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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_and_reconstruction_after_Indian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_and_reconstruction_after_Indian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Destruction and reconstruction after Indian independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_and_reconstruction_after_Indian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akal_Takht_and_Teja_Singh_Samundri_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akal_Takht_and_Teja_Singh_Samundri_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akal_Takht_and_Teja_Singh_Samundri_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramgarhia_Bunga_and_Clock_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramgarhia_Bunga_and_Clock_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ramgarhia Bunga and Clock Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramgarhia_Bunga_and_Clock_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ber_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ber_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ber trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ber_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_history_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_history_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Sikh history museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_history_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daily_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Daily ceremonies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Daily_ceremonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Daily ceremonies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Daily_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guru_Ram_Das_Langar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guru_Ram_Das_Langar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Guru Ram Das Langar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guru_Ram_Das_Langar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_contemporary_era_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_contemporary_era_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence on contemporary era Sikhism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_contemporary_era_Sikhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence on contemporary era Sikhism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_contemporary_era_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singh_Sabha_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singh_Sabha_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Singh Sabha movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singh_Sabha_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Jallianwala Bagh massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_Suba_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_Suba_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Punjabi Suba movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_Suba_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Blue_Star"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Operation Blue Star </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_Postal_Stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_Postal_Stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Commemorative Postal Stamps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_Postal_Stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Golden Temple</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="المعبد الذهبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعبد الذهبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="অমৃতসৰৰ স্বৰ্ণমন্দিৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অমৃতসৰৰ স্বৰ্ণমন্দিৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templu_Dor%C3%A1u" title="Templu Doráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Templu Doráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_m%C9%99b%C9%99d_(Hindistan)" title="Qızıl məbəd (Hindistan) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızıl məbəd (Hindistan)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC" title="হরমন্দির সাহিব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হরমন্দির সাহিব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%82g-kim_Bi%C5%8D" title="N̂g-kim Biō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N̂g-kim Biō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%A1%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Һармандир-Сәһиб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һармандир-Сәһиб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Златен храм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Златен храм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Mandir_S%C3%A1hib" title="Hari Mandir Sáhib – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hari Mandir Sáhib" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Gyldne_Tempel" title="Det Gyldne Tempel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Gyldne Tempel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81)" title="Χρυσός Ναός (Αμριτσάρ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρυσός Ναός (Αμριτσάρ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Dorado" title="Templo Dorado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo Dorado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urrezko_Tenplua" title="Urrezko Tenplua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urrezko Tenplua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="دربار صاحب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دربار صاحب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Dourado" title="Templo Dourado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Templo Dourado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0,_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0" title="સુવર્ણ મંદિર, અમૃતસર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સુવર્ણ મંદિર, અમૃતસર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EA%B8%88_%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%90" title="황금 사원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황금 사원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_d%27Oro" title="Tempio d'Oro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio d'Oro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91" title="הארימנדיר סאהיב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארימנדיר סאהיב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_%C6%90s%C9%94_Kuduyuu_(Temple_d%27Or)" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu (Temple d'Or) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu (Temple d'Or)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸ್ವರ್ಣಮಂದಿರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವರ್ಣಮಂದಿರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Алтын ғибадатхана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алтын ғибадатхана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelta_templis" title="Zelta templis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zelta templis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksin%C4%97_%C5%A1ventykla" title="Auksinė šventykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Auksinė šventykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Orosa" title="Templo Orosa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Templo Orosa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranytemplom_(India)" title="Aranytemplom (India) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aranytemplom (India)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Златен храм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Златен храм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സുവർണ്ണക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുവർണ്ണക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="सुवर्णमंदिर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुवर्णमंदिर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰარმანდირ საჰიბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰარმანდირ საჰიბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="هارمندير صاحب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارمندير صاحب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हरिमन्दिर साहिब" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%96" title="ハリマンディル・サーヒブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハリマンディル・サーヒブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_gyldne_tempel" title="Det gyldne tempel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det gyldne tempel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_S%C3%A1hib" title="Harmandir Sáhib – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harmandir Sáhib" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0" title="ସ୍ୱର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମନ୍ଦିର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ୱର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମନ୍ଦିର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC" title="ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="ہرمندر صاحب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرمندر صاحب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82ota_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia" title="Złota Świątynia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złota Świątynia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harmandir Sahib" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templul_de_aur" title="Templul de aur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Templul de aur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Хармандир-Сахиб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хармандир-Сахиб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सुवर्णमन्दिरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुवर्णमन्दिरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="سری ہرمندر صاحب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سری ہرمندر صاحب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahibi" title="Harmandir Sahibi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Harmandir Sahibi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Golden Temple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlati_tempelj" title="Zlati tempelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlati tempelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="ھارمەندر ساحب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھارمەندر ساحب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Златни храм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Златни храм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultainen_temppeli" title="Kultainen temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kultainen temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyllene_templet" title="Gyllene templet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gyllene templet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginintuang_Templo" title="Ginintuang Templo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ginintuang Templo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பொற்கோயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொற்கோயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%99" title="Алтын Гыйбадәтханә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алтын Гыйбадәтханә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="హర్మందిర్ సాహిబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హర్మందిర్ సాహిబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Golden_Temple&params=31_37_12_N_74_52_35_E_region:IN-PB_type:landmark">31°37′12″N 74°52′35″E / 31.62000°N 74.87639°E / 31.62000; 74.87639</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sikh religious site in Punjab, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Golden Temple (disambiguation)">Golden Temple (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFC600">Golden Temple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]">Harimandar Sāhib Darbār Sāhib</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg/220px-The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg/330px-The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg/440px-The_Golden_Temple_of_Amrithsar_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2784" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC600">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC600">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Punjab_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Temple is located in Punjab"><img alt="Golden Temple is located in Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/India_Punjab_location_map.svg/200px-India_Punjab_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/India_Punjab_location_map.svg/300px-India_Punjab_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/India_Punjab_location_map.svg/400px-India_Punjab_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1086" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.714%;left:37.2%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Golden Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Punjab</div>Show map of Punjab</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Temple is located in India"><img alt="Golden Temple is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/200px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/300px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/400px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.092%;left:24.614%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Golden Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Golden Temple (India)</div>Show map of India</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Temple is located in Asia"><img alt="Golden Temple is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/200px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/400px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.335%;left:34.166%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Golden Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Golden Temple (Asia)</div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Golden_Temple&params=31_37_12_N_74_52_35_E_region:IN-PB_type:landmark">31°37′12″N 74°52′35″E / 31.62000°N 74.87639°E / 31.62000; 74.87639</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC600">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Groundbreaking</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 1581<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">1589 (temple), 1604 (with Adi Granth)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC600">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgpc.net/sri-harmandir-sahib/">sgpc.net/sri-harmandir-sahib/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Golden Temple (also known as the Harmandir Sāhib <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'House of God', <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: harimandara sāhiba , <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ɦəɾᵊmən̪d̪əɾᵊ saːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ]</a>, or the Darbār Sāhib, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> ''exalted court'', <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[d̪əɾᵊbaːɾᵊ saːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleanor_Nesbitt201664–65,_150-3">[3]</a> It is the pre-eminent spiritual site of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy place">holiest sites</a> in Sikhism, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Pakistan" title="Kartarpur, Pakistan">Kartarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Gurdwara Janam Asthan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">sarovar</a> (holy pool) on the site of the gurdwara was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>, in 1577.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201433-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi19895–7-6">[6]</a> In 1604, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan</a>, the fifth Sikh Guru, placed a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a> in the Golden Temple and was a prominent figure in its development.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole2004p7-7">[7]</a> The gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">persecution</a> and was destroyed several times by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> and invading <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a> armies.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-runion70-8">[8]</a> Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, after founding the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, rebuilt it in <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleanor_Nesbitt201664–65-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Golden Temple is spiritually the most significant shrine in Sikhism. It became a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha Movement</a> between 1883 and the 1920s, and the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a> between 1947 and 1966. In the early 1980s, the gurdwara became a centre of conflict between the Indian government and a radical movement led by <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> sent in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>, leading to the deaths of thousands of soldiers, militants and civilians, as well as causing significant damage to the gurdwara and the destruction of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>. The gurdwara complex was rebuilt again after the 1984 attack on it.<a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a> The Golden Temple is an open house of worship for all people, from all walks of life and faiths.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a> It has a square plan with four entrances, and a circumambulation path around the pool. The four entrances to the gurudwara symbolises the Sikh belief in equality and the Sikh view that all people are welcome into their holy place.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The complex is a collection of buildings around the sanctum and the pool.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a> One of these is <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>, the chief centre of religious authority of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a> Additional buildings include a clock tower, the offices of the Gurdwara Committee, a Museum and a <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a> – a free Sikh community-run kitchen that offers a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion#Sikhism" title="Vegetarianism and religion">vegetarian meal</a> to all visitors without discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a> Over 150,000 people visit the holy shrine everyday for worship.