CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913520d68b48a042',cH: 'NI.DUgsCmS1dZE0zq42nmKxww2zwgs23nsvleokOEUg-1739788501-1.2.1.1-oA3ba_Y2Jk5LuLTrYrwc6zHmFuA_XwWbRvu_Lu.SY3w3UwJQwDtf6K_ihCMRmERm',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=urban%20population&__cf_chl_tk=LrJFamJzP1H0HfboWgVMBXZpM6ifsLdv.636pL4fdRc-1739788501-1.0.1.1-MrnIu3_sHBwNJKmwPkEJNsWq2haaKCxQU8vk0esl2Fk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788501',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=urban%20population&__cf_chl_f_tk=LrJFamJzP1H0HfboWgVMBXZpM6ifsLdv.636pL4fdRc-1739788501-1.0.1.1-MrnIu3_sHBwNJKmwPkEJNsWq2haaKCxQU8vk0esl2Fk",md: "Sqe1FCLSz3LWylcF_UNM3yJYi0GBABrZwcQTSfMLPIU-1739788501-1.2.1.1-t243XglpACqJ_7Pn7oEZhnqPhebela2.KvdrYfn5F050u74sIbo39Keq6Kr.bzMhcuUi2a7QNUNLXX7u91VztLHgc44kf79lKzf84F695XOKknNeeloXQVN3iquRuxT7dDNtA3DcCnOIo4w7clirygRsGUaLi.v3NBGoovRq.l7TwO5O3Yyx5ysmNqv3r3YwJB8ugMYywIe_1zrSq4wGxwPVtG68cTK.HgfKgFeYjqhp.mtPG46XAEvxBFikJAOLq8HYap7yFRv2oqt819VsS3JCNQQE8TAKNH5rv_awo1atR3uetp1dRS2ShZRyrSMZRxvQr1xsdjP0dyGRwzD7yUR5ML61zxrdDoyxvKSyaW.hzxJNEmz.XHVlxSaU2vMCJk4t9m47NOpkDViHrkB74xrFb1V3_mnKV8B1E0IOanm5Ojk2kEbgdiRQpISDQKolmjiVBCK7xt0G39OQAE8TmLSsbzI.HjH2JGtntBEqzAhn.VjFUkLE9u_HDCNMJhJmSs7S3y6goWWujXJlVr7nE84bREC9QoT94z3ZEOhmZK.Fu5DzCEjCSCSm8Y1zG0gwFrJuZpIs0ooXhh294RJUwmrslQbRHvXgnAYcoqpoULuxjsZ6cwiCIXSfXO1x8Vh5NRoOupT4g3r3Dg3GsS98gcxM2I6OPa1I2jSeyw7RzzYVWAhy9QUuBPDOGmriY6tdLVpBI6pEgZ0KaZnh_24nVONMtjD8hKzTh_Hid11OykrO.L7fLSQeT54JsYg3dbHX2d9syW_dqpmqcS54jjh5ZMhFtBY8otfXpnxwJ6JzFxmQxa7Gw6SIKKtHBa8OMDbENltpcM5wiPYrqwAWw8G.RwduNQU.dm6PtVZA4ICcfDwenJ79mIybhe6NbgLb1CEk1F3WWgo3vRl3u6XUs5.EASL2qEeo0JJ6QwIKJR8CD0sHWliRcsq8_PUXs.Xrah0Mip5_FWKlqSF9EntL8bZC_5l6_jFfYTKV_R_b54hWYvy_1BXL50nv3.kWhY5pQ5uhVDmYD5ZukDehKz0Ddpq23kBH10frPgZBP2qvHvSSAkNq_exEv3G1MlGJEO.rgAKm4USNvJnuRhB50uuYZwcnfayzvLCA4K2CPMKJlYagowsGtAvOvfONzGAYx_ACfeHaT_J0DXsJTf0TPGYgqL00bQK6UnoSCmWqY8jaqqATEZJpbbqhQ6w6s5V8Q2xAycpPVBJl8.R.yGmaWFP_EaRSZuBvH6JIhFdYnDwULB6s6YmwfgzaVAoQbOB3aQUCcInffqVLJxxxrs_9nOFdBLMC0mIFhnYTzQStLqO3buJdUI8NKiI6CkLEMZrG2I4fqacpPuPQ55W8iAmuYRBROBX9yfJ6bTP23dbuDx4OQnY1P8JkNUHq6dz0A4NjtjSPZvs7R3V2_AzneFVeeg2jJEfO390U7ErbEpTGBqpbxbGDEqSpCZkduJWiq.0x5W.SGSK4u5J2j2K0Uas1SGryoHqIbwCAXSc6bDA6NpVXl.8plkP9UvMgqOZia0Zav3rFcKtO3D9ouHknWztyJtxt3R5gTB2yXeVKRYVs6EZBz3sFV.OGTF6riFimzd4nXenAmTMSdJuPg1BdquNefjdTpRwlbAXUDVk4yi4XFXgSW.4g2V7jM2bIPL80WgF0fuHae8ADR536yzBX7e34pHCVUsciAzlJZASh3vhn98kQR_nuwCfms68ZFkXxlGPY3E7mqBNzJMVWiPDYPtwmnnm9BHihA5H079bfcMmbooIaXCvEUO2L2TteV8kSPP0YFJWGCIg.aquNYA.0591gd44QruuUl5BrlWbOsSnLGlzEdD2oggjkv45QjEM.brq._HPVD61OjOLCS6lG4r6m2.XE9iiHSOLd1IjtAxwt8OVA84zB0aT67QP_JJcKFcm8K8wDfXLacEkzhsUocGYW6AZM1af5z2UkfkK0v9VnZBaePFG92kM",mdrd: "hWdZULw.kWK3fb6Cp_F_D77cPiNfeTENNVV299yDrFA-1739788501-1.2.1.1-JiB.xfpTgVpnBBuhFPxxKZXk5nzkVQCW1X2dUEuZbD7s_DUfbFcI.pG5LVpRg8CBhkBskNqCgbbjpiB96NtnTLgt_DvgrJSSX7qyhOQa0pT6jt3Q5FQqSuo6Qi2JVUmRYCTQYCKwfLq_rFuNBuiOAYjTtSFtgylottPiLLE8qCjGhx_35KrBuRSASvuDND0blcmG4K0iEvUVNSbibjLD.xoyYhV6xf60YYNHx6tv.0URq9V6yfPp05r4HQKo_Dti9uvGKnd5KfyR6j4Lyny8i8FxPtrRHIjuxRf5gjw__ZY5aiK.fL04l0M6ap4QSHxGLj88ph6Z4vgLDjyBmkzgWTCopyHIQFHs3Pbs.jmBLeI.L712fc49nwGiBWW5Rb6gxxsVPwlStJxwJxNuXzvjfbdUpAzo.Ud0winC.xDQJj2_fQmA6qCtYo814mAMfCZlA3QEm0cqk.0AKXBj5LnA8pTwku90MUbydFMCVH1DFXrl5xULkZ9qHCibkupJCS0rxRRRTOI36ZCGSr0Slz1s_iavKr51s5yRUYBU3Csluug_.mbtHMJzmqwbrmOK.VRyKD339C0VPRKndNAn5ENPWraj3sgm_TGXRxAU2.AS_m9QOWgXzHwHgicOOmAUHwDawS8bR7VMz.miiZuQbmKRRM1a9GCpH7c0p5GIt2Z95efxh13By36wuwB3OwgvdMNaYWaty4uHBEaRUm736uC0AlS.k6d.ygHDaKEsvS72.mAu5bORdGhs4rKSFioFGy7Pz1N1aWMumDgz_B2bXVMbohoFsY.aP3eNRFoCX07OTDu8Zrk808BrF5DZ0vRAchkpHZtUkch5lDmIHJ03i7I0V1Q5FX6G3FBeC1A_VOxpakC9grWSCShnIsUBwLsu4Yc5UWr_GZ1z7Iyn4UPZP3h2gD0iLI7oNKjvcVfwnNMf_vv_BxaVi5jzd.drbui6sx4HZVdX4CFQhk7AtJ0WCY_Shc9JyT3p9KN_Sdo66W67GOD14oiJ73UdRK4HQ5samN4cJunNEPIPOFbon7gSt0IG1lLx0gPMf.NL8I8Pu4dxhmjhX4cpvatl3cES.zQZJl4ESjunlkg5xcqvImPp3YVLVOhIFDuE5ZimcoXD5Og6O6XZenhc2e_eN3xSJCRIhgItkCIApOHMtt6bpncythVyeoEBx4Ex2AlFsxqkWAAGUinSteJ06yXhnzCGe1EsAIepiZFP3yg4pwtoR.8rv0.4ACaN8wfthICO7VJu1sKfV.o5lFY0ERTw1kTKdgquO.YGaEFzs1vsidkPYskWNWsx0isH9Ub2FPr_eM7r.0HOC0LDJMV4sz5dDIQX5HkYN2C1tEjpLur_b01be0Uy.IxL91TSJwW6QajHeQ8EaEwLxKToKBFxxtorBhkpFIj_e3zFbRhSPJ_qBAgJEuSb9fq1FcUFQD1wiPTl9rWIvjmkgz5etATBQ2v3S4BMDyQL6A82n7mqkTlHRAPGGm2k16JKlo_2EmmjQnyTvhDSfBUULFz8ql747W32W0R7tfvie1uQvWl0LUoxhKFIzO56VFUzWpWcZRIJU26Jy.rcOfBKo9Y2ehpaGUb7s.4oh45bzxTqSR1Yt2tYc51dZK1OzeliK_a1drVVA.LdbX4zpceKSHEYeWRnmAjHz5jHQ445pBwW9OEe1o7DRGHv6dlCKmt711nU2OY0hfI4xZ7QphF2RgnvIcCz0o6j1T4q.vhqWanydPLE5LB9.Md9fPjs7pdqLUFdKSrmeDsHHrbWLOqBXwrO9wyQQtMpgY6spMz.P2CDgRGsf.llnjix6C40q97k94ORGhj8FnUN9v6MVaBTj7nawi.d_FO5SdAAL6xKPFgg6CPJkftaO8bqs6g2iC7fCCV7DQWvzq6brF2LEn3EmxpvQdyj6SyvUuy7S9yeASkEpPX3WAQZ7olTywTT9DvJrq8EEbSTQ4.tJPvPUAvxiK7W3_nShz0XuIObody8cXJf5Vm3By56baVFkHawUq8gEQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913520d68b48a042';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=urban%20population&__cf_chl_rt_tk=LrJFamJzP1H0HfboWgVMBXZpM6ifsLdv.636pL4fdRc-1739788501-1.0.1.1-MrnIu3_sHBwNJKmwPkEJNsWq2haaKCxQU8vk0esl2Fk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>