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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="KXPkpcFZipjLupz1LrbvmN/N+O2AUEzgoy8xP4ta49uewM85GX+cusX6Y1SdsKpMKrMGCdYVPnw+aBw/1mOXzg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Michaela Harbeck" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Cemation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/1591954/70637458/59061708/s200_michaela.harbeck.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains." /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Cemation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/MichaelaHarbeck" /> <meta name="description" content="Cemation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as" /> <title>(PDF) Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains. | Michaela Harbeck - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732869754000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732869754000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"\u0026amp;amp;quot;Cemation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as DNA or stable isotope analyses on human remains after cremation in order to clarify pending questions in civil or criminal court cases. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the potential and limitations of DNA and stable isotope analyses when conducted on cremated remains. For this purpose, tibiae from modern cattle were experimentally cremated by incinerating the bones in increments of 100°C until a maximum of 1000°C was reached. In addition, cremated human remains were collected from a modern crematory. The samples were investigated to determine level of DNA preservation and stable isotope values (C and N in collagen, C and O in the structural carbonate, and Sr in apatite). Furthermore, we assessed the integrity of microstructural organization, appearance under UV-light, collagen content, as well as the mineral and crystalline organization. This was conducted in order to provide a general background with which to explain observed changes in the trace analyses data sets. The goal is to develop an efficacious screening method for determining at which degree of burning bone still retains its original biological signals. We found that stable isotope analysis of the tested light elements in bone is only possible up to a heat exposure of 300°C while the isotopic signal from strontium remains unaltered even in bones exposed to very high temperatures. DNA-analyses seem theoretically possible up to a heat exposure of 600°C but can not be advised in every case because of the increased risk of contamination. While the macroscopic colour and UV-fluorescence of cremated bone give hints to temperature exposure of the bone\u0026amp;amp;#x27;s outer surface, its histological appearance can be used as a reliable indicator for the assessment of the overall degree of burning.\u0026amp;amp;quot;","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Michaela Harbeck"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2012-06-01","dateModified":"2014-05-22","datePublished":null,"headline":"Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains.","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Forensic Anthropology","Stable Isotope Analysis","Bioarchaeology","Osteology","Strontium Isotope Analysis","Cremation"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"lmu-munich"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":1611186,"created_at":"2012-06-01T08:28:00.721-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-11T19:29:32.813-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Cemation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as DNA or stable isotope analyses on human remains after cremation in order to clarify pending questions in civil or criminal court cases. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the potential and limitations of DNA and stable isotope analyses when conducted on cremated remains.\n\nFor this purpose, tibiae from modern cattle were experimentally cremated by incinerating the bones in increments of 100°C until a maximum of 1000°C was reached. In addition, cremated human remains were collected from a modern crematory. The samples were investigated to determine level of DNA preservation and stable isotope values (C and N in collagen, C and O in the structural carbonate, and Sr in apatite). Furthermore, we assessed the integrity of microstructural organization, appearance under UV-light, collagen content, as well as the mineral and crystalline organization. This was conducted in order to provide a general background with which to explain observed changes in the trace analyses data sets. The goal is to develop an efficacious screening method for determining at which degree of burning bone still retains its original biological signals. We found that stable isotope analysis of the tested light elements in bone is only possible up to a heat exposure of 300°C while the isotopic signal from strontium remains unaltered even in bones exposed to very high temperatures. DNA-analyses seem theoretically possible up to a heat exposure of 600°C but can not be advised in every case because of the increased risk of contamination. While the macroscopic colour and UV-fluorescence of cremated bone give hints to temperature exposure of the bone's outer surface, its histological appearance can be used as a reliable indicator for the assessment of the overall degree of burning.","more_info":"Harbeck M., Schleuder R., Schneider J., Wiechmann I., Schmahl W., Grupe G. (2011), Forensic Science International 204: 191-200."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":2,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains.","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1591954]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":15984980,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains.”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/15984980/mini_magick20190427-28321-198l9l6.png?1556352909" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Research potential and limitations of trace analyses of cremated remains.