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The gurdwara complex has been nominated as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, and its application is pending on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">tentative list of UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> The Harmandir Sahib is also spelled as Harimandar or Harimandir Sahib.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It is also called the <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbār</a> Sahib, which means "sacred audience", as well as the Golden Temple for its gold leaf-covered sanctum centre.<a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a> The word "Harmandir" is composed of two words: "<a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>", which scholars translate as "God ",<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir">mandir</a>", which means "house".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146-17">[17]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sahib" title="Sahib">Sahib</a>" is further appended to the shrine's name, the term often used within Sikh tradition to denote respect for places of religious significance.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Sikh tradition has several gurdwaras named "Harmandir Sahib", such as those in <a href="/wiki/Kiratpur_Sahib" title="Kiratpur Sahib">Kiratpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna</a>. Of these, the one in Amritsar is most revered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry_Walker200295–98-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_(Harmandir_Sahib),_circa_1890-95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29%2C_circa_1890-95.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29%2C_circa_1890-95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29%2C_circa_1890-95.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29%2C_circa_1890-95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29%2C_circa_1890-95.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Guru_Arjan_overseeing_the_construction_of_the_original_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29%2C_circa_1890-95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> overseeing the construction of the original Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), painting from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890–95</figcaption></figure> According to the Sikh historical records, the land that became Amritsar and houses the Harimandir Sahib was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a>, the third Guru of the Sikh tradition. It was then called Guru Da Chakk, after he had asked his disciple Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man-made pool as its central point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201433-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi19895–7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-eosramdas-21">[21]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a> succeeded Guru Amar Das in 1574, and in the face of hostile opposition from the sons of Guru Amar Das,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201338–40-22">[22]</a> Guru Ram Das founded the town that came to be known as "Ramdaspur". He started by completing the pool with the help of <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> (not to be confused with the Buddha of Buddhism). Guru Ram Das built his new official centre and home next to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of India to settle in the new town with him.<a href="#cite_note-eosramdas-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sikh_Guru_(Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev)_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar,_Guler,_circa_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Sikh_Guru_%28Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev%29_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar%2C_Guler%2C_circa_1830.jpg/220px-A_Sikh_Guru_%28Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev%29_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar%2C_Guler%2C_circa_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Sikh_Guru_%28Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev%29_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar%2C_Guler%2C_circa_1830.jpg/330px-A_Sikh_Guru_%28Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev%29_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar%2C_Guler%2C_circa_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Sikh_Guru_%28Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev%29_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar%2C_Guler%2C_circa_1830.jpg/440px-A_Sikh_Guru_%28Perhaps_Guru_Arjan_Dev%29_Seated_in_the_Golden_Temple_at_Amritsar%2C_Guler%2C_circa_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption>A Sikh Guru (perhaps Guru Arjan) seated in the Golden Temple at Amritsar in the late 16th or early 17th century, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830 Guler painting</figcaption></figure> Ramdaspur town expanded during the time of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the area grew into the temple complex).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013xv–xvi-23">[23]</a> The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in Mahima Prakash Vartak, a semi-historical Sikh <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._H._McLeod1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7xIT7OMSJ44CpgPA28_28–29]-24">[24]</a> Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new gurdwara in 1604.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013xv–xvi-23">[23]</a> Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination. He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular <a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201342–43-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/220px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/330px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/440px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> being recited near the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> and Golden Temple, Amritsar, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>.</figcaption></figure> Guru Ram Das acquired the land for the site. Two versions of stories exist on how he acquired this land. In one, based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with Sikh donations of 700 rupees from the people and owners of the village of <a href="/wiki/Tung,_Sikkim" title="Tung, Sikkim">Tung</a>. In another version, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> is stated to have donated the land to the wife of Guru Ram Das.<a href="#cite_note-eosramdas-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201467-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png/220px-The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png/330px-The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png/440px-The_Golden_Temple_in_1840.png 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Golden Temple, Amritsar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1840</figcaption></figure>In 1581, Guru Arjan initiated the construction of the gurdwara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a> During the construction the pool was kept empty and dry. It took 8 years to complete the first version of the Harmandir Sahib. Guru Arjan planned a gurdwara at a level lower than the city to emphasise humility and the need to efface one's ego before entering the premises to meet the Guru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a> He also demanded that the gurdwara compound be open on all sides to emphasise that it was open to all. The sanctum inside the pool where his Guru seat was, had only one bridge to emphasise that the end goal was one, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a> In 1589, the gurdwara made with bricks was complete. Guru Arjan is believed by some later sources to have invited the Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Mian_Mir" title="Mian Mir">Mian Mir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> to lay its foundation stone, signalling pluralism and that the Sikh tradition welcomed all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a> This belief is however unsubstantiated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014205-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> According to Sikh traditional sources such as <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Parkash" class="mw-redirect" title="Suraj Parkash">Sri Gur Suraj Parkash Granth</a> it was laid by Guru Arjan himself.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> After the inauguration, the pool was filled with water. On 16 August 1604, Guru Arjan completed expanding and compiling the first version of the Sikh scripture and placed a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a> in the gurdwara. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">Granthi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201134–35-31">[31]</a> Ath Sath Tirath, which means "shrine of 68 pilgrimages", is a raised canopy on the parkarma (circumambulation marble path around the pool).<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole2004p7-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The name, as stated by W. Owen Cole and other scholars, reflects the belief that visiting this temple is equivalent to 68 Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Indian subcontinent, or that a Tirath to the Golden Temple has the efficacy of all 68 Tiraths combined.<a href="#cite_note-Cole2004p6-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">[34]</a> The completion of the first version of the Golden Temple was a major milestone for Sikhism, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, because it provided a central pilgrimage place and a rallying point for the Sikh community, set within a hub of trade and activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple,_Amritsar_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar_03.jpg/220px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar_03.jpg/330px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar_03.jpg/440px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4327" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>The Golden Temple at twilight</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire_era_destruction_and_rebuilding">Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding">edit</a>]</div> The growing influence and success of Guru Arjan drew the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and asked to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-ps5-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-36">[36]</a> He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606.<a href="#cite_note-ps5-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Guru Arjan's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> fought a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1634)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1634)">Battle at Amritsar</a> and later left Amritsar and its surrounding areas in 1635 for <a href="/wiki/Kiratpur_Sahib" title="Kiratpur Sahib">Kiratpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyan2014176-39">[39]</a> For about a century after the Golden Temple was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Minas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147-38">[38]</a> In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> after creating the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a> to take back the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcleod130-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> The Golden Temple was viewed by the Mughal rulers and Afghan Sultans as the centre of Sikh faith and it remained the main target of persecution.<a href="#cite_note-runion70-8">[8]</a> After the original temple was destroyed by hostile forces, the shrine was reconstructed in 1764 (a date which H.H. Cole affirms in his monograph on the temple), however most of the elaborate decorations and additions were added to the shrine in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Giani_Gian_Singh" title="Giani Gian Singh">Giani Gian Singh</a>'s Tawarikh Sri Amritsar (1889), a slightly later date of 1776 is given for the construction of the temple tank (sarovar), the temple edifice proper, the causeway, and the entry gateway or archway (Darshani Deori).<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Golden Temple was the centre of historic events in Sikh history:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198922–25-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29-9">[9]</a> <ul><li>In 1709, the governor of Lahore sent in his army to suppress and prevent the Sikhs from gathering for their festivals of <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>. But the Sikhs defied by gathering in the Golden Temple. In 1716, Banda Singh and numerous Sikhs were arrested and executed.</li> <li>In 1737, the Mughal governor ordered the capture of the custodian of the Golden Temple named Mani Singh and executed him. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Massa_Ranghar" title="Massa Ranghar">Masse Khan</a> as the police commissioner who then occupied the Temple and converted it into his entertainment centre with dancing girls. He befouled the pool. Sikhs avenged the sacrilege of the Golden Temple by assassinating Masse Khan inside the Temple in August 1740.</li> <li>In 1746, another Lahore official Diwan <a href="/wiki/Jaspat_Rai#Lakhpat_Rai" title="Jaspat Rai">Lakhpat Rai</a> working for Yahiya Khan, and seeking revenge for the death of his brother, filled the pool with sand. In 1749, Sikhs restored the pool when Muin ul-Mulk slackened Mughal operations against Sikhs and sought their help during his operations in Multan.</li> <li>In 1757, the Afghan ruler <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, attacked Amritsar and desecrated the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> He had waste poured into the pool along with entrails of slaughtered cows, before departing for Afghanistan. The Sikhs restored it again.</li> <li>In 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani returned and had the Golden Temple blown up with gunpowder.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> Sikhs returned and celebrated Diwali in its premises. In 1764, <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia">Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</a> collected donations to rebuild the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> A new main gateway (Darshan Deorhi), causeway and sanctum were completed in 1776, while the floor around the pool was completed in 1784.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Sikhs also completed a canal to bring in fresh water from <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a> for the pool.</li> <li>Shri Harmandir Sahib was attacked by the Afghan forces under Ahmed Shah Durrani on 1 December 1764. <a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurbaksh_Singh" title="Baba Gurbaksh Singh">Baba Gurbaksh Singh</a> along with 29 other Sikhs lead a last stand against the much larger Afghan forces and were killed in the skirmish.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Abdali then destroyed Shri Harmandir Sahib for the 3rd time.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranjit_Singh_era_reconstruction">Ranjit Singh era reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ranjit Singh era reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple,_Darbar_Sahib,_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings,_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple%2C_Darbar_Sahib%2C_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings%2C_Amritsar.jpg/220px-1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple%2C_Darbar_Sahib%2C_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings%2C_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple%2C_Darbar_Sahib%2C_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings%2C_Amritsar.jpg/330px-1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple%2C_Darbar_Sahib%2C_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple%2C_Darbar_Sahib%2C_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings%2C_Amritsar.jpg/440px-1880_photograph_of_the_Golden_Temple%2C_Darbar_Sahib%2C_sacred_pool_and_nearby_buildings%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>An 1880 photograph of the Golden Temple, the sarovar (sacred pool) and the nearby buildings. The walled courtyard and entrances were added later.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> founded the nucleus of the Sikh Empire at the age of 36 with help of <a href="/wiki/Sukerchakia_Misl" title="Sukerchakia Misl">Sukerchakia Misl</a> forces he inherited and those of his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur. In 1802, at age 22, he took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl, paid homage at the Golden Temple and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Sikh ruler donated the gilded copper panels for the roof, which was worth 500,000 rupees in the erstwhile currency.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> He entrusted <a href="/wiki/Mistri" title="Mistri">Mistri</a> Yar Muhammad Khan to carry-out the roofing work, who himself was supervised by Bhai Sand Singh.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The first gilded copper panel was placed on the shrine in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Various personalities helped decorate and embellish the ceiling of the first floor, with names of some contributors to the cause being Tara Singh Gheba, Partap Singh, Jodh Singh, and Ganda Singh Peshawari.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Ganda Singh Peshawari sent his donation in the year 1823.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> For the decoration and gilding with copper of the main entryway and archway to the causeway leading to the temple proper, known as the Darshani Deori, the prime personality who helped assist with this work was <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Raja Sangat Singh of Jind State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Due to the central and paramount importance of the shrine in Sikhism, essentially every Sikh <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">sardar</a> of the era had contributed or donated in some manner to assist with the architectural and artistic renovations of the shrine.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Owing to the large number of people helping with the renovation work back then, it is difficult to account for when certain parts of the temple were constructed or decorated and by whom (aside from instances where the work has a date inscribed to it) and a chronological record of how the temple evolved over time (in-regards to its murals, decorations, and other aspects) is near-impossible to complete.