness and the Limits of Expression</i></a>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5324-5"><bdi>978-0-8263-5324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Words%3A+Illness+and+the+Limits+of+Expression&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-5324-5&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funmpress.com%2Fbooks%2Fbeyond-words%2F9780826353245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway1997" class="citation book cs1">Conway K (1997). <i>Ordinary life: a memoir of illness</i>. New York: W. H. Freeman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3036-1"><bdi>978-0-7167-3036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+life%3A+a+memoir+of+illness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-3036-1&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Ellis" title="Carolyn Ellis">Ellis C</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tupress.temple.edu/book/20000000009518"><i>Final Negotiations: A Story of Love, Loss, and Chronic Illness</i></a> (Revised and expanded ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-1715-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-1715-2"><bdi>978-1-4399-1715-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Negotiations%3A+A+Story+of+Love%2C+Loss%2C+and+Chronic+Illness&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-1715-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftupress.temple.edu%2Fbook%2F20000000009518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2013" class="citation book cs1">Frank AW (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo14674212.html"><i>The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics</i></a> (Second ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00497-6"><bdi>978-0-226-00497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wounded+Storyteller%3A+Body%2C+Illness%2C+and+Ethics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-00497-6&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=AW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FW%2Fbo14674212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeshusiusFishman2009" class="citation book cs1">Heshusius L, Fishman SM (2009-08-20). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidechronicpai0000hesh"><i>Inside Chronic Pain: An Intimate and Critical Account</i></a></span>. The Culture and Politics of Health Care Work. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4796-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-4796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Chronic+Pain%3A+An+Intimate+and+Critical+Account&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Health+Care+Work&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4796-9&rft.aulast=Heshusius&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Fishman%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidechronicpai0000hesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll-SmithFloyd1997" class="citation book cs1">Kroll-Smith S, Floyd HH (1997). <i>Bodies in Protest: Environmental Illness and the Struggle Over Medical Knowledge</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4752-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4752-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-4752-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg6hq">j.ctt9qg6hq</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+in+Protest%3A+Environmental+Illness+and+the+Struggle+Over+Medical+Knowledge&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qg6hq%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4752-0&rft.aulast=Kroll-Smith&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Floyd%2C+HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag S</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Illness_as_Metaphor" title="Illness as Metaphor">Illness as Metaphor</a></i>. Susan Sontag Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illness+as+Metaphor&rft.pub=Susan+Sontag+Foundation&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag S</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Regarding_the_Pain_of_Others" title="Regarding the Pain of Others">Regarding the Pain of Others</a></i>. Susan Sontag Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regarding+the+Pain+of+Others&rft.pub=Susan+Sontag+Foundation&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chronic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chronic">chronic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118143620/https://sites.google.com/site/humandiseaseslinkedtopathogens/">"List of Chronic Human Diseases Linked to Infectious Pathogens"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/humandiseaseslinkedtopathogens/">the original</a> on 2021-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Chronic+Human+Diseases+Linked+to+Infectious+Pathogens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fhumandiseaseslinkedtopathogens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronic+condition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmcd.sph.umich.edu/">Center for Managing Chronic Disease, University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrodis.eu/">CHRODIS: EU Joint Action on Chronic Diseases and Promoting Healthy Ageing Across the Life-Cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicc.org/mediccreview/index.php?issue=18"><i>MEDICC Review</i> theme issue on Confronting Chronic Diseases</a> With longer life expectancies in most countries and the globalization of "Western" diets and sedentarism, the main burden of disease and death from these conditions is falling on already-disadvantaged developing countries and poor communities everywhere.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/index-eng.php">Public Health Agency of Canada: <i>Chronic Disease</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/chp/en/index.html">World Health Organization: <i>Chronic Disease and Health Promotion</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_medical_terms_used_to_describe_disease_conditions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Template:Medical terms to describe disease conditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Template talk:Medical terms to describe disease conditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical terms to describe disease conditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_medical_terms_used_to_describe_disease_conditions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">medical terms</a> used to describe disease conditions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">Syndrome</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Medical diagnosis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">Acute</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chronic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">Cure</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_eponymously_named_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of eponymously named diseases">Eponymous disease</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations" title="List of medical abbreviations">Acronym or abbreviation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">Remission</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383126#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4208496-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85025392">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maladies chronique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949150p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maladies chronique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949150p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="chronické nemoci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph134824&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286463605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&oldid=1259231518">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&oldid=1259231518</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_terminology" title="Category:Medical terminology">Medical terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_diseases_and_disorders" title="Category:Human diseases and disorders">Human diseases and disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disability_by_type" title="Category:Disability by type">Disability by type</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_too_many_examples_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with too many examples from September 2021">Articles with too many examples from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_too_many_examples" title="Category:All articles with too many examples">All articles with too many examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_September_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2021">Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015">Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015">Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 02:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronic_condition&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dmn8l","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.999","walltime":"1.133","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5708,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":208917,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4521,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":311191,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1007.309 1 -total"," 44.60% 449.213 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.78% 310.058 48 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.94% 120.309 1 Template:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions"," 11.75% 118.341 1 Template:Navbox_with_columns"," 8.23% 82.948 18 Template:Cite_book"," 7.09% 71.447 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.37% 64.205 4 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.31% 63.595 5 Template:Fix"," 5.76% 58.044 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.661","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6380006,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-br458","timestamp":"20241124021920","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chronic condition","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chronic_condition","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q383126","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q383126","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-17T11:53:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T02:19:11Z","headline":"human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects"}</script> </body> </html>