</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1591954" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/MichaelaHarbeck"><img alt="Profile image of Michaela Harbeck" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1591954/70637458/59061708/s65_michaela.harbeck.jpg" />Michaela Harbeck</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">40 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 1611186; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=1611186"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Cemation is a common funeral practice all over the world and will presumably become an even more popular choice for interment in the future. Mainly for purposes of identification, there is presently a growing need to perform trace analyses such as DNA or stable isotope analyses on human remains after cremation in order to clarify pending questions in civil or criminal court cases. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the potential and limitations of DNA and stable isotope analyses when conducted on cremated remains. For this purpose, tibiae from modern cattle were experimentally cremated by incinerating the bones in increments of 100°C until a maximum of 1000°C was reached. In addition, cremated human remains were collected from a modern crematory. The samples were investigated to determine level of DNA preservation and stable isotope values (C and N in collagen, C and O in the structural carbonate, and Sr in apatite). Furthermore, we assessed the integrity of microstructural organization, appearance under UV-light, collagen content, as well as the mineral and crystalline organization. This was conducted in order to provide a general background with which to explain observed changes in the trace analyses data sets. The goal is to develop an efficacious screening method for determining at which degree of burning bone still retains its original biological signals. We found that stable isotope analysis of the tested light elements in bone is only possible up to a heat exposure of 300°C while the isotopic signal from strontium remains unaltered even in bones exposed to very high temperatures. DNA-analyses seem theoretically possible up to a heat exposure of 600°C but can not be advised in every case because of the increased risk of contamination. While the macroscopic colour and UV-fluorescence of cremated bone give hints to temperature exposure of the bone's outer surface, its histological appearance can be used as a reliable indicator for the assessment of the overall degree of burning.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":15984980,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":15984980,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="15984980" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/1611186/Research_potential_and_limitations_of_trace_analyses_of_cremated_remains" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2149978" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2149978/Cremains_the_value_of_quantitative_analysis_for_the_bioanthropological_research_of_burned_human_skeletal_remains">Cremains: the value of quantitative analysis for the bioanthropological research of burned human skeletal remains</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="864179" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/DGon%C3%A7alves">David Gonçalves</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PhD Thesis, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The analysis of burned bone stumbles on the problems raised by the heatinduced changes that seriously interfere with the methods adopted by biological anthropologists. These changes especially affect the structure of bone leading to fragmentation, dimensional modification, warping and fracturing. As a result, quantitative analysis based on measurements and weighing are usually overlooked due to uncertainties regarding their ability to correctly process burned skeletal remains. Although some pioneering research on this issue has been carried out in the Past, this remained sporadic and with little application from bioanthropologists. In addition, a significant part of that research was either developed on rather small samples of human bones or on samples of faunal bones. Also, some other investigation was carried out by extrapolating from the results obtained on unburned skeletons, which is an inadequate indirect approach. The present research tackled these problems by analysing present-day cremations on a modern crematorium in order to investigate three distinct issues. The first one regarded the relevance of heat-induced warping and thumbnail fracturing for the determination of the pre-cremation condition of the human remains. Secondly, the implication of heat-related dimensional change on sexual dimorphism and consequent sex determination from calcined bones was addressed. Finally, the value of postcremation skeletal weights for bioarchaeological interpretation of funerary contexts was also investigated. This was done by examining human skeletons both prior and after cremation on two different cremation samples: one composed of recently dead cadavers submitted to cremation; and another one composed of dry skeletons recently exhumed. The research demonstrated that, although heat-induced warping and thumbnail fracturing is much more typical of cremations on fleshed cadavers, these features are also present on the burned remains of defleshed skeletons. Therefore, the occurrence of these features is probably related to the preservation of collagen-apatite bonds which play an important role on the mechanical strength of bone. As for sexual dimorphism, the results revealed that it is not significantly affected by heat and that such differences between females and males can be useful to classify unknown individuals according to sex based on the univariate metric analysis of calcined bones. Therefore, sex determination of this kind of material needs not to rely exclusively on the examination of morphological traits which requires a multivariate approach. At last, logistic regression coefficients that are able to estimate the expected proportion of the specific skeletal regions present on funerary assemblages were developed. This was carried out in order to assist on the interpretation of the course of action adopted during the recovery of the skeletal remains from the pyre and their consequent deposition in the grave. Such method was proven to be more dependable than previous ones based on weight references from unburned skeletons. This research demonstrated that, although heat-induced bone changes can indeed be very extensive, their analytical potential is not completely wiped out. Nonetheless, such analysis needs to be based on references that are specific to burned bone to allow for reliable insights. As a result, additional research is needed to better equip bioanthropologists with new analytical techniques more suitable for the investigation of burned human skeletal remains.