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Temple was renovated in marble and copper in 1809, and in 1830 Ranjit Singh donated gold to overlay the sanctum with gold leaf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29-9">[9]</a> There is an inscription on embossed metal located at the entrance to the temple proper which commemorates the renovations of the temple undertaken by Ranjit Singh and done through Giani Sant Singh, of the Giani Samparda.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Great Guru in His wisdom looked upon Maharaja Ranjit Singh as his chief servitor and Sikh and, in his benevolence, bestowed on him the privilege of serving the temple."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>English translation of a Gurmukhi inscription on embossed metal located at the entrance way to the temple, translated in 'Punjab Art and Culture' (1988), page 59, by Kanwarjit Singh Kang</cite></div></blockquote> After learning of the gurdwara through Maharaja Ranjit Singh,<a href="#cite_note-nizam_&_maharaja-48">[48]</a> the 7th <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> "<a href="/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan" title="Mir Osman Ali Khan">Mir Osman Ali Khan</a>" started giving yearly grants towards it.<a href="#cite_note-outlook-49">[49]</a> The management and operation of Durbar Sahib – a term that refers to the entire Golden Temple complex of buildings, was taken over by Ranjit Singh. He appointed Sardar Desa Singh Majithia (1768–1832) to manage it and made land grants whose collected revenue was assigned to pay for the Temple's maintenance and operation. Ranjit Singh also made the position of Temple officials hereditary.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a> The Giani family was the only family allowed to do Katha in the Golden Temple, they served the Sikh community till 1921, when the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> came into power, they were the only family allowed to do Katha since 1788 and were also he heads of the Giani Samparda, they had built all the Bungas around the Golden Temple and helped in construction work including overlaying the temple with Gold and Marble.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> One of the main Bungas that was destroyed in 1988 was the <a href="/wiki/Burj_Gianian" title="Burj Gianian">Burj Gianian</a>. The other family were the Kapurs, who were made as the Head Granthis, this included the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Jawahir_Singh_Kapur" title="Jawahir Singh Kapur">Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur</a> who also did try to become the Head Granthi in the late 1800s, but was not allowed (his father Bhai Atma Singh, grandfather Bhai Mohar Singh and their ancestors were also Head Granthis).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_and_reconstruction_after_Indian_independence">Destruction and reconstruction after Indian independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Destruction and reconstruction after Indian independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></div> The destruction of the temple complex occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>. It was the codename of an Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant Sikh <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. The decision to launch the attack rested with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TH_Mi6-52">[52]</a> In July 1982, <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a>, the President of the Sikh political party <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a>, had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in the Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-dnaindia.com-54">[54]</a> The government claimed Bhindranwale later made the sacred temple complex an <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">armoury</a> and headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-LA_accord-55">[55]</a> On 1 June 1984, after negotiations with the militants failed, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> ordered the army to launch Operation Blue Star, simultaneously attacking scores of Gurudwaras across Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A variety of army units and paramilitary forces surrounded the Golden Temple complex on 3 June 1984. The fighting started on 5 June with skirmishes and the battle went on for three days, ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a> was also initiated throughout Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants, whose armament included Chinese-made <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade_launchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket-propelled grenade launchers">rocket-propelled grenade launchers</a> with armour piercing capabilities. <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy artillery">heavy artillery</a> were used to attack the militants, who responded with anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army gained control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the army were 83 dead and 249 injured.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> According to the official estimates, 1,592 militants were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> According to the government claims, high civilian casualties were attributed to militants using <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> trapped inside the temple as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney" title="Brahma Chellaney">Brahma Chellaney</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>'s South Asia correspondent, was the only foreign reporter who managed to stay on in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> despite the media blackout.<a href="#cite_note-casualities3-61">[61]</a> His dispatches, filed by <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a>, provided the first non-governmental news reports on the bloody operation in Amritsar. His first dispatch, front-paged by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> of London and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, reported a death toll about twice of what authorities had admitted. According to the dispatch, about 780 militants and civilians and 400 troops had perished in fierce gun-battles.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Chellaney reported that about "eight to ten" men suspected of being Sikh militants had been shot with their hands tied. In that dispatch, Chellaney interviewed a doctor who said he had been picked up by the army and forced to conduct postmortems despite the fact he had never done any postmortem examination before.<a href="#cite_note-tiedandshot-63">[63]</a> In reaction to the dispatch, the Indian government charged Chellaney with violating Punjab press censorship, two counts of fanning sectarian hatred and trouble, and later with sedition,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> calling his report baseless and disputing his casualty figures.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The military action in the temple complex was criticised by Sikhs worldwide, who interpreted it as an assault on the Sikh religion.<a href="#cite_note-david-66">[66]</a> Many Sikh soldiers in the army <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> their units;<a href="#cite_note-IT_deserters-67">[67]</a> several Sikhs resigned from civil administrative office and returned awards received from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a>. Five months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated</a> in an act of revenge by her two Sikh bodyguards, <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dnaindia.com-54">[54]</a> Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in Delhi alone, in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A few months after the government operation of 1984, major <a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">kar seva</a> renovations were undertaken at the shrine complex, including a complete draining and then cleaning of the temple tank (sarovar) by volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Following the operation the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a> demolished hundreds of houses and created a corridor around the compound called "Galliara" (also spelled Galiara or Galyara) for security reasons.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This was made into a public park and opened in June 1988.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In December 2021, a young man was allegedly beaten to death after disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Rehras_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehras Sahib">Rehras Sahib</a> (evening prayer) at the sanctum of the temple. He reportedly jumped over a railing and picked up the sword lying before the temple's copy of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, before attempting to touch the Guru Granth Sahib itself. He was subsequently overpowered by the pilgrims and received fatal injuries to the head.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2023_Golden_Temple_blasts" title="2023 Golden Temple blasts">2023 Golden Temple blasts</a> occurred on 7 May and on 9 May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Golden_temple_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Golden_temple_map.jpg/220px-The_Golden_temple_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Golden_temple_map.jpg/330px-The_Golden_temple_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Golden_temple_map.jpg/440px-The_Golden_temple_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>The Golden temple complex map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG/220px-Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG/330px-Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG/440px-Ceiling_of_the_Golden_Temple_in_gold_and_precious_stones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The ceiling of Harminder Sahib is made with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and precious stones.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Golden_Temple,_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Entrance_to_Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Entrance_to_Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Entrance_to_Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>The Darshani Deorhi Arch, entrance to the Harmandir Sahib complex</figcaption></figure> The Golden Temple's architecture reflects different architectural practices prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, as various iterations of temple were rebuilt and restored.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The first structure of the Harmandir Sahib constructed under the purview of Guru Arjan combined the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala_(type_of_building)" title="Dharamshala (type of building)">dharamsaals</a> and the holy water tanks (<a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">sarovar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Rather than copying the traditional method of Hindu temple construction by building the shrine on a high plinth, Guru Arjan rather decided to build the shrine lower than the surroundings so that devotees would have to walk downwards to reach it.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The four entrances represented that the Sikh faith was equally open to all four of the traditional Indian caste classifications (<a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> No surviving account, depiction, or record is extant or known of the proto-type, pre-1764 Harmandir Sahib that was built by the Sikh gurus themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> However, Kanwarjit Singh Kang believes the original, Guru-constructed structure was mostly comparable and similar to the present-day structure said to have been constructed in 1764.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">James Fergusson</a> considered the Golden Temple as a specimen of one of the forms that the architecture of Hindu temples developed into in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> When a list of structures of interest was prepared and published by the colonial government of Punjab in 1875, it was claimed that the architectural design of the Golden Temple, in the form it was constructed as by Ranjit Singh, was based ultimately on the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Mian_Mir" title="Shrine of Mian Mir">shrine</a> of the Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Mian_Mir" title="Mian Mir">Mian Mir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rousselet" title="Louis Rousselet">Louis Rousselet</a> stated in 1882 that the shrine was a "handsome style of <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jat</a> architecture."<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Major Henry Hardy Cole described the architecture of the edifice as being primarily drawn from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic sources</a> with a significant input from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu styles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Brown_(art_historian)" title="Percy Brown (art historian)">Percy Brown</a> also classified the temple as being a synthesis of Islamic and Hindu architectural styles, but also observed that the structure has its own unique characteristics and inventions.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Goetz_(art_historian)" title="Hermann Goetz (art historian)">Hermann Goetz</a> believed that the temple's architecture was a "<a href="/wiki/Kangra_State" title="Kangra State">Kangra</a> transformation of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Oudh</a> architecture" that the Sikhs adopted for their own constructions, which he praises, however he also critiqued the temple for having "gaudy" elements commonly found in Indian gurdwaras, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo-styled art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Temple is described by Ian Kerr, and other scholars, as a mixture of the Indo-Islamic Mughal and the Hindu Rajput architecture.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The sanctum is a 12.25 x 12.25 metre square with two storeys and a gold leaf dome. This sanctum has a marble platform that is a 19.7 x 19.7 metre square. It sits inside an almost square (154.5 x 148.5 m2) pool called amritsar or amritsarovar (amrit means nectar, sar is short form of sarovar and means pool). The pool is 5.1 metres deep and is surrounded by a 3.7 metre wide circumambulatory marble passage that is circled clockwise. The sanctum is connected to the platform by a causeway and the gateway into the causeway is called the Darshani Ḍeorhi (from Darshana Dvara). For those who wish to take a dip in the pool, the Temple provides a half hexagonal shelter and holy steps to Har ki Pauri.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198997–116-77">[77]</a> Bathing in the pool is believed by many Sikhs to have restorative powers, purifying one's <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thursby1992p14-78">[78]</a> Some carry bottles of the pool water home particularly for sick friends and relatives.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The pool is maintained by volunteers who perform kar seva (community service) by draining and desilting it periodically.<a href="#cite_note-Thursby1992p14-78">[78]</a> There is a section of the shrine known as the Har-Ki-Pauri, located on the backside of the temple proper, where pilgrims and worshippers can take a sip of the water from the holy temple tank.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The water used for the daily ritual cleaning of the temple premises is also sourced from this section.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The water is mixed with milk to dilute the milk content, with the combined solution used to clean the temple's surfaces on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg/180px-Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg/270px-Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg/360px-Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5671" data-file-height="3781" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple,_Amristar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golden_Temple%2C_Amristar.jpg/180px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amristar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golden_Temple%2C_Amristar.jpg/270px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amristar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golden_Temple%2C_Amristar.jpg/360px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amristar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Causeway to the sanctum with people, behind the pool is Ath Sath Tirath; Right: Entrance view</div></div></div></div> The sanctum has two floors. The Sikh Scripture <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> is seated on the lower square floor for about 20 hours every day, and for 4 hours it is taken to its bedroom inside Akal Takht with elaborate ceremonies in a palki, for sukhasana and Prakash.<a href="#cite_note-Cole2004p6-33">[33]</a> The floor with the seated scripture is raised a few steps above the entrance causeway level. The upper floor in the sanctum is a gallery and connected by stairs. The ground floor is lined with white marble, as is the path surrounding the sanctum. The sanctum's exterior has gilded copper plates. The doors are gold leaf-covered copper sheets with nature motifs such as birds and flowers. The ceiling of the upper floor is gilded, embossed and decorated with jewels. The sanctum dome is semi-spherical with a pinnacle ornament. The sides are embellished with arched copings and small solid domes, the corners adorning cupolas, all of which are covered with gold leaf-covered gilded copper.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a> There is a pavilion located on the second-floor called the Shish Mahal (mirror room).<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The floral designs on the marble panels of the walls around the sanctum are <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a>. The arches include verses from the Sikh scripture in gold letters. The frescoes follow the Indian tradition and include animal, bird and nature motifs rather than being purely geometrical. The stair walls have murals of Sikh Gurus such as the falcon carrying Guru Gobind Singh riding a horse.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198968–73-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg/220px-Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg/330px-Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg/440px-Golden_Temple_night_view_-_IMG_6323-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption>Side view of the causeway leading from the Darshani Deorhi (right) to the sanctum (left)</figcaption></figure> The Darshani Deorhi is a two-storey structure that houses the temple management offices and treasury. At the exit of the path leading away from the sanctum is the Prasada facility, where volunteers serve a flour-based sweet offering called Karah prasad. Typically, the pilgrims to the Golden Temple enter and make a clockwise circumambulation around the pool before entering the sanctum. There are four entrances to the gurdwara complex signifying the openness to all sides, but a single entrance to the sanctum of the temple through a causeway.<a href="#cite_note-eos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch-81">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akal_Takht_and_Teja_Singh_Samundri_Hall">Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Akal_Takht_illuminated,_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex,_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Akal_Takht_illuminated%2C_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex%2C_Amritsar.jpg/170px-Akal_Takht_illuminated%2C_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex%2C_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Akal_Takht_illuminated%2C_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex%2C_Amritsar.jpg/255px-Akal_Takht_illuminated%2C_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Akal_Takht_illuminated%2C_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex%2C_Amritsar.jpg/340px-Akal_Takht_illuminated%2C_in_Harmandir_Sahib_complex%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Atta_Mandi_Deori,_Amritsar_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atta_Mandi_Deori%2C_Amritsar_02.jpg/170px-Atta_Mandi_Deori%2C_Amritsar_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atta_Mandi_Deori%2C_Amritsar_02.jpg/255px-Atta_Mandi_Deori%2C_Amritsar_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atta_Mandi_Deori%2C_Amritsar_02.jpg/340px-Atta_Mandi_Deori%2C_Amritsar_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4661" data-file-height="3107" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Akal Takht illuminated; Right: One of the entrance gates</div></div></div></div> In front of the sanctum and the causeway is the Akal Takht building. It is the chief Takht, a centre of authority in Sikhism. Its name Akal Takht means "throne of the Timeless (God)". The institution was established by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> after the martyrdom of his father Guru Arjan, as a place to conduct ceremonial, spiritual and secular affairs, issuing binding writs on Sikh gurdwaras far from his own location. A building was later constructed over the Takht founded by Guru Hargobind, and this came to be known as Akal Bunga. The Akal Takht is also known as Takht Sri Akal Bunga. The Sikh tradition has five Takhts, all of which are major pilgrimage sites in Sikhism. These are in Anandpur, Patna, Nanded, Talwandi Sabo and Amritsar. The Akal Takht in the Golden Temple complex is the primary seat and chief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201180-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> It is also the headquarters of the main political party of the Indian state of Punjab, Shiromani Akali Dal (Supreme Akali Party).<a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a> The Akal Takht issues edicts or writs (hukam) on matters related to Sikhism and the solidarity of the Sikh community. The Teja Singh Samundri Hall is the office of the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> (Supreme Committee of Temple Management). It is located in a building near the Langar-kitchen and Assembly Hall. This office coordinates and oversees the operations of major Sikh temples.<a href="#cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Owen_Cole200410-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramgarhia_Bunga_and_Clock_Tower">Ramgarhia Bunga and Clock Tower</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ramgarhia Bunga and Clock Tower">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldentemple_(82).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Goldentemple_%2882%29.JPG/154px-Goldentemple_%2882%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Goldentemple_%2882%29.JPG/231px-Goldentemple_%2882%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Goldentemple_%2882%29.JPG/308px-Goldentemple_%2882%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg/210px-1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg/315px-1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg/420px-1860s_photo_of_the_Amritsar_Golden_Temple_with_the_British_style_Gothic_Clock_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="392" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a> watchtowers to protect the Golden temple, Right: An 1860s photo of the Golden Temple during the colonial British era with the under-construction <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">clock tower</a> (which was later demolished<a href="#cite_note-Talbot2016p80-85">[85]</a>) on extreme right-side.</div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a> – the two high towers visible from the parikrama (circumambulation) walkway around the tank,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8I0NAwAAQBAJpgPA435_435]-86">[86]</a> is named after a Sikh subgroup. The red sandstone minaret-style Bunga (buêgā) towers were built in the 18th century, a period of Afghan attacks and temple demolitions. It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> warrior and <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia" title="Ramgarhia">Ramgarhia</a> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misl</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</a>. It was constructed as the temple <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtowers</a> for sentinels to watch for any military raid approaching the temple and the surrounding area, help rapidly gather a defence to protect the Golden Temple complex. According to Fenech and McLeod, during the 18th century, Sikh misl chiefs and rich communities built over 70 such Bungas of different shapes and forms around the temple to watch the area, house soldiers and defend the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201474–75-87">[87]</a> These served defensive purposes, provided accommodation for Sikh pilgrims and served as centres of learning in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201474–75-87">[87]</a> Most of the Bungas were demolished during the British colonial era. The Ramgarhia Bunga remains a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia" title="Ramgarhia">Ramgarhia</a> Sikh community's identity, their historic sacrifices and contribution to defending the Golden Temple over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Clock Tower did not exist in the original version of the temple. In its location was a building, now called the "lost palace". The officials of the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> wanted to demolish the building after the Second Anglo-Sikh war and once they had annexed the Sikh Empire. The Sikhs opposed the demolition, but this opposition was ignored. In its place, the clock tower was added. The clock tower was designed by John Gordon in a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedral style with red bricks. The clock tower construction started in 1862 and was completed in 1874. The tower was demolished by the Sikh community about 70 years later. In its place, a new entrance was constructed with a design more harmonious with the Temple. This entrance on the north side has a clock, houses a museum on its upper floor, and it continues to be called ghanta ghar deori.<a href="#cite_note-Talbot2016p80-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Narayanan2015p76-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ber_trees">Ber trees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ber trees">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/220px-Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/330px-Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/440px-Dukh_Bhanjani_Ber_tree_and_entrance_gate_near_the_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The historic Dukh Bhanjani Ber tree inside the courtyard, next to Ath Sath Tirath.</figcaption></figure> The Golden Temple complex originally was open and had numerous trees around the pool. It is now a walled, two-storey courtyard with four entrances, that preserve three Ber trees (<a href="/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a>). One of them is to the right of the main ghanta ghar deori entrance with the clock, and it is called the Ber Baba Buddha. It is believed in the Sikh tradition to be the tree where Baba Buddha sat to supervise the construction of the pool and first temple.<a href="#cite_note-Cole2004p6-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">[34]</a> A second tree is called Laachi Ber, believed to the one under which Guru Arjan rested while the temple was being built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">[34]</a> The third one is called Dukh Bhanjani Ber, located on the other side of the sanctum, across the pool. It is believed in the Sikh tradition that this tree was the location where a Sikh was cured of his leprosy after taking a dip in the pool, giving the tree the epithet of "suffering remover".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> There is a small gurdwara underneath the tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">[34]</a> The Ath Sath Tirath, or the spot equivalent to 68 pilgrimages, is in the shade underneath the Dukh Bhanjani Ber tree. Sikh devotees, states Charles Townsend, believe that bathing in the pool near this spot delivers the same fruits as a visit to 68 pilgrimage places in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_history_museums">Sikh history museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sikh history museums">edit</a>]</div> The main ghanta ghari deori north entrance has a Sikh history museum on the first floor, according to the Sikh tradition. The display shows various paintings, of gurus and martyrs, many narrating the persecution of Sikhs over their history, as well as historical items such as swords, kartar, comb, chakkars.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A new underground museum near the clock tower, but outside the temple courtyard also shows Sikh history.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to Louis E. Fenech, the display does not present the parallel traditions of Sikhism and is partly ahistorical such as a headless body continuing to fight, but a significant artwork and reflects the general trend in Sikhism of presenting their history to be one of persecution, martyrdoms and bravery in wars.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The main entrance to the gurdwara has many memorial plaques that commemorate past Sikh historical events, saints and martyrs, contributions of Ranjit Singh, as well as commemorative inscriptions of all the Sikh soldiers who died fighting in the two World Wars and the various Indo-Pakistan wars.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daily_ceremonies">Daily ceremonies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Daily ceremonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night,_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg/140px-2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg/210px-2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg/280px-2017_sukhasan_ritual_palki_palanquin_for_Guru_Granth_Sahib_every_night%2C_Golden_temple_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3470" data-file-height="2952" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_(Harmandir_Sahib)_in_Amritsar,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/180px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/270px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/360px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A palanquin being prepared for the daily sukhasan ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom; Right: A Sikh pilgrim. Some Sikhs take a dip in the pool.</div></div></div></div> There are several rites performed everyday in the Golden Temple as per the historic Sikh tradition. These rites treat the scripture as a living person, a Guru out of respect. They include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201181–82-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-97">[97]</a> <ul><li>Closing rite called sukhasan (sukh means "comfort or rest", asan means "position"). At night, after a series of devotional <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtans</a> and three part <a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">ardās</a>, the Guru Granth Sahib is closed, carried on the head, placed into and then carried in a flower decorated, pillow-bed palki (palanquin), with chanting. Its bedroom is in the Akal Takht, on the first floor. Once it arrives there, the scripture is tucked into a bed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201181–82-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Opening rite called prakash which means "light". About dawn everyday, the Guru Granth Sahib is taken out its bedroom, carried on the head, placed and carried in a flower-decorated palki with chanting and <a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">bugle</a> sounding across the causeway. It is brought to the sanctum. Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and ardas, a random page is opened. This is the mukhwak of the day, it is read out loud, and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201181–82-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myrvold2016p125-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guru_Ram_Das_Langar">Guru Ram Das Langar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Guru Ram Das Langar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_(38938496121).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_%2838938496121%29.jpg/220px-The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_%2838938496121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_%2838938496121%29.jpg/330px-The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_%2838938496121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_%2838938496121%29.jpg/440px-The_famous_%27langar%27-_free_meals_for_one_and_all_%2838938496121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a> hall from inside</figcaption></figure> Harmandir Sahib complex has a <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a>, a community-run free kitchen and dining hall. It is attached to the east side of the courtyard near the Dukh Bhanjani Ber, outside of the entrance. Food is served here to all visitors who want it, regardless of faith, gender or economic background. Vegetarian food is served and all people eat together as equals. Everyone sits on the floor in rows, which is called sangat. The meal is served by volunteers as part of their kar seva ethos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">[34]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/220px-A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/330px-A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/440px-A_group_of_volunteers_helping_with_daily_food_preparation_for_Langar_at_the_Golden_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers helping prepare the food</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh art</a></div> The art of the Golden Temple has rarely been analysed or studied in a serious manner.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Within the Shish Mahal on the second-story of the building, there are mirror-work art designs which consist of small pieces of mirror which are inlaid into the walls and ceilings, highlighed with decorations of floral designs.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The ceilings, walls and arches of the structure are embellished by intricate mural artwork.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">pietra dura</a> (inlaid stone design) artwork of the shrine, which features avian and other animalistic designs using semi-precious stones, was mostly inspired by the Mughal tradition.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The temple premises is also decorated with embossed copper, gach, tukri, jaratkari, and ivory inlay artwork.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The external portions of the upper story's walls of the temple have been affixed with beaten copper plates that feature raised designs depicting usually florals and abstracts but there are some depictions of human figures as well.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> An example of embossed metal designs depicting humans are two raised copper panels located on the front-side of the temple prior, the first which depicts <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> surrounded by his companions, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Bhai Mardana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Bala" title="Bhai Bala">Bhai Bala</a>, on each side.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The second embossed panel features an equestrian portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Gach can be described as a kind of stone or gypsum.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Gach was transformed into a paste and used on the walls, similar in nature to lime-plaster.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Once applied to the wall, it was decorated into shape with steel cutters and other tools.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Sometimes the gach had coloured glass pieces placed on it, which is known as tukri.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Shish Mahal features a lot of examples of tukri work.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> On the other hand, jaratkari was an art form and method which involved placing inlaid and cut stones of varying colours and types into marble.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Surviving exemplars of jaratkari art from the temple can be found on the bottom-section of the exterior walls which are encased with marble panels featuring jaratkari artwork.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The jaratkari marble panels in this lower exterior section is classified as pietra dura and semi-precious stones, like lapis lazuli and onyx, were utilised.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> While the Mughals also decorated their edifices using jaratkari and pietra dura art, what sets apart the Sikh form of the art technique from the Mughal one is that the Sikh jaratkari art form also depicts human and animal figuratives with it, something that is not found in Mughal jaratkari art.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Inlaid ivory work can be witnessed on the doors of the Darshani Deori structure of the complex.