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cremains: the value of quantitative analysis for the bioanthropological research of burned human skeletal remains","attachmentId":30205381,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2149978/Cremains_the_value_of_quantitative_analysis_for_the_bioanthropological_research_of_burned_human_skeletal_remains","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2149978/Cremains_the_value_of_quantitative_analysis_for_the_bioanthropological_research_of_burned_human_skeletal_remains"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="44984694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44984694/Applying_isotope_analyses_of_cremated_human_bones_in_archaeological_research_a_review">Applying isotope analyses of cremated human bones in archaeological research – a review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36361305" href="https://pan-pl.academia.edu/BogusiaWolska">Bogumiła Wolska</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Applying isotope analyses of cremated human bones in archaeological research – a review","attachmentId":65525298,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44984694/Applying_isotope_analyses_of_cremated_human_bones_in_archaeological_research_a_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44984694/Applying_isotope_analyses_of_cremated_human_bones_in_archaeological_research_a_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="42083799" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42083799/Burned_Fleshed_or_Dry_The_Potential_of_Bioerosion_to_Determine_the_Pre_Burning_Condition_of_Human_Remains">Burned Fleshed or Dry? The Potential of Bioerosion to Determine the Pre-Burning Condition of Human Remains</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="114004" href="https://leicester.academia.edu/JoAppleby">Jo Appleby</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="708800" href="https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/SimoneAMLemmers">Simone A.M. Lemmers</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The practice of cremation is often interpreted as an alternative to inhumation, taking place shortly after an individual's death. However, cremation could be a final stage in complex mortuary practices, with previous steps that are obscured due to the heating process. This project reports on experimental scoping research on a set of experimentally heated femoral fragments from modern and archaeological collections of the University of Coimbra. Sixteen recent femur samples from eight individuals, as well as five femur samples from an archaeological skeleton from the medieval-modern cemetery found at the Hospital de Santo António (Porto), were included in this research. Samples presented five different conditions: unburnt, and burnt at maximum temperatures of 300°C, 500°C, 700°C and 900°C. Each sample was prepared to allow observation using binocular transmitted light microscopes with ×10, ×25 and ×40 magnifications. Results indicated that, if burial led to bioerosion, this will remain visible despite burning, as could be in cases where cremation was used as a funerary practice following inhumation. From this, we conclude that the observation of bioerosion lesions in histological thin sections of cremated bone can be used to interpret potential pre-cremation treatment of the body, with application possibilities for both archaeological and forensic contexts. However, the effect on bioerosion of substances such as bacterial-or enzymatic-based products often used to accelerate decomposition should be investigated.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Burned Fleshed or Dry? The Potential of Bioerosion to Determine the Pre-Burning Condition of Human Remains","attachmentId":62212911,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42083799/Burned_Fleshed_or_Dry_The_Potential_of_Bioerosion_to_Determine_the_Pre_Burning_Condition_of_Human_Remains","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42083799/Burned_Fleshed_or_Dry_The_Potential_of_Bioerosion_to_Determine_the_Pre_Burning_Condition_of_Human_Remains"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="120670334" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120670334/Estimation_of_the_pre_burning_condition_of_human_remains_in_forensic_contexts">Estimation of the pre-burning condition of human remains in forensic contexts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10052505" href="https://independent.academia.edu/genacunha">gena cunha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Estimation of the pre-burning condition of human remains in forensic contexts","attachmentId":115746257,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120670334/Estimation_of_the_pre_burning_condition_of_human_remains_in_forensic_contexts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120670334/Estimation_of_the_pre_burning_condition_of_human_remains_in_forensic_contexts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="110825294" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110825294/Radiocarbon_Dating_Cremated_Bone_A_Case_Study_Comparing_Laboratory_Methods">Radiocarbon Dating Cremated Bone: A Case Study Comparing Laboratory Methods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41516073" href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/H%C3%BCls">Matthias