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The structure of the Darshani Deori was made out of <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_sissoo" title="Dalbergia sissoo">shisham</a> wood, the front of the edifice is overlaid with silverwork, including ornamated silver panels.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The back of the structure is decorated with panels consisting of floral and geometric designs but also animal figuratives, such as deer, tigers, lions, and birds.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Portions of the inlaid ivory had been coloured red or green, an aspect of the artwork that was praised by H.H. Cole for its harmoniousness.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The oldest extant <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> in the complex date back to the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> Most of the vast array of murals that once coated the walls of the complex were destroyed in subsequent renovation works conducted under the guise of <a href="/wiki/Kar_seva" class="mw-redirect" title="Kar seva">kar seva</a>, such as by being covered by marble slabs affixed to the walls.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> A prominent artist who painted many of the murals in the complex was <a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_Naqqash" title="Gian Singh Naqqash">Gian Singh Naqqash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> The mural artwork of the temple consists primarily of floral designs with scattered examples of animal designs and themes.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> There are over 300 different design patterns dispersed all over the walls of the edifice.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> These wall paintings were created by Naqqashi artists, who had developed their own lingo to differentiate their various themes and designs.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The most prominent design category was referred to as Dehin, which is described as "a medium of expression of the imaginative study of the artist's own creation of idealized forms".<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The base of dehin is known as Gharwanjh.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Gharwanjh is a "decorative device involving knotted grapples between animals".<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The gharwanjh designs of the Golden Temple features cobras, lions, and elephants holding one another or carrying floral vases which feature fruit and fairies as decoration.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The decorative border of the dehin is known as Patta, usually utilising creepers for its design.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, some dehin feature designs incorporating aquatic creatures.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_depicting_Guru_Gobind_Singh_on_horseback_with_his_retinue_leaving_Anandpur_Fort,_Kangra_School,_from_within_the_Golden_Temple_shrine,_Amritsar,_ca.1820%27s%E2%80%931830%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fresco_depicting_Guru_Gobind_Singh_on_horseback_with_his_retinue_leaving_Anandpur_Fort%2C_Kangra_School%2C_from_within_the_Golden_Temple_shrine%2C_Amritsar%2C_ca.1820%27s%E2%80%931830%27s.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fresco_depicting_Guru_Gobind_Singh_on_horseback_with_his_retinue_leaving_Anandpur_Fort%2C_Kangra_School%2C_from_within_the_Golden_Temple_shrine%2C_Amritsar%2C_ca.1820%27s%E2%80%931830%27s.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fresco_depicting_Guru_Gobind_Singh_on_horseback_with_his_retinue_leaving_Anandpur_Fort%2C_Kangra_School%2C_from_within_the_Golden_Temple_shrine%2C_Amritsar%2C_ca.1820%27s%E2%80%931830%27s.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Fresco depicting Guru Gobind Singh on horseback with his retinue leaving Anandpur Fort, Kangra School, from within the Golden Temple shrine, Amritsar, ca.1820's–1830's</figcaption></figure> The only mural depicting human figures within the temple proper is located on the wall behind the northern narrow staircase leading to the top of the shrine, and it is a depiction of Guru Gobind Singh on horseback alongside his retinue leaving the fort of Anandpur, ultimately a mural adaptation of what was originally a Kangra miniature painting.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> When H.H. Cole wrote about the murals of the Golden Temple, he witnessed many murals depicting <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Indic mythological scenes</a> but these murals have since been seemingly lost to time and are no longer extant.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> While W. Wakefield had recorded that he observed murals depicting erotic scenes painted on the Golden Temple's walls in a work published in 1875, Kanwarjit Singh Kang finds this to be a spurious account which is likely false because there is no corroborative accounts to support this.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The various artists and craftsmen who worked on creating the mural artwork and other accessory art of the temple are mostly unknown and it is nearly impossible to link any particular art piece with a specific name, aside from a very few.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> A traditional Sikh artist who had worked at the Golden Temple, named Hari Singh, had prepared a list of all the names of the artists, painters (naqqashis), and craftsmen he could recount that had also worked at some point in time at the Golden Temple, the names are as follows: Kishan Singh, Bishan Singh, Kapur Singh, Kehar Singh, <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">Mahant</a> Ishar Singh, Sardul Singh, Jawahar Singh, Mehtab Singh, <a href="/wiki/Mistri" title="Mistri">Mistri</a> Jaimal Singh, Harnam Singh, Ishar Singh (not to be confused with Mahant Ishar Singh), Gian Singh, Lal Singh Tarn Taran, Mangal Singh, Mistri Narain Singh, Mistri Jit Singh, Atma Singh, Darja Mal, and Vir Singh.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Most of the artwork lost over the years, throughout the various changes and renovations to the temple, were murals.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> Murals started being lost in the temple around the last years of the 19th century, when devotees were allowed to start donating inlaid marble panels to affix to the walls of the shrine.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The walls that were covered by these marble panels usually were painted with murals and thus the murals were either hidden under the marble panels or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> The Golden Temple used to have many traditional buildings, known as bungas, surrounding it.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> These bungas were a great source and collection of murals and thus their artwork was lost when the vast majority of the bungas were demolished over the years under the guise of modernising the religious site and expanding its <a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">parikrama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> When the Darshani Deori was covered with marble panels, many wall paintings that had been executed by Mahant Ishar Singh were covered up and lost due to them.<a href="#cite_note-:25-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_contemporary_era_Sikhism">Influence on contemporary era Sikhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence on contemporary era Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singh_Sabha_movement">Singh Sabha movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singh Sabha movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha Movement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha movement">Singh Sabha movement</a> was a late-19th century movement within the Sikh community to rejuvenate and reform Sikhism at a time when Christian, Hindu and Muslim proselytizers were actively campaigning to convert Sikhs to their religion.<a href="#cite_note-barrierssm-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The movement was triggered by the conversion of Ranjit Singh's son Duleep Singh and other well-known people to Christianity. Started in 1870s, the Singh Sabha movement's aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion, restore and reform Sikhism to bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had left Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-barrierssm-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201385–86-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014273–274-101">[101]</a> There were three main groups with different viewpoints and approaches, of which the Tat Khalsa group had become dominant by the early 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech201428–29,_73–76-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-103">[103]</a> Before 1905, the Golden Temple had Brahmin priests, idols and images for at least a century, attracting pious Sikhs and Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-Jones1976p211-104">[104]</a> In 1890s, these idols and practices came under attack from reformist Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-Jones1976p211-104">[104]</a> In 1905, with the campaign of the Tat Khalsa, these idols and images were removed from the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The Singh Sabha movement brought the Khalsa back to the fore of gurdwara administration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCzYeAwAAQBAJpgPT542_542–543]-107">[107]</a> over the mahants (priests) class,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> who had taken over control of the main gurdwaras and other institutions vacated by the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> in their fight for survival against the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> during the 18th century<a href="#cite_note-mandair-109">[109]</a> and had been most prominent during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-mandair-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jallianwala Bagh massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></div> As per tradition, the Sikhs gathered in the Golden Temple to celebrate the festival of <a href="/wiki/Baisakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisakhi">Baisakhi</a> in 1919. After their visit, many walked over to the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a> next to it to listen to speakers protesting the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a> and other policies implemented by the British colonial government. A large crowd had gathered, when Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Edward Harry Dyer</a> ordered a detachment of ninety soldiers (drawn from the <a href="/wiki/9th_Gorkha_Rifles" title="9th Gorkha Rifles">9th Gorkha Rifles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/59th_Scinde_Rifles_(Frontier_Force)" title="59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)">59th Scinde Rifles</a>) under his command to surround the Jallianwala Bagh, and then open fire into the crowd. 379 were killed and thousands were wounded in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">massacre</a> strengthened the opposition to colonial rule throughout India, particularly that from Sikhs. It triggered massive non-violent protests. The protests pressured the British colonial government to transfer the control over the management and treasury of the Golden Temple to an elected organisation called <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurudwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee</a> (SGPC). The SGPC continues to manage the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014433–434-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_Suba_movement">Punjabi Suba movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Punjabi Suba movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a> was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, demanding the creation of a Punjabi Suba, or <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>-speaking state, in the post-independence state of <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997391-112">[112]</a> It was first presented as a policy position in April 1948 by the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985419-113">[113]</a> after the States Reorganization Commission set up after independence was not effective in the north of the country during its work to delineate states on a linguistic basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997392-114">[114]</a> The Golden Temple complex was the main centre of operations of the movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997397-115">[115]</a> and important events during the movement that occurred at the gurdwara included the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement#1955_Golden_Temple_raid" title="Punjabi Suba movement">1955 raid</a> by the government to quash the movement, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement#Amritsar_Convention" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Amritsar Convention</a> in 1955 to convey Sikh sentiments to the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985426-116">[116]</a> The complex was also the site of speeches, demonstrations, and mass arrests,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997397-115">[115]</a> and where leaders of the movement domiciled in huts during <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997398-117">[117]</a> The borders of the modern <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">state of Punjab</a>, along with the official status of the state's native language of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script, are the result of the movement, which culminated in the setting of the current borders in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997404-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Blue_Star">Operation Blue Star</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Operation Blue Star">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg/220px-Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg/330px-Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg/440px-Golden_temple_aerial_shot_in_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Galliara park around the complex</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></div> The Golden Temple and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in the early 1980s. These included the <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a> led by Sikh fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-119">[119]</a> In December 1983, the Sikh political party <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a> had invited <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Bhindranwale-led group under the military leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Shabeg_Singh" title="Shabeg Singh">Shabeg Singh</a> had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-ToI_Shabeg-121">[121]</a> They organised the armed militants present at the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> in Amritsar in June 1984. The Golden Temple became a place for weapons training for the militants.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-119">[119]</a> Shabeg Singh's military expertise is credited with the creation of effective defences of the Gurdwara Complex that made the possibility of a commando operation on foot impossible. Supporters of this militant movement circulated maps showing parts of northwest India, north Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan as historic and future boundaries of the Khalsa Sikhs, with varying claims in different maps.<a href="#cite_note-Axel2001p96-122">[122]</a> In June 1984, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> ordered the Indian Army to begin <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> against the militants.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-119">[119]</a> The operation caused severe damage and destroyed the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, militants and civilians died in the crossfire, with official estimates of death of 492 civilians and 83 Indian army men.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the Golden Temple.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-119">[119]</a> Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated her</a>. In 1986, Indira Gandhi's son and the next Prime Minister of India <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> ordered repairs to the Akal Takht Sahib. These repairs were removed and Sikhs rebuilt the Akal Takht Sahib in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorative_Postal_Stamps">Commemorative Postal Stamps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Commemorative Postal Stamps">edit</a>]</div> Commemorative stamps released by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a> (by year) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:900px;max-width:900px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:75px;width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1935_-_Colnect_298925_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stamp_of_India_-_1935_-_Colnect_298925_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg/280px-Stamp_of_India_-_1935_-_Colnect_298925_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stamp_of_India_-_1935_-_Colnect_298925_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg/420px-Stamp_of_India_-_1935_-_Colnect_298925_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Stamp_of_India_-_1935_-_Colnect_298925_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="315" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1935</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:75px;width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1949_-_Colnect_364267_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stamp_of_India_-_1949_-_Colnect_364267_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg/280px-Stamp_of_India_-_1949_-_Colnect_364267_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Stamp_of_India_-_1949_-_Colnect_364267_-_1_-_Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="188" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1949</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1987_-_Colnect_164991_-_Sri_Harmandir_Sahib_Amritsar.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stamp_of_India_-_1987_-_Colnect_164991_-_Sri_Harmandir_Sahib_Amritsar.jpeg/180px-Stamp_of_India_-_1987_-_Colnect_164991_-_Sri_Harmandir_Sahib_Amritsar.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Stamp_of_India_-_1987_-_Colnect_164991_-_Sri_Harmandir_Sahib_Amritsar.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="336" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1987</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple,_Sripuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Temple, Sripuram">Golden Temple, Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Jamnagar_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway">Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Ring_Road" title="Amritsar Ring Road">Amritsar Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Amritsar_Katra_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Amritsar Katra Expressway">Delhi Amritsar Katra Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurudwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib">Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib Nanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurudwaras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurudwaras">List of Gurudwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Takht Sri Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201341–42_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-eos-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eos_2-14">o</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKerr2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kerr, Ian J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n253">"Harimandar"</a>. In Harbans Singh (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. pp. 239–248. Retrieved 1 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harimandar&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=Punjabi+University+Patiala&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Ian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l%2Fpage%2Fn253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleanor_Nesbitt201664–65,_150-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEleanor_Nesbitt201664–65,_150_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016">Eleanor Nesbitt 2016</a>, pp. 64–65, 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmandir-Sahib-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmandir-Sahib_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harmandir-Sahib">"Harmandir-Sahib"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310123229/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harmandir-Sahib">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harmandir-Sahib&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHarmandir-Sahib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201433-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201433_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201433_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014">Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi19895–7-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi19895–7_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi19895–7_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989">Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole2004p7-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2004p7_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2004p7_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFW._Owen_Cole2004">W. Owen Cole 2004</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-runion70-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-runion70_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-runion70_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._L._Runion2017" class="citation book cs1">M. L. Runion (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC">The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition</a>. Greenwood. pp. 69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33798-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155231/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Afghanistan%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33798-7&rft.au=M.+L.+Runion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZk9XzqCFGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Ahmad Durrani was forced to return to India and [he] declared a jihad, known as an Islamic holy war, against the Marathas. A multitude of tribes heralded the call of the holy war, which included the various Pashtun tribes, the Balochs, the Tajiks, and also the Muslim population residing in India. Led by Ahmad Durrani, the tribes joined the religious quest and returned to India (...) The domination and control of the [Afghan] empire began to loosen in 1762 when Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed Afghanistan to subdue the Sikhs, followers of an indigenous monotheistic religion of India found in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. (...) Ahmad Shah greatly desired to subdue the Sikhs, and his army attacked and gained control of the Sikh's holy city of Amritsar, where he brutally massacred thousands of Sikh followers. Not only did he viciously demolish the sacred temples and buildings, but he ordered these holy places to be covered with cow's blood as an insult and desecration of their religion (...)" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger201228–29_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2012">Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson & Paul Schellinger 2012</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleanor_Nesbitt201664–65-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEleanor_Nesbitt201664–65_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016">Eleanor Nesbitt 2016</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Lafont2002" class="citation book cs1">Jean Marie Lafont (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ">Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566111-8"><bdi>978-0-19-566111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%3A+Lord+of+the+Five+Rivers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566111-8&rft.au=Jean+Marie+Lafont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&q=the+oxford+handbook+of+sikh+studies">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408100757/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&q=the+oxford+handbook+of+sikh+studies">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>But this strategy backfired in the spring of 1984, when a group of armed radicals led by Bhindranwale decided to provoke a confrontation with the government by occupying Akal Takhat building inside the Golden Temple complex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Boxford%2Bhandbook%2Bof%2Bsikh%2Bstudies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3b42hv/revision/2">"Nature and importance of Harmandir Sahib – Pilgrimage"</a>. BBC (GCSE Religious Studies Revision ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316232345/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3b42hv/revision/2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Nature+and+importance+of+Harmandir+Sahib+%E2%80%93+Pilgrimage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz3b42hv%2Frevision%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Soon-Golden-Temple-to-use-phone-jammers/articleshow/15036721.cms">"Soon, Golden Temple to use phone jammers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 19 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130126201851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/india/32745911_1_phone-jammers-mobile-phones-cell-phones">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Soon%2C+Golden+Temple+to+use+phone+jammers&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FSoon-Golden-Temple-to-use-phone-jammers%2Farticleshow%2F15036721.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1858/">Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516231406/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1858/">Archived</a> 16 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1992" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=316">Architecture of Mughal India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26728-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26728-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101150152/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=316">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. <q>Situated in the middle of an enormous tank connected to land via a long causeway, the shrine is known as Harimandir.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Mughal+India&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26728-1&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Blanshard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ctLNvx68hIC%26pg%3D316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014">Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W.H. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236011"><bdi>978-1442236011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442236011&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry_Walker200295–98-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry_Walker200295–98_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenry_Walker2002">Henry Walker 2002</a>, pp. 95–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA97">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eosramdas-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eosramdas_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosramdas_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosramdas_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.S._Mansukhani" class="citation web cs1">G.S. Mansukhani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Encyclopaedia of Sikhism"</a>. Punjab University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Punjab+University+Patiala&rft.au=G.S.+Mansukhani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201338–40-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201338–40_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013xv–xvi-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013xv–xvi_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013xv–xvi_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013">Christopher Shackle & Arvind Mandair 2013</a>, pp. xv–xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._H._McLeod1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7xIT7OMSJ44CpgPA28_28–29]-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._H._McLeod1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7xIT7OMSJ44CpgPA28_28–29]_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFW._H._McLeod1990">W. H. McLeod 1990</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA28">28–29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahindara_Siṅgha_Joshī1994" class="citation book cs1">Mahindara Siṅgha Joshī (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PCQaSH_29i4C&pg=PA6">Guru Arjan Dev</a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-769-9"><bdi>978-81-7201-769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Arjan+Dev&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-769-9&rft.au=Mahindara+Si%E1%B9%85gha+Josh%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPCQaSH_29i4C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201342–43-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201342–43_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201467-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod201467_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014">Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014205-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014205_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014">Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRishi_Singh2015" class="citation book cs1">Rishi Singh (2015). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. Sage Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351505044" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351505044"><bdi>978-9351505044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+and+the+Establishment+of+Non-Muslim+Hegemony%3A+Post-Mughal+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+India&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9351505044&rft.au=Rishi+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> It is, however, possible that Mian Mir, who had close links to Guru Arjan, was invited and present at the time of the laying of the foundation stone, even if he did not lay the foundation stone himself. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRishi_Singh2015" class="citation book cs1">Rishi Singh (2015). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. Sage Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351505044" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351505044"><bdi>978-9351505044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+and+the+Establishment+of+Non-Muslim+Hegemony%3A+Post-Mughal+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+India&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9351505044&rft.au=Rishi+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201134–35-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201134–35_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadanjit_Kaur1983" class="citation book cs1">Madanjit Kaur (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2638&page=240&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX">The Golden Temple: Past and Present</a>. Amritsar: Dept. of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18867609">18867609</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001403/http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2638&page=240&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Temple%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Amritsar&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Guru+Nanak+Studies%2C+Guru+Nanak+Dev+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18867609&rft.au=Madanjit+Kaur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panjabdigilib.org%2Fwebuser%2Fsearches%2FdisplayPageContent.jsp%3FID%3D2638%26page%3D240%26CategoryID%3D1%26Searched%3DW3GX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole2004p6-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2004p6_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2004p6_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2004p6_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFW._Owen_Cole2004">W. Owen Cole 2004</a>, pp. 6–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014435–436_34-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014">Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014</a>, pp. 435–436. </li> <li id="cite_note-ps5-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pashaura Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175032/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">"Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan"</a> (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 12 (1): 29–62. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Martyrdom+of+Guru+Arjan&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fjournal_12_1%2F3_singh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeodp20-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">W. H. McLeod</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA20">"Arjan's Death"</a>. The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810863446" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810863446"><bdi>978-0810863446</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155305/https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2020. <q>The Mughal rulers of Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth, and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī, concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>. Too many people, he wrote, were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim the Panth had to be extinguished. Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or his false trade should be eliminated, for a long time. Mughal authorities seem to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether the death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Guru Arjan Dev is the first martyr Guru.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arjan%27s+Death&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810863446&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014146–147_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014">Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyan2014176-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyan2014176_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyan2014">Syan 2014</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-mcleod130-40"><a href="#cite_ref-mcleod130_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2005" class="citation book cs1">W. H. McLeod (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Scarecrow. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5088-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-5088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dma3G-hjh6SwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbans_Singh1992–1998" class="citation book cs1">Harbans Singh (1992–1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29703420">The encyclopaedia of Sikhism</a>. Vol. 3. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-2883-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-2883-8"><bdi>0-8364-2883-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29703420">29703420</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155458/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1992%2F1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29703420&rft.isbn=0-8364-2883-8&rft.au=Harbans+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29703420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_42-71">bt</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang1988" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988). "13. Art and Architecture of the Golden Temple". Punjab Art and Culture. Atma Ram & Sons. pp. 56–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170430964" title="Special:BookSources/9788170430964"><bdi>9788170430964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Golden+Temple&rft.btitle=Punjab+Art+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Atma+Ram+%26+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788170430964&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Kanwarjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198922–25-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198922–25_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989">Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989</a>, pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshiDhillon" class="citation web cs1">Bakshi, Artika Aurora; Dhillon, Ganeev Kaur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nishaannagaara.com/the-mural-arts-of-panjab/">"The Mural Arts of Panjab"</a>. Nishaan Nagaara Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526032447/https://nishaannagaara.com/the-mural-arts-of-panjab/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nishaan+Nagaara+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Mural+Arts+of+Panjab&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=Artika+Aurora&rft.au=Dhillon%2C+Ganeev+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnishaannagaara.com%2Fthe-mural-arts-of-panjab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harbans (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/131/mode/2up">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L</a> (3rd ed.). Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-204-1"><bdi>978-81-7380-204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+Volume+II+E-L&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Punjabi+University%2C+Patiala&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-7380-204-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l%2Fpage%2F131%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2007" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n229/mode/2up">History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707–69)</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. 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Peter Owen. pp. 18, 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1323-0"><bdi>978-0-7206-1323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Sikhs%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=18%2C+177&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0&rft.au=Patwant+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVr4VAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nizam_&_maharaja-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nizam_&_maharaja_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417180858/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/harmandir-sahib/maharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib">"Maharaja Ranjit Singh's contributions to Harimandir Sahib"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/harmandir-sahib/maharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib">the original</a> on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%27s+contributions+to+Harimandir+Sahib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutsikhs.com%2Fharmandir-sahib%2Fmaharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-outlook-49"><a href="#cite_ref-outlook_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandharipandeNadimpally2017" class="citation news cs1">Pandharipande, Reeti; Nadimpally, Lasya (5 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/">"A Brief History of The Nizams of Hyderabad"</a>. Outlook Traveller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402071725/https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+Traveller&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+The+Nizams+of+Hyderabad&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.aulast=Pandharipande&rft.aufirst=Reeti&rft.au=Nadimpally%2C+Lasya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Ftraveller%2Fot-getaway-guides%2Fthe-nizams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNama2024" class="citation web cs1">Nama, Khalsa (8 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-origins-of-the-giani-samprada">"The Origins of the Giani Samprada: Giani Surat Singh"</a>. The Khalsa Chronicle. Retrieved 26 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Khalsa+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Giani+Samprada%3A+Giani+Surat+Singh&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft.aulast=Nama&rft.aufirst=Khalsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhalsachronicle.substack.com%2Fp%2Fthe-origins-of-the-giani-samprada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vidhia.com/Historical%2C%20Political%2C%20Philosophical%20and%20Informational/SINGH_SABHA_AND_OTHER_SOCIO-RELIGIOUS_MOVEMENTS.pdf">"The Kapurs, including Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kapurs%2C+including+Bhai+Jawahir+Singh+Kapur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vidhia.com%2FHistorical%252C%2520Political%252C%2520Philosophical%2520and%2520Informational%2FSINGH_SABHA_AND_OTHER_SOCIO-RELIGIOUS_MOVEMENTS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TH_Mi6-52"><a href="#cite_ref-TH_Mi6_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2014" class="citation news cs1">Swami, Praveen (16 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece">"RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118044721/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=RAW+chief+consulted+MI6+in+build-up+to+Operation+Bluestar&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fraw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar%2Farticle5579516.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-dnaindia.com-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia.com_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia.com_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293">"Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism"</a>. DNA. 5 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=Operation+Blue+Star%3A+India%27s+first+tryst+with+militant+extremism&rft.date=2016-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_accord-55"><a href="#cite_ref-LA_accord_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-21-mn-1021-story.html">"Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated"</a>. LA Times. Times Wire Services. 21 August 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129025949/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-21/news/mn-1021_1_sikh-militants">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2018. <q>The Punjab violence reached a peak in June, 1984, when the army attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest Sikh shrine, killing hundreds of Sikh militants who lived in the temple complex, and who the government said had turned it into an armory for Sikh terrorism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Sikh+Leader+in+Punjab+Accord+Assassinated&rft.date=1985-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-08-21-mn-1021-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolpert, Stanley A., ed. (2009). "India". 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849048637" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849048637"><bdi>978-1849048637</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155446/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_cgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Unity%2C+Discipline%3A+The+Inter-Service-Intelligence+%28ISI%29+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1849048637&rft.aulast=Kiessling&rft.aufirst=Hein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_cgDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarinder_Walia2007" class="citation web cs1">Varinder Walia (20 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm">"Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar"</a>. Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705183849/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Army+reveals+startling+facts+on+Bluestar&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.au=Varinder+Walia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20070320%2Fpunjab1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493">White Paper on the Punjab Agitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 1984. p. 169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072248/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. 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Potomac Books. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612347004" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612347004"><bdi>978-1612347004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155349/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. 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Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Golden+Temple+Sikhs+Surrender&rft.date=1984-06-07&rft.au=Eric+Silver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1984%2Fjun%2F07%2Ffromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiedandshot-63"><a href="#cite_ref-tiedandshot_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChellaney1984" class="citation news cs1">Chellaney, Brahma (14 June 1984). "Sikhs in Amritsar 'tied up and shot'". The Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+Amritsar+%27tied+up+and+shot%27&rft.date=1984-06-14&rft.aulast=Chellaney&rft.aufirst=Brahma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81">"India is set to drop prosecution of AP reporter in Punjab Case"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 September 1985. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102045846/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+is+set+to+drop+prosecution+of+AP+reporter+in+Punjab+Case&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1985-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260">"Indian Police Question Reporter on Amritsar"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 November 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103080208/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indian+Police+Question+Reporter+on+Amritsar&rft.date=1984-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-66"><a href="#cite_ref-david_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterlund1996" class="citation book cs1">Westerlund, David (1996). Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-241-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-241-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questioning+The+Secular+State%3A+The+Worldwide+Resurgence+of+Religion+in+Politics.&rft.pages=1276&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-241-0&rft.aulast=Westerlund&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT_deserters-67"><a href="#cite_ref-IT_deserters_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhu1990" class="citation news cs1">Sandhu, Kanwar (15 May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900515-sikh-army-deserters-struggle-to-earn-livelihood-812580-1990-05-15">"Sikh Army deserters are paying the price for their action"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214140/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900515-sikh-army-deserters-struggle-to-earn-livelihood-812580-1990-05-15">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikh+Army+deserters+are+paying+the+price+for+their+action&rft.date=1990-05-15&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Kanwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fspecial-report%2Fstory%2F19900515-sikh-army-deserters-struggle-to-earn-livelihood-812580-1990-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&pg=PR4">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45666-1"><bdi>978-0-415-45666-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155232/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&pg=PR4">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45666-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQLDcjhNoJwC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/five-years-on-govt-yet-to-announce-closure-of-galliara-project-191665">"Five years on, govt yet to announce closure of Galliara Project : The Tribune India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226214852/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/five-years-on-govt-yet-to-announce-closure-of-galliara-project-191665">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+years+on%2C+govt+yet+to+announce+closure+of+Galliara+Project+%3A+The+Tribune+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Famritsar%2Ffive-years-on-govt-yet-to-announce-closure-of-galliara-project-191665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sgpc-seeks-control-of-golden-temple-galliara-heritage-street-101627674792222.html">"SGPC seeks control of Golden Temple galliara, heritage street"</a>. Hindustan Times. 31 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226214848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sgpc-seeks-control-of-golden-temple-galliara-heritage-street-101627674792222.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=SGPC+seeks+control+of+Golden+Temple+galliara%2C+heritage+street&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fchandigarh-news%2Fsgpc-seeks-control-of-golden-temple-galliara-heritage-street-101627674792222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/golden-temple-galiara-haven-for-drug-addicts-cops-claim-no-info-2908745/">"Golden Temple: Galiara haven for drug addicts, cops claim 'no info'"</a>. 12 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226214854/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/golden-temple-galiara-haven-for-drug-addicts-cops-claim-no-info-2908745/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Temple%3A+Galiara+haven+for+drug+addicts%2C+cops+claim+%27no+info%27&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fgolden-temple-galiara-haven-for-drug-addicts-cops-claim-no-info-2908745%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/nanhi-chhaan-s-golden-temple-galliara-upkeep-contract-ends-562238">"Nanhi Chhaan's Golden Temple 'galliara' upkeep contract ends : The Tribune India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226214848/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/nanhi-chhaan-s-golden-temple-galliara-upkeep-contract-ends-562238">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanhi+Chhaan%27s+Golden+Temple+%27galliara%27+upkeep+contract+ends+%3A+The+Tribune+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fpunjab%2Fnanhi-chhaan-s-golden-temple-galliara-upkeep-contract-ends-562238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-amritsar/20190124/281835759905392">"Golden temple's galiara, a picture of complete neglect"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226214847/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-amritsar/20190124/281835759905392">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023 – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+temple%27s+galiara%2C+a+picture+of+complete+neglect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Findia%2Fhindustan-times-amritsar%2F20190124%2F281835759905392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana2021" class="citation news cs1">Rana, Yudhvir (19 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/amritsar-youth-disrupt-religious-service-in-golden-temple/articleshow/88361638.cms">"Amritsar: Youth disrupts religious service in Golden Temple"</a>. Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219003839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/amritsar-youth-disrupt-religious-service-in-golden-temple/articleshow/88361638.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Amritsar%3A+Youth+disrupts+religious+service+in+Golden+Temple&rft.date=2021-12-19&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Yudhvir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Famritsar%2Famritsar-youth-disrupt-religious-service-in-golden-temple%2Farticleshow%2F88361638.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/national-security-guard-team-at-amritsar-twin-blast-site20230509091226/">"National Security Guard team at Amritsar twin blast site"</a>. ANI News. 9 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516160640/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/national-security-guard-team-at-amritsar-twin-blast-site20230509091226/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=National+Security+Guard+team+at+Amritsar+twin+blast+site&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fnational-security-guard-team-at-amritsar-twin-blast-site20230509091226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016">Eleanor Nesbitt 2016</a>, pp. 64–65 Quote: "The Golden Temple (...) By 1776, the present structure, a harmonious blending of Mughal and Rajput (Islamic and Hindu) architectural styles was complete." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198997–116-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198997–116_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989">Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989</a>, pp. 97–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thursby1992p14-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thursby1992p14_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thursby1992p14_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_R._Thursby1992" class="citation book cs1">Gene R. Thursby (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA14">The Sikhs</a>. Brill. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09554-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09554-3"><bdi>90-04-09554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09554-3&rft.au=Gene+R.+Thursby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNsIoNN5ie8C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2004" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0s2dUUMHbkC&pg=PA101">Sikhism</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-1779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0s2dUUMHbkC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198968–73-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardeep_Singh_Arshi198968–73_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989">Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989</a>, pp. 68–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahlbusch-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschGeoffrey_William_Bromiley1999" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC">The encyclopedia of Christianity</a> (Reprint ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14596-2"><bdi>978-90-04-14596-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155355/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14596-2&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Geoffrey+William+Bromiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201180-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh201180_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghNorman_Gerald_BarrierW._H._McLeod2004" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier; W. H. McLeod (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ">Sikhism and History</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 201–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566708-0"><bdi>978-0-19-566708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566708-0&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Norman+Gerald+Barrier&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxY_XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Owen_Cole200410-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Owen_Cole200410_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFW._Owen_Cole2004">W. 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Yale University Press. pp. 80–81 with Figure 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8"><bdi>978-0-300-19694-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.pages=80-81+with+Figure+8&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19694-8&rft.au=Ian+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNg_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8I0NAwAAQBAJpgPA435_435]-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8I0NAwAAQBAJpgPA435_435]_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014">Pashaura Singh & Louis E. 