Hüls</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Radiocarbon, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) results on cremated bone are frequently published in high-ranking journals, but 14C laboratories employ different pretreatment methods as they have divergent perceptions of what sources of contaminants might be present. We found pretreatment protocols to vary significantly between three laboratories (Brussels [RICH], Kiel [KIA], and Groningen [CIO]), which all have a long history of dating cremated bone. We present a case study of 6 sets of replicate dates, to compare laboratory pretreatment protocols, and a further 16 sets of inter-laboratory replicate measurements, which compare specific steps of the conversion and measuring process. The 14C results showed dates to be reproducible between the laboratories and consistent with the expected archaeological chronology. We found that differences in pretreatment, conversion to CO2 and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement to have no measurable influence on the majority of obtained results, suggesting t...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radiocarbon Dating Cremated Bone: A Case Study Comparing Laboratory Methods","attachmentId":108523099,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110825294/Radiocarbon_Dating_Cremated_Bone_A_Case_Study_Comparing_Laboratory_Methods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110825294/Radiocarbon_Dating_Cremated_Bone_A_Case_Study_Comparing_Laboratory_Methods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="4458916" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4458916/The_micro_analysis_of_human_burned_bones_some_remarks_pp_32_40_">The micro-analysis of human burned bones: some remarks (pp. 32-40)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5498145" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CadernosGEEvH">:: Cadernos do GEEvH :: Notes in Human Evolution ::</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cadernos do GEEvH 1(1), 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The micro-analysis of human burned bones: some remarks (pp. 32-40)","attachmentId":31868527,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4458916/The_micro_analysis_of_human_burned_bones_some_remarks_pp_32_40_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4458916/The_micro_analysis_of_human_burned_bones_some_remarks_pp_32_40_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="30087879" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30087879/Impact_of_heating_conditions_on_the_carbon_and_oxygen_isotope_composition_of_calcined_bone">Impact of heating conditions on the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcined bone</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22203243" href="https://vub.academia.edu/ChristopheSnoeck">Christophe Snoeck</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3199455" href="https://mnhn.academia.edu/AntoineZazzo">Antoine Zazzo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Only the inorganic fraction of bone survives the high temperatures reached during cremation, so that it remains the sole material available for isotopic analyses. In order to assess the amount of information that can be extracted from such material, we measured carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the remaining carbonate fraction of experimentally heated modern bone, and cremated bone from several archaeological sites. The results show that the isotope composition of cremated bone is strongly altered, but some information can nevertheless be extracted. First, we find very little evidence of post-burial alterations on the isotope composition of calcined bone. More importantly, it appears possible to obtain information about the way bodies were burned (with or without fuel, oxygen availability) giving the opportunity to improve our knowledge regarding funerary practices in places and times where cremation was practiced.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact of heating conditions on the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcined bone","attachmentId":50540090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30087879/Impact_of_heating_conditions_on_the_carbon_and_oxygen_isotope_composition_of_calcined_bone","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30087879/Impact_of_heating_conditions_on_the_carbon_and_oxygen_isotope_composition_of_calcined_bone"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="35219806" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35219806/New_Approaches_to_Burnt_Human_Bones_and_Teeth_the_bioarchaeology_of_cremations_and_tooth_cementum_annulation_INTERNATIONAL_conference_VIENNA">New Approaches to Burnt Human Bones and Teeth: the bioarchaeology of cremations and tooth cementum annulation INTERNATIONAL conference VIENNA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166498" href="https://univie.academia.edu/KatharinaRebaySalisbury">Katharina Rebay-Salisbury</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9049024" href="https://oeaw.academia.edu/MarioGavranovic">Mario Gavranovic</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New Approaches to Burnt Human Bones and Teeth: the bioarchaeology of cremations and tooth cementum annulation INTERNATIONAL conference VIENNA","attachmentId":55079442,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35219806/New_Approaches_to_Burnt_Human_Bones_and_Teeth_the_bioarchaeology_of_cremations_and_tooth_cementum_annulation_INTERNATIONAL_conference_VIENNA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35219806/New_Approaches_to_Burnt_Human_Bones_and_Teeth_the_bioarchaeology_of_cremations_and_tooth_cementum_annulation_INTERNATIONAL_conference_VIENNA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="48072856" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48072856/Dating_of_Cremated_Bones">Dating of Cremated Bones</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38696862" href="https://rug.academia.edu/AAertsbijma">A. Aerts-bijma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Radiocarbon, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">When dating unburnt bone, bone collagen, the organic fraction of the bone, is used. Collagen does not survive the heat of the cremation pyre, so dating of cremated bone has been considered impossible. Structural carbonate in the mineral fraction of the bone, however, survives the cremation process. We developed a method of dating cremated bone by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), using this carbonate fraction. Here we present results for a variety of prehistoric sites and ages, showing a remarkable success rate for this method.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dating of Cremated Bones","attachmentId":66874314,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48072856/Dating_of_Cremated_Bones","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48072856/Dating_of_Cremated_Bones"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="80819986" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80819986/Old_burned_bones_tell_us_about_past_cultures">Old burned bones tell us about past cultures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32415315" href="https://independent.academia.edu/miroslavtodorov2">miroslav todorov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Old burned bones tell us about past cultures","attachmentId":87074261,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80819986/Old_burned_bones_tell_us_about_past_cultures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80819986/Old_burned_bones_tell_us_about_past_cultures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":15984980,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":15984980,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_15984980" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="60275918" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60275918/These_boots_are_made_for_burnin_Inferring_the_position_of_the_corpse_and_the_presence_of_leather_footwears_during_cremation_through_isotope_%CE%B413C_%CE%B418O_and_infrared_FTIR_analyses_of_experimentally_burnt_skeletal_remains">These boots are made for burnin’: Inferring the position of the corpse and the presence of leather footwears during cremation through isotope (δ13C, δ18O) and infrared (FTIR) analyses of experimentally burnt skeletal remains</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="178751" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/GiacomoCapuzzo">Giacomo Capuzzo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="77250859" href="https://auth.academia.edu/ElisavetStamataki">Elisavet Stamataki</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5479630" href="https://vubirelec.academia.edu/BarbaraVeselka">Barbara Veselka</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="941436" href="https://kmkg-mrah.academia.edu/GeorgesVerly">Georges Verly</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"These boots are made for burnin’: Inferring the position of the corpse and the presence of leather footwears during cremation through isotope (δ13C, δ18O) and infrared (FTIR) analyses of experimentally burnt skeletal remains","attachmentId":95258349,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60275918/These_boots_are_made_for_burnin_Inferring_the_position_of_the_corpse_and_the_presence_of_leather_footwears_during_cremation_through_isotope_%CE%B413C_%CE%B418O_and_infrared_FTIR_analyses_of_experimentally_burnt_skeletal_remains","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60275918/These_boots_are_made_for_burnin_Inferring_the_position_of_the_corpse_and_the_presence_of_leather_footwears_during_cremation_through_isotope_%CE%B413C_%CE%B418O_and_infrared_FTIR_analyses_of_experimentally_burnt_skeletal_remains"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="29582487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29582487/Charred_bone_Physical_and_chemical_changes_during_laboratory_simulated_heating_under_reducing_conditions_and_its_relevance_for_the_study_of_fire_use_in_archaeology">Charred bone: Physical and chemical changes during laboratory simulated heating under reducing conditions and its relevance for the study of fire use in archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="678766" href="https://uu.academia.edu/FreekBraadbaart">Freek Braadbaart</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2922378" href="https://cultureelerfgoed.academia.edu/BertilvanOs">Bertil van Os</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Charred bone: Physical and chemical changes during laboratory simulated heating under reducing conditions and its relevance for the study of fire use in archaeology","attachmentId":50026601,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29582487/Charred_bone_Physical_and_chemical_changes_during_laboratory_simulated_heating_under_reducing_conditions_and_its_relevance_for_the_study_of_fire_use_in_archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29582487/Charred_bone_Physical_and_chemical_changes_during_laboratory_simulated_heating_under_reducing_conditions_and_its_relevance_for_the_study_of_fire_use_in_archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="84855176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84855176/Evaluation_of_macroscopic_changes_and_the_efficiency_of_DNA_profiling_from_burnt_teeth">Evaluation of macroscopic changes and the efficiency of DNA profiling from burnt teeth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4695721" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoeAdserias">Joe Adserias-Garriga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science &amp; Justice, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation of macroscopic changes and the efficiency of DNA profiling from burnt 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cadernos do GEEvH, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The micro-analysis of human burned bones: some remarks","attachmentId":30205350,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2149935/The_micro_analysis_of_human_burned_bones_some_remarks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2149935/The_micro_analysis_of_human_burned_bones_some_remarks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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