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Manohar. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-236-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-236-2"><bdi>978-81-7304-236-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160011/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIN0AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Identity%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-236-2&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Norman+Gerald+Barrier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIN0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narayanan2015p76-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Narayanan2015p76_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShikha_Jain2015" class="citation book cs1">Shikha Jain (2015). Yamini Narayanan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia</a>. Routledge. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75542-5"><bdi>978-1-317-75542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Urbanism%3A+Reconceptualising+Sustainable+Cities+for+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75542-5&rft.au=Shikha+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQUBCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H. S. 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Hemkunt Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+%28over+1000+Entries%29&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan2015" class="citation book cs1">Bruce M. Sullivan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEOOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT76">Sacred Objects in Secular Spaces: Exhibiting Asian Religions in Museums</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9083-1"><bdi>978-1-4725-9083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Objects+in+Secular+Spaces%3A+Exhibiting+Asian+Religions+in+Museums&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-9083-1&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEOOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/golden-temple-s-hi-tech-basement-showcasing-sikh-history-and-ethos-opens-for-pilgrims/story-hpcE6ZrYgrHnyQJ3gh9ZzL.html">"Golden Temple's hi-tech basement showcases Sikh history, ethos opens for pilgrims"</a>. Hindustan Times. 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223153535/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/golden-temple-s-hi-tech-basement-showcasing-sikh-history-and-ethos-opens-for-pilgrims/story-hpcE6ZrYgrHnyQJ3gh9ZzL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Golden+Temple%27s+hi-tech+basement+showcases+Sikh+history%2C+ethos+opens+for+pilgrims&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fgolden-temple-s-hi-tech-basement-showcasing-sikh-history-and-ethos-opens-for-pilgrims%2Fstory-hpcE6ZrYgrHnyQJ3gh9ZzL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._S._Paul2016" class="citation web cs1">G. S. Paul (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/golden-temple%E2%80%99s-story-comes-alive-at-its-plaza-340292">"Golden Temple's story comes alive at its plaza"</a>. Tribune India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155930/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/golden-temple%E2%80%99s-story-comes-alive-at-its-plaza-340292">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Golden+Temple%27s+story+comes+alive+at+its+plaza&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft.au=G.+S.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fgolden-temple%25E2%2580%2599s-story-comes-alive-at-its-plaza-340292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._Fenech2000" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ">Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love"</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45, 57–61, 114–115, 157 with notes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564947-5"><bdi>978-0-19-564947-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrdom+in+the+Sikh+Tradition%3A+Playing+the+%22game+of+Love%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E61%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115%2C+157+with+notes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564947-5&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFI3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_Singh1984" class="citation book cs1">K Singh (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4bXAAAAMAAJ">The Sikh Review, Volume 32, Issues 361–372</a>. 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Gerald; Singh, Nazer (2002) [1998]. Singh, Harbans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z">Singh Sabha Movement</a> (4th ed.). Patiala, Punjab: Punjab University. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/n222">205</a>–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173803499" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173803499"><bdi>978-8173803499</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singh+Sabha+%28Sikhism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSingh-Sabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201385–86-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair201385–86_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014273–274-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014273–274_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014">Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech201428–29,_73–76-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech201428–29,_73–76_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014">Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014</a>, pp. 28–29, 73–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 382–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1976p211-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1976p211_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones1976p211_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Jones1976" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Jones (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&pg=PA211">Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab</a>. University of California Press. pp. 211–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02920-0"><bdi>978-0-520-02920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arya+Dharm%3A+Hindu+Consciousness+in+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02920-0&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpvXCtNzrz8C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Brahmin priests and their idols had been associated with the Golden Temple for at least a century and had over these years received the patronage of pious Hindus and Sikhs. In the 1890s these practices came under increasing attack by reformist Sikhs." </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">W. H. McLeod (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97">"Idol Worship"</a>. The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idol+Worship&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA323">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCzYeAwAAQBAJpgPT542_542–543]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCzYeAwAAQBAJpgPT542_542–543]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014">Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542">542–543</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeol2003" class="citation book cs1">Deol, Harnik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC">Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab</a>. Routledge. pp. 75–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134635351" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134635351"><bdi>978-1134635351</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+India%3A+The+Case+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134635351&rft.aulast=Deol&rft.aufirst=Harnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkHi5j81VHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandair-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandair_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandair_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a> (illustrated ed.). London: A&C Black. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441102317" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441102317"><bdi>978-1441102317</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=London&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1441102317&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristen_HaarSewa_Singh_Kalsi2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA112">Sikhism</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0647-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2&rft.au=Kristen+Haar&rft.au=Sewa+Singh+Kalsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014433–434-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014433–434_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014">Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014</a>, pp. 433–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997391-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997391_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoad1997">Doad 1997</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985419-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBal1985419_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBal1985">Bal 1985</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997392-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997392_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoad1997">Doad 1997</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997397-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997397_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997397_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoad1997">Doad 1997</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBal1985426-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBal1985426_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBal1985">Bal 1985</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997398-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997398_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoad1997">Doad 1997</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoad1997404-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoad1997404_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoad1997">Doad 1997</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chima2008p85-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_119-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJugdep_S_Chima2008" class="citation book cs1">Jugdep S Chima (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 85–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0538-1"><bdi>978-81-321-0538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Separatist+Insurgency+in+India%3A+Political+Leadership+and+Ethnonationalist+Movements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0538-1&rft.au=Jugdep+S+Chima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJaHAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-ToI_Shabeg-121"><a href="#cite_ref-ToI_Shabeg_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2014" class="citation news cs1">Tully, Mark (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Wounds-heal-but-another-time-bomb-ticks-away/articleshow/35871055.cms">"Wounds heal but another time bomb ticks away"</a>. Gunfire Over the Golden Temple. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011002526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Wounds-heal-but-another-time-bomb-ticks-away/articleshow/35871055.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gunfire+Over+the+Golden+Temple&rft.atitle=Wounds+heal+but+another+time+bomb+ticks+away&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fsunday-times%2Fdeep-focus%2FWounds-heal-but-another-time-bomb-ticks-away%2Farticleshow%2F35871055.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axel2001p96-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Axel2001p96_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Keith_Axel2001" class="citation book cs1">Brian Keith Axel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC">The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"</a>. Duke University Press. pp. 96–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2615-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2615-9"><bdi>0-8223-2615-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155828/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Tortured+Body%3A+Violence%2C+Representation%2C+and+the+Formation+of+a+Sikh+%22Diaspora%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8223-2615-9&rft.au=Brian+Keith+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj8yJsixw8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06">"What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?"</a>. India Today. 6 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111055415/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=What+happened+during+1984+Operation+Blue+Star%3F&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Ffyi%2Fstory%2F1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-facts-about-harmandir-sahib-the-golden-temple-28035.html?page=3">"Know facts about Harmandir Sahib, The Golden Temple"</a>. India TV. 22 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801221038/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-facts-about-harmandir-sahib-the-golden-temple-28035.html?page=3">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+TV&rft.atitle=Know+facts+about+Harmandir+Sahib%2C+The+Golden+Temple&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fknow-facts-about-harmandir-sahib-the-golden-temple-28035.html%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989" class="citation book cs1">Pardeep Singh Arshi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcmfAAAAMAAJ">The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture</a>. Harman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85151-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85151-25-0"><bdi>978-81-85151-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Temple%3A+history%2C+art%2C+and+architecture&rft.pub=Harman&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85151-25-0&rft.au=Pardeep+Singh+Arshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcmfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBal1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bal, Sarjit Singh (1985). "Punjab After Independence (1947–1956)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 46: 416–430. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141382">44141382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Punjab+After+Independence+%281947%E2%80%931956%29&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bal&rft.aufirst=Sarjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Owen_Cole2004" class="citation book cs1">W. Owen Cole (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhwDwAAQBAJ&q=tirath">Understanding Sikhism</a>. Dunedin Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906716-91-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906716-91-2"><bdi>978-1-906716-91-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160002/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhwDwAAQBAJ&q=tirath#v=snippet&q=tirath&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Sikhism&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-906716-91-2&rft.au=W.+Owen+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVhwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtirath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoad1997" class="citation book cs1">Doad, Karnail Singh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n407">"Punjabi Sūbā Movement"</a>. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r">Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</a> (3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala (published 2011). pp. 391–404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173803499" title="Special:BookSources/9788173803499"><bdi>9788173803499</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punjabi+S%C5%ABb%C4%81+Movement&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Punjab+University%2C+Patiala&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788173803499&rft.aulast=Doad&rft.aufirst=Karnail+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r%2Fpage%2Fn407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod1990" class="citation book cs1">W. H. McLeod (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C">Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4"><bdi>978-0-226-56085-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155944/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56085-4&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xIT7OMSJ44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005754/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.au=Eleanor+Nesbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC">Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1"><bdi>978-1-136-63979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63979-1&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Noelle+Watson&rft.au=Paul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45101-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45101-0&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvoJV8mw0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160518/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h40AAwAAQBAJ">Sikhism: An Introduction</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-962-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-962-1&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh40AAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Walker2002" class="citation book cs1">Henry Walker (2002). Kerry Brown (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgO-DldmSwC">Sikh Art and Literature</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-63136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-63136-0"><bdi>978-1-134-63136-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308170554/https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgO-DldmSwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Art+and+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-63136-0&rft.au=Henry+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DddgO-DldmSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyan2014" class="citation book cs1">Syan, Hardip S. (2014). "Sectarian Works". In Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005306/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sectarian+Works&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Syan&rft.aufirst=Hardip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Temple" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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